Academic literature on the topic 'Native insectary'

We provide a summary of two recent studies that investigated the role that three native insectary plants can play in promoting predatory arthropods, and thereby to enhance biological control of vineyard pests in Australia. Native plants are preferred as supplementary flora, as they are locally-adapted to Australia's climatic conditions. Stands of mature Bursaria spinosa, Leptospermum continentale and Rytidosperma ssp. located adjacent to, or in vineyards, in South Australia were sampled for arthropods in 2013/14. Grapevines were also sampled to explore relationships between each plant and associated arthropods using common diversity indices. Twenty seven thousand and ninety-one individual invertebrate specimens were collected, comprising 20 orders and 287 morphospecies. These were categorised into functional groups of predators, herbivores and other. Predatory arthropods dominated the diversity of morphospecies present on each plant. The richness of predator morphospecies across all plant types was nearly double the number found in association with grapevines. It may be possible to increase the functional diversity of predatory arthropods by more than 3x when either B. spinosa or L. continentale is present versus grapevines only, and increase the net number of predator morphospecies by around 27% when Rytidosperma ssp. are planted in combination with grapevines. The selected plants provide a suitable habitat to support diverse and functional populations of predatory arthropods. The opportunity to plant selected native insectary species could help wine grape growers save time and resources by producing fruit with lower pest incidence, while enhancing biodiversity associated with vineyards.

Agriculture is dependent on insect pollination, yet in areas of intensive production agriculture, there is often a decline in plant and insect diversity. As native habitats and plants are replaced, often only the weeds or unwanted vegetation persist. This study compared insect diversity on mango, Mangifera indica, a tropical fruit tree dependent on insect pollination, when weeds were present in cultivation versus when they were removed mechanically. The pollinating insects on both weeds and mango trees were examined as well as fruit set and yield in both the weed-free and weedy treatment in South Florida. There were significantly more pollinators and key pollinator families on the weedy mango trees, as well as significantly greater fruit yield in the weedy treatment compared to the weed-free treatment. Utilizing weeds, especially native species, as insectary plants can help ensure sufficient pollination of mango and increase biodiversity across crop monocropping systems.

Abstract Biological control offers a long-term and sustainable option for controlling the destructive forest pest emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in North America. Three larval parasitoids, Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Eulophidae), and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac, have been introduced to North America from the native range of EAB (northeastern Asia). While T. planipennisi appears to be persisting where it has been introduced in northern United States, S. agrili failed to establish in northeastern states. The more recently identified parasitoid S. galinae was recovered from the Russian Far East and climate matching suggests it should be suited for release in colder climates. We collected data on the phenology of EAB and its introduced larval parasitoids from colonies established in an insectary, growth chambers, and field-caged trees in Syracuse, New York to determine whether asynchrony between parasitoids and EAB or climate could impact establishment and persistence. Phenological data indicated EAB has one and 2-yr life cycles in New York, with parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae available spring to fall for parasitism. Insectary and growth chamber studies indicated S. galinae and T. planipennisi were synchronous with EAB phenology, and field studies suggested both species could overwinter in northeastern climates. Spathius agrili was asynchronous with EAB phenology and climate, emerging when fewer parasitoid-susceptible EAB larvae were available and temperatures were not optimal for survival. Our results suggest S. galinae and T. planipennisi are suited for biological control of EAB at the northern limits of its range in North America.

Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar) is a native pest of pome and stone fruit in eastern North America. It is a key pest of apple (Malus pumila) orchards in Quebec. In spring, adults disperse primarily from woodland overwintering sites to apple orchards. Before fruit set, the beetles are mainly nocturnal. As fruits become available for oviposition, adults extend their activity to the daytime. Full grown larvae found in dropped apples in June (June drop) enter the soil to pupate. The summer brood emerges in August, feeds on the remaining fruit throughout the fall and then disperses to suitable overwintering sites. Little is known of its community and host plant relationships, dispersal behavior, factors influencing its mode of locomotion, choice of food sources, overwintering sites, micro-habitat selection, orientation, and action threshold. Commercially available biocontrol agents are not effective, and convenient and reliable monitoring techniques for the timing of sprays have not been developed. However, recent field and insectary studies on the behavior and activity of plum curculio adults may allow us to improve the efficiency of control strategies. These findings are presented here, together with their implications for control of the plum curculio by modifying its habitat, and by better timing and location of sprays and other interventions. This paper also includes brief reviews of biological controls, insect growth regulators, and genetic controls for plum curculio.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi de conhecer as famílias de himenópteros parasitóides (Insecta: Hymenoptera), coletados com armadilhas do tipo Malaise em floresta nativa em Luz, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil (19º45’03" e 19º49’03"S, 45º41’25" e 45º49’25"W). Durante o período de setembro de 2003 a março de 2004, foram coletados 1.131 espécimes, distribuídos em 21 famílias. Ichneumonidae e Encyrtidae foram as mais comuns, com 42,00% e 25,29% espécimes coletados, respectivamente.

Interaksi trofik pasca masuknya ikan introduksi ataupun ikan asing invasif merupakan dasar untuk mengkaji tekanan ekologis terhadap ikan asli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interaksi trofik komunitas ikan pasca berkembangnya jenis-jenis ikan asing invasif di Danau Matano, Sulawesi Selatan. Ikan contoh diperoleh dari hasil tangkapan jaring insang percobaan, jala lempar, dan seser pada Mei, Oktober, dan November 2015 serta Februari, Juli, dan September 2016. Analisis ekologi trofik yang dilakukan meliputi indeks bagian terbesar, tingkat trofik, luas relung dan tumpang tindih relung makanan, serta pola strategi makan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komunitas ikan yang tertangkap di Danau Matano terdiri atas 9 famili, 11 genera, dan 17 spesies. Ikan louhan mendominasi komunitas ikan di Danau Matano sebesar 53,62%. Makanan alami yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh sejumlah ikan dalam komunitas adalah insekta (Diptera), Gastropoda (Tylomelania sp.), dan larva insekta (Chironomidae). Kelompok trofik komunitas ikan di Danau Matano terdiri atas detritivora, herbivora, insektivora, zoobentivora, dan piscivora. Masuknya ikan introduksi memunculkan kelompok trofik baru (detritivora dan herbivora). Ikan introduksi cenderung memiliki luas relung makanan yang lebih bervariasi. Kompetisi terhadap makanan alami kategori moderat banyak terjadi antara ikan asli dengan louhan. Strategi pola makan ikan asli di Danau Matano cenderung bersifat spesialis, sedangkan ikan introduksi memiliki strategi pola makan yang lebih bervariasi dan oportunistik. Ikan louhan sebagai ikan introduksi dominan yang bersifat invasif mampu memanfaatkan seluruh sumber daya makanan alami yang tersedia dan menempati tingkat trofik tertinggi di Danau Matano. Tekanan ekologi terhadap ikan asli oleh ikan asing invasif di Danau Matano terjadi karena adanya kompetisi terhadap makanan alami.Trophic interactions post-develpment of non-native fish or invasive alien fish species are the basis knowledge for assessing and preventing the ecological pressure on native fish. This research aims to analyze the trophic interactions of fish community post-development of invasive alien fish species in Lake Matano, South Sulawesi. Fish samples were obtained from the catch of experimental gill nets, cast nets, and push nets in May, October, and November 2015 along with February, July, and September 2016. Trophic ecological analysis carried out included index of preponderance, trophic level, niche breadth and niche overlap of natural food, and feeding strategy. The fish community caught in Lake Matano consists of 9 families, 11 genera, and 17 species. Flowerhorn cichlid dominates the fish community in Lake Matano by 53.62%. Natural foods that are widely used by a number of fish in the community are Insecta (Diptera), Gastropods (Tylomelania sp.), and larvae of Insecta (Chironomidae). The guild trophic of fish community in Lake Matano consists of detritivores, herbivores, insectivores, zoobentivores, and piscivores. The introduction of non-native species bring up to new guilds (detritivores and herbivores). Non-native fishes tends to have a variety niche breadth. Moderate competition for natural food resources between native fish and flowerhorn cichlid is quite high. Feeding strategy of native species in Lake Matano tend to be specialist, while non-natives species have more variety and opportunistic. Flowerhorn cichlid as dominant invasive alien fish species is able to utilize all natural food resources and occupies the highest trophic level in Lake Matano. Ecological pressure on native fish by invasive alien fish species in Lake Matano occurs due to competition in obtaining natural food resources.

