Journal articles: 'Native microbes'

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Koziol, Liz, Thomas P. McKenna, and James D. Bever. "Native Microbes Amplify Native Seedling Establishment and Diversity While Inhibiting a Non-Native Grass." Plants 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2023): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051184.

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Although several studies have shown increased native plant establishment with native microbe soil amendments, few studies have investigated how microbes can alter seedling recruitment and establishment in the presence of a non-native competitor. In this study, the effect of microbial communities on seedling biomass and diversity was assessed by seeding pots with both native prairie seeds and a non-native grass that commonly invades US grassland restorations, Setaria faberi. Soil in the pots was inoculated with whole soil collections from ex-arable land, late successional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi isolated from a nearby tallgrass prairie, with both prairie AM fungi and ex-arable whole soil, or with a sterile soil (control). We hypothesized (1) late successional plants would benefit from native AM fungi, (2) that non-native plants would outcompete native plants in ex-arable soils, and (3) early successional plants would be unresponsive to microbes. Overall, native plant abundance, late successional plant abundance, and total diversity were greatest in the native AM fungi+ ex-arable soil treatment. These increases led to decreased abundance of the non-native grass S. faberi. These results highlight the importance of late successional native microbes on native seed establishment and demonstrate that microbes can be harnessed to improve both plant community diversity and resistance to invasion during the nascent stages of restoration.

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Cai, Chaonan, Yingying Zhao, Yongge Yuan, and Junmin Li. "Parasitism Shifts the Effects of Native Soil Microbes on the Growth of the Invasive Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides." Life 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010150.

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Soil microbes play an important role in plant invasion, and parasitic plants regulate the growth of invasive plants. However, the mechanisms by which parasitic plants regulate the effects of soil microbes on invasive plants have not been investigated. Here, we used the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and the holoparasitic plant Cuscuta grovonii to test whether and how C. grovonii parasitism shifts the effect of native soil microbes on the growth of A. philoxeroides. In a factorial setup, A. philoxeroides was grown in pots with the presence versus absence of parasitism and the presence versus absence of native soil microbes. The findings showed that native soil microbes increased the biomass and clonal growth of A. philoxeroides only in the absence of a parasite, whereas parasitism decreased the biomass and clonal growth of A. philoxeroides only in the presence of soil microbes. In addition, the presence of soil microbes increased the deleterious effects of the parasite on A. philoxeroides. These results indicate that parasitism can shift the effects of native soil microbes on the growth of the invasive plant A. philoxeroides. Our results enrich the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the success of plant invasion.

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Fox, Jeffrey L. "Native Microbes' Role in Alaskan Clean-Up." Nature Biotechnology 7, no. 9 (September 1989): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0989-852.

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Alfonzetti, Matthew, Sebastien Doleac, Charlotte H. Mills, Rachael V. Gallagher, and Sasha Tetu. "Characterizing Effects of Microbial Biostimulants and Whole-Soil Inoculums for Native Plant Revegetation." Microorganisms 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010055.

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Soil microbes play important roles in plant health and ecosystem functioning, however, they can often be disturbed or depleted in degraded lands. During seed-based revegetation of such sites there is often very low germination and seedling establishment success, with recruitment of beneficial microbes to the rhizosphere one potential contributor to this problem. Here we investigated whether Australian native plant species may benefit from planting seed encapsulated within extruded seed pellets amended with one of two microbe-rich products: a commercial vermicast extract biostimulant or a whole-soil inoculum from a healthy reference site of native vegetation. Two manipulative glasshouse trials assessing the performance of two Australian native plant species (Acacia parramattensis and Indigofera australis) were carried out in both unmodified field-collected soil (trial 1) and in the same soil reduced in nutrients and microbes (trial 2). Seedling emergence and growth were compared between pelleted and bare-seeded controls and analyzed alongside soil nutrient concentrations and culturable microbial community assessments. The addition of microbial amendments maintained, but did not improve upon, high levels of emergence in both plant species relative to unamended pellets. In trial 1, mean time to emergence of Acacia parramattensis seedlings was slightly shorter in both amended pellet types relative to the standard pellets, and in trial 2, whole-soil inoculum pellets showed significantly improved growth metrics. This work shows that there is potential for microbial amendments to positively affect native plant emergence and growth, however exact effects are dependent on the type of amendment, the plant species, and the characteristics of the planting site soil.

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Lewin, Gina R., Apollo Stacy, Kelly L. Michie, Richard J. Lamont, and Marvin Whiteley. "Large-scale identification of pathogen essential genes during coinfection with sympatric and allopatric microbes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (August 19, 2019): 19685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907619116.

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Recent evidence suggests that the genes an organism needs to survive in an environment drastically differ when alone or in a community. However, it is not known if there are universal functions that enable microbes to persist in a community and if there are functions specific to interactions between microbes native to the same (sympatric) or different (allopatric) environments. Here, we ask how the essential functions of the oral pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans change during pairwise coinfection in a murine abscess with each of 15 microbes commonly found in the oral cavity and 10 microbes that are not. A. actinomycetemcomitans was more abundant when coinfected with allopatric than with sympatric microbes, and this increased fitness correlated with expanded metabolic capacity of the coinfecting microbes. Using transposon sequencing, we discovered that 33% of the A. actinomycetemcomitans genome is required for coinfection fitness. Fifty-nine “core” genes were required across all coinfections and included genes necessary for aerobic respiration. The core genes were also all required in monoinfection, indicating the essentiality of these genes cannot be alleviated by a coinfecting microbe. Furthermore, coinfection with some microbes, predominately sympatric species, induced the requirement for over 100 new community-dependent essential genes. In contrast, in other coinfections, predominately with nonoral species, A. actinomycetemcomitans required 50 fewer genes than in monoinfection, demonstrating that some allopatric microbes can drastically alleviate gene essentialities. These results expand our understanding of how diverse microbes alter growth and gene essentiality within polymicrobial infections.

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Zhang, Guangyi, Luji Yu, Panlong Liu, Zheng Fan, Tingmei Li, Tao Chen, and Xiaojing Zhang. "Ammonium removal by native microbes and activated sludge within the Jialu River basin and the associated microbial community structures." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 12 (September 20, 2017): 3358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.495.

