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Journal articles on the topic 'Native virus'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tanaka, Y., E. Orito, T. Kato, S. Sonoda, K. Ohba, T. Miura, Y. Kondo, et al. "GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection among Colombian native Indians." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.462.

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2

Petrovic, Tamas, Sava Lazic, Milovan Jovicin, and Bosiljka Djuricic. "Possibility for use of RT-PCR technique in establishing presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in sperm of breeding bulls." Veterinarski glasnik 59, no. 3-4 (2005): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0504371p.

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The bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus is a significant health-economic pathogen in cattle which can be excreted and spread also through sperm of persistently or acutely infected bulls. Native sperm of 6 bulls, found to be negative to the BVD virus by isolating the virus and using the RT-PCR method, was experimentally infected with a tenfold dilution of the non-cytopathogen 22146 strain of the BVD virus with a titer of 105,5. This way, dilutions of the BVD virus from 10-1 to 10-6 (5 x 104 TCID/50 do 0,5 TCID/50 in 0.1 ml native sperm were obtained. From sperm infected in this way, the virus was reisolated on FTB cell culture in a microtiter plate with 96 pools in which each sample of the infected sperm was set up in three samples, and each of them was titrated to a dilution of 1:2 to 1:256. The presence of the BVD virus was proven using the technique of fluorescent antibodies in a second blind passage on FTB culture cells. For cell culture an extremely toxic effect of native sperm to a dilution of 1:64 was established. The BVD virus was reisolated from sperm in all three sperm samples with 5 x 104, 5 x 103 i 5 x 102 TCID/50, and it was not reisolated from sperm with 50, with 5, and with 0.5 TCID/50 BVD virus in 0.1 ml native sperm. At the same time, the presence of the BVD viral genome was proved using the RT-PCR method in the same samples of artificially infected native sperm of bulls. A positive re suit was established in native sperm with 5 x 104, 5 x 103, 5 x 102 and 50 TCID/50 BVD virus n 0.1 ml native sperm. The experiment proved that the RT-PCR method has advantages over the isolation of the BVD virus from samples of native sperm of bulls. These are: shortterm investigations (1 to 2 days) and greater sensitivity (10 times bigger than the isolation of the virus). The isolation of the virus takes at least 10 days, and its greater sensitivity is primarily a result of the cyrotoxic effect of native sperm of bulls on cell culture.

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3

Heinig-Hartberger, Mareike, Fanny Hellhammer, David D. J. A. Zöller, Susann Dornbusch, Stella Bergmann, Katerina Vocadlova, Sandra Junglen, Michael Stern, Kwang-Zin Lee, and Stefanie C. Becker. "Culex Y Virus: A Native Virus of Culex Species Characterized In Vivo." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010235.

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Mosquitoes are vectors of various pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals. To prevent the outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases, it is essential to control vector populations, as treatment or vaccination for mosquito-borne diseases are often unavailable. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have previously been described as being potentially helpful against arboviral disease outbreaks. In this study, we present the first in vivo characterization of the ISV Culex Y virus (CYV). CYV was first isolated from free-living Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010; then, it was found in several mosquito cell lines in a further study in 2018. For mammalian cells, we were able to confirm that CYV does not replicate as it was previously described. Additionally, we found that CYV does not replicate in honey bees or locusts. However, we detected replication in the Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Aedes albopictus, and Drosophila melanogaster, thus indicating dipteran specificity. We detected significantly higher mortality in Culex pipiens biotype molestus males and Drosophila melanogaster, but not in Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens biotype molestus. CYV could not be transmitted transovarially to offspring, but we detected venereal transmission as well as CYV in mosquitos’ saliva, indicating that an oral route of infection would also be possible. CYV’s dipteran specificity, transmission routes, and killing effect with respect to Culex males may be used as powerful tools with which to destabilize arbovirus vector populations in the future.

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4

Callaway, Ewen. "Flu virus finally sequenced in its native form." Nature 556, no. 7702 (April 2018): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04908-5.

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5

Deleersnyder, V., A. Pillez, C. Wychowski, K. Blight, J. Xu, Y. S. Hahn, C. M. Rice, and J. Dubuisson. "Formation of native hepatitis C virus glycoprotein complexes." Journal of virology 71, no. 1 (1997): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.1.697-704.1997.

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6

Ke, Zunlong, Rebecca S. Dillard, Cheri M. Hampton, Rachel E. Storms, Joshua D. Strauss, and E. R. Wright. "Native-State Structural Analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, S3 (July 2016): 1116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616006425.

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7

Sharma, Shree G., Volker Nickeleit, Leal C. Herlitz, Anne K. de Gonzalez, Michael B. Stokes, Harsharan K. Singh, Glen S. Markowitz, and Vivette D. D'Agati. "BK polyoma virus nephropathy in the native kidney." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 28, no. 3 (December 18, 2012): 620–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs537.

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8

Kaito, Masahiko, Hiroyoshi Ohba, Joe Chiba, Michinori Kohara, Hideaki Tanaka, Naoki Fujita, Esteban Cesar Gabazza, Shozo Watanabe, Masayoshi Konishi, and Yukihiko Adachi. "The ultrastructural morphology of native hepatitis B virus." Medical Molecular Morphology 39, no. 3 (September 26, 2006): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00795-006-0330-y.