The yaupon psyllid, Gyropsylla ilecis (Ashmead), is a native insect of the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera (Figure 1). The insect is inconspicuous during most of the year, but the leaf galls it produces in spring are more easily observed. Nymphs feed on the new growth of yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria, causing leaves to deform into a protective gall. The yaupon holly, native to the southeastern United States, is used as an ornamental tree or shrub and has also been used for centuries to produce a caffeinated, tea-like beverage. The yaupon psyllid is considered a minor aesthetic pest due to the unsightly presence of galls and some stunting of twigs. However, yaupon holly is rarely severely damaged by this insect.

Urban trees are a source of food resources, habitat and refuge for the biodiversity that occurs in cities. However, the taxonomic identity and status of each plant species as native and / or exotic of in an ecosystem influences its interactions with biodiversity. Wasps are one of the main insects present in terrestrial ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, as components of their biodiversity, playing an important role as biocontrol agents (predators and parasitoids) of populations of other insects associated with urban flora or as phytophagous. Seeking to deepen into the knowledge of the diversity of wasps in the city of Bogotá and their ecological interactions, in this study the diversity of wasps associated with three native and three exotic species frequently in urban parks of the city was evaluated. In total, 22 wasp families and 227 morphospecies were identified. The families Bethylidae, Chalcididae and Crabronidae are recorded for the first time in Bogotá. On the other part, the families Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae were the ones that contributed with the most richness and abundance in this study. Regarding their association with the evaluated plant species, a greater diversity of morphospecies associated with native tree species was found, however, there is an effect of the taxonomic identity and the factor park on the results that are discussed. It highlighting the importance of conserving the native urban flora in green spaces of Bogota’s city, in order to maintain and preserve the diversity of wasps principally with parasitoid and predator habits and thus enhance their role as natural biocontrol agents of insects that affect the health of urban trees, at the same time that ecological processes and functionality of this urban ecosystem would be stimulated.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2007.
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Os insetos da família Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) são excelentes modelos biológicos, intensivamente estudados em diversas disciplinas. O estudo dessas moscas no Brasil teve início no século XIX, e sofreu um grande impulso a partir da década de 1940. Apesar disso, ainda existe uma grande lacuna quanto a Ecologia desses animais. O Cerrado é o segundo maior domínio da América do Sul, uma das savanas mais ricas do mundo e detentor de grande heterogeneidade natural. Os estudos acerca dos drosofilídeos nesse domínio foram esparsos até o final da década de 1990, quando houve intensificação das pesquisas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição geográfica dos drosofilídeos nos diferentes domínios morfoclimáticos brasileiros, verificar a similaridade entre eles e avaliar as lacunas de conhecimento, com ênfase para o domínio do Cerrado. Adicionalmente, estimar um índice de vulnerabilidade (Iv) para as espécies neotropicais presentes no domínio. Para tal, foi organizado um banco de dados com base em artigos científicos publicados do início do século XX ao ano de 2007, que contém os locais de coleta georreferenciados, o domínio de ocorrência e a referência do dado e, para o Cerrado, a fitofisionomia onde a espécie foi coletada. As 292 espécies de drosofilídeos registradas distribuem-se em 17 gêneros O domínio com a maior riqueza foi a Mata Atlântica, com 236 espécies, distribuídas em 14 gêneros. A maior similaridade de fauna ocorre entre o Cerrado, a Mata Atlântica e o domínio das Araucárias. Os 257 pontos de coleta encontram-se desigualmente distribuídos, concentrados