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Abstract To explore the availability of native microbes and activated sludge for ammonium removal, the native microbes and activated sludge in Jialu River basin were investigated in terms of ammonium-removing activities and their microbial communities using spectrophotometry and high-throughput sequencing. NH4+-N and total nitrogen (TN) in the targeted river ranged from 2.45 ± 1.76 to 8.56 ± 2.54 mg/L and from 3.42 ± 2.79 to 13.49 ± 5.06 mg/L, respectively. Both the native microbes and activated sludge had strong ammonium-removing activities with the removal efficiencies of more than 94%. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that, after five batches of operation, the class Gammaproteobacteria (28.55%), Alphaproteobacteria (14.55%), Betaproteobacteria (13.89%), Acidobacteria (8.82%) and Bacilli (7.04%) were dominated in native community, and there was a predominance of Gammaproteobacteria (21.57%), Betaproteobacteria (16.33%), Acidobacteria (12.41%), Alphaproteobacteria (10.01%), Sphingobacteriia (6.92%) and Bacilli (6.66%) in activated sludge. These two microbial sources were able to remove ammonium, while activated sludge was more cost-effective.

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Nafady, Nivien Allam, Mohamed Bahy-El-Din Mazen, Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed, and Omaima Abdel Monsef. "Transfer of Nickel from Polluted Soil to Pisum sativum L. and Raphanus sativus L. under Composted Green Amendment and Native Soil Microbes." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 63, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0005.

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Abstract The effect of compost, inoculation with native soil microbes and their residual effects on bioavailability of nickel by peas (Pisum sativum L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown on polluted soil were investigated in pot experiments. Plants were amendment with different compost levels (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6% of soil dry weight) and inoculated with different native soil microbes (4 fungal species, one bacterial species, 4 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) isolated from the polluted soil under study. Significant increases in the biomass of pea and radish plants were observed as a result of amendment application and their residual effects. The mycorrhizal dependency (MD) of pea plants was lower than of radish plants. The highest reductions of Ni levels in both plants were observed by the simultaneous applications of compost with microbes or mycorrhizal fungi to polluted soils. Soil pH increased significantly (p < 0.05) as a result of applying native microbes especially with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alone or combined with compost. The DTPA extractability of soil Ni was significantly decreased with increasing soil pH (p < 0.05). The minimum transfer factor of Ni from polluted soil were 0.067 and 0.089 for pea and radish plants, respectively which were attained as a result of applying compost (0.6% of soil weight) inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. From the results, we can conclude that the use of compost and native soil microbes as a soil remediate could be an effective strategy for soil remediation.

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Fahey, Catherine, and Stephen Luke Flory. "Soil microbes alter competition between native and invasive plants." Journal of Ecology 110, no. 2 (November 8, 2021): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13807.

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Liu, Manxi, Lu Xia, Ruinan Liu, Zongjun Gao, Cong Han, Jianguo Feng, Jing Wang, Wanlong Qu, and Tongju Xing. "Degradation of High-Concentration Nitrate Nitrogen in Groundwater: A Laboratory Study." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4797946.

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To investigate effective and reasonable methods for the remediation of nitrate nitrogen pollution in groundwater, two groups of laboratory denitrification experiments were conducted: one on the effect of native denitrifying microbes in groundwater and another on the effect of artificially added denitrifying microbes. The water used in the experiment was typical groundwater with a high concentration of nitrate nitrogen. The temperature was controlled at 15°C. Both groups of experiments established four types of culture environments: anaerobic, anaerobic with an added carbon source (glucose), aerobic, and aerobic with an added carbon source (glucose). The results indicated that native denitrifying microbes in the groundwater have almost no ability to remove high concentrations of nitrate nitrogen. However, artificially added denitrifying microbes can effectively promote denitrification. Artificially added denitrifying microbes had the highest activity in an anaerobic environment in which a carbon source had been added, and the rate removal of a high concentration of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater was the highest and reached as high as 89.52%.

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Rudgers, Jennifer A., and Samuel Orr. "Non-native grass alters growth of native tree species via leaf and soil microbes." Journal of Ecology 97, no. 2 (March 2009): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01478.x.

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Adeeyo, Adeyemi O., Kehinde A. Odelade, Titus A. M. Msagati, and John O. Odiyo. "Antimicrobial potencies of selected native African herbs against water microbes." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 4 (June 2020): 2349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.03.013.

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Keeling, S. E., K. L. Davies, M. L. Palmer, D. E. Townsend, E. Watkin, J. A. Johnson, and H. R. Watling. "Utilisation of native microbes from a spent chalcocite test heap." Hydrometallurgy 83, no. 1-4 (September 2006): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.018.

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DeBellis, Tonia, Steven W. Kembel, and Jean-Philippe Lessard. "Shared mycorrhizae but distinct communities of other root-associated microbes on co-occurring native and invasive maples." PeerJ 7 (July 30, 2019): e7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7295.

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Background Biological invasions are major drivers of environmental change that can significantly alter ecosystem function and diversity. In plants, soil microbes play an important role in plant establishment and growth; however, relatively little is known about the role they might play in biological invasions. A first step to assess whether root microbes may be playing a role in the invasion process is to find out if invasive plants host different microbes than neighbouring native plant species. Methods In this study we investigated differences in root associated microbes of native sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and exotic Norway maple (A. platanoides L.) collected from a forested reserve in eastern Canada. We used microscopy to examine root fungi and high-throughput sequencing to characterize the bacterial, fungal and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities of both maple species over one growing season. Results We found differences in root associated bacterial and fungal communities between host species. Norway maple had a higher bacterial and fungal OTU (operational taxonomic units) richness compared to sugar maple, and the indicator species analysis revealed that nine fungal OTUs and three bacterial OTUs had a significant preference for sugar maple. The dominant bacterial phyla found on the roots of both maple species were Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The most common fungal orders associated with the Norway maple roots (in descending order) were Helotiales, Agaricales, Pleosporales, Hypocreales, Trechisporales while the Agaricales, Pleosporales, Helotiales, Capnodiales and Hypocreales were the dominant orders present in the sugar maple roots. Dark septate fungi colonization levels were higher in the sugar maple, but no differences in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and colonization rates were detected between maple species. Discussion Our findings show that two congeneric plant species grown in close proximity can harbor distinct root microbial communities. These findings provide further support for the importance of plant species in structuring root associated microbe communities. The high colonization levels observed in Norway maple demonstrates its compatibility with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the introduced range. Plant-associated microbial communities can affect host fitness and function in many ways; therefore, the observed differences suggest a possibility that biotic interactions can influence the dynamics between native and invasive species.

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Fett, William F., and Peter H. Cooke. "Scanning electron microscopy of native biofilms on mung bean sprouts." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-002.

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Native biofilms present on the adaxial surface of cotyledons of mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata) were studied by use of scanning electron microscopy. Biofilms were abundant on the cotyledon surfaces and were comprised of rod-shaped bacteria, cocci-shaped bacteria, or yeasts, often with one type of microbe predominant. In contrast to our earlier study of biofilms on green sprouts (alfalfa, clover, broccoli, and sunflower), yeast and cocci were abundant on mung bean. Filamentous fungi were not observed. Sheet-like or fibrillar material (presumably composed of secreted microbial polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) fully or partially covered the biofilms. Biofilms up to 5 mm in length were observed, and some biofilms were comprised of more than just a monolayer of microbial cells. Native biofilms on sprout surfaces undoubtedly play an important role in the ecology of plant epiphytic microbes and may also afford protected sites for plant and human bacterial pathogens.Key words: mung bean sprouts, biofilms, native microflora, scanning electron microscopy, food safety.