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9

Okoli, Uzoamaka Adaobi. "A Preliminary Investigation of Viral Pathogen Causing Foetal Abortion in Donkeys at Ethiopia." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2542.

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ABSTRACT: Rabbit kidney (RK13) cells infected with virus isolated from a homogenate made from the placenta of aborted foetal donkeys were stained with Leishman’s stain, morphological changes including cytopathic effects (CPE), syncytia, and inclusion bodies were seen by light microscopy after incubation for 24hrs-96hrs at 370C. After 48hrs of incubation, about 60% of cells were infected. Another Set of RK 13 cells infected with either native virus or both ether treated virus and native virus in the presence of acyclovir was stained with Giemsa, morphology changes were observed in the native virus infected cell while little or no change was seen in infected cells in the presence of acyclovir and ether treated virus respectively. Virus infected RK13 cells were stained with acridine orange, intracellular fluorescent green colour was seen by fluorescence microscopy in the cell nucleus. The clinical history and CPE of the virus in RK13 cell are similar to Equine Herpes virus.

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10

Trybala, Edward, Nadia Peerboom, Beata Adamiak, Malgorzata Krzyzowska, Jan-Åke Liljeqvist, Marta Bally, and Tomas Bergström. "Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Mucin-Like Glycoprotein mgG Promotes Virus Release from the Surface of Infected Cells." Viruses 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050887.

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The contribution of virus components to liberation of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) progeny virions from the surface of infected cells is poorly understood. We report that the HSV-2 mutant deficient in the expression of a mucin-like membrane-associated glycoprotein G (mgG) exhibited defect in the release of progeny virions from infected cells manifested by ~2 orders of magnitude decreased amount of infectious virus in a culture medium as compared to native HSV-2. Electron microscopy revealed that the mgG deficient virions were produced in infected cells and present at the cell surface. These virions could be forcibly liberated to a nearly native HSV-2 level by the treatment of cells with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-mimicking oligosaccharides. Comparative assessment of the interaction of mutant and native virions with surface-immobilized chondroitin sulfate GAG chains revealed that while the mutant virions associated with GAGs ~fourfold more extensively, the lateral mobility of bound virions was much poorer than that of native virions. These data indicate that the mgG of HSV-2 balances the virus interaction with GAG chains, a feature critical to prevent trapping of the progeny virions at the surface of infected cells.

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11

ELBEAINO, Toufic, Magdalena CARA, Shpend SHAHINI, and Pasko PANDELI. "Detection and phylogeny of viruses in native Albanian olive varieties." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-11985.

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Forty samples representing 14 native Albanian and two foreign olive varieties were collected from an olive varietal collection plot in the Valias region (Tirana, Albania). The samples were assayed by RT-PCR for presence of olive-infecting viruses, including arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), olive latent ringspot virus (OLRSV), olive latent virus 1 (OLV-1), olive leaf yellowing-associated virus (OLYaV), strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) and by PCR for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). Ninety-eight percent of the samples were infected with at least one virus. OLYaV was the most prevalent (85% of samples), followed by OLV-1 (50%), OLRSV (48%), CMV (28%), SLRSV (3%) and CLRV (5%), whereas ArMV and Xf were absent. Fifty-five percent of the samples were infected with one virus, 13% with two viruses, 20% with three, and 5% with four. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the Albanian virus isolates generally showed low genetic variability, and that most were phylogenetically related to Mediterranean isolates, in particular to those from Greece and Italy. Five olive trees, representing three native cultivars (‘Managiel’, ‘Kalinjot’ and ‘Kushan-Preze’) and one foreign (‘Leccino’), were found to be plants of the Conformitas Agraria Communitatis (“CAC”) category i.e. free of ArMV, CLRV, SLRSV and OLYaV. Only one tree of the native cultivar ‘Ulliri i kuq’ was free of all tested viruses, so this is plant material of the “Virus-tested” category. Olives derived from both categories could be used for propagation of standard quality plant materiel in a future certification programme for olive in Albania. This is the first report of CLRV, OLRSV, CMV and OLV-1 in Albania. The study also reveals the precarious health status of native olive varieties in the Valias varietal collection plot. However, the discovery of six plants representing two certifiable categories is a first step in a future olive tree certification program in the country.

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12

Darmawi, Darmawi, Zakiyah Heryawati Manaf, Darniati Darniati, Fakhrurrazi Fakhrurrazi, Mahdi Abrar, and Erina Erina. "Deteksi Antibodi Serum Terhadap Virus Avian influenza pada Ayam Buras." Jurnal Agripet 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v12i1.283.

