Dissertations / Theses: 'Native bees'

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Buchmann, Steven L., and Charles W. Shipman. "Pollen Harvest by Sonoran Desert Honey Bees: Conservation Implications for Native Bees and Flowering Plants." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554244.

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Managed and feral honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) harvest immense quantities of nectar and pollen within kilometers of their nests whether they live in relatively undisturbed or agricultural habitats. Within the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona, pollen collection by European honey bee colonies was monitored by the use of apicultural pollen traps. Managed colonies near Tucson, Arizona routinely collected from 20 to 50 kg of pollen each year. Flowering pulses (phenology) in the local flora was closely tracked by the colonies, and pollen influx into their nests usually occurred as three to four distinct seasonal peaks, although some pollen was actively harvested during 48 or more weeks every year. The range of flowers visited for pollen by the honey bee is likely the most diverse for any social or solitary bee yet studied, largely due to their massive food requirements, efficient scouting and recruitment to ephemeral flower patches, and persistence of their colonies as perennial units for many years. At most Sonoran Desert sites, honey bee colonies took pollen from at least 12 and as many as 40-50 dominant angiosperm taxa. Additionally, pollen diet breadth of feral honey bee colonies was determined microscopically from blackened below-nest refuse deposits known as bee middens. One such deposit from the Arizona-Mexico borderlands is thought to represent more than a half century of accumulated materials. Honey bees are dominant invertebrate herbivores in desert regions taking pollen and nectar in massive amounts from at least 25 percent of the local flora. Had this pollen remained on its host plants, it would have been available for transport by co-adapted insect, bird and bat pollinators which are often better at depositing viable pollen, effecting subsequent fertilization, fruit and seed set on native flowering plants. Sonoran Desert bees are predominantly specialist feeders and depend upon certain plants more than honey bees which can switch hosts at will and have a highly mixed diet. Thus, in direct competition with these alien social bees living in large colonies, native desert bees are often at a disadvantage in acquiring pollen and producing replacement offspring. Desert flowering plants, especially rare, threatened and endangered species are also adversely affected since honey bees remove most of the pollen and often are responsible for setting fewer seeds or dispersing pollen at different distances than their original pollinators once did.

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Foy, Andrew Scott. "A GIS-Based Landscape Scale Model for Native Bee Habitat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35169.

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Through pollination, bees are responsible for the persistence of many biological systems on our planet. Bees have also been used for thousands of years in agriculture to improve crop quality and yield. Recently, there have been declines in honeybees worldwide. This decline is concerning because it threatens food supplies and global biodiversity. An alternative to alleviating the effect of a honey bee shortage could be to use native bees. Problems with adoption of native bees in agriculture occur because of a lack of large scale analysis methods for native bees, regional species lists and management knowledge. This research explores the use of GIS in modeling native bee habitat to provide a landscape scale analysis method for native bees and develop a systematic sampling method for regional species list development. Raster GIS modeling, incorporating decision support and Poisson statistical methods were used to develop a native bee habitat model. The results show landscape composition is important to bee abundance and diversity. In addition, habitat fragmentation may not be as detrimental to bees as previously thought. Bees are most sensitive to landscape composition at a scale of 250 m, but require large patches of floral resources. GIS proved to be very useful in modeling bee habitat and provides an opportunity to conduct landscape scale bee population analysis.
Master of Science

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Wagner, Jennie Faith. "Can Beef Be Bee-Friendly? Using Native Warm-Season Grasses and Wildflowers in Pastures to Conserve Bees." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98621.

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Over the past several decades, native and managed bee populations have decreased in the United States and worldwide. Although bee decline is attributable to several factors, habitat loss is the primary driver. Simultaneously, cattle producers in the eastern U.S. rely primarily on cool-season forages that peak in biomass production in late spring, leading to a lack of forage in the summer months and increasing the costs of cattle production. Seeding pastures with a mix of native warm-season grasses and native wildflowers could increase forage availability while also increasing available resources for bees. In this study, a mix of three native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) and 15 wildflower species was planted at the Virginia Tech Shenandoah Valley Agricultural Research and Extension Center (SVAREC). The objectives of this project were to document the establishment and species composition of NWSG + wildflower pasture mixtures, compare the attractiveness of wildflowers and weedy species to bees, and compare the bee community between NWSG + wildflower pastures and more typical cool-season grass pastures. The wildflowers in the NWSG + wildflower pastures dominated over grasses. All wildflower species that established were attractive to bees, as were some weedy species. The NWSG + wildflower treatments had the highest abundance of bees collected, with an average of 14.8 bees collected per pasture per sampling date in 2018, and an average of 12.4 bees collected per pasture per sampling date in 2019. These results indicate that with modification of establishment methods so that more grasses are present, this pasture system could be beneficial from both a cattle production and bee conservation standpoint.
Master of Science in Life Sciences
Over the past several decades, there has been a decline in bee populations in the U.S. and around the world. Bees play an important role in pollinating many food crops, including most fruits and vegetables. Habitat loss is the biggest contributor to their decline. There are also issues with cattle production in the eastern U.S. Most farmers rely on grasses that are the most productive in the late spring and early summer, meaning that by mid- and late summer, there is little grass available for cattle. Planting pastures with native grasses designed to be the most productive in the late summer and native wildflowers could increase food available for cattle as well as provide more pollen and nectar for bees. In this experiment, we planted a mix of three grasses and 15 wildflowers. We documented how well the grasses and wildflowers established. We also examined how attractive wildflowers and weeds were to bees and compared the number and types of bees collected between the new pastures and traditional pastures. We found that the wildflowers, instead of the grasses, dominated the pastures. All wildflowers that established, as well as some weeds, attracted bees and provided resources. Higher numbers of bees were collected in the pastures with wildflowers than standard grass pastures, but there were not necessarily more bee species present. These results suggest that, with some modifications, planting native grasses and wildflowers in pastures could help conserve bees as well as benefit cattle farmers.

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Smith, Beverly A. McGee. "A faunistic survey of native bees in the Mississippi Black Belt Prairie." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-12172007-162427.

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Oliveira, Lucas. "CAN YOU SEE THE BEE? : COOPERATING WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIVE BEE AWARENESS IN BRAZIL." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106639.

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Brazil is the country with the second-largest number of cataloged bee species in the world, about 2,000. Among these we have stingless bees, with around 250 different species; these live in society, produce honey, and unlike the European Apis Mellifera, do not sting. Sadly, most Brazilians only know of the existence of a single bee species, which is the invasive European bee. Native bees are not only the most important pollinators of our native flora but are also part of an intricate and fragile web of life that is currently under threat. For each bee species that go extinct, there are far-reaching consequences for the entire ecosystem it belongs to, therefore it’s imperative to protect and care for our native bees.In this project, I've worked alongside the Terra Mirim foundation. I’ve compiled information on native bees, their biology, the native history of beekeeping, societal behavior, their importance, risks, etc. I started this work in collaboration with Terra Mirim, a foundation that works on the recovery of the Atlantic Forest and has over 60 native beehives under their care, they also receive many visitors throughout the year who are looking for closer contact with nature. I believe awareness, knowledge, and proximity are important starting points for developing empathy towards other forms of life, so along with the photographs I’ve been taking, I am transforming the information I compiled into signboards to promote awareness among Terra Mirim’s visitors.

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Paini, Dean. "The impact of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) on Australian native bees." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0022.

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The European honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been present in Australia for approximately 150 years. For the majority of that time it was assumed this species could only be of benefit to Australia‘s natural ecosystems. More recently however, researchers and conservationists have questioned this assumption. Honey bees are an introduced species and may be affecting native fauna and flora. In particular, native bees have been highlighted as an animal that may be experiencing competition from honey bees as they are of similar sizes and both species require nectar and pollen for their progeny. Most research to date has focused on indirect measures of competition between honey bees and native bees (resource overlap, visitation rates and resource harvesting). The first chapter of this thesis reviews previous research explaining that many experiments lack significant replication and indirect measures of competition cannot evaluate the impact of honey bees on native bee fecundity or survival. Chapters two and four present descriptions of nesting biology of the two native bee species studied (Hylaeus alcyoneus and an undescribed Megachile sp.). Data collected focused on native bee fecundity and included nesting season, progeny mass, number of progeny per nest, sex ratio and parasitoids. This information provided a picture of the nesting biology of these two species and assisted in determining the design of an appropriate experiment. Chapters three and five present the results of two experiments investigating the impact of honey bees on these two species of native bees in the Northern Beekeepers Nature Reserve in Western Australia. Both experiments focused on the fecundity of these native bee species in response to honey bees and also had more replication than any other previous experiment in Australia of similar design. The first experiment (Chapter three), over two seasons, investigated the impact of commercial honey bees on Hylaeus alcyoneus, a native solitary bee. The experiment was monitored every 3-4 weeks (measurement interval). However, beekeepers did not agist hives on sites simultaneously so measurement intervals were initially treated separately using ANOVA. Results showed no impact of honey bees at any measurement interval and in some cases, poor power. Data from both seasons was combined in a Wilcoxon‘s sign test and showed that honey bees had a negative impact on the number of nests completed by H. alcyoneus. The second experiment (Chapter 5) investigated the impact of feral honey bees on an undescribed Megachile species. Hive honey bees were used to simulate feral levels of honey bees in a BACI (Before/After, Control/Impact) design experiment. There was no impact detected on any fecundity variables. The sensitivity of the experiment was calculated and in three fecundity variables (male and female progeny mass and the number of progeny per nest) the experiment was sensitive enough to detect 15-30% difference between control and impact sites. The final chapter (Chapter six) makes a number of research and management recommendations in light of the research findings.

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Smith, Beverly A. "A FAUNISTIC SURVEY OF NATIVE BEES IN THE BLACK BELT PRAIRIE OF MISSISSIPPI." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-12172007-162427/.

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This research presents the results of a bee survey (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in remnants of the Mississippi Black Belt Prairie, a unique physiographical region that is a threatened community covering 14,141 square kilometers in both Mississippi and Alabama. Sampling was performed with sweep nets and Malaise traps. A total of 151 visits were made to several prairie remnant areas during the years 1999 2001 with 92 Malaise trap samples. Historical bee collection data from these prairies were incorporated into this survey. A total of 6,140 specimens resulting in 107 species, 51 new state records and eight disjunct species were collected within five bee families: Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae and Apidae. The most abundant species belonged to the Halictidae. The most common floral families visited were Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The addition of the species in this survey brings the state list of bees to at least 204.

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Nascimento, Andreia Santos do. "Parâmetros físico-químicos, polínicos e determinação de elementos-traço do mel de Meliponinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-05052014-111243/.

