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Academic literature on the topic 'Native grass'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Native grass"

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Williams, Paul R., Eleanor M. Collins, Mick Blackman, Clare Blackman, Jackie McLeod, Leasie Felderhof, Lauren Colless, Kate Masters, and Simon Coates. "Introduced and native grass-derived smoke effects on Cymbopogon obtectus germination." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14227.

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Introduced grasses, such as buffel, alter the dynamics of grassy ecosystems by replacing native species and influencing recruitment. Several different smoke-derived chemicals are separately responsible for the promotion and inhibition of germination of various plant species. We tested whether smoke derived from the introduced buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) produced the same density of germination as provided by smoke derived from a native spinifex grass (Triodia brizoides). Smoke from both spinifex and buffel grass significantly enhanced the germination of a native lemon grass (Cymbopogon obtectus) in comparison to untreated seed, reflecting the significant role of fire in woodlands across northern Australia. This is the first record of smoke-promoted germination in a species of Cymbopogon. However, smoke from the exotic buffel grass provided the same level of germination as that from the native spinifex, suggesting similarity in smoke chemicals involved. Further research is required to test the effect of buffel smoke on the germination of other species and whether exotics such as buffel grass provide the same temperature profile in the topsoil as does spinifex, and therefore equivalent germination cues to heat-shock responsive native plants.
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Lindsay, Elizabeth A., and Saul A. Cunningham. "Native Grass Establishment in Grassy Woodlands with Nutrient Enriched Soil and Exotic Grass Invasion." Restoration Ecology 19, no. 101 (June 7, 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00680.x.

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Gaynor, Virginia A., and Mary Hockenberry Meyer. "Identifying Native Prairie Grass Seedlings." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 450e—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.450e.

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There is great interest in prairie gardens and prairie restorations in the central United States. Small prairie gardens are often established with plugs, but most restorationists and landscape contractors use seed for large plantings. If initial establishment is poor, restorations are often interseeded the second or third season. However, to evaluate early establishment and determine if interseeding is necessary, contractors must be able to identify native grasses in the seedling and juvenile stages. In this study we investigated vegetative characteristics of native prairie grass seedlings. Seven species of native prairie grass were grown in the greenhouse: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye), and Bromus kalmii (Kalmís brome). Every 2 to 3 weeks after germination, seedlings were photographed, pressed, and mounted. Additional photographs were taken through the dissecting scope at key stages of development. Ligules and auricles were found to be useful in distinguishing species, and our close-up photographs highlight these structures. Hairiness and color were variable within a species and could not be used reliably in identification. A seedling identification key will be presented for the species studied.
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Flanders, Aron A., William P. Kuvlesky, Donald C. Ruthven, Robert E. Zaiglin, Ralph L. Bingham, Timothy E. Fulbright, Fidel Hernández, and Leonard A. Brennan. "Effects of Invasive Exotic Grasses on South Texas Rangeland Breeding Birds." Auk 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.171.

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AbstractInvasive exotic plants are a major threat to many species of wild birds. When these plants become established and widespread, the floristic composition of native plant communities becomes simplified, which can result in long-term and often irreversible habitat degradation for birds and other animals. Until recently, few studies have focused on the effect of invasive exotic grasses on breeding birds in southwestern rangelands. During the 2001 and 2002 breeding seasons (May-June), we compared the abundance and species richness of breeding birds, native flora, and arthropods on South Texas rangeland plots dominated by native grasses and plots dominated by two invasive exotic grasses, Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana) and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Native-grass cover was >400% greater on native-grass sites than on exotic-grass sites. Forb and grass species-richness were higher on native-grass sites. Shrub canopy cover, bare ground, and vegetation height measurements were similar on native-grass and exotic-grass sites. Overall bird abundance was 32% greater on native-grass sites than on exotic-grass sites. Lark Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus) were 73% more abundant on native-grass sites. Four other species—Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and Cassin’s Sparrow (Aimophilla cassini)— were 26–70% more abundant on native-grass sites. The guild of birds that foraged on the ground under open brush canopies was almost twice as abundant on native-grass sites. Arthropod abundance was 60% greater on the native-grass site we sampled. Specifically, spiders, beetles, and ants were 42–83% more abundant on a native-grass site than on a buffelgrass site. Compared with rangelands dominated by native vegetation, areas dominated by Lehmann lovegrass and buffelgrass in South Texas appear to provide less suitable habitat for breeding birds, especially for bird species that forage on or near the ground.Efectos de Pastos Invasores Exóticos en las Aves que Nidifican en los Campos de Pastoreo del Sur de Texas
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Stevens, J., I. Chivers, D. Symons, and K. Dixon. "Acid-digestion improves native grass seed handling and germination." Seed Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.2.19.