na Mata Atlântica (44,7%), e no estado de São Paulo (19,8%). No Cerrado, foram registradas oito gêneros, com 91 espécies neotropicais (nenhuma endêmica) e 10 espécies exóticas. As coletas estão concentradas principalmente nos Estados de Goiás (incluindo Distrito Federal) e Minas Gerais, sendo que a Serra do Cipó é o local com maior riqueza desses insetos no domínio. Dentre as 78 espécies neotropicais que tiveram sua vulnerabilidade avaliada, 39 (50%) são consideradas muito vulneráveis por apresentarem distribuição restrita e estarem presentes em um ou poucos tipos de fitofisionomias. Por outro lado, sete espécies foram classificadas como não vulneráveis, estando amplamente distribuídas pelo domínio e possuindo capacidade de habitar diversos tipos de fitofisionomias. A ausência de endemismos para o Cerrado deve ser ponderada com cuidado, pois extensas áreas do domínio foram pouco amostradas para drosofilídeos e a maior parte dos estudos utilizaram apenas iscas de banana para coletar as moscas. A distribuição espacial de drosofilídeos reforça a necessidade de preservação da heterogeneidade do Cerrado. Com o aumento nos esforços de coleta, realização inventariados em áreas prioritárias, exploração de diferentes sítios de oviposição e o investimento no esforço de identificação, a lista de espécies deverá aumentar significativamente. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The insects of the family Drosophilidae (Insecta, Diptera) are excellent biological models, and they were intensively studied in several disciplines. The study of these flies in Brazil began in the 19th century, and had a great advance from 1940’s. Nevertheless, there is still a big gap on the ecology of these animals. The Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is the second largest domain in South America, one of the richest savannas of the world and has a great natural diversity. Studies on the rosophilids of this domain were sparse until the end of the 1990’s, when there was an intensification of research. Thus, the purposes of this study were to analyze the geographic distribution of drosophilids in the Brazilian morphoclimatic domains, to verify the similarity among them, and to assess the gaps of knowledge, with emphasis on the Cerrado domain. Additionally, it was estimated an index of vulnerability (Iv) for the neotropical species recorded in the domain. For that, it was organized a database with information available in scientific papers published from the early 20th century to 2007, which contains the locations of collections with geographical coordinates, the domain of occurrence and, for the Cerrado domain, the phytophisiognomy where the species were collected. The 292 species of drosophilids registered are distributed in 17 genera. The domain with the greatest richness was the Atlantic Forest, with 236 species registered, distributed in 14 genera. The greatest fauna similarity occurred among the Cerrado, the Atlantic Forest and the Araucária domain. The 257 collection sites are unevenly distributed, concentrated in the Atlantic Forest (44.7%), and in the State of São Paulo (19.8%). In Cerrado, eight genera were recorded, with 91 neotropical (none endemic) and 10 exotic species. The collections are concentrated primarily in the States of Goiás (including the Federal District) and Minas Gerais, and the Serra do Cipó is the site with the greatest richness of insects in this domain. Among the 78 neotropical species that have their vulnerability assessed, 39 (50%) are considered highly vulnerable because they have narrow distribution and occur in only one or a few types of vegetation. Moreover, seven species were classified as ‘not vulnerable’, because they are widespread in the domain and they have the ability to live in different types of phytophisiognomies. The absence of endemic species for the Cerrado should be considered with caution, because extensive areas of the domain were not appropriately sampled for drosophilids and the majority of researches used only banana baited traps to collect flies. The spatial distribution of drosophilids reinforces the need to preserve the spatial heterogeneity of Cerrado. With the increase in the collection and identification efforts, focusing priority areas and studying breeding sites, the list of species should increase significantly.