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O estudo teve como objetivo contribuir com a caracterização do mel das abelhas sem ferrão, especificamente a caracterização botânica e físico-química de maneira a fornecer subsídios para programas e medidas de incremento da atividade meliponícola. Foram definidos como locais de estudo municípios do Paraná (Bandeirantes, Cornélio Procópio e Guaraqueçaba), Santa Catarina (Saltinho do Canivete/Mafra) e São Paulo (Icém). As amostras, composta por 250 mL de mel, foram obtidas diretamente com os meliponicultores de acordo com o pico de produção melífera de cada região no período compreendido entre abril a dezembro de 2011 e abril a dezembro de 2012. Os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados foram: hidroximetilfurfural, pH, acidez, condutividade elétrica, cinzas, umidade, cor, açúcares redutores, sacarose e atividade diastásica. Para determinação dos elementos-traços foi utilizada a técnica de Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica de Pulso Diferencial. A análise polínica foi realizada seguindo o método padrão de acetólise e em seguida submetidas as análises quantitativas (contagem consecutiva de até 1.000 grãos de pólen/amostra) e qualitativas. Quanto aos parâmetros açúcares redutores, sacarose, hidroximetilfurfural e cinzas as amostras de mel de meliponíneos atendem aos pré-requisitos da legislação vigente. Já os parâmetros umidade e atividade diastásica divergiram. Este fato aponta a necessidade de criação de uma legislação especifica para mel das abelhas nativas levando em consideração o elevado número de espécies e suas características diferenciadas. A determinação dos elementos-traços (Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn) indica que as amostras de mel de abelhas sem ferrão apresentam concentrações não prejudiciais a saúde humana. Com análise polínica verificou-se diversidade de espécies vegetais utilizadas por essas abelhas sendo, a família Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae e Mimosoideae) a que apresentou maior riqueza de tipos polínicos, seguida de por Asteraceae, Myrtaceae e Solanaceae.
The study aimed to contribute to the characterization of honey from stingless bees, specifically botany and physico-chemical characterization in order to provide support for programs and measures to increase the meliponícola activity. Were defined as study sites municipalities of Paraná (Bandeirantes, Cornélio Procópio e Guaraqueçaba), Santa Catarina (Saltinho do Canivete/Mafra) and São Paulo (Icém). The samples, consisting of 250 mL of honey, were obtained directly from the beekeepers in accordance with the peak honey production in each region for the period April to December 2011 and from April to December 2012. The physicochemical parameters analyzed were: hydroxymethylfurfural, pH, acidity, electrical conductivity, ash, moisture, color, reducing sugars, sucrose and diastase activity. For determination of trace elements technique anodic stripping voltammetry differential pulse was used. Pollen analysis was performed following the standard acetolysis method, and then subjected to quantitative analysis (row count to 1.000 pollen grains/sample) and qualitative. As for the parameters reducing sugars, sucrose, hydroxymethylfurfural and ash samples of honey from stingless bees meet the prerequisites of the current legislation. Have the parameters humidity and diastase activity diverged. This fact points out the need to create specific regulations for honey from native bees taking into account the high number of species and their different characteristics. The determination of trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) indicates that samples of honey from stingless bees exhibit concentrations not harmful to human health. With pollen analysis it was found diversity of plant species used by these bees being the family Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae and Mimosoideae) presented the highest richness of pollen types, followed by Asteraceae, Myrtaceae and Solanaceae.

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Downing, Jason L. "Impacts of the Naturalized Bee Centris nitida on a Specialized Native Mutualism in Southern Florida." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/389.

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This study assesses the impacts of the invasive oil-collecting bee Centris nitida on the established endemic mutualism between Byrsonima lucida and Centris errans its sole native pollinator. In natural pine rocklands and urban areas, I examined the breeding system of B. lucida, assessed the degree of its pollen limitations, and compared the key processes of pollination for the Centris bees. Breeding system results showed that B. lucida was self incompatible and pollinator dependent. Pollen limitation treatments suggested that B. lucida is pollen limited, regardless of the contributions of the invasive bee. The native bee had significantly higher visitation rates to B. lucida plants, but had a lower foraging rate and was the less efficient pollinator. The invasive bee appears to be more common in urban environments. Further understanding the nature of these novel relationships is vital for the conservation of B. lucida and integrity of pine rocklands.

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Adamson, Nancy Lee. "An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26313.

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Declines in pollinators around the globe, notably the loss of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to Colony Collapse Disorder, coupled with a dearth of quantitative data on non-Apis bee pollinators, led to this dissertation research, which documents the role of non-Apis bees in crop pollination in southwest Virginia. Major findings of this first study of its kind in the region were that non-Apis bees provided the majority of pollination—measured by visitation—for several economically important entomophilous crops (apple, blueberry, caneberry, and cucurbits); diverse bee populations may be helping to stabilize pollination service (105 species on crop flowers); landscape factors were better predictors of non-Apis crop pollination service than farm management factors or overall bee diversity; and non-Apis bees in the genera Andrena, Bombus, and Osmia were as constant as honey bees when foraging on apple. Non-Apis, primarily native, bees made up between 68% (in caneberries) and 83% (in cucurbits) of bees observed visiting crop flowers. While 37–59 species visited crop flowers, there was low correspondence between bee communities across or within crop systems ("within crop" Jaccard similarity indices for richness ranged from 0.12–0.28). Bee community diversity on crop flowers may help stabilize pollination service if one or more species declines temporally or spatially. A few species were especially important in each crop: Andrena barbara in apple; Andrena carlini and A. vicina in blueberry; Lasioglossum leucozonium in caneberry; and Peponapis pruinosa and Bombus impatiens in cucurbits. Eight species collected were Virginia state records. In models testing effects of farm management and landscape on non-Apis crop pollination service, percent deciduous forest was positively correlated in apple, blueberry, and squash, but at different scales. For apple and blueberry, pollination service declined with an increase in utilized alternative forage but was positively related to habitat heterogeneity. For squash, percent native plants also related positively, possibly due to increased presence of bumble bees in late summer. Species collected from both bowl traps and flowers was as low as 22% and overall site bee diversity had no effect on crop pollination service, highlighting the value in pollination research of monitoring bees on flowers.
Ph. D.

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Eakin-Busher, Emily L. "Flowers and bees in the city: The impact of urbanisation on native plants and their insect pollinators." Thesis, Eakin-Busher, Emily L. (2021) Flowers and bees in the city: The impact of urbanisation on native plants and their insect pollinators. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/59262/.

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Urbanisation is one of the most intensive and irreversible ecosystem changes facing the plants, animals, and people that live in the world’s cities. Where native vegetation is cleared, habitat loss and fragmentation have major impacts on the viability of animal and plant populations. Removal of vegetation reduces plant population size, which impacts the resources available to flower visitors. In turn, this can reduce plant pollination and subsequent reproductive success. Understanding how landscape alteration affects ecosystem services such as pollination is fundamental to the conservation of native plants and their pollinating insects. The aim of my research was to contribute knowledge of the interaction between native plants and pollinating insects in an urban environment. The study region included remnant native vegetation and native gardens in Perth, Western Australia that likely provide novel resources for some insects, while degrading resources for others. I aimed to establish the importance of insects to the reproductive success of native plants, to identify the site and landscape characteristics that influenced particular insect groups, and to determine pollen movement within a remnant bushland. After hours (50) of careful observations of insects visiting flowers of five common native plant species, and pollinator exclusion studies, I found that four plants were reliant on insects for pollination to varying extents, but predominantly outcrossing species such as Dianella revoluta and Jacksonia sericea may be more vulnerable to urbanisation. I passively sampled insects and found that remnants and gardens were complementary in providing resources and introduced and native bees were observed, but their richness was generally low. Using detailed genetic data, I found that Patersonia occidentalis showed moderate outcrossing, which was maintained by insects moving pollen up to 116 m between plants within a small remnant. My studies point towards the importance of connectivity between small remnants, gardens and larger remnants for maintaining plant–insect interactions in the world’s urban landscapes.

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Tarlinton, Boyd. "Phylosymbiosis and the microbiome of the native Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/212693/1/Boyd_Tarlinton_Thesis.pdf.

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Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith 1854) is a native Australian stingless bee, hosting a diverse range of bacterial symbionts. T. carbonaria is used as a model to explore how relationships between host insects and the microbiome occur and can be detected within a single species, shedding light on how host-microbiome associations arise and are maintained across the corbiculate bees. Host-microbiome relationships are considered through the lens of phylosymbiosis. Methods for detecting phylosymbiosis are explored; different bioinformatics and statistical techniques are compared, with implications for future studies. Bayesian modelling is used to predict possible routes of acquisition of bee symbionts.

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Meredith, Annette May. "Conserving pollinators an interdisciplinary approach to evaluating the ecological, economic and cultural value of native bees in Mid-Atlantic sustainable agriculture /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8156.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Csigi, Kálmán K. XIV. "UPPER THERMAL LIMITS VARY AMONG AND WITHIN NATIVE BEE SPECIES IN RELATION TO SEASON, VOLTINISM, AND NEST TYPE." VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5864.

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Native bees are only recently gaining attention for the extent to which they aid in pollination and ecosystem services. These services are threatened by predictions of warming temperatures if bees are not able to respond. Voltinism - the number of generations produced annually- can strongly influence thermal conditions experienced by both developing and adult bees based on emergence strategies for each voltinism type. Differences in experienced thermal conditions brought on by climate change could therefore affect upper thermal limits (UTL) in bees. This study observes UTLs across a foraging season within and among native bee species vi to elucidate the potential response by bees to a warming climate. Bees were collected across the field season in Central Virginia and subjected to dynamic ramping trials to determine the fatal knockdown point (FKP). Results show in both univoltine and multivoltine bees an increase in upper thermal tolerance as the foraging season progresses (in quadratic and linear fashions respectively). Within multivoltine bees, FKP was related to nest type; with stem-nesting bees having the highest FKP. All average FKPs were higher than historic air temperatures of the study region, but within several degrees of the highest recorded maximum temperature. The diversity of responses in native bees provides evidence for both genetic and plastic responses to extreme temperature. While bees still face a potential myriad of other issues brought on by climate change, the observed increases in FKP across warming temperatures offer tentatively hopeful predictions for limited physiological responses in native bees to a warming climate

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Araújo, Diogo Feliciano Dias. "A polinização de mirtilo (Vaccinium corymbosum L. var. Southern Highbush), uma cultura de clima temperado introduzida em ambiente tropical." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-06112018-101159/.