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Du, Xiang-Deng, Jiang Wang, Congcong Shen, Jichen Wang, Zhongwang Jing, Li-Nan Huang, Zhen-Hao Luo, and Yuan Ge. "Increased Leaf Bacterial Network Complexity along the Native Plant Diversity Gradient Facilitates Plant Invasion?" Plants 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061406.

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Understanding the mechanisms of biological invasion is critical to biodiversity protection. Previous studies have produced inconsistent relationships between native species richness and invasibility, referred to as the invasion paradox. Although facilitative interactions among species have been proposed to explain the non-negative diversity–invasibility relationship, little is known about the facilitation of plant-associated microbes in invasions. We established a two-year field biodiversity experiment with a native plant species richness gradient (1, 2, 4, or 8 species) and analyzed the effects of community structure and network complexity of leaf bacteria on invasion success. Our results indicated a positive relationship between invasibility and network complexity of leaf bacteria of the invader. Consistent with previous studies, we also found that native plant species richness increased the leaf bacterial diversity and network complexity. Moreover, the results of the leaf bacteria community assembly of the invader suggested that the complex bacteria community resulted from higher native diversity rather than higher invader biomass. We concluded that increased leaf bacterial network complexity along the native plant diversity gradient likely facilitated plant invasion. Our findings provided evidence of a potential mechanism by which microbes may affect the plant community invasibility, hopefully helping to explain the non-negative relationship between native diversity and invasibility.

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Bhardwaj, Anupama, Jagtar Singh, Sonia Chaman, and Amit Joshi. "ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILING OF DAIRY WASTEWATER DEGRADING NATIVE EFFICIENT MICROBIAL ISOLATES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i7.18444.

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Objective: The objective of this study is to make sure biotreatment process used for treatment of dairy wastewater (DWW) is safe for human and its surrounding environment; microbes were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance profile against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Methods: Microbes were isolated using spread plating and streaking method and used to treat DWW. Reduction in organic load in DWW was determined by comparing physicochemical parameters (PCP) of DWW before and after treatment process. After selection of efficient microbial isolates, they were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance profile using antibiotic disc diffusion method. Results: In this work, 53 microbes were isolated from DWW, and these microbial isolates were screened for DWW degradation capacity by analyzing PCP. Four microbial isolates E3, E5, E11 (bacterial isolates) and F5 (fungal isolate) showed highest reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were selected for profound degradation of DWW under optimized conditions. Efficient four microbial isolates individually performed better under anaerobic conditions by showing maximum reduction 84%, 75%, and 77% in COD, BOD, and DO, respectively. After 72 hrs of antibiotic susceptibility testing, E3 strain had shown 100%, E5 90%, E11 70%, and F5 80% susceptibility to antibiotics. Conclusion: The present study concluded that four microbial isolates had the potential of reducing the organic load of DWW along with lessor or negligible adverse effect on human or its surrounding environment and they appear to be most promising strains for treatment of DWW.

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Feng, Diejing, Bo Bai, Honglun Wang, and Yourui Suo. "Thermo-chemical modification to produce citric acid–yeast superabsorbent composites for ketoprofen delivery." RSC Advances 5, no. 127 (2015): 104756–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra23577d.

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The native yeast microbes were used to prepare a novel eco-friendly superabsorbent composite through thermo-chemical modification of yeast with citric acid in semi-dry conditions for ketoprofen delivery.

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Balshor, Bailey J., Matthew S. Garrambone, Paige Austin, Kathleen R. Balazs, Claudia Weihe, Jennifer B. H. Martiny, Travis E. Huxman, Johannah R. McCollum, and Sarah Kimball. "The effect of soil inoculants on seed germination of native and invasive species." Botany 95, no. 5 (May 2017): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0248.

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Successful reintroduction of native species through ecological restoration requires understanding the complex process of seed germination. Soil microbes play an important role in promoting native establishment and are often added to restoration sites during seed sowing. We tested the role of soil- and lab-grown bacterial inoculants on germination timing and percent germination for 19 species of plants commonly found in coastal California. Each species exhibited a different response to the inoculant treatments, but overall time-to-germination was longer and percent germination was lower with the soil inoculant compared with the control or other treatments. The invasive species in our study had the highest percent germination of all species and germinated faster than all native shrubs. Germination timing was negatively correlated with percent germination and with seed mass. Our results suggest that lab-grown inoculant and chemical treatment are effective at increasing germination in some native species, whereas soil inoculant is not. Given differences in germination timing between native and invasive species, restoration practitioners could consider using herbicide to treat areas seeded with native shrubs immediately following germination of invasive species without harming most natives, although germination timing and herbicides need further study in relation to microbial effects on seed germination.

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Pickett, Brooke, Irina C. Irvine, Eric Bullock, Keshav Arogyaswamy, and Emma Aronson. "Legacy effects of invasive grass impact soil microbes and native shrub growth." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 1 (March 2019): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2018.32.

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AbstractIn California, invasive grasses have displaced native plants, transforming much of the endemic coastal sage scrub (CSS) to nonnative grasslands. This has occurred for several reasons, including increased competitive ability of invasive grasses and long-term alterations to the soil environment, called legacy effects. Despite the magnitude of this problem, however, it is not well understood how these legacy effects have altered the soil microbial community and, indirectly, native plant restoration. We assessed the microbial composition of soils collected from an uninvaded CSS community (uninvaded soil) and a nearby 10-ha site from which the invasive grass Harding grass (Phalaris aquaticaL.) was removed after 11 yr of growth (postinvasive soil). We also measured the survival rate, biomass, and length of three CSS species andP. aquaticagrown in both soil types (uninvaded and postinvasive). Our findings indicate thatP. aquaticamay create microbial legacy effects in the soil that likely cause soil conditions inhibitory to the survival rate, biomass, and length of coastal sagebrush, but not the other two native plant species. Specifically, coastal sagebrush growth was lower in the postinvasive soil, which had more Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria,Agrobacterium,Bradyrhizobium,Rhizobium(R. leguminosarum),Candidatus koribacter,Candidatus solibacter, and rhizophilic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and fewer Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria,Nitrospira, andRubrobactercompared with the uninvaded soil. Shifts in soil microbial community composition such as these can have important implications for restoration strategies in postinvasive sites.