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Schlierenzauer, Corinne, Anita C. Risch, Martin Schütz, and Jennifer Firn. "Non-Native Eragrostis curvula Impacts Diversity of Pastures in South-Eastern Australia Even When Native Themeda triandra Remains Co-Dominant." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030596.

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Lowland grassy woodlands in Australia’s south-east face reductions in native plant diversity because of invasion by non-native plants. We compared the relative abundance and diversity of plant species among sites dominated by the native Kangaroo grass (KG) Themeda triandra with sites co-dominated by the non-native African lovegrass (ALG) Eragrostis curvula and KG. We found significant differences in plant species composition depending on the dominant species. Furthermore, our results revealed differences in several diversity parameters such as a lower species richness and forb diversity on sites co-dominated by ALG and KG. This was the case despite the functional similarity of both ALG and KG—both C4 perennial tussock grasses of a similar height. Therefore, our results highlight the critical function of the native KG in maintaining and enhancing the target plant species composition and diversity within these grassy woodlands. Herbivore grazing potentially impacts on the abundance of the dominant grass and forb species in various ways, but its impact likely differs depending on their evolutionary origin. Therefore, disentangling the role of individual herbivore groups (native-, non-native mammals, and invertebrates) on the plant community composition of the lowland grassy woodlands is essential to find appropriate grazing regimes for ALG management in these ecosystems.
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L. McArdle c. Nadolny, S., and b. M. Sindel. "Invasion of native vegetation by Coolatai Grass Hyparrhenia hirta: impacts on native vegetation and management implications." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040049.

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Coolatai Grass Hyparrhenia hirta is an exotic perennial grass and environmental weed that is spreading rapidly in parts of southeastern Australia. This study examined the effects of Coolatai Grass invasion on the composition of ground strata vegetation within Kwiambal National Park in northern New South Wales. Plots that were heavily infested with Coolatai Grass together with matching control plots were surveyed. Coolatai Grass infestation reduced the richness of native ground strata plants and their projected groundcover, but did not affect the number of exotic species in plots. The control plots varied markedly in floristic composition, but infested sites were more homogenous, with Coolatai Grass clearly dominating the ground strata vegetation. Coolatai Grass appears to increase in abundance following fire; it persists under heavy grazing and is resistant to many herbicides. Spot spraying small swards and isolated tussocks with glyphosate or flupropanate provides prospects of control on a small scale, but there are no suitable methods for largescale control. Changes to roadside management practices could help to reduce the spread of Coolatai Grass, but research into seed bank dynamics and appropriate control techniques is required, as well as increased awareness of the threat to native vegetation posed by the species.
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Stevens, Jason M., and Jeffrey S. Fehmi. "Early Establishment of a Native Grass Reduces the Competitive Effect of a Non-Native Grass." Restoration Ecology 19, no. 3 (April 25, 2011): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00565.x.

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Narem, Diane M., Mary Hockenberry Meyer, Chengyan Yue, and Nicole Roth. "Point of Sale Displays Influence Consumer Decisions to Purchase Native Grasses." HortTechnology 28, no. 6 (December 2018): 748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04124-18.