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Diversos aspectos vêm sendo estudados com relação à introdução de novas variedades de mirtilo no Brasil. A polinização de culturas tipicamente de clima temperado em clima tropical representa um enorme desafio para adaptação dessa cultura no país. Estudos relacionados à biologia básica da reprodução e ecologia da polinização envolvendo abelhas nas variedades do tipo Southern Highbush, ainda são inexistentes no Brasil e serão importantes para disseminação do cultivo. Levando-se em consideração que um dos aspectos determinantes dos efeitos de plantas exóticas nas comunidades nativas é a forma como interagem com a fauna, esse trabalho buscou identificar algumas variáveis relacionadas à polinização envolvidas no processo de produção comercial da cultura do mirtilo. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: compreender aspectos básicos relacionados ao sistema de polinização em quatro variedades do tipo Southern Highbush; identificar os requerimentos básicos de polinização; observar as abelhas presentes na área de produção e observar o comportamento de visita floral e a sobrevivência de abelhas sem ferrão de cinco espécies diferentes (Melipona quadrifasciata, Frieseomelitta varia, Scaptotrigona depilis, Tetragonisca angustula e Plebeia droryana) introduzidas em área de produção comercial de mirtilo. Observações diretas no campo foram realizadas para variáveis como formação de frutos expostos ou não a polinizadores, tamanho de flores, danos às flores por abelhas do gênero Trigona, entre outros. O florescimento das quatro variedades na área de produção apresentou um comportamento muito semelhante com pequenas variações ao longo do período de observação. Iniciou por volta da última semana de fevereiro com menos de 1% das plantas floridas, e uma predominância da variedade Emerald no início do florescimento. O pico de florescimento ocorreu nos meses de março a julho, com final de florescimento bastante determinado em setembro. O período de antese das flores foi observado para todas as quatro variedades, das 07:00h até às 09:00h da manhã. Após esse período a flor permanecia aberta até sua senescência, cerca de seis a sete dias depois. Os estigmas das quatro variedades permaneceram receptivos desde a abertura da flor até o sexto dia após a antese. A viabilidade polínica foi verificada desde antese da flor até o momento de senescência da mesma. Um percentual de 89% dos grãos pólen contabilizados, nas quatro variedades avaliadas, apresentou-se viável até o quarto dia de vida da flor. Abelhas da espécie Frieseomelitta varia, Tetragonisca angustula e Plebeia droryana estiveram presentes em todas as observações. Já abelhas do gênero Melipona quadrifasciata e Scaptotrigona depilis não foram observadas visitando as flores de mirtilo. Os resultados mostram que mesmo em um ambiente com uma intensidade grande de manejo fitossanitário as abelhas suportaram razoavelmente bem, com apenas uma ocorrência de mortalidade de colônias. Os danos provocados por abelhas do gênero Trigona não foram severos e após a introdução de abelhas manejáveis, abelhas do gênero Trigona não foram mais observadas na área de produção. Concluímos que a cultura do mirtilo é amplamente beneficiada pela polinização cruzada e o manejo de determinados polinizadores nativos, além da abelha exótica Apis mellifera, contribui com o aumento da produtividade da cultura.
Several aspects have been studied in relation to the introduction of new blueberry varieties in Brazil. Pollination of crops typically temperate in tropical climate presents a huge challenge to adapt this crop in the country. Studies related to basic breeding biology and pollination ecology involving bees in Southern Highbush varieties are still non-existent in Brazil and will be important for dissemination of the crop. Taking into account that one of the determinant aspects of the effects of exotic plants in native communities is the way they interact with the fauna, this work sought to identify some variables related to the pollination involved in the commercial production process of the blueberry crop. The objectives of this work were: to understand basic aspects related to the pollination system in four Southern Highbush varieties; identify the basic pollination requirements; (Melipona quadrifasciata, Frieseomelitta varia, Scaptotrigona depilis, Tetragonisca angustula and Plebeia droryana) introduced into the commercial production area of blueberry . Direct observations in the field were performed for variables such as the formation of fruit exposed or not to pollinators, size of flowers, damage to flowers by bees of the genus Trigona, among others. The flowering of the four varieties in the production area showed a very similar behavior with small variations throughout the period of observation. It began around the last week of February with less than 1% of flowering plants, and a predominance of the \'Emerald\' variety at the beginning of flowering. The flowering peak occurred in the months of March to July, with a flowering end determined in September. The anthesis period of the flowers was observed for all four varieties, from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. in the morning. After this period the flower remained open until its senescence, about six to seven days later. The stigmas of the four varieties remained receptive from the opening of the flower to the sixth day after the anthesis. The pollen viability was verified from before the flower until the moment of its senescence. A percentage of 89% of the pollen grains counted, in the four varieties evaluated, was viable until the fourth day of life of the flower. Bees of the species Frieseomelitta varia, Tetragonisca angustula and Plebeia droryana were present in all observations. Bees of the genus Melipona quadrifasciata and Scaptotrigona depilis were not observed were not observed visiting the blueberry flowers. The results show that even in an environment with a great intensity of phytosanitary management the bees supported reasonably well, with only one occurrence of colony mortality. The damage caused by bees of the genus Trigona was not severe and after the introduction of manageable bees, bees of the genus Trigona were no longer observed in the production area. We conclude that blueberry cultivation is widely benefited by cross - pollination and the management of certain native pollinators, in addition to the exotic bee Apis mellifera, contributes to the increase of crop productivity.

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16

Cairns, Christine Elizabeth. "Effects of invasive Africanized honey bees (Apis Mellifera Scutellata) on native stingless bee populations (Meliponinae) and traditional Mayan beekeeping in Central Quintana Roo, Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2002. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1970.

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The Maya of the Yucatan region have a long history of keeping the native stingless bees (subfamily Meliponinae). However, market forces in the last two decades have driven the Maya to favor the use of invasive Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) for producing large quantities of high quality honey which has an international market. Furthermore, the native bees traditionally used by the Maya are now disappearing, along with the practice of keeping them. An interdisciplinary approach was taken in order to determine the social factors behind the decrease in stingless beekeeping and the ecological driving forces behind their disappearance from the wild. Social research methods included participant observation with stingless beekeepers, Apis beekeepers, and marketing intermediaries. Ecological research methods included point observations of commonly known melliferous and polliniferous plants along transects in three communities with different degrees of human induced ecosystem disturbance. The stingless bee species most important to the Maya, Melipona beecheii, has become extremely rare, and this has caused a breakdown of stingless beekeeping tradition, compounded with the pressure of the market economy, which fuels Apis beekeeping and has lessened the influence of traditional practices. The community with the heaviest amount of human induced ecosystem disturbance also had the lowest degree of bee diversity, while the area with the most intact ecosystem had the highest diversity of stingless bees, though Apis mellifera was still the dominant species. Aggressive competitive behavior involving physical attacks by Apis mellifera against stingless bees was observed on several occasions, and this is a new observation previously unreported by science. Human induced disturbance of the ecosystem and competition with the Africanized honey bee are affecting the diversity and abundance of various bee species.

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17

Lindqvist, Camilla. "Tambins inverkan på naturligt förekommande pollinatörer." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-18543.

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Det här arbetet handlar om tambins inverkan på naturligt förekommande pollinatörer. Min frågeställning berör: tillgången på näring, hälsotillståndet och populationsnivån hos naturligt förekommande pollinatörer i förhållande till tambins närvaro. Det som framkommit av den här litteraturstudien är att introducerade tambin leder till att naturligt förekommande pollinatörer minskar i antal kring bikuporna, en del arter söker föda på andra blommor eller senare på dygnet än tidigare. Den minskade tillgången på föda som denna konkurrens innebär har en negativ inverkan på humlors kroppsstorlek och därmed deras överlevnad. Samt att tambin kan föra över patogener så som varroakvalster, nosemasjuka och deformed wing virus till humlor vilket leder till minskad livslängd och sämre fortplantning.
This study is about the impact of honeybees on native pollinators. My questions concerns: availability of food, the health and population level of native pollinators in relation to the presence of honeybees. What has emerged from this literature review is that the introduction of honeybees lead to a decline in numbers of bee and bumblebee pollinators in proximity of the hives and also alters their behaviour, some species choose to forage on other flowers, or later in the day than before honeybees where introduced. The reduced availability of food that this competition induces has a negative impact on the size of bumblebees body’s and thus their survival. What was also discovered was that honeybees can transfer pathogens such as varroa mites, the microsporidium Nosema ceranae and deformed wing virus to bumblebees, leading to reduced life expectancy and poor propagation.

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Rocha, EpifÃnia Emanuela de MacÃdo. "A influÃncia da mata nativa na diversidade e abundÃncia de abelhas polinizadoras de cajueiros (Anacardium occidentale L.) em plantios comerciais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12785.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a abundÃncia, diversidade e frequÃncia das abelhas visitantes florais em Ãreas de cultivo de cajueiro comercial prÃximo e longe de mata nativa. A pesquisa foi realizada de agosto a novembro de 2012, em pomares comerciais no municÃpio de Horizonte, CearÃ. A metodologia constou na marcaÃÃo de cinco diferentes gradientes de distÃncia (40m, 80m, 120m, 160m e 200m) da mata nativa em 10 Ãreas de cultivo de cajueiro anÃo precoce para a contagem e registro dos visitantes florais observados em 500 panÃculas durante o percurso de transectos realizado em seis horÃrios distintos (7h, 9h, 11h, 13h, 15h e 17h) a cada 15 dias . AlÃm disso, eram realizadas coletas com rede entomolÃgica em seis Ãrvores selecionadas, cinco minutos em cada Ãrvore, em Ãrea de 25m x 50m. Foram coletadas 368 visitantes florais entre abelhas sociais (331), abelhas solitÃrias (21) e outras espÃcies (16) visitantes florais nas panÃculas do cajueiro. A relaÃÃo entre a abundÃncia de insetos e horÃrio da coleta revela que para todas as abelhas coletadas, os horÃrios de 7h e 9h foram os que apresentaram a maior abundÃncia de insetos visitando as flores do cajueiro, principalmente de meliponÃneos. A frequÃncia de visitantes florais do cajueiro em 500 panÃculas nos meses de floraÃÃo, tanto em Ãreas com mata nativa quanto sem mata nativa, nÃo variou em funÃÃo do perÃodo de florada (p>0,05), da mesma forma que nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa (p>0,05) no nÃmero mÃdio de abelhas quando comparado as diferentes distÃncias durante as contagens nas Ãreas com mata nativa e sem mata nativa. As abelhas sociais foram as mais abundantes e destas, 176 foram Apis mellifera e 159 meliponÃneos. JÃ as abelhas solitÃrias foram pouco representadas por coleta, tendo Centris spp. e Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis sido vistas somente em algumas Ãreas de estudo, nÃo apresentando efeito significativo (p>0,05) quanto ao local (com ou sem mata nativa), Ãrea, horÃrio e dia de coleta. Conclui-se com esse estudo que a presenÃa do fragmento de mata nativa prÃxima Ã borda de cultura, nÃo influenciou na abundÃncia de visitantes florais nas distÃncias selecionadas, contudo a existÃncia de remanescentes de mata nativa prÃximo aos cajueirais, possibilitou a permanÃncia das abelhas sociais nas Ãreas de cultivo durante todo o perÃodo de florada, principalmente nos horÃrios em que as flores do cajueiro estÃo mais receptivas Ã polinizaÃÃo.
This study aimed to understand the abundance, diversity and frequency of bees visiting flowers in cashew tree growing areas near and far from commercial native forest. The research was conducted during the blooming season in 2012, from August to November in commercial orchards in the city of Horizonte, CearÃ. The methodology consisted in marking five different gradients of distance (40m, 80m, 120m, 160m and 200m) in all 10 areas to perform and record count of floral visitors in 500 panicles during transect conducted at six different times (7h, 9h, 11h, 13h, 15h and 17h), and captured with an insect net in six selected trees, five minutes at each cashew tree in an area of 25m x 50m. We collected 368 flower visitors among social bees (331), solitary bees (21) and other species (16) floral visitors in panicles of cashew. The relationship between insect abundance and time of collection reveals that for all bees collected, the hours of 7h and 9h of the morning were those with the greatest abundance of insects visiting the flowers of cashew mainly of stingless bees. The frequency of flower visitors in 500 cashew flowering panicles in the months, both in areas with native vegetation as no native forest, did not vary according to the period of flowering (p>0.05), just as there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean number of bees compared the different distances during the counts in areas with native forest fragment and native forest without. Social bees were the most abundant group and among them 176 were Apis mellifera and 159 stingless bees. Solitary bees were poorly represented and Centris spp. and Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis were seen only in a few areas showing no significant effect (p>0.05) on the site (with or without native forest), area, time and day of collection. We conclude from this study that the presence of native forest fragment near the edge of culture, did not influence the abundance of floral visitors on selected distances, however the existence of remnant native forest near the cashew trees, allowed to remain in social bees growing areas during the flowering period, mainly at times when the flowers of cashew are more receptive to pollination.

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Preedy, Garrett William. "Herbivory habits of beef cows grazing native range infested by sericea lespedeza." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15634.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
KC Olson
Our objective was to determine the effects of supplemental corn steep liquor (CSL) on voluntary selection of sericea lespedeza (SL) by beef cows grazing native tallgrass range. Dietary botanical composition of cows (n = 145; initial BW = 579 ± 91 kg) was evaluated during a 150-d grazing period (5/1 to 10/1). Native pastures (n = 9; 50 ± 17 ha) infested by SL (average SL biomass = 37% of total forage biomass) were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: grazing by unsupplemented cows or grazing by cows supplemented with CSL (1.79 kg DM • cow-1 • d-1; 45% DM, 34% CP). Cows were assigned randomly to treatment and pasture (stocking rate = 0.5 ha/AUM). Concentration and protein-binding capacity of condensed tannins (CT) in SL were measured monthly. Fecal samples were collected from each cow on 6/1, 7/1, 8/1, 9/1, and 10/1. Herbivory of SL was estimated along line transects in October. Plant fragments in fecal samples were quantified via a microhistological technique; fragment prevalence in fecal material was assumed to equal botanical composition of the diet. Concentration and protein-binding capacity of CT in SL were greatest (P < 0.01) on 8/1 and 9/1, respectively. The proportion of individual SL plants showing evidence of herbivory tended to be greater (P = 0.09) on pastures grazed by supplemented cows compared to pastures grazed by unsupplemented cows (94 vs. 80% of SL stems, respectively). Prevalence of SL in beef cow diets was influenced (P < 0.01) by CSL supplementation and by month. Prevalence of SL in beef cow diets was not different (P ≥ 0.35) between treatments when concentration and protein-binding capacity of CT were relatively low (6/1, 7/1, and 10/1). In contrast, supplemented cows selected more (P < 0.01) SL than unsupplemented cows when concentration and protein-binding capacity of CT were greatest (8/1 and 9/1). We interpreted these data to suggest that voluntary selection of SL by beef cows was inversely related to concentration of CT; moreover, supplemental CSL stimulated voluntary selection of SL during periods of high CT concentration. Supplemental CSL did not influence selection of other plant species that were monitored.