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Detection on Serum Antibodies of Native Chickens to Avian influenza VirusABSTRACT. An important approach of controlling against Avian Influenza should be determined to detect the antibody titres of bird flu caused by Influenza virus H5N1 in Indonesia. The aim of the present study was to detect the antibodies to Avian Influenza in serum of native chickens. This study utilized 123 serum samples collected from the axilaris vein (left or right) of native chickens. Antibody titres were examined using Hemaglutination Inhibition (HI). The result showed that indication of natural infection by Avian Influenza (H5N1) in native chickens, as shown that out of 123 serum samples, 16 (13,01%) were tested positive by HI, while only 10 (8,13%) were tested protective to Avian influenza infection. Based on the results we obtained, a conclusion that natural infection by Avian influenza virus stimulated variety level of formation antibody titres in native chickens.

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13

Bradley, Angela, Michael Foley, Douglas Chang, and Charles Beymer. "Native Americans and Barriers to Hepatitis C Virus Treatment." American Journal of Gastroenterology 106 (October 2011): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201110002-00347.

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14

Karron, Ruth A., Rosalyn J. Singleton, Lisa Bulkow, Alan Parkinson, Donn Kruse, Irma DeSmet, Carol Indorf, et al. "Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Alaska Native Children." Journal of Infectious Diseases 180, no. 1 (July 1999): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314841.

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15

Schwarz, Anke, Michael Mengel, Hermann Haller, and Jost Niedermeyer. "Polyoma Virus Nephropathy in Native Kidneys After Lung Transplantation." American Journal of Transplantation 5, no. 10 (October 2005): 2582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01043.x.

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16

Snijder, Joost, Rebecca J. Rose, David Veesler, John E. Johnson, and Albert J. R. Heck. "Studying 18 MDa Virus Assemblies with Native Mass Spectrometry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 52, no. 14 (February 28, 2013): 4020–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201210197.

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17

Hančević, Katarina, Pasquale Saldarelli, Mate Čarija, Silvija Černi, Goran Zdunić, Ana Mucalo, and Tomislav Radić. "Predominance and Diversity of GLRaV-3 in Native Vines of Mediterranean Croatia." Plants 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010017.

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Sixteen grapevine cultivars from Mediterranean Croatia were surveyed for the presence of 10 of the most economically important grapevine viruses. The presence of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine leafroll associated virus-1, -2, and -3 (GLRaV-1; GLRaV-2 and GLRaV-3), Grapevine virus A (GVA) and B (GVB), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV), and Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All 71 analyzed clones were positive for the presence of one or more viruses. The most abundant one, detected in almost 95% of samples was GLRaV-3. In most of cases it was reported in mixed infections with GVA, GRSPaV, and GPGV. Virus genomes of GLRaV-3 infected vines were further characterized molecularly in order to determine their genetic diversity. Different genomic variants of heat shock 70 protein homologue (HSP70h) were identified by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed their clustering into phylogenetic group I and/or phylogenetic group II. This study emphasizes the wide virus heterogenicity in Mediterranean vines and the predominant presence of GLRaV-3 phylogenetic groups I and II, either individually or in combination.

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18

Effantin, Grégory, Leandro F. Estrozi, Nick Aschman, Patricia Renesto, Nicole Stanke, Dirk Lindemann, Guy Schoehn, and Winfried Weissenhorn. "Cryo-electron Microscopy Structure of the Native Prototype Foamy Virus Glycoprotein and Virus Architecture." PLOS Pathogens 12, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): e1005721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005721.

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19

Laskus, Tomasz, Marek Radkowski, Joanna Jablonska, Karen Kibler, Jeffrey Wilkinson, Debra Adair, and Jorge Rakela. "Human immunodeficiency virus facilitates infection/replication of hepatitis C virus in native human macrophages." Blood 103, no. 10 (May 15, 2004): 3854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2923.

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Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was found to replicate in monocytes/macrophages particularly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. This study was undertaken to determine whether HIV facilitates HCV infection of native human macrophages in vitro. Monocytes/macrophages were collected from healthy donors, infected with HIV M-tropic molecular clone, and then exposed to HCV-positive sera. Presence of positive and negative HCV RNA strands was determined with a novel strand-specific quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Preceding as well as near-simultaneous infection with HIV made the macrophages more susceptible to infection with HCV; in particular, an HCV RNA–negative strand was detectable almost exclusively in the setting of concomitant HIV infection. Furthermore, HCV RNAload correlated with HIV replication level in the early stage of infection. The ratio of positive to negative strand in macrophages was lower than in control liver samples. HIV infection was also found to facilitate HCV replication in a Daudi B-cell line with engineered CD4 expression. It seems that HIV infection can facilitate replication of HCV in monocytes/macrophages either by rendering cells more susceptible to HCV infection or by increasing HCV replication. This could explain the presence of extrahepatic HCV replication in HIV-coinfected individuals.

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20

Manoussopoulos, I. N., E. Maiss, and M. Tsagris. "Native electrophoresis and Western blot analysis (NEWeB): a method for characterization of different forms of potyvirus particles and similar nucleoprotein complexes in extracts of infected plant tissues." Journal of General Virology 81, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 2295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2295.