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Fujita, Yoshiko, Joanna L. Taylor, Lynn M. Wendt, David W. Reed, and Robert W. Smith. "Evaluating the Potential of Native Ureolytic Microbes To Remediate a90Sr Contaminated Environment." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 19 (October 2010): 7652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101752p.

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Binadi, Dinesh, Sanjay Kumar Jha, Ramesh Raj Pant, and Lal B. Thapa. "Comparative Analysis of Rhizosphere Fungi in Ageratina Adenophora and Associated Native Species in Far-Western Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 38, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v38i01.56139.

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Root exudates play a significant role in influencing the rhizosphere microbes. Fungi are an important group of microbes that are influenced by plant root exudates. As invasive alien plant species secretes several allelochemicals and impact soil microbes, this study compared the fungal community in one of the invasive weeds Ageratina adenophora with native species (Rubus ellipticus, Shorea robusta and Imperata cylindrica) in far-western Nepal. The rhizosphere soil was sampled by uprooting respective plants, and the soils were cultured using Czapek Dox Agar and PDA media. A total of 49 fungal species were identified from the plant rhizospheres. A. adenophora altered the species richness, occurrence and frequency of fungi in soil. The pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger, Myrothecium sp., Phoma sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium oligandrum, Verticillium spp. were the most frequently occurring rhizosphere fungi in all plants and they showed their host specificity in the rhzosphere. The fungi species such as Paecilomyces lilacinus, Aspergillus flavus, Myrothecium sp., Penicillium citrinum, P. chrysogenum, Rhizoctonia sp., Mucor circinelloides, Hypocrea sp., Trichoderma hypoxylon, T. sparsum, Gliocladium sp., Hypomyces sp., Aspergillus niger and M. circinelloides were common in all native plants. Even minor variations in the physicochemical properties of soil can change the presence of fungal species in the root zone, as indicated by the analysis of soil chemicals.

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Vakil Faraji, Yashar, Mojtaba Zahedifar, and Jafari Khorshidi Kaveh. "Measurement of microbial protein synthesis in Iranian buffalo rumen (Mazandran Province) by purine derivatives excretion method." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021190.

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Rumen microbes are rich in nucleic acid: around 18% of total nitrogen is present on nucleic acids or 11% in purines. Rumen microbes constitue the major source of protein supply to the ruminant. The purines from the rumen microbes are metabolized and excreted in the urine as their end products: hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid and allantoin. In buffalo and cattle because of high xanthine oxidase activity in intestine and blood, hypoxanthine and xanthine convert to uric acid therefore only uric acid and allantoin excreted in urine way (Chen, X. B., Ørskov, E. R., 2003). This research carried out to use excretion of purine derivatives namely allantoin and uric acid as a parameter to estimate the microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of native swamp buffalo in north of iran, Mazandaran Province.

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Sachdev, Swati, Kuldeep Bauddh, and Rana Pratap Singh. "Native Rhizospheric Microbes Mediated Management of Biotic Stress and Growth Promotion of Tomato." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010593.

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The incidence of biotic perturbation in plants has been amplified due to increased resistance and the resurgence of pathogens. To mitigate stress and promote food production, agrochemicals are being used boundlessly and they have augmented the problem of disease re-occurrence and agroecosystem degradation. With the perception of urgency to reduce biotic stress sustainably, the present study was undertaken. Four native rhizospheric microbes: Trichoderma lixii, T. brevicompactum and two strains of Bacillus subtilis, were evaluated for their antagonistic potential toward soil-borne and foliar pathogens of tomato under pot conditions. The data obtained revealed T. lixii as the most effective isolate, which substantially reduced the disease severity and promoted plant growth. In two consecutive pot experiments, T. lixii was observed to reduce the fusarium wilt and early blight severity by 32% and 31%; and 30% and 25%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Moreover, T. lixii was reported to colonize the plant roots, which was evident from the result obtained for biofilm formation and spores colonization on root cells. TvR1 also improved the photosynthetic content of both infected and non-infected plants. The conclusion drawn from the result suggested that the native microbial rhizospheric isolate T. lixii was effective in ameliorating the biotic stress, which might be due to root colonizing ability, and therefore, it could be designed into a bioinoculant for green agriculture.

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Yang, Xiangde, Kang Ni, Lifeng Ma, Yuanzhi Shi, Xiaoyun Yi, Lingfei Ji, and Jianyun Ruan. "13C Labelling of Litter Added to Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Plantation Soil Reveals a Significant Positive Priming Effect That Leads to Less Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020293.

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Although annual return of litter occurs in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations, the level of soil organic carbon (SOC) therein remains relatively low. The exact impacts of pruned litter on soil and its association with SOC accumulation in tea plantations remain unclear. In this study, we prepared 13C-labeled tea plant material and incubated it with soils collected at a tea plantation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and its sources were measured and distinguished based on the 13C isotopic method. Soil microbial community and the utilization of litter C were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis combined with a stable isotope probing (SIP) technique. Litter incorporation initially significantly increased CO2 efflux. The majority of CO2 production (>90%) arose from native SOC mineralization, which was reflected by a strong positive priming effect (PE) that decreased over time. During the incubation period, β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in both the control and litter-amended soil. A significant difference in the microbial community was observed between control and litter-amended soil, in which litter incorporation significantly increased the biomass of each microbial group relative to control soil. Based on PLFA-SIP, 78% of the C incorporated into individual microbes was derived from native SOC, while only 22% was derived from litter. Additionally, partial least squares regression path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that the microbes associated with native SOC mineralization directly affected the changes in SOC (ΔCSOC+litter), whereas microbes related to litter degradation exhibited an indirect effect on ΔCSOC+litter by affecting β-glucosidase activity under litter incorporation. Taken together, SOC accumulated less in the tea plantation system despite the annual return of pruned litter to the field.

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Preston, Sara, Bryan S. Griffiths, and Iain M. Young. "Links between substrate additions, native microbes, and the structural complexity and stability of soils." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31, no. 11 (October 1999): 1541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(99)00075-9.

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Paramanandham, Joothi, and P. Ronald Ross. "Enumeration and Characterization of Microorganisms in Raw Coir Pith and Coir Pith Dumped Soil." International Letters of Natural Sciences 53 (April 2016): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.53.34.

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Coir pith is being considered as the reject generated during the extraction of coir fibre from coconut husks. It is a light weight and fluffy material with dusts and bits of fibres. The coir pith has many undesirable components and hence it does not carry any value addition. It needs to be degraded for the effective utilization for further activities. Microbes have the ability to decompose coir pith. Coir pith itself posses its own native microbes. Hence in the present study, raw coir pith and the soil dumped with coir pith in the dumping yards along the vicinity of the coir fibre factories were subjected for the enumeration and characterization of microorganisms. The coir pith for the study was collected from two locations in Cuddalore District. The results exhibited the presence of huge quantity of microbes in the raw coir pith than the coir pith dumped soil. Furthermore, the percentage occurrence of bacteria was significantly higher when compared with that of the fungi and actinomycetes. Totally 12 species of bacteria, six species of fungi and three species of actinomycetes were recorded. The results showed significant variation in the quantity and quality of the microbes.