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RIBEIRO, Monique Hellen Martins. "Caracterização química e fitogeográfica de geoprópolis das espécies de abelhas nativas do Maranhão." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/1968.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão
We analyzed the pollen spectrum of one hundred and thirty geopropollis samples of the following species of Melipona: M. fasciculata, M. flavolineata, M. seminigra and M. subnitida. Samples were collected in the municipality of Santa Luzia do Paruá, in the Alto Turi region, which belongs to the Amazon region, in the state of Maranhao. The objective of this study was to recognize the phytogeographic and chemical profile of the Melipona geopropolis samples and to help characterize the resin supplying vegetation for these bees. The geopropolis samples were collected monthly from December/2013 to December/2014 from nests kept in wooden boxes in a particular meliponary. The palynological analysis was done according to the standard methodology proposed by Barth (1998). The chemical profile of the samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (CLAE), liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS) analysis. And also included quantification of the content of total polyphenols (TPT) through the use of Folin-Ciocalteau reagents and sodium carbonate 20%; total flavonoids (TFT) by the photocolorimetric method with methanolic solution of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) 5%, and the antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of geopropolis by the DPPH free radical assay (Brand-Williams et al). A total of 148 pollen types were identified, distributed in 49 families, 108 genera and two unidentified types. In the geopropolis samples of M. subnitida 107 pollen types were distributed in 40 families and 72 genera. In the M. seminigra, 93 pollen types, 37 families and 70 genera were observed. For M. flavolineata were 98 pollen types, belonging to 33 families and 72 genera. In M. fasciculata there were 64 pollen types, 28 families and 53 genera, being therefore the one with the lowest pollen richness in the samples. Fabaceae presented the highest richness of pollen types (39 types), followed by Rubiaceae (11 types). The pollen types most common to Melipona species were: Attalea speciosa, Anacardium, Borreria verticilatta, Baccharis, Clusia, Chamaecrista, Croton, Euterpe/Syagrus, Eucalyptus, Hyptis, Mauritia, Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpinaefolia, Mouriri, Myrcia /Psidium, Protium And Symphonia globulifera, which characterized the phytogeographic profile of the geopropolis of this region. Aniardium, Ardisia, Baccharis, Caryocar, Clusia, Clusia grandiflora, Eucalyptus, Eupatorium, Hyptis, Myrcia/Psidium, Platonia insignis, Protium, Spondias, Symphonia globulifera, Tapirira and Vismia were the possible resin species suppliers for the Melipona geoprópolis . The presence of various compounds which have been tentatively characterized as quinic acid, benzophenone derivatives, O-glycosylated flavonoid and xanthones have been disclosed. The mangiferin compound was present in all samples. It was also verified the presence of benzophenones that appear to be involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylated xanthones. The extracts presented flavonoid contents above 2%, which allows them to be classified according to Brazilian legislation as a geopropolis with a high content of flavonoids. For the antioxidant activity a variation of 2.20 to 44.35% occurred. There was a variation in the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids among the different samples of the four Melipona species analyzed. The results indicate that the bee species and the collection season, as well as the interaction between these factors, influence the concentration of bioactive compounds in the geopropolis. Thus, we believe that the results obtained contribute significantly to the geopropolis characterization of stingless bees from Amazonia Maranhense and show the importance of expanding the studies of chemical characterization and standardization of product quality parameters, since thisis a rich source of bioactive compounds with great pharmacological potential.
Analisou-se o espectro polínico de cento e trinta amostras de geoprópolis das seguintes espécies de Melipona: M. fasciculata, M. flavolineata, M. seminigra e M. subnitida. As amostras foram coletadas no município de Santa Luzia do Paruá, na região do Alto Turi, que pertence ao domínio amazônico, do estado do Maranhão. Este estudo teve como objetivo reconhecer o perfil fitogeográfico e químico de amostras da geoprópolis de Melipona e auxiliar na caracterização da vegetação fornecedora de resina para estas abelhas. As amostras de geoprópolis foram obtidas mensalmente de dezembro/2013 a dezembro/2014 a partir de ninhos mantidos em caixas de madeira em meliponário particular. A análise palinológica foi feita de acordo com a metodologia padrão proposta por Barth (1998). O perfil químico das amostras foi determinado por meio das análises de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CL-EM) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). Também foram quantificados o teor de polifenóis totais (TPT), por meio do uso dos reagentes Folin-Ciocalteau e carbonato de sódio a 20%; de flavonoides totais (TFT) por meio do método fotocolorimétrico com solução metanólica de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) a 5%, e da atividade antioxidante dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de geoprópolis pelo ensaio do radical livre DPPH (Brand-Williams et al. 1995). Foram identificados 148 tipos polínicos, distribuídos em 49 famílias, 108 gêneros e dois tipos não identificados. Nas amostras de geoprópolis de M. subnitida identificou-se 107 tipos polínicos distribuídos em 40 famílias e 72 gêneros. Nas de M. seminigra foram observados 93 tipos polínicos, 37 famílias e 70 gêneros. Para M. flavolineata foram 98 tipos polínicos, pertencentes a 33 famílias e 72 gêneros. Já em M. fasciculata foram 64 tipos polínicos, 28 famílias e 53 gêneros, sendo, portanto, a que apresentou menor riqueza de pólen nas amostras. Fabaceae apresentou a maior riqueza de tipos polínicos (39 tipos), seguida de Rubiaceae (11 tipos). Os tipos polínicos mais comuns às espécies de Melipona foram: Attalea speciosa, Anacardium, Borreria verticilatta, Baccharis, Clusia, Chamaecrista, Croton, Euterpe/Syagrus, Eucalyptus Hyptis, Mauritia, Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpinaefolia, Mouriri, Myrcia/Psidium, Protium e Symphonia globulifera, que caracterizaram o perfil fitogeográfico da geoprópolis dessa região. Enquanto Anacardium, Ardisia, Baccharis, Caryocar, Clusia, Clusia grandiflora, Eucalyptus, Eupatorium, Hyptis, Myrcia/Psidium, Platonia insignis, Protium, Spondias, Symphonia globulifera, Tapirira e Vismia foram as possíveis espécies vegetais fornecedoras de resina para a geoprópolis de Melipona. Revelou-se a presença de vários compostos, que foram tentativamente caracterizados como ácido quínico, derivados de benzofenonas, flavonoide O-glicosilado e xantonas. O composto mangiferina esteve presente em todas as amostras. Também foi verificada a presença de benzofenonas que parecem estar envolvidas na biossíntese de xantonas glicosiladas. Os extratos apresentaram teores de flavonoides acima de 2% que permitem classificá-los, de acordo com a legislação brasileira como geoprópolis com alto teor de flavonoides. Para a atividade antioxidante ocorreu uma variação de 2,20 a 44,35%. Houve uma variação no teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides entre as diferentes amostras das quatro espécies de Melipona analisadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a espécie de abelha e a época de coleta, bem como a interação entre esses fatores, influenciam a concentração de compostos bioativos na geoprópolis. Desta forma, acreditamos que os resultados obtidos contribuem significativamente para a caracterização da geoprópolis das abelhas sem ferrão proveniente da Amazônia Maranhense e evidenciam a importância de ampliarmos os estudos de caracterização química e padronização dos parâmetros de qualidade do produto, visto que este constitui uma rica fonte de compostos bioativos com grande potencial farmacológico.

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21

Dacey, Katherine. ""Gershwin Gone Native!": The Influence of Primitivism and Folk Music on "Porgy and Bess"." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626290.

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22

Sholedolu, Michael O. "Nature-inspired optimisation : improvements to the Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm and the Bees Algorithm." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55013/.

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This research focuses on nature-inspired optimisation algorithms, in particular, the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) Algorithm and the Bees Algorithm. The PSO Algorithm is a population-based stochastic optimisation technique first invented in 1995. It was inspired by the social behaviour of birds flocking or a school of fish. The Bees Algorithm is a population-based search algorithm initially proposed in 2005. It mimics the food foraging behaviour of swarms of honey bees. The thesis presents three algorithms. The first algorithm called the PSO-Bees Algorithm is a cross between the PSO Algorithm and the Bees Algorithm. The PSO-Bees Algorithm enhanced the PSO Algorithm with techniques derived from the Bees Algorithm. The second algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm is a version of the Bees Algorithm that incorporates techniques derived from the PSO Algorithm. The third algorithm called the SNTO-Bees Algorithm enhanced the Bees Algorithm using techniques derived from the Sequential Number-Theoretic Optimisation (SNTO) Algorithm. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed algorithms, they were applied to different optimisation problems. The PSO-Bees Algorithm is used to train neural networks for two problems, Control Chart Pattern Recognition and Wood Defect Classification. The results obtained and those from tests on well known benchmark functions provide an indication of the performance of the algorithm relative to that of other swarm-based stochastic optimisation algorithms. The improved Bees Algorithm was applied to mechanical design optimisation problems (design of welded beams and coil springs) and the mathematical benchmark problems used previously to test the PSO-Bees Algorithm. The algorithm incorporates cooperation and communication between different neighbourhoods. The results obtained show that the proposed cooperation and communication strategies adopted enhanced the performance and convergence of the algorithm. The SNTO-Bees Algorithm was applied to a set of mechanical design optimisation problems (design of welded beams, coil springs and pressure vessel) and mathematical benchmark functions used previously to test the PSO-Bees Algorithm and the improved Bees Algorithm. In addition, the algorithm was tested with a number of deceptive multi modal benchmark functions. The results obtained help to validate the SNTO-Bees Algorithm as an effective global optimiser capable of handling problems that are deceptive in nature with high dimensions.