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The demand for native plants has been increasing as consumers exhibit stronger interest in sustainable gardening and landscaping. To determine whether point of sale (POS) displays increased consumer knowledge of native grass (Poaceae) benefits and affected consumer purchases, a marketing study was conducted over 2 years at five garden centers in Minnesota. A POS display poster and plant tags listing four benefits of native grasses were displayed at the garden centers in 2016 and 2017. We surveyed 341 consumers at these garden centers to understand consumer knowledge of native grasses and the influence of the POS display. Respondents totaled 84 (30.7%) who indicated they had bought a native grass that day, and of those 84, 54 (64.3%) had seen the display. The binary probit model estimates showed that seeing the POS display increased the likelihood of a native grass purchase. If a consumer had previously purchased a native grass, they were more likely to purchase a native grass again. Consumers who expressed a greater willingness to purchase native grasses based on their environmental benefits were more likely to purchase a native grass. However, neither the level of knowledge that consumers possessed about native grasses nor demographics significantly increased likelihood of purchase.
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Young, Stephen L., and Victor P. Claassen. "Native Perennial Grasses in Highway Medians: Pre- and Postplant Techniques for Establishment in a Mediterranean Climate." Invasive Plant Science and Management 1, no. 4 (October 2008): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-08-077.1.

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AbstractWithin highway rights-of-way, native perennial grasses provide desirable services to support natural and human constructed ecosystems. However, native perennial grass establishment in annual grass dominated roadsides of semiarid and Mediterranean climates of the western United States requires specific cultural and chemical management treatments to control weeds. In 2004, field studies were conducted in Sacramento Valley, California to determine the effect of herbicide, disc cultivation, and species selection on native perennial grass establishment and annual weed persistence. Perennial grass species mixes common to drier and wetter upland areas in northern California were drill seeded at two sites (I-5 North and I-5 South) that had been burned in 2003 and received weed control (i.e., herbicide, cultivation, mowing) in spring 2004. Herbicides were the most important treatments for native perennial grass establishment and weed reduction. Native perennial grass species persistence was largely unaffected by cultivation or native plant accessions at these sites. Native perennial grass density increased at I-5 North in the second year of growth (2006) resulting in a plant density totaled across all herbicide regimes of 3.9 plants m−1 compared to 2.5 plants m−1 at I-5 South. Vigorous native perennial grass growth in the more fertile and less droughty soils of I-5 North helped to limit annual weeds through competition, which is anticipated to reduce the need for chemical and mechanical control in years following early establishment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Native grass"

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Kingdon, Lorraine B. "Native Grass for Lawns." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295643.

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Cerney, Dawna Lynn. "Two methods of harvesting native grass community seed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ48244.pdf.

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Holmberg, Kyle B. "SELECTION FOR REDUCED SEED DORMANCY IN SEVEN NATIVE GRASS SPECIES." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11052007-220827/.

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Lowland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), beaked panicum (Panicum capillare), and purpletop (Tridens flavus) all show strong signs of seed dormancy which contributes to extremely poor field establishment. The objective of this work was to reduce seed dormancy by selecting individuals that exhibited reduced pre-stratification dormancy in laboratory tests. The classical breeding method of phenotypic recurrent selection was used to enhance germination. Of the three tall-stature species, lowland switchgrass made the greatest improvement in pre-stratification germination, followed by indiangrass and big bluestem. The four short stature species have shown various results after one cycle of selection at Starkville. A field emergence trial was also conducted to evaluate three cycles of breeding seed with five commercially available cultivars in which Cycle 3 seed produced more plants per hectare than any of the other cultivars or germplasm.
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Stone, Kenley Michelle. "Evaluation of native grass sod for stabilization of steep slopes." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/stone/StoneK0505.pdf.

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Ghajar, Shayan M. "The Suitability of Native Warm-Season Grasses for Equine." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99084.