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Paramanandham, Joothi Pillai, and P. Ronald Ross. "Enumeration and Characterization of Microorganisms in Raw Coir Pith and Coir Pith Dumped Soil." International Letters of Natural Sciences 53 (April 1, 2016): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-07peew.

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Coir pith is being considered as the reject generated during the extraction of coir fibre from coconut husks. It is a light weight and fluffy material with dusts and bits of fibres. The coir pith has many undesirable components and hence it does not carry any value addition. It needs to be degraded for the effective utilization for further activities. Microbes have the ability to decompose coir pith. Coir pith itself posses its own native microbes. Hence in the present study, raw coir pith and the soil dumped with coir pith in the dumping yards along the vicinity of the coir fibre factories were subjected for the enumeration and characterization of microorganisms. The coir pith for the study was collected from two locations in Cuddalore District. The results exhibited the presence of huge quantity of microbes in the raw coir pith than the coir pith dumped soil. Furthermore, the percentage occurrence of bacteria was significantly higher when compared with that of the fungi and actinomycetes. Totally 12 species of bacteria, six species of fungi and three species of actinomycetes were recorded. The results showed significant variation in the quantity and quality of the microbes.

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Pickett, Brooke, Irina C. Irvine, Keshav Arogyaswamy, Mia R. Maltz, Hannah Shulman, and Emma L. Aronson. "Identifying and Remediating Soil Microbial Legacy Effects of Invasive Grasses for Restoring California Coastal Sage Scrub Ecosystems." Diversity 14, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121095.

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As invasive grasses encroach upon native ecosystems, they have the potential to transform intact California coastal sage scrub (CSS) into non-native grasslands. This occurs—in part—due to legacy effects: changes in soil microbial composition elicited by grass invasions with long-term impacts on soil and native vegetation. Along with direct effects on CSS vegetation, legacy effects may alter microbial communities which may in turn impact native plant growth. To tease apart these factors, we monitored growth in three CSS species inoculated with either uninvaded soil or sterilized uninvaded soil that were subsequently planted into a site characterized by observed microbial legacy effects. Our findings indicate native plant growth can be explained by changes in soil microorganisms. Specifically, native Artemisia californica and Baccharis pilularis grew larger in plots with unsterilized uninvaded soil inoculum, which contained a larger abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and Glomus, compared to the sterilized soil inoculum plots. Therefore, microbial augmentation may not only improve restoration in post-invasive sites but long-term changes in soil microbial communities may be linked to native plant growth. Furthermore, adding uninvaded soil replete with native microbes has the potential to support restoration of invaded sites by promoting native plant survival and establishment in these restored ecosystems.

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Schmidt, Katharina T., Mia Maltz, Priscilla Ta, Banafshe Khalili, Claudia Weihe, Michala Phillips, Emma Aronson, Megan Lulow, Jennifer Long, and Sarah Kimball. "Identifying Mechanisms for Successful Ecological Restoration with Salvaged Topsoil in Coastal Sage Scrub Communities." Diversity 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12040150.

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Although aboveground metrics remain the standard, restoring functional ecosystems should promote both aboveground and belowground biotic communities. Restoration using salvaged soil—removal and translocation of topsoil from areas planned for development, with subsequent deposition at degraded sites—is an alternative to traditional methods. Salvaged soil contains both seed and spore banks, which may holistically augment restoration. Salvaged soil methods may reduce non-native germination by burying non-native seeds, increase native diversity by adding native seeds, or transfer soil microbiomes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to recipient sites. We transferred soil to three degraded recipient sites and monitored soil microbes, using flow cytometry and molecular analyses, and characterized the plant community composition. Our findings suggest that salvaged soil at depths ≥5 cm reduced non-native grass cover and increased native plant density and species richness. Bacterial abundance at recipient sites were statistically equivalent to donor sites in abundance. Overall, topsoil additions affected AMF alpha diversity and community composition and increased rhizophilic AMF richness. Because salvaged soil restoration combines multiple soil components, including native plant and microbial propagules, it may promote both aboveground and belowground qualities of the donor site, when applying this method for restoring invaded and degraded ecosystems.

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Huguet, Valérie, and Jennifer A. Rudgers. "Covariation of Soil Bacterial Composition with Plant Rarity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (September 17, 2010): 7665–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01474-10.

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ABSTRACT Rare and common plants are predicted to host different rhizospheric microbes. To evaluate this prediction, we used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis to compare rhizospheric bacteria from eight native grass species whose local abundances in their natural ecosystem spanned a 15-fold range. We observed that locally rare versus common plants are associated with divergent bacterial communities.

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Santos, Bárbara, Molly C. Bletz, Joana Sabino-Pinto, Walter Cocca, Jean Francois Solofoniaina Fidy, Karen LM Freeman, Sven Kuenzel, et al. "Characterization of the microbiome of the invasive Asian toad in Madagascar across the expansion range and comparison with a native co-occurring species." PeerJ 9 (June 28, 2021): e11532. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11532.

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Biological invasions are on the rise, with each invader carrying a plethora of associated microbes. These microbes play important, yet poorly understood, ecological roles that can include assisting the hosts in colonization and adaptation processes or as possible pathogens. Understanding how these communities differ in an invasion scenario may help to understand the host’s resilience and adaptability. The Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus is an invasive amphibian, which has recently established in Madagascar and is expected to pose numerous threats to the native ecosystems. We characterized the skin and gut bacterial communities of D. melanostictus in Toamasina (Eastern Madagascar), and compared them to those of a co-occurring native frog species, Ptychadena mascareniensis, at three sites where the toad arrived in different years. Microbial composition did not vary among sites, showing that D. melanostictus keeps a stable community across its expansion but significant differences were observed between these two amphibians. Moreover, D. melanostictus had richer and more diverse communities and also harboured a high percentage of total unique taxa (skin: 80%; gut: 52%). These differences may reflect the combination of multiple host-associated factors including microhabitat selection, skin features and dietary preferences.

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Elsheikh, Elsiddig A. E., Ali El-Keblawy, Kareem A. Mosa, Anthony I. Okoh, and Ismail Saadoun. "Role of Endophytes and Rhizosphere Microbes in Promoting the Invasion of Exotic Plants in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: A Review." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 13081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313081.