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Rosa, Fabiane Quevedo da. "Consumo e disgestibilidade de pastagem nativa do bioma pampa e inclusões de azevém." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2016. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/xmlui/handle/riu/541.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a proteína bruta fecal como indicador de consumo e digestibilidade de bovinos alimentados com pastagem nativa situada no Bioma Pampa e inclusões de azevém e avaliar a qualidade nutricional dessas pastagens foram realizados dois experimentos em gaiolas de metabolismo. No experimento I, os animais recebiam diferentes níveis de oferta de pastagem nativa onde os tratamentos consistiam em níveis de1,5 e 2,25% do peso vivo de matéria seca e um nível ad libitum, com pelo menos 20% de sobras diárias onde foram realizados seis períodos experimentais, O experimento II consistia em diferentes níveis de inclusão de azevém na dieta de bovinos alimentados com campo nativo, os tratamentos eram 33%, 66% e 100% de azevém em substituição ao campo nativo, em dois períodos experimentias. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 2 repetições por tratamento em cada período. Os períodos experimentais consistiram de 10 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coletas, durante o período de coletas foram amostradas as sobras do cocho, a forragem ofertada e ainda a produção total de fezes a cada 24 horas. Realizou-se as medidas de produção fecal, concentração de componentes fecais, consumo de nutrientes e digestibilidade dos componentes da dieta. No capítulo I foram traçadas relações entre digestibilidade e a concentração da proteína bruta fecal (PBf), sendo testados dois modelos não lineares, o exponencial e o hiperbólico gerando as equações de digestibilidade da matéria orgânica(DMO) = 0,709-9,506* exp(-0,041*PBf) com R2 0,61 e DMO = 0,942-38,619/PBf (R2 0,62), respectivamente. A relação de consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO) com a quantidade de PBf, possui comportamento linear, foi então realizada a análise de stepwise para saber quais outras variávies poderiam explicar melhor o modelo junto com a PBf gerando uma equação CMO = -6724,30 + 39*PBf + 2,55*FDNf + 11591,44*DMO com R2 0,95. Determinou-se a relação da proteína bruta (PB) da dieta (g/kg MO) x PBfecal (g/kg MO), PB dieta = 1,346x - 47,63 R² = 0,931 (modelo linear). No capítulo II, foram testados dois modelos para todas as relações traçadas no experimento II, um modelo linear e um modelo quadrático, as relações foram consumo de matéria orgânica (CMO (g/UTM)) x digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN), DMO x CMO (g/UTM), DMO x CMO (g/dia), consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO e CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia. As relações que não foram estatisticamente significativas para nenhum modelo foram CMO (g/UTM) x relação proteína/energia e consumo de folhas (g/UTM) x DMO. Após essas relações, verificou-se que a PBf tem um bom potencial para a estimativa de consumo e a digestibilidade por bovinos alimentados com pastagens nativas ou associadas a forragem cultivada como o azevém anual, mas estes parâmetros também são afetados por diferentes variáveis.
In order to evaluate the fecal crude protein as intake and digestibility marker of cattle fed with natural pasture from Pampa Biome and annual ryegrass inclusions and evaluate the nutritional quality of these pastures it was conducted two experiments in metabolic cages. In the first experiment, the animals received different native pasture offer levels where treatments consisted of 1.5 and 2.25% of the live weight of dry matter and ad libitum with at least 20% of daily leftovers which were carried out six experimental periods. The second experiment consisted of annual ryegrass inclusion levels in the diet of cattle fed with natural pasture, the treatments were 33%, 66% and 100% of ryegrass to replace the native pasture in two experimental periods. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 2 replicates per treatment in each period. The experimental period consisted of 10 days of adaptation and 5 days of collection during the period of the trough collects the forage offered have been sampled, the leftovers and also the total fecal production in each 24 hours. It was measured the fecal productions, concentration of faecal components, nutrient intake and digestibility of diet components. In the Chapter I were study the relationship between digestibility and fecal concentration of crude protein (CPf), being tested exponential and hyperbolic equations generating the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) = 0.709 - 9.506 * exp (- 0.041 * CPf) with R2 = 0.61 and OMD =0.942 - 38.619 / CPf (R2 0.62), respectively. The ratio of organic matter intake (OMI) with the amount of CPf, has a linear relation, it was then carried out stepwise analysis to find out what other variables could explain better the model along with the CPf generating a equation OMI = -6724.30 + 0,998 * CPf + 2.55 * NDFf + 11591.44 * OMD with R2= 0.95. It was determined the ratio of crude protein (CP) of the diet (g/kg of OM) x CPf (g/kg of OM), CPdiet = 1,346*CPf - 47.63 R² = 0.931 (linear model). In the Chapter II were tested two models for all relationships outlined in experiment II, a linear model and a quadratic model, relations were organic matter intake (OMI) x digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (DNDF), OMD x OMI, leaves intake x OMD and OMI x protein/energy ratio. The relationships that were not statistically significant for either model were OMI x protein/energy and leaves intake x OMD. After these relationships, it was found that the CPf has a good potential to estimate intake and digestibility in cattle fed native pastures or associated with annual ryegrass, but these parameters are also affected by different variables.

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24

Bennett, Bradley Wayne. "The effects of nutrition and reproductive strategies on performance of beef cattle grazing native shortgrass range in western Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16294.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
John Jaeger
Cattle grazing dormant native range (< 7% crude protein; CP) require supplementation of additional protein to sustain body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS). Daily delivery of these supplements is an economic burden to cattle producers faced with challenging economic circumstances. Supplementing cows infrequently (as little as once/week) has produced equivalent BW and BCS changes compared to daily delivery. Dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) provides more ruminally-undegradable protein (RUP; 50-60%) compared to traditional oilseed-meal supplements (i.e. soybean meal) that are >50% ruminally-degradable protein (RDP). Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation frequency on performance, reproductive success, eating behavior, and subsequent calf performance of spring-calving cows supplemented with DDGS. No differences in ending BW (P = 0.69) and BCS (P = 0.49), or changes in BW and BCS over the supplementation period (P = 0.82 and 0.70, respectively) were observed among cows supplemented every d, every 3 d, or every 6 d. Calf BW at birth, weaning weight (WW), and average daily gain (ADG) were similar among treatments (P = 0.19, 0.12, and 0.10, respectively). First-service conception rate (FSCR) and final pregnancy rate (PR) were also not affected by supplementation frequency (P = 0.62 and 0.76, respectively). The development of replacement heifers is a large expense for cow-calf producers. Improved breeding and heifer development strategies aimed at ensuring the success of replacement females have been developed but reproductive failure still remains a problem. The stress associated with breeding and handling procedures may decrease reproductive success. Therefore, the objective was to determine if intramuscular administration of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg BW) 14 days post-breeding would improve FSCR and PR in non-transported replacement heifers. Under the conditions of our study, flunixin meglumine did not improve (P = 0.87) first service conception rate above that of control heifers (41.2% and 42.3%, respectively). Final pregnancy rate also was not different between treatments and averaged 81.8% (P = 0.40).

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Moss, Maria. "We've been here before women in creation myths and contemporary literature of the Native American southwest /." Münster : Lit, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/30100337.html.

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26

Aubel, Nancy Ann. "Factors affecting foraging behavior of beef cattle grazing native tallgrass range in the Kansas Flint Hills." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8540.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
K C Olson
The objective of this series of studies was to examine select factors that affect behavior of beef cattle grazing native-tallgrass rangelands. Mineral supplements with divergent palatability characteristics were delivered to beef cows grazing native tallgrass range during various seasons of the year in order to measure mineral intake, frequency of supplement use, and duration of supplement use. We concluded that molasses-based mineral supplements influenced the activities of grazing cows more strongly than salt-based mineral supplements. These influences extended to the amount of supplement consumed as well as to the frequency, duration, and timing of use. Diet selection preferences of experienced, multiparous beef cows and naïve, primiparous beef cows grazing dormant, native tallgrass pastures were examined also during a short-term winter grazing bout. Naïve, primiparous cows selected more forbs and fewer grasses than experienced, multiparous cows. Previous research indicated that preference for broadleaf plants generally increased with grazing experience; however, these conclusions were based on research with greater-quality forages than those evaluated in our study. The differences in diet selection patterns between experienced, multiparous cows and naïve, primiparous cows during a short-term winter grazing period could be indicative of differences in long-term foraging strategies. In addition, the botanical composition of diets grazed by lactating beef cows with suckling calves and non-pregnant, non-lactating beef cows grazing either burned or unburned native tallgrass prairie during summer were evaluated. There were no differences in botanical diet composition between lactating cows suckling calves and non-lactating cows. In contrast, total graminoid selection was greater on burned (74.2%) than unburned pastures (71.8%) and total forb selection was greater on unburned (28.2%) than burned pastures (25.8%). We interpreted these data to suggest that forage selection preferences of beef cows can be altered with spring burning of native tallgrass pastures. Effects of large, round hay bale feeding method on intake of smooth bromegrass hay and eating behavior by beef cows were examined on dormant tallgrass prairie pastures during winter. Three large, round hay bale-feeding systems were evaluated: bales fed in a ring feeder, bales unrolled on the ground, and bales chopped with a flail-type hay processor (20-cm particle length) and deposited on the ground. Hay intake, hay refusal, frequency of use, and duration of use were not influenced by hay-feeding method. Foraging behaviors of beef cows in our studies were influenced by supplement type, cow age, and prescribed burning of rangeland. Conversely, foraging behaviors of beef cows were not influenced by lactation or by hay-feeding method.

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McMullen, Carson. "The effects of protein supplementation on performance of beef cattle grazing native mixedgrass range in western Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20374.

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Master of Science
Animal Sciences and Industry
John R. Jaeger
Cattle consuming low-protein forage (<7% CP) require additional supplemental protein to maintain BW and BCS. Daily delivery of protein supplements places undue financial burden on cattle producers. Supplementing cows as infrequently as once every 6 d) has resulted in similar changes cow BW and BCS when compared to daily supplementation. As calving season nears, producers may wish to increase supplementation frequency. The responses to a change in supplementation frequency during the third trimester of gestation have not been widely investigated. Therefore, our objective in Study 1 was to evaluate the effect of altering supplementation frequency during late gestation on performance of spring-calving cows grazing low-quality, dormant native range and supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDG). Angus × cows (n = 238; mean age = 6 ± 2.5 yr; average initial BW = 618 ± 56.2 kg; average initial BCS = 5.7 ± 0.03) were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) DDG daily (D1); 2) DDG once every 6 d (D6); 3) DDG daily from d 1 to d 60 and then every 6 d (D1-D6); 4) DDG every 6 d from d 1 to d 60 and then daily (D6-D1). Treatments were initiated 100 d prior to expected onset of calving. Cow BW and BCS were measured every 28 d. Cows were sorted daily before supplementation at 0830 h. Supplement delivery was calculated to meet dietary CP requirements. Increasing supplementation frequency 28 d prepartum negatively affected final BW and BW change from d 61-88 for the D6-D1 supplementation group (P < 0.05) compared to other supplementation groups. Cow BW change for the study (d 1-88) was also less (P < 0.02) for the D6-D1 group compared to other groups but was also affected (P < 0.01) by year. Under the conditions of our study, increasing supplementation frequency 28 d before calving was not a viable means of increasing prepartum cow performance. The development of replacement heifers is a significant expense for cow-calf producers. Reducing the cost of heifer development programs while achieving high pregnancy rates is an industry-wide goal. Therefore, our objective in Study 2 was to determine if DDGS was a viable replacement for an oilseed meal-based protein supplement when developing heifers on low-quality, dormant native range. Treatments consisted of daily supplementation of either 1.65 kg DM DDG (DDG; 0.57 kg CP) or 1.37 kg DM of a 73.6% soybean meal and 26.4% rolled sorghum grain mixture (SBM-S; 0.56 kg CP). Treatments were administered from 1/15 until 4/8 (84 d). Initial BW and BCS were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Final BW and BCS also did not differ (P ≥ 0.55) between treatments; moreover, rates of BW and BCS change were not different (P ˃ 0.30) between treatments. Proportions of heifers pubertal before ovulation synchronization, first service conception rates, and final pregnancy rates were not affected (P > 0.40) by treatment. Under the conditions of our study supplemental CP fed at a rate of approximately 0.56 kg daily was sufficient to promote growth and BCS change adequate for optimal reproductive performance; moreover, supplement ruminal degradability of CP did not influence heifer performance over an 84-d development period.

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Middleton, Wendy. "The nature of, and explanations for, unrealistic optimism." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361191.

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29

Eckersley, Jaclyn Marie. "The Beef Basin Occupation as an Extension of the Northern San Region: An In-Depth Analysis of the Ceramics in Beef Basin, Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7061.

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This paper is a summary of the methods and key results of my analysis of 7,997 sherds from 14 sites in Beef Basin, Utah. I discuss physical attributes of the collection, the results of mean ceramic dating, the results of neutron activation analysis, and the results of refiring a sample of nips in an oxidizing atmosphere. I briefly summarize the architecture at each site , as well as possible Fremont cultural material found in and near Beef Basin. I conclude that Beef Basin was likely occupied in the early Pueblo III period and that the occupation was sudden and brief. I determined that paste color can be used as a general indicator of clay procurement locale north of the Abajo Mountains, just as it is in the Comb Ridge vicinity (Glowacki et al. 2015), that there was ceramic production in Beef Basin using local materials, and that the people of Beef Basin had similar connections as, or connections with the east of the Comb Ridge area, as evinced by similar sources for light-paste ceramics found in both areas.