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A combination of native electrophoresis and immunodetection (Western blot) was used for the characterization of nucleoprotein particles of the potyvirus Plum pox virus (PPV). Virus particles were electrophoresed directly from plant extracts in agarose or mixed acrylamide–agarose gels under native conditions, blotted on nitrocellulose membranes, and characterized with the aid of a coat protein-specific antibody. Using this combined methodology, called NEWeB (native electrophoresis and Western blotting), we could show that a population of particles that differ in their electrophoretic mobility can be detected in extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana, that two different strains of PPV can be distinguished in double infections of the same plant and that virus particles from leaves contain detectable levels of helper component proteinase molecules. The potential of the NEWeB method for the study of structure and function of virus particles and similar nucleoprotein complexes in single and mixed infections is discussed.

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21

Whitehurst, Christopher B., Erik J. Soderblom, Michelle L. West, Raquel Hernandez, Michael B. Goshe, and Dennis T. Brown. "Location and Role of Free Cysteinyl Residues in the Sindbis Virus E1 and E2 Glycoproteins." Journal of Virology 81, no. 12 (April 4, 2007): 6231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02859-06.

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ABSTRACT Sindbis virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. It is composed of 240 copies of three structural proteins: E1, E2, and capsid. These proteins form a mature virus particle composed of two nested T=4 icosahedral shells. A complex network of disulfide bonds in the E1 and E2 glycoproteins is developed through a series of structural intermediates as virus maturation occurs (M. Mulvey and D. T. Brown, J. Virol. 68:805-812, 1994; M. Carleton et al., J. Virol. 71:1558-1566, 1997). To better understand the nature of this disulfide network, E1 and E2 cysteinyl residues were labeled with iodoacetamide in the native virus particle and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This analysis identified cysteinyl residues of E1 and E2, which were found to be label accessible in the native virus particle, as well as those that were either label inaccessible or blocked by their involvement in disulfide bonds. Native virus particles alkylated with iodoacetamide demonstrated a 4-log decrease in viral infectivity. This suggests that the modification of free cysteinyl residues results in the loss of infectivity by destabilizing the virus particle or that a rearrangement of disulfide bonds, which is required for infectivity, is blocked by the modification. Although modification of these residues prevented infectivity, it did not alter the ability of virus to fuse cells after exposure to acidic pH; thus, modification of free cysteinyl residues biochemically separated the process of infection from the process of membrane fusion.

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22

OEM, Jae-Ku, Eun-Yong LEE, Kyoung-Ki LEE, Seong-Hee KIM, Myoung-Heon LEE, and Bang-Hun HYUN. "Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus (BPSV) Infections in Korean Native Cattle." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 75, no. 5 (2013): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.12-0312.

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23

SINGLETON, ROSALYN J., KENNETH M. PETERSEN, JAMES E. BERNER, ELAINE SCHULTE, KIT CHIU, CAROL M. LILLY, ELIZABETH A. HUGHES, LISA R. BULKOW, and TERRY L. NIX. "Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection in Alaska Native children." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 14, no. 1 (January 1995): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199501000-00005.

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24

Rogers, Arlin B., Candace K. Mathiason, and Edward A. Hoover. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Using Native Species Antibodies." American Journal of Pathology 161, no. 4 (October 2002): 1143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64391-x.

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25

Filler, Guido, Christoph Licht, and Aaron Haig. "Native kidney BK virus nephropathy associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia." Pediatric Nephrology 28, no. 6 (February 27, 2013): 979–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2438-3.

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26

Murakami, K., M. Konishi, K. Kameyama, and T. Shibahara. "Detection of equine infectious anaemia virus in native Japanese ponies." Veterinary Record 171, no. 3 (July 10, 2012): 72.1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.100459.

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27

Xuanyong, Lu, Yao Guangbi, and Tian Yuefen. "The interaction between native serum albumin and hepatitis B virus." Archives of Virology 98, no. 3-4 (September 1988): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01322166.

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28

McCrory, R., M. Gray, N. Leonard, J. Smyth, and A. Woodman. "Native kidney BK virus nephropathy associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 27, no. 3 (February 29, 2012): 1269–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs002.

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29

Malmstrom, C. M., C. C. Hughes, L. A. Newton, and C. J. Stoner. "Virus infection in remnant native bunchgrasses from invaded California grasslands." New Phytologist 168, no. 1 (June 16, 2005): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01479.x.

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30

Kudryavtsev, A. N., L. P. Burakova, and L. A. Frank. "Bioluminescent detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in native ticks." Analytical Methods 9, no. 15 (2017): 2252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ay00535k.

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Easy-to-use and fast bioluminescent immunoassay for tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural ticks based on the hybrid protein 14D5a-Rm7 was developed. The approach holds much promise with a view of practical applicability.

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31

Snijder, Joost, Rebecca J. Rose, David Veesler, John E. Johnson, and Albert J. R. Heck. "Berichtigung: Studying 18 MDa Virus Assemblies with Native Mass Spectrometry." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 12 (March 14, 2014): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201400943.

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32

Nolen, Leisha D., Sara Seeman, Christine Desnoyers, Carolynn DeByle, Joseph Klejka, Dana Bruden, Karen Rudolph, et al. "Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza hospitalizations in Alaska native adults." Journal of Clinical Virology 127 (June 2020): 104347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104347.