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Endophytes and rhizospheric microorganisms support invasive species’ adaptation to environmental stresses. Here, we review the impacts of endophytes, rhizospheric microbes (particularly symbiotic nitrogen-fixers), mycorrhiza and pathogens on plant invasion in arid and semi-arid areas. Endophytes and soil microorganisms either enhance nutrient acquisition for enhancing the invasive plant immune system and/or negatively affect native plants. In addition, the positive feedback between mycorrhizal fungi and invasive plants enhances the competitive ability of the aliens, providing them more opportunities for success, establishment, and dominance. The microbes and their secondary metabolites promote invasive plant species by changing soil microbial community structure and carbon biomass as well as enzyme activity, which improves soil properties and processes. The negative impact of invasive exotic plants on the associated biota and the role of allelochemicals are also discussed. It could be concluded that endophytes interact with rhizosphere microbes to promote invasive plant species in arid and semi-arid areas in a way similar to what happens in other ecosystems; the differences are in the pathways and reactions, which depend upon the prevailing abiotic factors. More interdisciplinary field experiments integrating microbial, biotechnological, and molecular approaches are needed to understand the role of symbiotic microbes in invasion biology.

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Kobayashi, Yasuo, Satoshi Koike, Makoto Miyaji, Hiroshi Hata, and Keiichi Tanaka. "Hindgut microbes, fermentation and their seasonal variations in Hokkaido native horses compared to light horses." Ecological Research 21, no. 2 (October 26, 2005): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0118-x.

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Ang, Carolina C., and Abdul S. Abdul. "A laboratory study of the biodegradation of an alcohol ethoxylate surfactant by native soil microbes." Journal of Hydrology 138, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(92)90164-q.

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Ji, Mengyuan, Ginevra Giangieri, Muhammad Usman, Chao Liu, Matteo Bosaro, Filippo Sessa, Paolo Canu, Laura Treu, and Stefano Campanaro. "An integrated Metagenomic-Pangenomic strategy revealed native microbes and magnetic biochar cooperation in plasticizer degradation." Chemical Engineering Journal 468 (July 2023): 143589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143589.

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Warinner, Christina, Camilla Speller, and Matthew J. Collins. "A new era in palaeomicrobiology: prospects for ancient dental calculus as a long-term record of the human oral microbiome." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1660 (January 19, 2015): 20130376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0376.

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The field of palaeomicrobiology is dramatically expanding thanks to recent advances in high-throughput biomolecular sequencing, which allows unprecedented access to the evolutionary history and ecology of human-associated and environmental microbes. Recently, human dental calculus has been shown to be an abundant, nearly ubiquitous, and long-term reservoir of the ancient oral microbiome, preserving not only microbial and host biomolecules but also dietary and environmental debris. Modern investigations of native human microbiota have demonstrated that the human microbiome plays a central role in health and chronic disease, raising questions about changes in microbial ecology, diversity and function through time. This paper explores the current state of ancient oral microbiome research and discusses successful applications, methodological challenges and future possibilities in elucidating the intimate evolutionary relationship between humans and their microbes.

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Singh, Manya, and Wallace M. Meyer. "Plant-Soil Feedback Effects on Germination and Growth of Native and Non-Native Species Common across Southern California." Diversity 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060217.

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Changes in plant assemblages can influence biotic and abiotic soil conditions. These changes can cause plant–soil feedbacks that can inhibit or facilitate plant germination and growth. Here, we contribute to a growing literature examining plant–soil feedbacks in the endangered sage scrub ecosystem by examining the germination and growth of Artemisia californica, the dominant native shrub species in the ecosystem, in soil conditioned by two widespread plant invaders (Brassica nigra, Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens), and the germination and growth of these invasive species in conspecific and heterospecific soils. Our findings suggest that: (i) A. californica soils can limit establishment of some species (B. nigra) but not others (B. madritensis), (ii) A. californica soil conditions reduce growth of all plant species, and (iii) non-natives are negatively impacted by soil microbes, but in some contexts can do better in heterospecific soil. As our findings were often incongruent with other studies that examined interactions among similar species at other sites, we suggest that we are at our infancy of understanding these complex interactions, and that developing a predictive framework for understanding plant soil feedbacks in the sage scrub ecosystem involves understanding how various plant species respond in different soil contexts within the ecosystem.

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Mouhib, Mohammed, Melania Reggente, Lin Li, Nils Schuergers, and Ardemis Anoush Boghossian. "Engineering Extracellular Electron Transfer in Escherichia coli for Microbial Electrochemical Devices." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 43 (July 7, 2022): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01431857mtgabs.

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Microbes hold great potential for green electrochemical synthesis as well as bio-electricity generation from organic waste. The key to the successful development of microbial electrochemical devices lies with the ability of the microbes to transport electrons across their outer membranes. These devices thus often rely on the use of microbes known as exoelectrogens, which include bacteria that have evolved metabolic pathways that enable extracellular electron transfer (EET) to solid substrates for cellular respiration. While exoelectrogens demonstrate facilitated electron transfer with the electrodes of these devices, natural exoelectrogens are often restricted to utilizing a narrow range of substrates that limits their versatility for processing different organic wastes and electrosynthesizing a rich diversity of high-value chemicals. By contrast, non-exoelectrogenic microbes such as Escherichia coli that lack efficient EET pathways are host to rich metabolic reaction networks that can be more readily tailored for various applications using synthetic biology. In this work, we biologically engineer E. coli for enhanced EET. To this end, we expressed different combinations of proteins from the natural exoelectrogen S. oneidensis MR-1, as well as E. coli native proteins to optimize EET of the bioengineered strain. The bioengineered strains show significant improvements in electron transfer rates, as confirmed through colorimetric reduction assays of soluble electron acceptors and electrochemical characterizations following electrode reduction. The improved EET demonstrated in this work paves the way for increasing the efficiency of existing E. c oli - based electrochemical devices while opening the doors to new applications that benefit from the broad chemical repertoire of these microbes.

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Putri, Dwi Hilda, Mades Fifendy, and Moca Faulina Putri. "DIVERSITY OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHYTES IN IN YOUNG AND OLD LEAVES OF ANDALEH PLANT (MORUS MACROURA MIQ.)." EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 19, no. 1 (April 28, 2018): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss1/122.

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Endphytic microbes are microscopic living organisms (bacteria and fungi) that live in plant tissues (xylem and phloem), leaves, roots, fruit, and stems. These microbes live symbiosis of mutual benefit. Morus macroura miq. or Andaleh is a native plant of western Sumatra that is considered rare. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify entophytic bacteria found in young leaves and old leaves andaleh taken from the village Andaleh, Kec. Batipuah West Sumatra. The methods used to isolate endophytic bacteria from andaleh leaves are spread plate and streak plate. Identification of endophytic bacteria in macroscopic or colony morphology. A total of 12 isolates of endophytic bacteria from young andaleh leaf and 8 isolates of endophytic bacteria from andaleh leaf. Identification Microscopic using gram staining obtained bacteria 18 gram positive endophytic bacterial isolates and 2 isolate gram negative bacteria.