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Introduced cool-season grasses are dominant in Virginia's grasslands, but their high digestible energy and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels pose a risk for horses prone to obesity and laminitis. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) have lower digestible energy and NSC levels that may be more suitable for horses susceptible to laminitis. The overall objectives of this research were to 1) assess voluntary intake, toxicological response, and apparent digestibility of NWSG hays fed to horses; 2) evaluate the characteristics of three NWSG species under equine grazing; and 3) evaluate establishment strategies for NWSG and wildflowers in Virginia. For the first objective, a hay feeding trial was conducted with 9 Thoroughbred geldings in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Voluntary dry matter intake of indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) hays by horses were 1.3% and 1.1% of BW/d, significantly lower than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), an introduced cool-season grass, at 1.7% of BW/d. Biomarkers for toxicity remained within acceptable ranges for all treatments. Apparent DMD did not differ among hays, ranging from 39 to 43%. Non-structural carbohydrate levels were below the maximum recommended concentration for horses susceptible to laminitis. For the second objective, a grazing trial was conducted comparing indiangrass (IG), big bluestem (BB), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) (EG) yields, forage losses, changes in vegetative composition, and effects on equine bodyweight. Nine, 0.1-hectare plots were seeded with one of the three native grass treatments, and each plot was grazed by one Thoroughbred gelding in two grazing bouts, one in July and another in September 2019. Indiangrass had the highest available forage, at 4340 kg/ha, compared with 3590 kg/ha from BB (P < 0.0001). Eastern gamagrass plots established poorly, and had only 650 kg/ha available forage during the experiment. Grazing reduced standing cover of native grasses in IG and BB treatments by about 30%, and trampled forage constituted 36-68% of groundcover in those plots after each grazing bout. Horses lost weight on all treatments, but tended (P=0.09) greater weight loss on the indiangrass treatment at 1.5 kg/d compared to 0.5 kg/d in the BB and EG treatments. For the third objective, three experiments were conducted to evaluate different strategies for establishing NWSG and wildflowers. The first experiment compared large grazed plots with or without a 2 oz/acre rate of the herbicide imazapic. Imazapic led to higher biomass and percent cover in plots seeded only with NWSG. For plots seeded with a mix of NWSG and wildflowers, imazapic reduced wildflower establishment and resulted in higher biomass and percent cover of weeds over the course of the experiment. The second experiment examined four rates of imazapic application for NWSG and wildflower establishment in small plots seeded with either NWSG or a NWSG and wildflower mix, and found biomass and percent cover of weeds was lowest at a 6 oz/acre rate, while NWSG biomass and cover did not differ between treatments. Wildflower establishment was again reduced by imazapic. The third establishment experiment compared four site preparation strategies for wildflower establishment and found tillage resulted in the most cover and biomass of wildflowers.
Doctor of Philosophy
Introduced cool-season grasses are dominant in Virginia's grasslands, but their high digestible energy and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels pose a risk for horses prone to obesity and laminitis. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) have lower digestible energy and NSC levels that may be more suitable for horses susceptible to laminitis. The overall objectives of this research were to 1) assess voluntary intake, toxicological response, and apparent digestibility of NWSG hays fed to horses; 2) evaluate the characteristics of three NWSG species under equine grazing; and 3) evaluate establishment strategies for NWSG and wildflowers in Virginia. For the first objective, a hay feeding trial was conducted with 9 Thoroughbred geldings in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Voluntary dry matter intake of indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) hays by horses were 1.3% and 1.1% of BW/d, significantly lower than orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata), an introduced cool-season grass, at 1.7% of BW/d. Biomarkers for toxicity remained within acceptable ranges for all treatments. Apparent DMD did not differ among hays, ranging from 39 to 43%. Non-structural carbohydrate levels were below the maximum recommended concentration for horses susceptible to laminitis. For the second objective, a grazing trial was conducted comparing indiangrass (IG), big bluestem (BB), and eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) (EG) yields, forage losses, changes in vegetative composition, and effects on equine bodyweight. Nine, 0.1-hectare plots were seeded with one of the three native grass treatments, and each plot was grazed by one Thoroughbred gelding in two grazing bouts, one in July and another in September 2019. Indiangrass had the highest available forage, at 4340 kg/ha, compared with 3590 kg/ha from BB (P < 0.0001). Eastern gamagrass plots established poorly, and had only 650 kg/ha available forage during the experiment. Grazing reduced standing cover of native grasses in IG and BB treatments by about 30%, and trampled forage constituted 36-68% of groundcover in those plots after each grazing bout. Horses lost weight on all treatments, but tended (P=0.09) greater weight loss on the indiangrass treatment at 1.5 kg/d compared to 0.5 kg/d in the BB and EG treatments. For the third objective, three experiments were conducted to evaluate different strategies for establishing NWSG and wildflowers. The first experiment compared large grazed plots with or without a 2 oz/acre rate of the herbicide imazapic. Imazapic led to higher biomass and percent cover in plots seeded only with NWSG. For plots seeded with a mix of NWSG and wildflowers, imazapic reduced wildflower establishment and resulted in higher biomass and percent cover of weeds over the course of the experiment. The second experiment examined four rates of imazapic application for NWSG and wildflower establishment in small plots seeded with either NWSG or a NWSG and wildflower mix, and found biomass and percent cover of weeds was lowest at a 6 oz/acre rate, while NWSG biomass and cover did not differ between treatments. Wildflower establishment was again reduced by imazapic. The third establishment experiment compared four site preparation strategies for wildflower establishment and found tillage resulted in the most cover and biomass of wildflowers.
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McGinley, Susan. "Saltgrass Could Be New Turf Variety: Native Grass Tolerates Drought, Salt, Traffic." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622247.