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33

Snijder, Joost, Rebecca J. Rose, David Veesler, John E. Johnson, and Albert J. R. Heck. "Corrigendum: Studying 18 MDa Virus Assemblies with Native Mass Spectrometry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 12 (March 14, 2014): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201400943.

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34

Quintana, Silvina, Gregorio Fernandez de Landa, Pablo Revainera, Facundo Meroi, Leonardo Porrini, Vanesa Di Geronimo, Constanza Brasesco, Santiago Plischuk, Martín J. Eguaras, and Matias Maggi. "Broad Geographic and Host Distribution of Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus in South American Native Bees." Journal of Apicultural Science 63, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2019-0025.

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AbstractApis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) is a large double stranded DNA virus of honey bees and its prevalence and relationship with other parasites is poorly known. Samples consisted of fifty-one adult bees belonging to eight native species collected using entomological nets in six provinces of Argentina, from 2009 to 2018. Total genomic DNA was extracted from individual bees and a 551 bp fragment of the Bro-N gene of AmFV was amplified by qPCR. In the present work we have reported for the first time both the presence and the wide geographic distribution of AmFV in Argentinian species of native bees. This is the first report of the presence of this virus associated with Xylocopa atamisquensis, X. augusti, X. frontalis, X. spendidula, Bombus pauloensis and Peponapis fervens. Detecting pathogens that could threaten native bee health is of outmost importance to generate both conservation and management strategies.

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35

Vale, TG, DM Spratt, and MJ Cloonan. "Serological Evidence of Arbovirus Infection in Native and Domesticated Mammals on the South Coast of New-South-Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910001.

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Sera from twelve species of native and five species of introduced mammals collected on the south coast of New South Wales between 1982 and 1988 were tested for antibodies to the following arboviruses: Ross River virus (621 animals tested); Barmah Forest virus (371); Gan Gan virus (337); Trubanaman virus (378). Serum neutralising antibodies to Ross River virus were found in bandicoots, wallabies, kangaroos, cattle, goat and horses; to Barmah Forest virus in kangaroo, cattle and horses; to Gan Gan virus in kangaroos, wallabies, rat, cows, horses and sheep; and to Trubanaman virus in kangaroos, wallabies, cows and horses. Titres to Ross River virus in seropositive native animal sera ranged from 32 to 1024 and those in seropositive domesticated animal sera ranged from 8 to 32 768. Prevalence of serum antibodies in macropodids, cattle and horses was: Ross River virus, 68, 19, 62%; Barmah Forest virus, 4, 26, 9%; Gan Gan virus, 44, 13, 13%; Trubanaman virus, 60, 3, 10% respectively. Evidence suggests that: (1) kangaroos and wallabies are major vertebrate hosts for Ross River virus; (2) the role of bandicoots warrants further investigation; (3) horses may be important amplifying hosts of the virus, which causes epidemic polyarthritis in man in Australia.

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36

Albasha, Waseem, Golnaz Vahdani, Ankita Ashoka, Erika Bracamonte, and Amy A. Yau. "Native BK virus nephropathy in lung transplant: a case report and literature review." Clinical Kidney Journal 15, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfab251.

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ABSTRACT Classically described in renal allografts, BK virus nephropathy is increasingly recognized in native kidneys of other non-renal solid organ transplants. We discuss a 68-year-old woman with a history of bilateral lung transplant referred for worsening renal function, confirmed to have BK virus nephropathy by biopsy with a serum BK virus polymerase chain reaction of over 59 million copies/mL. She was managed with a reduction in immunosuppression and intravenous cidofovir with no improvement in her clinical parameters. The seven prior reported cases of polyoma virus nephropathy in lung transplant recipients are reviewed, and the challenges of screening and management are discussed.

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Einfeld, David A., Douglas E. Brough, Peter W. Roelvink, Imre Kovesdi, and Thomas J. Wickham. "Construction of a Pseudoreceptor That Mediates Transduction by Adenoviruses Expressing a Ligand in Fiber or Penton Base." Journal of Virology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 9130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.73.11.9130-9136.1999.

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ABSTRACT Modification of adenovirus to achieve tissue specific targeting for the delivery of therapeutic genes requires both the ablation of its native tropism and the introduction of specific, novel interactions. Inactivation of the native receptor interactions, however, would cripple the virus for growth in production cells. We have developed an alternative receptor, or pseudoreceptor, for the virus which might allow propagation of viruses with modified fiber proteins that no longer bind to the native adenovirus receptor (coxsackievirus/adenovirus receptor [CAR]). We have constructed a membrane-anchored single-chain antibody [m-scFv(HA)] which recognizes a linear peptide epitope (hemagglutinin [HA]). Incorporation of HA within the HI loop of the fiber protein enabled the modified virus to transduce pseudoreceptor expressing cells under conditions where fiber-CAR interaction was blocked or absent. The pseudoreceptor mediated virus transduction with an efficiency similar to that of CAR. In addition, the HA epitope mediated virus transduction through interaction with the m-scFv(HA) when it was introduced into penton base. These findings indicate that cells expressing the pseudoreceptor should support production of HA-tagged adenoviruses independent of retaining the fiber-CAR interaction. Moreover, they demonstrate that high-affinity targeting ligands may function following insertion into either penton base or fiber.