Este estudo foi conduzido em áreas remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, Reserva Natural da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce e Floresta Natural de Goytacazes (áreas preservadas), e em pomares comerciais de papaia (áreas alteradas), no município de Linhares, Estado do Espírito Santo. Os principais objetivos foram analisar comparativamente a diversidade, a abundância e o padrão de distribuição das espécies de moscas-das-frutas nesses dois hábitats (alterados e preservados), observando o impacto da mudança ambiental em relação à diversidade de espécies, além disso, verificar a associação das espécies de moscas-das-frutas com as plantas hospedeiras nativas. As moscas-das-frutas foram coletadas em armadilhas plásticas tipo McPhail com atrativo alimentar (proteína hidrolisada) por um período de cinco anos (outubro/2001 a setembro/2006). Nos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica, foram capturados 14 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de Ceratitis capitata e 6.281 fêmeas de Anastrepha, sendo identificadas 22 espécies, além de cinco espécies possivelmente não-descritas. Nos pomares comerciais de papaia, foram capturados 30 exemplares (machos e fêmeas) de C. capitata e apenas 330 fêmeas de Anastrepha, pertencentes a 14 espécies. A diferença nos valores dos dois parâmetros (riqueza de espécies e abundância) refletiu nos valores do índice de diversidade de Margalef, que diferiram estatisticamente nos dois hábitats. Os resultados sugerem que as mudanças na vegetação nativa para uma área de cultivo provocaram impacto na diversidade, na abundância e na distribuição das comunidades de moscas-das-frutas. O levantamento de plantas hospedeiras de moscas-das-frutas foi realizado na Reserva Natural da Vale do Rio Doce, durante três anos e cinco meses (fevereiro/2003 a julho/2006). Foram coletadas 330 amostras de frutos de plantas nativas, representando 253 espécies de 51 famílias. Myrtaceae foi a família mais diversificada com 55 espécies amostradas. Vinte e oito espécies, pertencentes a dez famílias, foram hospedeiras de dez espécies de Anastrepha e de C. capitata. Entre 33 associações observadas entre moscas-das-frutas e plantas hospedeiras, 23 foram registros inéditos. Além disso, foram detectadas pela primeira vez as plantas hospedeiras de A. fumipennis Lima e de A. nascimentoi Zucchi.
The study was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce and the Natural Reserve of Goytacazes, remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest (preserved areas), and in three papaya commercial orchards (disturbed areas), all areas located in Linhares county in the state of Espírito Santo. The main objectives of this study were to compare the diversity, abundance and distribution pattern of fruit fly species in these habitats (preserved and disturbed), observing the impact of environmental modifications in relation to species diversity, besides to find out fruit fly-native host plant associations. Fruit flies were collected with plastic McPhail traps baited with hydrolised protein over a five-year period (October/2001 to September/2006). Fourteen specimens of Ceratitis capitata (males and females) and 6,281 females of Anastrepha belonging to 22 species, besides five probably undescribed ones, were captured in the remnants of the Atlantic Rain Forest. In the papaya commercial orchards, 30 specimens of C. capitata (males and females) and only 330 females of Anastrepha were captured. The difference of the two parameter values, species richness and abundance, reflects on Margalef's index values, which were statistically different in both habitats. Results suggest that modifications of native vegetation in an agricultural area can cause impact on both the diversity and distribution of fruit fly assemblages. An approximately three and a half years' host survey (February/ 2003 to July/ 2006) was undertaken in the Natural Reserve of Vale do Rio Doce. A total of 330 samples of native plant fruits, representing 253 species from 51 plant families was collected. Myrtaceae was the most diversified plant family with 55 species sampled. Twenty eight plant species from ten plant families were found as host-plants of ten species of Anastrepha as well as of C. capitata. Among these 33 associations, 23 were new records. Furthermore, the first records of a host plant for A. fumipennis Lima and A. nascimentoi Zucchi were detected.

As espécies florestais arbóreas nativas apresentam interações com coleópteros que se desenvolvem no interior das estruturas reprodutivas. Foram estudadas as seguintes espécies florestais arbóreas nativas e identificados os coleópteros a elas associados: Pterogyne nitens Tul. (amendoim-bravo) - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae) e Ormiscus sp. (Anthribidae); Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Cov. (barbatimão) - Acanthoscelides sp. (Bruchidae); Cassia grandis L. f. (cássia-grande) - Pygiopachymerus lineola (Bruchidae); Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandwith (ipê-amarelo) - Sitophilus linearis (Curculionidae); Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang (jatobá) - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae); Chorisia speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Dawson (paineira) - Lonchophorus obliquus (Curculionidae); Caesalpinia ferrea var. leiostachya Benth. (pau-ferro) - Pityophthorus sp. (Scolytidae); Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg (peroba) - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae) e Rhinochoenus stigma (Curculionidae); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (timbó) - Stator pacarae(Bruchidae).