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Munter, Emily J. "Seasonal prescribed fire effects on cheatgrass and native mixed grass prairie vegetation /." Chadron, Neb. : Chadron State College, 2008. http://www.nlc.state.ne.us/epubs/G1000/B134-2008.pdf.

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Thesis submitted to the graduate faculty of Chadron State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education.
"October, 2008". Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-64). Also available in PDF via the World Wide Web.
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Hely, Sara Elizabeth Lorraine Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "The responses of C4 invasive grass Eragrostis curvula and C3 native grass Austrodanthonia Racemosa under elevated CO2 and water limitation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/35671.

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The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere has increased by 35% since pre-industrial levels. Projections for the next 100 years indicate an increase to levels between 490 and 1260 parts per million by volume (ppm) of CO2, equating to a 75 % to 350 % increase in concentration since the year 1750. Associated with this increase in [CO2] will be a 1.4 to 5.8?? C increase in lower atmospheric temperature. While past research has attempted to address the effects of such climatic changes on individual plant responses, predictions of plant responses at the ecosystem level are still highly uncertain. Difficulties lie in the enormous variation of plant responses to climate change variables among and within species, and between and within environmental conditions. Past research assumed that plants using either the C3 or C4 metabolic pathways would respond differently but predictably to climate-change variables based on their metabolic pathway. Recent evidence has suggested however, that the added interactions of external environmental variables and species-specific sensitivities to climate change make it difficult to predict plant and ecosystem responses to climate change. To investigate the mechanisms behind responses of Australian grasses to climate change, 2 pot experiments was conducted using growth cabinets to compare the effect of elevated CO2 and water-limitation on the invasive C4 grassland plant, Eragrostis curvula (E. curvula), native Australian C3 grassland plant, Austrodanthonia racemosa (A. racemosa), and wheat species, Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum). The experiment was run at ambient levels of CO2 maintained at 390 ppm compared to elevated levels of 740 ppm. Imposed restrictions to water supply consisted of gradually drying the soil down to 30 % available soil water (ASW) followed by re-wetting to 50 % ASW. Well-watered conditions for the experiment consisted of gradually drying the soil down to 50 % ASW, followed by rewetting to 95 % ASW. Plants were grown in mixtures and monocultures, consisting of 9 plants equally spaced in a grid design. The three significant findings of the thesis were that: 1) the metabolic pathway (C3 versus C4) was not always an accurate predictor of biomass accumulation under elevated CO2 in the plants studied. Previous research suggested that CO2-stimulation of photosynthesis in C3 plants would lead to greater increases in biomass under elevated CO2 compared to C4 plants, though both C3 and C4 plants could benefit from any reduction in stomatal conductance under dry conditions at elevated CO2. The results from the experiments in this thesis showed a strongly significant biomass response to elevated CO2 in both dry and wet conditions for C4 grass E. curvula. The C3 grass A. racemosa in dry conditions, did not. It was speculated that without the CO2-induced water conservation effect, the C3 grass experienced photosynthetic down-regulation and this precluded a positive biomass response under elevated CO2. 2) the magnitude and direction of biomass response to elevated CO2 was dependant on factors such as resource-availability and the phenotypic variability of the plants species. 3) critical analysis of results from this thesis, combined with past research on plant responses under elevated CO2 showed a tendency for researchers to repeatedly test plants from the Poaceae family, or close relatives of the Poaceae family. As a result, when past data were corrected for this lack of independence, there was no relationship between the evolution of the C3 and C4 metabolic pathway and biomass response to elevated CO2. Instead, other factors (such as growth rate, plant height, leaf number, etc) were presented as being more important in determining biomass response. These observations were supported by results found in this thesis.
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Trunzo, Juliana P. "Native Small Mammal Use of an Invasive Grass: Heermann's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys heermanni) and Veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina) in Coastal California." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1405.