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Hessle, Anna. "Beef cattle on semi-natural grasslands : production of meat and nature conservation /." Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200732.pdf.

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Souza, Luceli de. "Composição da fauna de Hymenoptera associada a área agrícola de manejo tradicional : abelhas nativas e parasitóides /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106586.

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Orientador: Maria José de Oliveira Campos
Banca: Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos Farinha
Banca: Isabel Alves dos Santos
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Banca: Evandro Camillo
Resumo: Hymenoptera é uma das maiores ordens de insetos e compreende as vespas, abelhas e formigas. Dentro de Aculeata as abelhas são importantes indicadores ecológicos, pois têm papel vital na manutenção natural através da polinização, e na Série Parasitica as vespas se desenvolvem como parasitóides regulando a população de outros artrópodos. A intensificação da agricultura e a conseqüente simplificação da estrutura das paisagens agrícolas têm exercido impacto sobre a riqueza da vegetação e da fauna e este tema tem despertado o interesse em todo o mundo. Diante da preocupação do impacto da agricultura sobre as abelhas nativas e parasitóides, este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer um diagnóstico da composição destes grupos em uma área agrícola no município de Rio Claro, SP. A propriedade estudada caracteriza-se pela produção de grãos, através do sistema de plantio direto e uso de produtos químicos para controle de ervas e insetos. Foram realizadas duas coletas mensais de maio de 2003 a junho de 2004, exceto outubro/03 e janeiro/04, utilizando 16 armadilhas tipo Moericke colocadas diretamente sobre o solo e expostas por 36 horas. Foram coletados 5308 himenópteros parasitóides pertencentes a 8 superfamílias e 22 famílias. As famílias Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae e Platygastridae foram as mais comuns com freqüência relativa de 30.88%, 19.05%, 14.96% e 6.69%, respectivamente. As demais 18 famílias foram coletadas com freqüência menor do que 5%. Foram coletadas 456 abelhas distribuídas em 20 gêneros, pertencentes a três famílias. Na composição da apifauna, Halictidae foi mais freqüente com 54.4% seguida de Apidae (40.8%) e Andrenidae (4.8%). Os gêneros Dialictus (38%) e Diadasia (30%) foram os mais freqüentes. Foi registrada a presença de Callonychium pela primeira vez no Estado de São Paulo
Abstrac: Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising wasps, bees, and ants. Among the Aculeata, bees are important ecological indicators, as they have a vital role in the natural maintenance through pollination. Among parasitic hymenopterans, wasps develop as parasitoids, regulating the population of other arthropods. The intensification of agriculture and consequently the simplification of the structure of the landscape have had an impact on the richness of the vegetation and fauna, which has attracted the attention of researchers around the world. Concerned with the impact of agriculture on native bees and parasitoids, this study aimed to assess the composition of these groups in an agricultural area in the city of Rio Claro, São Paulo State. The studied area is characterized by the production of grains through direct drilling and chemical products to control weeds and insects. Monthly samples were collected from May 2003 to June 2004, except October/03 and January/04, using 16 Moericke traps placed directly on the soil for 36 hours. A total of 5308 parasitoid hymenopterans of 8 superfamilies and 22 families were collected. Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae and Platygastridae were the most common families with relative frequencies of 30.88%, 19.05%, 14.96%, and 6.69%, respectively. Additionally, 18 families occurred with frequencies lower than 5%. A total of 456 bees of 20 genera belonging to three families were collected. Among bees, Halictidae was the most common family representing 54.4% followed by Apidae (40.8%), and Andrenidae (4.8%). Dialictus (38%) and Diadasia (30%) were the most common genera. Bees of the genus Callonychium were observed for the first time in São Paulo State. The type of management used in the area, direct drilling and soil irrigation, favored the growth of ruderal plants probably used as a source of food
Doutor

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32

Souza, Luceli de [UNESP]. "Composição da fauna de Hymenoptera associada a área agrícola de manejo tradicional: abelhas nativas e parasitóides." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106586.

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Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Hymenoptera é uma das maiores ordens de insetos e compreende as vespas, abelhas e formigas. Dentro de Aculeata as abelhas são importantes indicadores ecológicos, pois têm papel vital na manutenção natural através da polinização, e na Série Parasitica as vespas se desenvolvem como parasitóides regulando a população de outros artrópodos. A intensificação da agricultura e a conseqüente simplificação da estrutura das paisagens agrícolas têm exercido impacto sobre a riqueza da vegetação e da fauna e este tema tem despertado o interesse em todo o mundo. Diante da preocupação do impacto da agricultura sobre as abelhas nativas e parasitóides, este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer um diagnóstico da composição destes grupos em uma área agrícola no município de Rio Claro, SP. A propriedade estudada caracteriza-se pela produção de grãos, através do sistema de plantio direto e uso de produtos químicos para controle de ervas e insetos. Foram realizadas duas coletas mensais de maio de 2003 a junho de 2004, exceto outubro/03 e janeiro/04, utilizando 16 armadilhas tipo Moericke colocadas diretamente sobre o solo e expostas por 36 horas. Foram coletados 5308 himenópteros parasitóides pertencentes a 8 superfamílias e 22 famílias. As famílias Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae e Platygastridae foram as mais comuns com freqüência relativa de 30.88%, 19.05%, 14.96% e 6.69%, respectivamente. As demais 18 famílias foram coletadas com freqüência menor do que 5%. Foram coletadas 456 abelhas distribuídas em 20 gêneros, pertencentes a três famílias. Na composição da apifauna, Halictidae foi mais freqüente com 54.4% seguida de Apidae (40.8%) e Andrenidae (4.8%). Os gêneros Dialictus (38%) e Diadasia (30%) foram os mais freqüentes. Foi registrada a presença de Callonychium pela primeira vez no Estado de São Paulo.
Abstrac: Hymenoptera is one of the largest orders of insects, comprising wasps, bees, and ants. Among the Aculeata, bees are important ecological indicators, as they have a vital role in the natural maintenance through pollination. Among parasitic hymenopterans, wasps develop as parasitoids, regulating the population of other arthropods. The intensification of agriculture and consequently the simplification of the structure of the landscape have had an impact on the richness of the vegetation and fauna, which has attracted the attention of researchers around the world. Concerned with the impact of agriculture on native bees and parasitoids, this study aimed to assess the composition of these groups in an agricultural area in the city of Rio Claro, São Paulo State. The studied area is characterized by the production of grains through direct drilling and chemical products to control weeds and insects. Monthly samples were collected from May 2003 to June 2004, except October/03 and January/04, using 16 Moericke traps placed directly on the soil for 36 hours. A total of 5308 parasitoid hymenopterans of 8 superfamilies and 22 families were collected. Mymaridae, Encyrtidae, Scelionidae and Platygastridae were the most common families with relative frequencies of 30.88%, 19.05%, 14.96%, and 6.69%, respectively. Additionally, 18 families occurred with frequencies lower than 5%. A total of 456 bees of 20 genera belonging to three families were collected. Among bees, Halictidae was the most common family representing 54.4% followed by Apidae (40.8%), and Andrenidae (4.8%). Dialictus (38%) and Diadasia (30%) were the most common genera. Bees of the genus Callonychium were observed for the first time in São Paulo State. The type of management used in the area, direct drilling and soil irrigation, favored the growth of ruderal plants probably used as a source of food.

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33

Kennedy, Richard J. "Aspects of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) biology with a view to the restoration of native oyster beds in Strangford Lough." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301712.

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34

Davies, Damon. "Nature and dynamics of ice-stream beds : assessing their role in ice-sheet stability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31399.

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Ice streams are fast flowing outlet glaciers through which over 90% of the ice stored within the Antarctic Ice Sheet drains. The dynamic behaviour of ice streams is therefore crucial in controlling the mass balance of the ice sheet. Over the past few decades, Antarctica has been losing mass. Much of this mass loss has been focussed around coastal regions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Some of the most dramatic changes such as grounding-line retreat, acceleration and surface elevation change have been observed in Pine Island Glacier (PIG) and its neighbouring ice streams. This is of particular concern because these ice streams account for 10% of the discharge from the west Antarctic Ice Sheet and therefore have the potential to contribute significantly to global sea-level rise. One of the key challenges in accurately forecasting this future sea-level rise is improving understanding of processes occurring at the beds of ice streams. This requires detailed knowledge of the properties and dynamics of the bed. This thesis aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating the spatial and temporal characteristics of the bed of PIG using high-resolution geophysical data acquired in its trunk and tributaries and beneath the ice shelf. The thesis begins by analysing radar-derived high-resolution maps of subglacial topography. These data show a contrasting topography across the ice-bed interface. These diverse subglacial landscapes have an impact on ice flow through form drag, controlled by the size and orientation of bedrock undulations and protuberances. The next chapter provides a quantitative analysis of these landscapes using Fast Fourier analysis of subglacial roughness. This analysis investigates the roughness signature of subglacial bedforms and the how the orientation and wavelength of roughness elements determine their correlation with ice dynamic parameters. The slow-flowing inter-tributary site is found to have a distinct signature comparable to 'ribbed' patterns of modelled basal shear stress and transverse 'mega rib' bedforms. Roughness oriented parallel to ice flow with wavelengths approaching mean ice thickness are found to have the highest correlation with ice dynamic parameters. The temporal stability of PIG is analysed using repeat radar measurements. No significant change is observed over a period of 3-6 years with no evidence of rapid erosion or the evolution of subglacial bedforms as observed in previous repeat measurements of ice-stream beds elsewhere in Antarctica. This suggests that the widespread deforming till layer detected in extensive seismic reflection surveys is in steady state. Lastly, the thesis explores geomorphological evidence of twentieth-century grounding-line retreat beneath PIG Ice Shelf using high-resolution geophysical data acquired from autonomous underwater vehicle surveys. Evidence of erosion, deposition, meltwater flow and post-glacial modification is observed in fine detail. The observed distribution of sediment supported previous surveys indicating a geological transition coinciding with the ridge that acted as a former stable grounding-line location. Metre-scale resolution images of recently deglaciated ice stream beds were found to reveal bedforms that are not detectable with traditional offshore bathymetric surveys. Together these findings reveal the role of short wavelength topography as both an influence on, and product of fast ice stream flow. It also highlights the spatial diversity of subglacial environments and the need to focus future research on tying detailed observations of ice-stream beds with knowledge of basal properties over time.

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35

Mundell, Lauren Rae. "Effects of pre-partum and post-partum bolus injections of trace minerals on performance of beef cows and calves grazing native range." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8840.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
K C Olson
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of pre- and post-partum bolus injections of a trace mineral solution on beef cow reproductive performance, body weight (BW) change, and body condition score (BCS) change and on performance of suckling calves. Mature beef cows (n = 460; initial BW = 497 ± 89 kg, initial BCS = 5.4 ± 0.74) were stratified by BCS, parity, and predicted calving date and assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) subcutaneous trace mineral (TM) injection containing 15 mg/mL Cu, 5 mg/mL Se, 10 mg/mL Mn, and 60 mg/mL Zn or 2) subcutaneous injection of physiological saline (SA). Injections were administered to cows (1 mL / 90 kg BW) 105 days before the first projected calving date and again 30 days before fixed-time AI. Calves received the same treatment as their dams and were injected (1 mL / 45 kg BW) at birth and again at 71 ± 21 days of age. Cows grazed native pastures for the duration of the study; trace mineral supplements and white salt were available to all cattle ad libitum before and during the study. Ovulation was synchronized using a 5-d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol and cows were inseminated 60 to 64 hours after CIDR removal. Cows were exposed to fertile bulls for natural-service breeding 10 days after AI for 35 to 50 days. Conception to AI and final pregnancy rate were assessed 36 days after AI with ultrasound and 120 days after AI via rectal palpation. Change in BW and BCS from initiation of the study to calving and from AI to weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.15) between TM and SA cows. Conversely, TM cows had greater (P = 0.04) BCS increase than SA cows between calving and AI. Calf BW at birth, ADG, and age-adjusted weaning BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.36) between treatments. Proportion of cows with estrus cycles 17 and 8 days before ovulation synchronization was similar (P ≥ 0.51) between treatments. Conception to AI was greater (P = 0.05) for cows receiving TM (60.2%) than for cows receiving SA (51.2%); however, overall pregnancy did not differ (P = 0.24) between treatments and averaged 92%. Under the conditions of our study, pre- and post-partum TM injections improved conception to fixed-time AI by beef cows.