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Billecocq, A., D. Coudrier, F. Boué, B. Combes, H. Zeller, M. Artois, and M. Bouloy. "Expression of the Nucleoprotein of the Puumala Virus from the Recombinant Semliki Forest Virus Replicon: Characterization and Use as a Potential Diagnostic Tool." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.4.658-663.2003.

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ABSTRACT Puumala virus (Bunyaviridae family, Hantavirus genus) causes a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) called nephropathia epidemica in northern and central Europe. Serological tests are used for diagnosis, but antigen production is difficult because the virus grows poorly in tissue culture. We expressed the N protein (nucleoprotein) of Puumala virus via the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon in mammalian cells and compared its antigenic properties with those of the native antigen derived from Puumala virus-infected cells. Detection of immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), μ-capture ELISA, and indirect immunofluorescence assay was (at least) as effective with the recombinant antigen as with the native antigen when HFRS patient sera or organ washes from wild rodents were tested. No nonspecific reaction was observed. Thus, the SFV-expressed N protein of Puumala virus appears as a valid antigen, specific and sensitive for serological investigations.

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39

Buhlke, Ella G., Alexis M. Hobbs, Sunanda Rajput, Blase Rokusek, Darby J. Carlson, Chelle Gillan, and Kimberly A. Carlson. "Characterization of Cross-Species Transmission of Drosophila melanogaster Nora Virus." Life 12, no. 11 (November 17, 2022): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111913.

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Drosophila melanogaster Nora virus (DmNV) is a novel picorna-like virus first characterized in 2006. Since then, Nora virus has been detected in several non-Drosophila species, including insects in the Orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera. The objective of this study was to determine if DmNV could infect individuals of other species of invertebrates besides D. melanogaster. The presence of DmNV in native invertebrates and commercially available stocks was determined. Laboratory-reared D. yakuba, D. mercatorum, Gryllodes sigillatus, Tenebrio molitor, Galleria mellonella, and Musca domestica were intentionally infected with DmNV. In addition, native invertebrates were collected and D. melanogaster stocks were purchased and screened for DmNV presence using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) before being intentionally infected for study. All Drosophila species and other invertebrates, except M. domestica, that were intentionally infected with DmNV ended up scoring positive for the virus via RT-PCR. DmNV infection was also detected in three native invertebrates (Spilosoma virginica, Diplopoda, and Odontotaenius disjunctus) and all commercially available stocks tested. These findings suggest that DmNV readily infects individuals of other species of invertebrates, while also appearing to be an endemic virus in both wild and laboratory D. melanogaster populations. The detection of DmNV in commercially available stocks presents a cautionary message for scientists using these stocks in studies of virology and immunology.

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Guest, Johnathan D., Ruixue Wang, Khadija H. Elkholy, Andrezza Chagas, Kinlin L. Chao, Thomas E. Cleveland, Young Chang Kim, et al. "Design of a native-like secreted form of the hepatitis C virus E1E2 heterodimer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): e2015149118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015149118.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major worldwide health burden, and a preventive vaccine is needed for global control or eradication of this virus. A substantial hurdle to an effective HCV vaccine is the high variability of the virus, leading to immune escape. The E1E2 glycoprotein complex contains conserved epitopes and elicits neutralizing antibody responses, making it a primary target for HCV vaccine development. However, the E1E2 transmembrane domains that are critical for native assembly make it challenging to produce this complex in a homogenous soluble form that is reflective of its state on the viral envelope. To enable rational design of an E1E2 vaccine, as well as structural characterization efforts, we have designed a soluble, secreted form of E1E2 (sE1E2). As with soluble glycoprotein designs for other viruses, it incorporates a scaffold to enforce assembly in the absence of the transmembrane domains, along with a furin cleavage site to permit native-like heterodimerization. This sE1E2 was found to assemble into a form closer to its expected size than full-length E1E2. Preservation of native structural elements was confirmed by high-affinity binding to a panel of conformationally specific monoclonal antibodies, including two neutralizing antibodies specific to native E1E2 and to its primary receptor, CD81. Finally, sE1E2 was found to elicit robust neutralizing antibodies in vivo. This designed sE1E2 can both provide insights into the determinants of native E1E2 assembly and serve as a platform for production of E1E2 for future structural and vaccine studies, enabling rational optimization of an E1E2-based antigen.

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Ogino, Michiko, Hideki Ebihara, Byoung-Hee Lee, Koichi Araki, Åke Lundkvist, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, and Jiro Arikawa. "Use of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Pseudotypes Bearing Hantaan or Seoul Virus Envelope Proteins in a Rapid and Safe Neutralization Test." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 1 (January 2003): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.1.154-160.2003.