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Prasath, S., Ramkumar Govindaraj, Ram Subbiah, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, Hesham S. Almoallim, S. Priya, and Begna Dejene Mulugeta. "Development of Microbiology Plantation-Based Multimodal Segmentation for Smart Garden Using Machine Learning." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (October 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1066535.

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Normally, gardens lower the ambient temperature, which would improve air quality, absorb pollutants, and produce oxygen. Trees reduce soil erosion, increase fertility, and help retain soil moisture. Decomposed leaves that fall in the garden become nutrients for tree growth and help microbes to thrive. When it comes to growing trees in a garden, one should try and choose native trees that are naturally found in a particular area. These trees are well adapted to the environment and require less maintenance. Many insects and birds rely on native trees for food and shelter. Therefore, they are best for the environment. However, not all native trees are evergreen trees. Many evergreen trees can be planted in a small garden. In this paper, a microplantation-based model was developed to enhance the biological impacts for a smart garden. Based on the garden requirements, the smart system was constructed. On this basis, the seeds are planted in the soil.

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Bhartia, Rohit, Everett C. Salas, William F. Hug, Ray D. Reid, Arthur L. Lane, Katrina J. Edwards, and Kenneth H. Nealson. "Label-Free Bacterial Imaging with Deep-UV-Laser-Induced Native Fluorescence." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (September 3, 2010): 7231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00943-10.

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ABSTRACT We introduce a near-real-time optical imaging method that works via the detection of the intrinsic fluorescence of life forms upon excitation by deep-UV (DUV) illumination. A DUV (<250-nm) source enables the detection of microbes in their native state on natural materials, avoiding background autofluorescence and without the need for fluorescent dyes or tags. We demonstrate that DUV-laser-induced native fluorescence can detect bacteria on opaque surfaces at spatial scales ranging from tens of centimeters to micrometers and from communities to single cells. Given exposure times of 100 μs and low excitation intensities, this technique enables rapid imaging of bacterial communities and cells without irreversible sample alteration or destruction. We also demonstrate the first noninvasive detection of bacteria on in situ-incubated environmental experimental samples from the deep ocean (Lo'ihi Seamount), showing the use of DUV native fluorescence for in situ detection in the deep biosphere and other nutrient-limited environments.

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Li, Jianwei, Susan E. Ziegler, Chad S. Lane, and Sharon A. Billings. "Legacies of native climate regime govern responses of boreal soil microbes to litter stoichiometry and temperature." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 66 (November 2013): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.07.018.

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CELEBREZZE, TOM. "Alien Species and Evolution: The Evolutionary Ecology of Exotic Plants, Animals, Microbes, and Interacting Native Species." Austral Ecology 31, no. 6 (September 2006): 794–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01653.x.

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Singh, Akansha, B. P. Dhyani, Akash Tomar, Vipin Kumar, Arbind Kumar Gupta, and U. P. Shahi. "In-vitro Phosphate Solubilization by Native Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes in Soils of Northern Region of India." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 14, Feb, 2 (February 19, 2023): 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.3274a.

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The investigations were conducted at Sardar Vallabhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India during March 2019 to January 2020 for isolation and characterization and identification of phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM) in soils of northern region of India. Soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from four locations i.e. KVK, Lohaghat, SVPUAT, Meerut, College of Agriculture field, SVPUAT, Meerut and KVK, Bulandshahar covering Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand states of India and kept in refrigerator for analysis. The isolation of two rhizobial bacteria isolates (S1 and S2) in conjunction with the two-phosphate solubilizing efficient fungal isolates (F1 and F2) was carried out by the serial dilution method. The study of their morphological and microscopic characters, together with Solubilization Efficiency (SE), and Solubilization Index (SI) were also assessed. Finally, the biochemical tests were run according to their nature that was gram-negative rod by using KB002 TM HI Assorted Biochemical Test Kit (for Gram-negative rods). Between the two bacterial isolates was S1 was showing more solubilization on Pikovskaya agar (PVK) compared to S4 on the 5th day of observation, while S4 gave better results on the 8th-day solubilization observation. The biochemical tests on bacterial isolates were showing disagreement between the two, proving them as completely different isolates. In the case of fungi, the F2 isolate was showing better SE and SI values compared to the F1 isolate.

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Kim, Ji-Won, Seung-Ki Kwok, Jung-Yoon Choe, and Sung-Hwan Park. "Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Link between the Intestinal Microbiota and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 4871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194871.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease featuring enhanced expression of type I interferon (IFN) and autoantibody production triggering inflammation of, and damage to, multiple organs. Continuing research efforts focus on how gut microbes trigger systemic autoimmunity and SLE. The gut microbial communities of mice and humans with lupus have been investigated via high-throughput sequencing. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio is consistently reduced in SLE patients, regardless of ethnicity. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus differs from the animal model used (MRL/lpr mice or NZB/W F1 mice). This may indicate that interactions between gut microbes and the host, rather than the enrichment of certain gut microbes, are especially significant in terms of SLE development. Enterococcus gallinarum and Lactobacillus reuteri, both of which are possible gut pathobionts, become translocated into systemic tissue if the gut epithelial barrier is impaired. The microbes then interact with the host immune systems, activating the type I IFN pathway and inducing autoantibody production. In addition, molecular mimicry may critically link the gut microbiome to SLE. Gut commensals of SLE patients share protein epitopes with the Ro60 autoantigen. Ruminococcus gnavus strain cross-reacted with native DNA, triggering an anti-double-stranded DNA antibody response. Expansion of R. gnavus in SLE patients paralleled an increase in disease activity and lupus nephritis. Such insights into the link between the gut microbiota and SLE enhance our understanding of SLE pathogenesis and will identify biomarkers predicting active disease.

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Ramirez, Jose L., Molly K. Schumacher, Geoff Ower, Debra E. Palmquist, and Steven A. Juliano. "Impacts of fungal entomopathogens on survival and immune responses of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens mosquitoes in the context of native Wolbachia infections." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0009984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009984.

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Microbial control of mosquitoes via the use of symbiotic or pathogenic microbes, such as Wolbachia and entomopathogenic fungi, are promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides to tackle the rapid increase in insecticide resistance and vector-borne disease outbreaks. This study evaluated the susceptibility and host responses of two important mosquito vectors, Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens, that naturally carry Wolbachia, to infections by entomopathogenic fungi. Our study indicated that while Wolbachia presence did not provide a protective advantage against entomopathogenic fungal infection, it nevertheless influenced the bacterial / fungal load and the expression of select anti-microbial effectors and phenoloxidase cascade genes in mosquitoes. Furthermore, although host responses from Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens were mostly similar, we observed contrasting phenotypes with regards to susceptibility and immune responses to fungal entomopathogenic infection in these two mosquitoes. This study provides new insights into the intricate multipartite interaction between the mosquito host, its native symbiont and pathogenic microbes that might be employed to control mosquito populations.