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Ronald, Rachael Leigh, and Rachael Leigh Ronald. "Guatemala On Tap: Nation-Building, Social Order, and the Cerveceria Centroamericana in Twentieth Century Guatemala." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621139.

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Guatemala's Cerveceria Centroamerciana is one of the country's most prestigious, recognizable, and successful national industries. Founded in 1885 by brothers Mariano and Rafael Castillo Cordoba, over the course of the twentieth century they effectively marketed their widely popular Gallo beer to the masses. They facilitated a shift in popular tastes, promoting beer consumption as a healthful and sophisticated alternative to other crudely concocted alcoholic beverages. Through sophisticated marketing they endeavored to create an illusion of national cohesion in a country with deep class, race, and ethnic divisions. In order to all the more entrench their position in the country's oligarchy and to ensure the longevity of their business, the Castillo's functioned as a mediator in the relationship between the state and society. While the consumption of Gallo beer offered an illusion of modernity, it all the more reinforced cultural assumptions and ascriptions of indigenous identity.

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Rocha, Eremilda Silveira. "Contribuição para discussões sobre questões ambientais relacionadas aos bens da natureza." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2015. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=366.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O tema do estudo é sobre o ambiente, abordado do ponto de vista mais social, com um foco geral no que se convencionou chamar de bens da natureza. É premissa adotada na dissertação de que a natureza só pode ser medida como bem quando tiver categorias de valoração. Estas categorias só ocorrem no nosso sistema político e mudam com o tempo, mudando também as conceituações, por exemplo, de ambiente, um termo forte que permeia por toda a dissertação. As primeiras questões gerais abordadas aqui são justamente relacionadas a esta palavra, ambiente, a qual vem tomando vários enfoques nos últimos anos, devido às necessidades de os sistemas políticos incluírem nas suas agendas as questões para regularem o uso dos chamados bens da natureza. Por que isso ocorreu no nosso país? Como, no geral, um sistema político se vê forçado a incluir na sua agenda programas que normalmente não teriam aquela atenção? Estas perguntas compõem a visão geral do problema do estudo que desenvolvi. Adotei na dissertação duas vertentes para responder a estas perguntas: uma visão normativa, que apresenta o problema do ponto de vista fiscal, e uma visão mais humanista, do ponto de vista de o ambiente ser olhado sob o ponto de vista das relações homem-natureza. As hipóteses adotadas, no sentido de respostas provisórias às questões, foram; i) na ausência de conceituações específicas, o sistema lançou mão de conceitos pré-existentes sobre bens econômicos, públicos e privados, ii) do ponto de vista humanístico, que inclui no centro as relações homem-natureza, é difícil categorizar natureza como bem no sentido econômico, iii) o sistema político dominante usa seu arsenal ideológico para estabelecer o que chamou de serviços ambientais, mas há vários questionamentos nesta aproximação. As verificações das hipóteses foram feitas através da literatura vigente e relatos publicados utilizados como exemplos, portanto não há verificações diretas, são eneralizações interpretativas com base na história e relatos. Nos item Resultados são apresentadas as conceituações envolvendo as questões sob o ponto de vista normativo e no item Discussão os mesmos aspectos normativos são apresentados do ponto de vista analítico, estabelecendo com mais detalhes as contradições. São ainda apresentados brevemente na Discussão como estas questões estão envolvidas em Roraima e apresentadas algumas sugestões para abordagem deste tema na região.
The subject of the study is the environment, approached more from the social point of view, with one general focus conventionally called goods of the nature. The adopted premise is that nature can only be measured as good when implicit values categories. These categories only occur in our political system and change through time, also changing the concepts, for example, the environment, a strong word that passes all over this work. The first questions are exactly those ones related to this word, environment, which has taking various focuses in the last years, due to the necessity of the political systems include in their agendas questions directed to regulate the uses of the so called goods of the environment. Why this occurred in our country? Why, in general, a political system is forced to include in their agenda programs that normally would have no attention? These questions compose a general vision of the study problem I did.I adopted in the work two points in order to answer these questions: on normative vision, which presents the problem from the oversight point of view, and a more humanistic vision looked through the eyes of the man-nature relationships. The adopted hypotheses, in the sense of provisory answers to the questions, were: i) in the absence of specific concepts, the system used the already existing concepts of economic goods, public and private, ii) from the humanistic point of view, which includes in its center the relations man-nature, it is difficult categorize the nature as a good in the economic sense, iii) the dominant political system use its ideological armory in order to establish the so called environmental services, but there are various questions related to this approach. I verified the adopted hypothesis through the current literature and published reports as examples; therefore I did not direct verifications, but general interpretations with basis in history and reports. In Results it is presented the concepts involving the questions under the normative points of view and in Discussion the same normative aspects are presented under the analytic view, establishing the contradictions with more details. It is briefly presented in the Discussion how these questions are involved in Roraima and presented some suggestions of how to approach this theme in the region.

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Oliveira, Mikail Olinda de. "O declÃnio do tamanho corporal de abelhas de grande porte: iniciativas de criatÃrio racional para a conservaÃÃo da espÃcie nativa Bombus (Thoracobombus) brevivillus." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14247.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A populaÃÃo de abelhas vem declinando em todo mundo, e abelhas de grande porte, por necessitarem de maiores provimentos de alimento estÃo sendo mais afetadas pelas alteraÃÃes ambientais. Isso cria a necessidade de desenvolvermos alternativas e programas de conservaÃÃo para essas abelhas. AlteraÃÃes no tamanho corporal servem como indicativo desse declÃnio populacional. Dessa forma essa pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar mudanÃas no tamanho corporal das abelhas, principalmente nas abelhas de grande porte, como Ã o caso do gÃnero Bombus e desenvolver iniciativas de criatÃrio racional para conservaÃÃo da espÃcie nativa Bombus brevivillus gerando novas informaÃÃes Ã respeito dessa espÃcie que tem sido pouco estudada no Nordeste brasileiro. Dentre as milhares de espÃcimes presentes no Naturalis Museu, na Holanda, nÃs mensurados 4510, divididos em 18 espÃcies diferentes, aproximadamente 250 indivÃduos por espÃcie, entre machos e fÃmeas e distribuÃdos entre os anos de 1866 e 2013. NÃs tambÃm descrevemos o comportamento de nidificaÃÃo e as caracterÃsticas da colÃnia de B. brevivillus no estado do CearÃ, Brasil, e transferimos quatro colÃnias para caixas de madeira que permitiam o seu criatÃrio racional. NÃs obtemos informaÃÃes sobre os tipos polÃnicos utilizados, o padrÃo de forrageamento, a coleta de recursos, a influÃncia das variaÃÃes climÃticas nas atividades externas das operÃrias e sobre o desenvolvimento e estabelecimento das colÃnias em caixas racionais. Os resultados sugerem que 18 espÃcies de abelhas estudadas estÃo se tornando menores ao longo do tempo, sendo essa reduÃÃo no tamanho maior em fÃmeas de grande porte. Com relaÃÃo Ã abelha nativa B. brevivillus, as observaÃÃes mostraram que esta espÃcie parece ser oportunista em ralaÃÃo aos locais de nidificaÃÃo e proteÃÃo das crias e nÃo investe muito na construÃÃo do ninho e na proteÃÃo da prole. As colÃnias produziram um excelente nÃmero de operÃrias, que apresentaram, atÃ mesmo em caixas racionais, um intenso forrageamento e completaram seu ciclo normalmente, caracterÃsticas que podem ser Ãteis para fins de polinizaÃÃo comercial.
The bee population is declining around the world, and the big bodies bees, that require larger food provisions are particularly more affected by environmental changes. This creates the need to develop alternatives and conservation programs for these bees. Changes in body size are indicative of population decline. Thus, the objective of study was to verify the changes in body size of the bees, especially big bodied bees like the Bombus genus and develop rational breeding initiatives for conservation of native species Bombus (Thoracobombus) brevivillus generating new information about this species that is little studied in the Brazilian Northeast. We measured a total of 4510 specimens, of 18 different species, approximately 250 specimens per specie, equally divided over males and females and more or less regularly distributed over the entire study period (1866-2013). We also describe for the first time the nesting behavior and the colony of Bombus (Thoracobombus) brevivillus, and transferred four colonies to rational breeding boxes, to obtain information about pollen types used, foraging behavior, the resources collect, about the colonies development in rational breeding and the influence of climatic variations to the external activities of workers. Our results suggest that bees are becoming smaller over time, and larger species are more being more affected. About our native bumble bee B. brevivillus the observations showed that this specie seems to be opportunistic in relation to nesting sites and brood protection and does not invest much in nest building and offspring protection. Bombus brevivillus invest heavily in brood production and colony development, before producing reproductive individuals. Therefore, the colonies produce a great number of workers, a trait that could be useful for commercial pollination purposes.

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Nicola, Marcelo Porto. "Espaço protegido e desenvolvimento rural : práticas e trajetórias na pecuária familiar da região Centro Sul do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/140652.