This paper deals with the identification of Coleoptera (species and family) associated to the reproductive structures of the following native forest tree species: Pterogyne nitens Tul. ("amendoim-bravo") - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae) and Ormiscus sp. (Anthribidae); Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Cov.("barbatimão") - Acanthoscelides sp. (Bruchidae); Cassia grandis L. f. ("cássiagrande") - Pygiopachymerus lineola (Bruchidae); Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandwith ("ipê-amarelo") - Sitophilus linearis (Curculionidae); Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee & Lang ("jatobá") - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae); Chorisia speciosa (A. St. - Hil.) Dawson ("paineira") - Lonchophorus obliquus (Curculionidae); Caesalpinia ferrea var. leiostachya Benth. ("pau-ferro") - Pityophthorus sp. (Scolytidae); Aspidosperma polyneuron Müll. Arg ("peroba") - Tricorynus sp. (Anobiidae) and Rhinochoenus stigma(Curculionidae); Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong ("timbó") - Stator pacarae (Bruchidae).

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FACEPE
A substituição de áreas florestais por paisagens urbanas é um evento que vêm ocorrendo com rapidez por todo o mundo, de modo que um desafio fundamental para a conservação é entender como isso afeta a biodiversidade e a abundância das espécies. Dentro deste contexto as moscas da Família Drosophilidae apresentam-se como excelentes modelos de estudo. Tal argumento se sustenta no fato de serem insetos pequenos, de fácil captura, abundantes na natureza e sensíveis a pequenas modificações ambientais, o que acaba se refletindo no tamanho das populações naturais e também na diversidade de espécies que ocupa um determinado habitat. No presente estudo foram investigadas a abundância e a riqueza de drosofilídeos em duas áreas com diferentes níveis de conservação no domínio da Floresta Atlântica, na sub-região denominada de Centro de Endemismo de Pernambuco (CEP). O CEP é um dos setores do bioma com menor área remanescente, além de ser o mais desmatado, o menos estudado e o menos protegido por ações conservacionistas. O estudo consistiu em um ano de amostragem, com coletas mensais em cada área, sendo colocadas, em cada coleta, 10 armadilhas com isca de banana para a atração dos drosofilídeos. Foram coletados 52.516 drosofilídeos distribuídos em 44 espécies. O ambiente mais urbanizado, o Campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (RUR) foi o que apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies, 41, contra 29 observadas no ambiente mais preservado, a Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos (DOI). A explicação para tal resultado é discutida e comparada com outros estudos. Em DOI foi observada maior abundância de espécies nativas, destacando-se a presença de Drosophila willistoni e D. paulistorum. Em RUR as espécies exóticas D. malerkotliana e Zaprionus indianus foram as mais abundantes, embora a primeira espécie também tenha sido a mais abundante em DOI. A maior abundância de espécies exóticas em ambientes mais urbanizados corrobora o que foi encontrado em outros estudos com amostragens de drosofilídeos. No presente estudo também foram acompanhadas mensalmente as oscilações de abundância das populações mais representativas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas variáveis abióticas para compreender os picos de abundância das diferentes espécies nestes dois ambientes. Os resultados mostram que os drosofilídeos são excelentes indicadores quando se pretende avaliar o estado de conservação de determinados ambientes na Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil.