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ABSTRACT A vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype bearing hantavirus envelope glycoproteins was produced and used in a neutralization test as a substitute for native hantavirus. The recombinant VSV, in which the enveloped protein gene (G) was replaced by the green fluorescent protein gene and complemented with G protein expressed in trans (VSVΔG*G), was kindly provided by M. A. Whitt. 293T cells were transfected with plasmids for the expression of envelope glycoproteins (G1 and G2) of HTNV or SEOV and were then infected with VSVΔG*G. Pseudotype VSV with the Hantaan (VSVΔG*-HTN) or Seoul (VSVΔG*-SEO) envelope glycoproteins were harvested from the culture supernatant. The number of infectious units (IU) of the pseudotype VSVs ranged from 105 to 106/ml. The infectivity of VSVΔG*-HTN and VSVΔG*-SEO was neutralized with monoclonal antibodies, immune rabbit sera, and sera from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and the neutralizing titers were similar to those obtained with native hantaviruses. These results show that VSVΔG*-HTN and -SEO can be used as a rapid, specific, and safe neutralization test for detecting hantavirus-neutralizing antibodies as an effective substitute for the use of native hantaviruses. Furthermore, the IU of VSVΔG*-HTN and -SEO did not decrease by more than 10-fold when stored at 4°C for up to 30 days. The stability of the pseudotype viruses allows distribution of the material to remote areas by using conventional cooling boxes for use as a diagnostic reagent.

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Whitten, K. R., and S. G. P. Nameth. "First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Eryngium yuccifolium (Rattlesnake Master) in Ohio." Plant Disease 88, no. 12 (December 2004): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1384c.

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Rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) is a wildflower that is native to Ohio. In recent years, native wildflowers have become very popular with home gardeners, and conservationists have begun to reestablish these plants in their native ranges. As native perennial wildflowers become more common, it is important to determine if they might serve as possible perennial reservoirs of viruses. A plot of 20 species native to Ohio was established on the Waterman Agricultural and Natural Resources Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. In the summers of 1999 and 2001, random samples were collected from established plantings. Some sampled plants did not show symptoms of virus infection; however, all samples of E. yuccifolium appeared chlorotic, slightly mottled, and stunted. Using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis (1), these plants were assayed for viral infection. dsRNA profiles obtained from symptomatic E. yuccifolium resembled that of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). These results were confirmed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) for CMV. dsRNA-containing samples of E. yuccifolium produced ELISA absorbance values (A405) of 0.231 to 0.713 when compared with the negative control. All 14 samples of E. yuccifolium tested positive for CMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV in E. yuccifolium, which should serve as the basis for a more extensive survey, since CMV can potentially infect a wide variety of ornamental and nonornamental hosts. Reference: (1) R. Valverde et al. Plant Dis. 74:255, 1990.

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Wright, Elizabeth R., Joshua D. Strauss, Ke Zunlong, Cheri M. Hampton, Fredrick Leon, Melinda Brindley, and Richard K. Plemper. "The Near-to-Native-State Architecture of Measles Virus Assembly Sites and Isolated Measles Virus Particles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 1228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617006808.

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44

Cumbie, Alexandra N., Rebecca N. Trimble, and Gillian Eastwood. "Pathogen Spillover to an Invasive Tick Species: First Detection of Bourbon Virus in Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States." Pathogens 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040454.

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Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, 1901) (Acari: Ixodidae), the Asian longhorned tick, is an invasive tick species present in the USA since at least 2017 and has been detected in one-third of Virginia counties. While this species is associated with the transmission of multiple pathogens in its native geographical range of eastern Asia, little is known about its ability to acquire and transmit pathogens in the USA, specifically those that are transmissible to humans, although from an animal health perspective, it has already been shown to vector Theileria orientalis Ikeda strains. Emerging tick-borne viruses such as Bourbon virus (genus: Thogotovirus) are of concern, as these newly discovered pathogenic agents have caused fatal clinical cases, and little is known about their distribution or enzootic maintenance. This study examined H. longicornis collected within Virginia (from ten counties) for Bourbon and Heartland viruses using PCR methods. All ticks tested negative for Heartland virus via qRT-PCR (S segment target). Bourbon-virus-positive samples were confirmed on two different gene targets and with Sanger sequencing of the PB2 (segment 1) gene. Bourbon virus RNA was detected in one nymphal stage H. longicornis from Patrick County, one nymph from Staunton City, and one larval pool and one adult female tick from Wythe County, Virginia. An additional 100 Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus 1758; lone star tick) collected at the same Patrick County site revealed one positive nymphal pool, suggesting that Bourbon virus may have spilled over from the native vector, potentially by co-feeding on a shared Bourbon-virus-infected vertebrate host. Blood tested from local harvested deer revealed a 11.1% antibody seroprevalence against Bourbon virus, exposure which further corroborates that this tick-borne virus is circulating in the southwest Virginia region. Through these results, it can be concluded that H. longicornis can carry Bourbon virus and that pathogen spillover may occur from native to invasive tick species.

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45

Lazutka, Justas, Aurelija Zvirbliene, Indre Dalgediene, Rasa Petraityte-Burneikiene, Aliona Spakova, Vilimas Sereika, Raimundas Lelesius, Kerstin Wernike, Martin Beer, and Kestutis Sasnauskas. "Generation of Recombinant Schmallenberg Virus Nucleocapsid Protein in Yeast and Development of Virus-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/160316.