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Invasive species are generally regarded as detrimental to native communities because they cause increased competition and community structure alterations. There is therefore a critical need to understand the ecological processes underlying the establishment and spread of invasive species. While most studies to date have focused on the role of competition in species invasions, trophic dynamics may also play a fundamental role in the establishment and spread of non-natives, especially in cases when a non-native species experiences differential predation pressure relative to a native competitor. Herein I explore the potential for differential granivory pressure by a native rodent (Heermann’s kangaroo rat, Dipodomys heermanni arenae) on native shrubs and an invasive plant (Veldt grass, Ehrharta calycina). Veldt grass, a perennial tufted grass native to South Africa and introduced to California in 1929, is highly invasive, and the shift of native coastal dune scrub to a grassland, dominated by Veldt grass, is considered one of the factors that led to the decline of the federally endangered Morro Bay kangaroo rat. However, kangaroo rats are largely graminivores (consume grass seed) and are known to consume invasive grasses and other plants. Differential seed preferences for native and Veldt seed were examined by placing feeding stations containing each seed type in habitats dominated by either native plants or Veldt grass. Each feeding station was monitored using motion-activated game cameras and the amount of each seed type collected by nineteen individually-marked, wild kangaroo rats was documented. These marked kangaroo rats were monitored both in native and Veldt grass habitats, allowing for the testing of habitat origin (Native vs. Veldt), sex (male or female) and seed type on the amount of seed taken. Nine of the kangaroo rats harvested Veldt grass seed. Though females collected more seed than males, there was no difference between the amounts (% of available seed) of Veldt grass and native seed collected. Habitat of origin (i.e., habitats with Veldt grass present or habitats without Veldt grass) had no effect on the amount of seed collected or the type of seed collected. During seed station trials, kangaroo rats were also recorded removing seed heads from naturally occurring Veldt grass stalks, providing clear documentation that Heermann’s kangaroo rats do collect Veldt grass seed. Accompanying laboratory seed preference trials were also conducted to confirm the consumption of Veldt grass seed. These controlled laboratory trials revealed that Heermann’s kangaroo rats will consume Veldt grass seed, although Veldt grass seed was consumed in smaller amounts (g) than millet and sunflower seed, which were presented simultaneously. These findings indicate that non-native Veldt grass may provide an additional or alternative source of seed for kangaroo rats, which could provide a partial explanation for why kangaroo rats are able to survive in monocultures of Veldt grass.
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Day, Toby Richard. "Intermountain West native and adapted grass species and their management for turfgrass applications." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/day/DayT0806.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Native grass"

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Tillett, Leslie. Wind on the buffalo grass: Native American artist-historians. New York, N.Y: Da Capo Press, 1989.