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Xing, Yanxia, Mengzhen Huang, Chinasa V. Olovo, Chiamaka L. Mgbechidinma, Yu Yang, Jing Liu, Bo Li, et al. "Traditional Fermented Foods: Challenges, Sources, and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids." Fermentation 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020110.

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Traditional fermented foods harbor microbes that transform raw food components, improving their nutritional, shelf life, organoleptic, and health-promoting characteristics. Fermented foods are an important conduit of contact between bioactive components that act like antigens and the human body system. Versatile microbes in traditional fermented foods are associated with many health-promoting end-products, including dietary fatty acids and inherent fermenting microbial cells. Evidence shows that dietary fatty acid components regulate genes in a hormonally dependent manner, either directly via specific binding to nuclear receptors or indirectly by changing regulatory transcription factors. Fatty acids are implicated in anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, immunoregulatory, cardioprotective, etc., activities. Challenges with scaling the production of traditional fermented foods stem from losing effective consortiums of microbial groups and the production of differential end-products. Industrialists scaling the production of traditional fermented foods must overcome safety and consistency challenges. They need to combine processes that lessen the advent of public health issues and introduce omics technologies that identify and maintain effective consortium groups, prune genes that code for toxic products, and inculcate microbes with additional beneficial characteristics. Incorporating omics in production will avail the benefits of traditional fermented foods to a larger population that craves them outside their native areas.

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Qu, Yan-Fu, Yan-Qing Wu, Yu-Tian Zhao, Long-Hui Lin, Yu Du, Peng Li, Hong Li, and Xiang Ji. "The invasive red-eared slider turtle is more successful than the native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle: evidence from the gut microbiota." PeerJ 8 (October 29, 2020): e10271. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10271.

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Background The mutualistic symbiosis between the gut microbial communities (microbiota) and their host animals has attracted much attention. Many factors potentially affect the gut microbiota, which also varies among host animals. The native Chinese three-keeled pond turtle (Chinemys reevesii) and the invasive red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are two common farm-raised species in China, with the latter generally considered a more successful species. However, supporting evidence from the gut microbiota has yet to be collected. Methods We collected feces samples from these two turtle species raised in a farm under identical conditions, and analyzed the composition and relative abundance of the gut microbes using bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing on the Roach/454 platform. Results The gut microbiota was mainly composed of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at the phylum level, and Porphyromonadaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae at the family level in both species. The relative abundance of the microbes and gene functions in the gut microbiota differed between the two species, whereas alpha or beta diversity did not. Microbes of the families Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae were comparatively more abundant in C. reevesii, whereas those of the families Porphyromonadaceae and Fusobacteriaceae were comparatively more abundant in T. s. elegans. In both species the gut microbiota had functional roles in enhancing metabolism, genetic information processing and environmental information processing according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. The potential to gain mass is greater in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, as revealed by the fact that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower in the former species. The percentage of human disease-related functional genes was lower in T. s. elegans than in C. reevesii, presumably suggesting an enhanced potential to colonize new habitats in the former species.

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Carpenter, Chris. "Study Investigates Conversion of Biomethane From CO2 and Biohydrogen." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0723-0098-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22744, “Accelerated Methanogenesis for the Conversion of Biomethane From Carbon Dioxide and Biohydrogen at Hyperthermophilic Conditions,” by Ivy C.C. Hsia, Petronas, and Mohd F.A. Wahab and Nur K.A. Jalil, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2023 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ Methanogenesis is the conversion of CO2 to methane (CH4) using microbes. In the context of CO2 usage, the process of methanogenesis using native microbes from a particular reservoir can be a very slow process without any external intervention. The study detailed in this complete paper investigates the use of agriculture byproducts such as palm oil mill effluent (POME) as substrates, along with potential microbial isolates that can produce biohydrogen at high temperatures. The authors write that stimulation of microbes using POME as substrate with hydrogen (H2)/CO2 supplementation is important in accelerating the rate and yield of CH4 production. Introduction The authors write that a population of microbes isolated from sludge of agriculture wastes, when given proper conditions and nutrients, was able to accelerate the rate of methanogenesis. POME is an agricultural byproduct from which a huge microbial community can be manipulated for methanogenesis, specifically for hydrogen production. This study incorporates the process of dark fermentation, using POME to generate hydrogen required to convert CO2 to CH4 in a syntrophic reaction at hyperthermophilic temperatures. Accounting for both the high reservoir temperatures (above 100°C) common to Malaysia and the temperature-tolerance limit of most microorganisms in general, the authors selected 70°C as the temperature to be studied. They write that, as their team studied a range of different temperatures, anaerobic microbes showed no production of biohydrogen and CH4 above 70°C.

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Jordan, Nicholas R., Laura Aldrich-Wolfe, Sheri C. Huerd, Diane L. Larson, and Gary Muehlbauer. "Soil–Occupancy Effects of Invasive and Native Grassland Plant Species on Composition and Diversity of Mycorrhizal Associations." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 4 (December 2012): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-12-00014.1.

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AbstractDiversified grasslands that contain native plant species can produce biofuels, support sustainable grazing systems, and produce other ecosystem services. However, ecosystem service production can be disrupted by invasion of exotic perennial plants, and these plants can have soil-microbial “legacies” that may interfere with establishment and maintenance of diversified grasslands even after effective management of the invasive species. The nature of such legacies is not well understood, but may involve suppression of mutualisms between native species and soil microbes. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that legacy effects of invasive species change colonization rates, diversity, and composition of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with seedlings of co-occurring invasive and native grassland species. In a glasshouse, experimental soils were conditioned by cultivating three invasive grassland perennials, three native grassland perennials, and a native perennial mixture. Each was grown separately through three cycles of growth, after which we used T-RFLP analysis to characterize AMF associations of seedlings of six native perennial and six invasive perennial species grown in these soils. Legacy effects of soil conditioning by invasive species did not affect AMF richness in seedling roots, but did affect AMF colonization rates and the taxonomic composition of mycorrhizal associations in seedling roots. Moreover, native species were more heavily colonized by AMF and roots of native species had greater AMF richness (number of AMF operational taxonomic units per seedling) than did invasive species. The invasive species used to condition soil in this experiment have been shown to have legacy effects on biomass of native seedlings, reducing their growth in this and a previous similar experiment. Therefore, our results suggest that successful plant invaders can have legacies that affect soil-microbial associations of native plants and that these effects can inhibit growth of native plant species in invaded communities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Native microbes'

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