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Schmallenberg virus (SBV), discovered in continental Europe in late 2011, causes mild clinical signs in adult ruminants, including diarrhoea and reduced milk yield. However, fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in newborn offspring. To develop improved reagents for SBV serology, a high-level yeast expression system was employed to produce recombinant SBV nucleocapsid (N) protein. Recombinant SBV N protein was investigated as an antigen in SBV-specific IgG enzyme immunoassay and used for generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Yeast-expressed SBV N protein was reactive with anti-SBV IgG-positive cow serum specimens collected from different farms of Lithuania. After immunization of mice with recombinant SBV N protein, four MAbs were generated. The MAbs raised against recombinant SBV N protein reacted with native viral nucleocapsids in SBV-infected BHK cells by immunofluorescence assay. The reactivity of recombinant N protein with SBV-positive cow serum specimens and the ability of the MAbs to recognize virus-infected cells confirm the antigenic similarity between yeast-expressed SBV N protein and native viral nucleocapsids. Our study demonstrates that yeast expression system is suitable for high-level production of recombinant SBV N protein and provides the first evidence on the presence of SBV-specific antibodies in cow serum specimens collected in Lithuania.

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46

Molenkamp, Richard, Engbert A. Kooi, Marjoleine A. Lucassen, Sophie Greve, Joyphi C. P. Thijssen, Willy J. M. Spaan, and Peter J. Bredenbeek. "Yellow Fever Virus Replicons as an Expression System for Hepatitis C Virus Structural Proteins." Journal of Virology 77, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 1644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.2.1644-1648.2003.

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ABSTRACT Chimeric yellow fever virus (YF) RNAs were constructed in which the YF structural genes were replaced by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural genes or fusions between the YF and HCV structural genes. Interestingly, RNA replication required nucleotide complementarity between the 3′-located conserved sequence 1 and an RNA sequence located in the 5′ end of the YF capsid sequence. The (chimeric-)HCV structural proteins were efficiently expressed and processed, and the native E1/E2 heterodimer was formed. However, no indication for the production of HCV-like particles was obtained.

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47

Luo, Wenxin, Yingwei Chen, Mingqiao Wang, Yixin Chen, Zhenhua Zheng, Huijuan Song, Honglin Chen, et al. "Peptide mimics of a conserved H5N1 avian influenza virus neutralization site." Biochemical Journal 419, no. 1 (March 13, 2009): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20080083.

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A panel of 52 murine monoclonal antibodies was found to recognize antigenic determinants that had been conserved among all major genetic subgroups of the H5N1 avian influenza virus prevalent since 1997. We screened a phage display library for peptides recognized by one such antibody (8H5). We analysed the specificity of 8H5 for reactive peptides presented as fusion proteins of HBc (hepatitis B core protein) and HEV (hepatitis E virus) structural protein, p239. This was then related to the specificity of the native HA (haemagglutinin) molecule by virtue of the capacity of fusion proteins to compete for 8H5 binding with different strains of H5N1 virus and the reactivity of antisera generated against fusion proteins to bind native HA molecules, and to inhibit haemagglutination and arrest infection by the virus. Nine reactive peptides of different amino acid sequences were identified, six of which were also reactive with the antibody in association with HBc and four were in association with p239. Binding occurred with the dimeric form of the four p239-fusion proteins and one of the HBc-fusion proteins, but not with the monomeric form. The HBc-fusion proteins blocked 8H5 binding with four strains of H5N1 influenza virus. Mouse antisera generated against fusion proteins bound to HA molecules, but did not inhibit haemagglutination or arrest H5N1 infection. Our findings indicate that 8H5 recognizes discontinuous sites presented by secondary and possibly higher structural orders of the peptides in spatially favourable positions for binding with the antibody, and that the peptides partially mimic the native 8H5 epitopes on the H5N1 virus.

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Mahfut, H. Shafira, S. Wahyuningsih, T. T. Handayani, and Sukimin. "Identification of Virus Infection on Native Orchids in Liwa Botanical Garden." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1751 (January 2021): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1751/1/012063.

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Hancock, J. F., P. W. Callow, S. L. Krebs, D. C. Ramsdell, J. R. Ballington, M. J. Lareau, J. J. Luby, et al. "Blueberry Shoestring Virus in Eastern North American Populations of Native Vaccinium." HortScience 28, no. 3 (March 1993): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.3.175.

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Flower bud and leaf samples collected from a wide range of native North American Vaccinium populations were tested for the presence of blueberry shoestring virus (BBSSV) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. The highest disease incidence was found in Michigan (14%), although a few positive samples also were found in Virginia, New Jersey, Maine, Ontario, and Quebec. Of seven species tested, only V. corymbosum L. and V. angustifolium Ait. were infected with BBSSV.

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Sreenivasulu, D., M. V. Subba Rao, and G. P. Gard. "Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 2 from native sheep in India." Veterinary Record 144, no. 16 (April 17, 1999): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.144.16.452.

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