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Tillett, Leslie. Wind on the buffalo grass: Native American artist-historians. New York, N.Y: Da Capo Press, 1989.

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Liu, Gongshe, Xiaoxia Li, and Qingfen Zhang, eds. Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis): An Environmentally Friendly Native Grass for Animals. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8633-6.

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Prison of grass: Canada from a native point of view. Saskatoon, Sask: Fifth House Publishers, 1989.

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Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park: Grass, hills, and history. Cochrane, Alta: Kingsley Pub., 2012.

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Manske, Llewellyn L. Evaluation of biological restoration management of degraded native mixed grass prairie. Dickinson, N.D: North Dakota State University, Dickinson Research Extension Center, 2012.

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Dollhopf, D. J. Using reinforced native grass sod for biostrips, bioswales, and sediment control. [Sacramento, CA]: California Department of Transportation, 2008.

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Vujnovic, K. Preliminary classification of native wheat grass (Agropyron spp.) community types in Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta: Geowest Environmental Consultants Ltd, 2001.

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Hutchinson, T. C. Tolerances of the native grass Deschampsia cespitosa for possible mine tailings revegetation. Ottawa, Ont: Dept. of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1985.

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Vujnovic, K. Preliminary classification of native wheat grass (Agropyron spp.) community types in Alberta. Edmonton: Geowest Environmental Consultants Ltd., 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Native grass"

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Faeth, S. H., D. Wilson, M. Helander, K. Saikkonen, F. Schulthess, and T. J. Sullivan. "Neotyphodium in Native Populations of Arizona Fescue." In Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions, 165–66. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_27.

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Li, Baojun, Xiaohong Zheng, and Suichang Sun. "A Survey of Endophytic Fungi in Some Native Forage Grasses of Northwestern China." In Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions, 69–71. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_11.

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Harrison, Melanie L., Vicki L. Bradley, and Michael D. Casler. "Native Grass Species for Forage and Turf." In North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 2, 579–605. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_17.

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Moser, Lowell E. "Morphology of Germinating and Emerging Warm-Season Grass Seedlings." In Native Warm-Season Grasses: Research Trends and Issues, 35–47. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub30.c3.

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Mitchell, Rob B., and Lowell E. Moser. "Developmental Morphology and Tiller Dynamics of Warm-Season Grass Swards." In Native Warm-Season Grasses: Research Trends and Issues, 49–66. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub30.c4.

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Putra, Ryan Aryadin, Cuk Tri Noviandi, and Nafiatul Umami. "In Vitro Digestibility of Native Grass Silage Supplemented with Leucaena leucocephala." In Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, 225–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97553-5_23.

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Quicke, Donald, Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel Kruft Welton. "Survivorship." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 218–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0019.

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Abstract This chapter describes the use of statistical models to determine the factors affecting the survival of killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) nests at gravelled oil pads and on native grass cover in western Oklahoma, USA.
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Quicke, Donald, Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel Kruft Welton. "Survivorship." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 218–26. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0218.

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Abstract This chapter describes the use of statistical models to determine the factors affecting the survival of killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) nests at gravelled oil pads and on native grass cover in western Oklahoma, USA.
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Liu, Gongshe, Dongmei Qi, Xiaobing Dong, Hui Liu, and Shu Liu. "Basic Knowledge of Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis)." In Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis): An Environmentally Friendly Native Grass for Animals, 1–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8633-6_1.

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Li, Xiaofeng, Qingfen Zhang, and Gongshe Liu. "Response Mechanism of Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis) to Mowing." In Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis): An Environmentally Friendly Native Grass for Animals, 197–230. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8633-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Native grass"

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Jing, Gong, Liu Lisheng, and Huang Ming. "Native Grass Sod:An Innovative Tool for Reducing Erosion Along Highways Introduction." In The International Conference on Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rsete.2013.138.