This study investigated the role that native insectary plants can play in promoting predatory arthropods, and thereby to enhance biological control of vineyard pests in Australia. I also set out to clarify if light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the main lepidopteran pest of grapevines in vineyards. Economic damage is caused to grapevines each season by pest species and E. postvittana is considered the dominant insect pest in Australian vineyards. However, recent observations suggested that species of tortricids other than E. postvittana may also act as pests. I investigated which tortricids are present in local vineyards, and whether the diversity of tortricids varied significantly among vineyards. I used molecular methods to determine the species of tortricids present in the canopies of grapevines over two growing seasons. This study confirms that E. postvittana is the most common tortricid pest in South Australian vineyards. Acropolitis rudisana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), lucerne leafroller, Merophyas divulsana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and cotton tipworm, Crocidosema plebejana (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are also present in grapevine canopies but have not been reported previously. I also sought to determine if three native candidate native insectary plants, Christmas bush, Bursaria spinosa (Cav.) (Apiales: Pittosporaceae), prickly tea-tree, Leptospermum continentale (Forst. and G.Forst) (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), and wallaby grasses, Rytidosperma ssp. (DC) (Poales: Poaceae) have the capacity to support populations of predatory arthropods throughout the year, and if they may also provide habitat for economically damaging vineyards pests. Surveys were conducted in Adelaide Hills, Barossa Valley and Eden Valley vineyards over a 12-month period. The data were analysed to answer the following questions. What is the biological and functional diversity associated with each plant species? What are the features of an effective, functional native insectary plant assemblage for use in and around vineyards? What is the level of similarity and dissimilarity between the arthropod faunas of each plant species? Each plant species was found to support diverse predator species, which should attack a range of other arthropod pests across their life stages. It may also be possible to increase the functional diversity of predatory arthropods by more than three times when B. spinosa or L. continentale is incorporated into a landscape containing vineyards. Rytidosperma ssp. provides valuable complementary habitat for predatory species other than those commonly found in association with the woody perennials. When Rytidosperma ssp. are included in a viii plant assemblage with each woody plant species, this could result in an average net increase in predator morphospecies richness of at least 27%. Species distribution modelling was used to examine the potential range of each plant species under different climatic conditions. The insectary plants are naturally adapted to all of the major wine growing regions within Australia. Vineyard managers are encouraged to explore the use of B. spinosa, L. continentale and Rytidosperma ssp. as insectary plants in their vineyards. This information could help wine grape growers to manage pests like LBAM, save time and money by producing grapes with lower pest incidence, while enhancing the biodiversity of their vineyards.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2019

În rezultatul cercetărilor de teren care s-au desfășurat în perioada de vegetație a anilor 2019-2021 și a analizei datelor din literatură, pe teritoriul Rezervației Plaiul Fagului au fost identificate 318 specii de lepidoptere din 23 familii: Pieridae (11), Papilionoidea (3), Lycaenidae (23), Riodinidae (1), Hesperiidae (7), Nymphalidae (28), Noctuidae (172), Tortricidae (1), Cosiidae (2), Zygaenidae (1), Pterophoridae (1), Saturniidae (1), Sphingidae (10), Geometridae (16), Notodontidae (5), Lasiocampidae (3), Lymantriidae (2), Erebidae (24), Hepialidae (1), Nolidae (1), Crambidae (2), Limacodidae (1) și Drepanidae (2). Dintre acestea, 268 de specii sunt noi pentru fauna Rezervației Plaiul Fagului. Din cele 318 specii semnalate în rezervație, 15 sunt protejate la nivel național și european, 13 fiind incluse în ediţia a 3-a a Cărţii Roşii a Republicii Moldova, 2015. Din cele 15 specii, patru specii sunt citate în Lista Roșie IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) iar alte cinci specii sunt menționate în Lista Roşie a Fluturilor din Europa, 2010. În Directiva Habitate (Anexa II și Anexa IV) sunt incluse șase specii din cele protejate, două dintre acestea se regăsesc și în Convenția Berna. În urma cercetărilor asupra faunei lepidopterologice din Rezervația Plaiul Fagului, s-a constatat că cele mai multe specii populează liziera pădurii și zona de luncă. Prin acest studiu am demonstrat că Rezervația Plaiul Fagului reprezintă o zonă de importanță deosebită pentru conservarea diversității biologice. Suprafața relativ mare a rezervației și diversitatea bogată de biotopuri favorizează prezența unui număr mare de specii de lepidoptere cu diverse preferințe ecologice.