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Gong, Jing, Ming Huang, Ye Li, Zhi-Peng Li, and Ming Li. "Using reinforced native grass sod for biostrips bioswales and sediment control." In 2015 International Conference on Mechanics and Mechatronics (ICMM2015). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814699143_0117.

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Gong, Jing, Zhipeng Li, Ming Huang, and Ye Li. "Highway Reclamation Using Native Grass Sod for Sediment Control and Aesthetic Enhancement." In 2015 Asia-Pacific Energy Equipment Engineering Research Conference. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ap3er-15.2015.91.

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Wahyono, Teguh, S. NW Handani, and Firsoni Firsoni. "Effect of Superblock Supplementation to Native Grass Based Diet on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro." In Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.132-138.

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Hidayah, Nur, Komang Gede Wiryawan, Sri Suharti, Wismalinda Rita, and Nurhaita. "Substitution of Native Grass with Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) Peel on Rumen Fermentation Characteristic in Sheep." In International Conference on Improving Tropical Animal Production for Food Security (ITAPS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220309.059.

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Musunuri, Naga, Ian Fischer, Pushpendra Singh, Daniel E. Bunker, and Susan Pell. "Fluid Dynamics of Hydrophilous Pollination in Ruppia (Widgeon Grass)." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7891.

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The aim of this work is to understand the physics underlying the mechanisms of two-dimensional aquatic pollen dispersal, known as hydrophily, that have evolved in several genera of aquatic plants, including Halodule, Halophila, Lepilaena, and Ruppia. We selected Ruppia maritima, which is native to salt and brackish waters circumglobally, for this study. We observed two mechanisms by which the pollen released from male inflorescences of Ruppia is adsorbed on a water surface: 1) inflorescences rise above the water surface and after they mature their pollen mass falls onto the surface as clumps and disperses as it comes in contact with the surface; 2) inflorescences remain below the surface and produce air bubbles which carry pollen mass to the surface where it disperses. In both cases dispersed pollen masses combined with others under the action of lateral capillary forces to form pollen rafts. The formation of porous pollen rafts increases the probability of pollination since the attractive capillary force on a pollen raft toward a stigma is much larger than on a single pollen grain. The presence of a trace amount of surfactant can disrupt the pollination process as the pollen is not captured or transported on the water surface.
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Syarifuddin, Nursyam Andi, Muhammad Rizal, Muhammad Riyadhi, and Anis Wahdi. "Semen Quality of Etawah Crossbreed Bucks Fed with Urea Moringa Molasses Multinutrient Block Supplemented with Native Grass Basal Feed." In International Conference on Tropical Agrifood, Feed and Fuel (ICTAFF 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220102.032.

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St Ledger, Andrew. "CANCELLED: Protect Your Roots : Working to Restore and Conserve Native Forests in Ireland Using a Grass Root Approach linking Natural and Cultural Heritage." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107546.

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Jeleni, M. N., J. R. Gumbo, C. Muzerengi, and F. A. Dacosta. "An assessment of toxic metals in soda mine tailings and a native grass: a case study of an abandoned Nyala Magnesite mine, Limpopo, South Africa." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120361.

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Tavares, Luis, Endang Baliarti, Tri Satya Mastuti Widi, Cuk Tri Noviandi, and Andriyani Astuti. "The Assessment of In Vitro Digestibility on Combination of Timor-Leste Native Grass, Leucaena leucocephala, and Corypa elata Robx." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.050.

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Reports on the topic "Native grass"

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Brenneman, Greg, and Kevin Van Dee. Native Grass Establishment Demonstration Plots. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1895.

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Wilsey, Brian J. Biomass Production Varies Among Native Prairie-Grass Species. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2276.

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Ryon, Michael G., Patricia Dreyer Parr, and Kari Cohen. Native Grass Community Management Plan for the Oak Ridge Reservation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/930916.

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Senesi, Nicola. Assessing the Effects of Soil Humic and Fulvic Acids on Germination and Early Growth of Native and Introduced Grass Varieties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470355.

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Busby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.

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Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bio-concentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.
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Boyle, M., and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2020 data summary. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294287.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.
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