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Esta tese objetiva investigar a gestão local e as características significativas do desenvolvimento rural em comunidades de pecuaristas familiares nos municípios de São Jerônimo, Butiá e arredores, região Centro Sul do RS. Nesta tese, as dinâmicas do desenvolvimento rural na pecuária familiar são compreendidas como movimentos de transição ou contracorrente à marcha de consolidação e aprofundamento da agricultura convencional assentada em parâmetros do paradigma técnico-científico moderno. Na realidade estudada os pecuaristas familiares foram elevados da posição de marginalizados e periféricos à condição de segmento central na rede rural de desenvolvimento, reavaliados pela sua importância social, ambiental e econômica na relação que estabelecem com a sociedade local e regional, e com os ecossistemas campestres riograndenses, atualmente fortemente impactados por processos de degradação. Entendendo o DR como um movimento transicional e contracorrente esta tese utiliza componentes analítico-metodológicos fornecidos pela Perspectiva Multinível-PMN, em especial a ferramenta Gestão Estratégica de Nicho-GEN, e os elementos para pensar o desenvolvimento rural contemporâneo, tais como o seu caráter multinível, a noção de rede rural multidimensional, a multifuncionalidade da agricultura e o papel dos agricultores camponeses. Os procedimentos metodológicos são realizados através de revisão bibliográfica, coleta de dados secundários, entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chave e observação participante da paisagem rural, unidades produtivas, e das práticas e trajetórias, incluindo registro fotográfico. O referencial teórico utilizado fornece aportes para tratar a experiência local na perspectiva de uma dinâmica de DR que ocorre no nível micro, metodologicamente definida como um espaço protegido de desenvolvimento da pecuária familiar, posicionada sob condicionantes estruturais mais amplos e influentes compostos pelos regimes sociotécnicos prevalentes e paisagens sociotécnicas. Apesar da consolidação e maior estruturação dos níveis elevados, existe interdependência e mutua interação entre o que acontece nos níveis micro e macro. Quanto à gestão identificam-se três alinhamentos principais na rede rural: infraestrutura e qualidade de vida; melhoria genética dos animais e do manejo do campo e dos rebanhos; e agregação de valor e governabilidade dos mercados. Avalia-se que apesar dos alinhamentos notáveis existem dissensos e incongruências. Mesmo nos alinhamentos de estratégias e expectativas mais vigorosos que ocorrem em melhoramento genéticos dos ovinos e bovinos; criação de novos mercados; e na percepção do campo nativo como um recurso valioso, produtivo e barato, acontecem incongruências importantes. As transformações mais marcantes do DR são identificadas como: novidades; práticas e trajetórias em governabilidade dos mercados; aspectos atinentes à sustentabilidade e endogeneidade; e questões relativas à dimensão social da rede rural. Nesta tese, os agricultores familiares que se dedicam à pecuária são avaliados como capazes de conciliar de maneira proveitosa a conservação e o uso sustentável dos recursos forrageiros nativos, enfatizando o caráter multifuncional dos seus estilos de agricultura baseados, primordialmente, em recursos da natureza, em co-produção e co-evolução. Apesar desta destacada característica positiva, deficiências em capacitação, práticas de manejo e intensificação no emprego de alguns insumos exógenos industriais modernos impedem que estes impactos positivos sejam mais fortes sobre o ambiente e sociedade. No final, são tecidas considerações sobre possíveis estratégias e políticas públicas para o aprimoramento da experiência local, as quais se esperam possam servir também em outros casos e situações.
This thesis aims to investigate local management and significant features of rural development in family beef cattle breeders’ communities in the municipalities of São Jerônimo, Butiá and surroundings, Central South region of RS. In this thesis, the dynamics of rural development in the family livestock are understood as transitional or counter-current movements to the consolidation and deepening of conventional agriculture seated on parameters of the modern technical-scientific paradigm. In the studied reality, family beef cattle breeders were elevated from a marginalized and peripheral position to a central segment condition in the rural development web, reassessed for their social, environmental and economic importance in the relationship they establish with the local and regional society and native grassland ecosystems of the Rio Grande do Sul State, currently heavily impacted by degradation processes. Understanding RD as a transitional or counter-current movement this thesis uses analytical and methodological components provided by Multilevel Perspective, particularly the Strategic Management Niche, and the elements to think contemporary rural development, such as its multilevel character, the notion of multidimensional rural web, multifunctional agriculture and role of peasant farmers. Methodological procedures are performed through literature review, secondary data collection, semi-structured interviews to key informants and participant observation of countrysides, farms, and practices and trajectories. The theoretical framework utilized provides contributions to treat local experience in a dynamic perspective of RD occurring at the micro level, methodologically defined as a development niche of family farming, positioned under broader and more influential structural constraints, such as prevalent socio-technical regimes and socio-technical landscape. Despite the consolidation and greater structuring of the higher levels, there is interdependence and mutual interaction between what happens at micro and macro levels. Related to management there are three major alignments in the rural web: infrastructure and quality of life; genetic improvement of livestock and of natural grassland and domestic flocks management; the adding value and governability of markets. It’s considered that even though the notable alignments there are disagreements and inconsistencies as well. Even in the alignments most vigorous strategies and expectations, such as genetic improvement of sheep and cattle; creation of new markets, and in perception of natural pasture as valuable, productive and cheap resource, there are important inconsistencies. The most striking changes of RD are identified as: novelties; governability of markets; aspects referent to sustainability and endogeneity; and issues relating to social dimension of rural web. In this thesis, family farmers dedicated to livestock are assessed as able to reconcile profitably conservation and sustainable use of natural forage resource, emphasizing the multifunctionality of their farming styles based primarily on natural resources, on co-production and co-evolution. Despite this remarkable positive feature, deficiencies in training, management practices, and increased use of some modern industrial exogenous inputs prevent these positive impacts to be stronger on the environment and society. In the end, considerations are made about possible strategies and public policies for the improvement of local experience, which are expected to be also used in other cases and situations.

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40

Araújo, Maria José Abigail Mendes. "Estudo de parâmetros toxicológicos em animais tratados com própolis e geoprópolis de abelhas nativas do Maranhão." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2009. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/530.

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BANCO DA AMAZÔNIA
Propolis of Scaptotrigona aff. postica is popularly used in Maranhão State, Brazil, for treating wounds and respiratory illnesses. Nevertheless little is known about the possible adverse effects its usage. This study evaluated the acute and subchronic toxicity of propolis hydroalcoholic extract (PHE) from S. aff. postica. In the study 96 Swiss mice (males and females) were used, half to evaluate the acute toxicity and half for subchronic toxicity. In acute toxicity, the animals received oral single doses of PHE in concentrations of 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg and were observed for 14 days. For subchronic toxicity evaluation, the mice received daily PHE during 15 days in concentrations of 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg. The animals were sacrificed and blood and organs were removed for biochemical, hematological and histopathology evaluation. The PHE did not induce death and the acute treatment significantly reduced serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, while the subchronic treatment significantly reduced aspartate aminotransferase concentration and increased triglycerides only in the male mice. In the liver s histopathological analysis it was observed slight leucocytes infiltration in the mice groups that received higher doses and slight steatosis in the subchronic treatment. Data indicate that the propolis hydroalcoholic extract (PHE) from S. aff. postica has low toxicity when used orally, even in high doses and in subchronic treatments.
A própolis de Scaptotrigona aff. postica é utilizada popularmente no estado do Maranhão, Brasil, no tratamento de feridas e de doenças respiratórias. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre os possíveis efeitos adversos do seu uso. Este estudo avaliou a toxicidade aguda e subcrônica do extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis (EHP) de S. aff. postica. No estudo foram utilizados 96 camundongos Swiss (machos e fêmeas), sendo metade para avaliação da toxicidade aguda e a outra metade para a toxicidade subcrônica. Na toxicidade aguda, os animais receberam por via oral doses únicas de EHP nas concentrações de 1000, 2000 ou 4000 mg/kg e foram observados por 14 dias. Para avaliação da toxicidade subcrônica, os animais receberam EHP por via oral diariamente por 15 dias, nas concentrações de 100, 200 ou 400 mg/kg. Os animais foram sacrificados e sangue e órgãos foram retirados para avaliação bioquímica, hematológica e histopatológica. O EHP não induziu mortes. O tratamento agudo reduziu significativamente a concentração sérica de alanina transaminase e fosfatase alcalina, enquanto o tratamento subcrônico reduziu significativamente a concentração de aspartato transaminase e aumentou triglicérides apenas nos machos. Na análise histopatológica do fígado foi observado leve infiltrado leucocitário nos grupos que receberam as maiores doses e leve esteatose no tratamento subcrônico. Os dados indicam que o extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis de Scaptotrigona aff. postica possui baixa toxicidade quando utilizado por via oral, mesmo em altas doses e em tratamentos subcrônicos.

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Minnick, Michael John. "The roles of forest fragments and an invasive shrub in structuring native bee communities and pollination services in intensive agricultural landscapes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1581000018403528.

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42

Magana, Nelson. "A Phenomenological Exploration of the Non-Academic Factors that Cuban Female Non-Native English Speakers Perceived to have been Principal Influences on their Successful Attainment of a Baccalaureate Degree in the U.S." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3686.

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Cubans arrive in the U.S. with more formal education than other Latino immigrants, and they arrive to communities with long standing networks of support. Though their baccalaureate degree attainment is better than their non-Cuban Latina counterparts, Cuban women still lag behind White, non-Latina women. The qualitative study aims to explore the principal influences and non-academic factors that 15 adult Cuban non-native English-speaking women in South Florida attribute to the successful attainment of their baccalaureate degree. There are many differences among the various immigrant Latino communities in the U.S., and Cuban women are largely absent from the research. Nearly 75% of Cuban women who start Miami Dade College with English as a second language course-work drop out within one year of matriculation. Understanding the principal influences and non-academic factors related to the baccalaureate attainment rate of this group may assist educators and administrators in providing the support these women need to enhance their degree completion. The literature says that the baccalaureate degree attainment of Latinos is influenced by age-at-the-time-of-immigration, country of origin, and gender, yet little research was found on the degree attainment specifically of female Cubans who entered the U.S. having already completed most of their education in Cuba. My dissertation explores the journey of 15 Cuban women who arrived in the U.S. as teens during the 1990s and had to learn English as a second language at an urban community college prior to completing a baccalaureate degree. The purpose of the research is to describe the principal influences and non-academic factors that these women attribute to their baccalaureate degree attainment.

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Van, Vleet Eric. "Truffles Have Never Been Modern: An Actor-Network Theorization of 150 Years of French Trufficulture." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3679.

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Contemporary scholars seeking to increase Tuber Melanosporum truffle production rely almost exclusively on technological advancements to increase yields, while failing to place the cultivation of truffles, trufficulture, in its historical or local landscape contexts. In this dissertation, I describe how truffle scholars’ conceptualization of trufficulture and landscapes has changed over 150 years in France, while focusing on the French département of Lot. I examine changing relations between humans and nonhumans and how they impact truffle harvests. I analyzed the history of French trufficulture through a close reading of historic truffle manuals, archival research and the classification of remotely sensed images. Shifting from the past to the present, from July 2014-August 2016, I conducted semi-structured survey interviews with working truffle-growers (trufficulteurs) and participant observation at meetings of trufficulteurs, truffle hunts and truffle markets. I utilize actor-network theory (ANT) as both a theory and methodology. Actor-network theory allowed me to follow the impacts made by both humans and nonhumans on trufficulture. I found that truffle harvests in the 1880s dropped by 90%. Highly populated, intensively worked landscapes of viticulture, silvopastoralism and cereal cultivation created conditions suitable to truffles. By the 1870s the phylloxera aphid ravaged grapevines, which made trufficulture an important source of revenue. These advantageous conditions would not last. Post-WWI, yields fell for decades because of an ongoing rural population exodus and consequent agricultural abandonment, which promoted reforestation and closed canopy forests in Lot, France. By the 1960s, French trufficulteurs organized associations to share knowledge and promote local truffle markets to revive production. Trufficulteurs’ utilization of tractors, ‘inoculated’ plants and irrigation systems produced a new form of “modern” trufficulture. State subsidies helped trufficulteurs adopt “modern” practices, in hopes of increasing yields. “Modern” trufficulture has not dramatically increased yields. A few highly-capitalized trufficulteurs dominate production in Lot. Many others practice trufficulture as a hobby. Instead of relying on “modern” technological fixes, my findings suggest that trufficulteurs, farmers and states should reinvigorate extensive polyculture farming practices that maintain open canopy forests, which were beneficial to trufficulture in the past. Actor-network theory allowed me to rethink human and nonhuman relations, and to propose alternatives to “modern” trufficulture.

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Meyrelles, Bianca Gonçalo. "Polinização do tomate cereja por abelhas nativas em cultivo protegido." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4609.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This study aimed to evaluate the pollination by stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata in order to increase cherry tomato production in greenhouse. The experiments were carried out on the Universidade Federal de Viçosa campus. Two cherry tomatoes hybrid were used, red and yellow coloring. The first experiment was carried out from August to December 2011 were tested the red hybrid and two species of stingless bee, Nannotrigona testaceicornis and Frieseomelitta varia. The greenhouse adaptation with high temperatures caused bee mortality, impeding the visitation of flowers. The second experiment was carried out from March to July 2012, with Melipona quadrifasciata bee and ʻChipanoʼ (red) and ʻSweet Goldʼ (yellow) hybrids. The temperature in the greenhouse was adequate and the bees visited the flowers. The treatments were: with bee visitation and without. Independent of the hybrid used, significant differences were found among the evaluated attributes. The fruit originated from flowers visited by bees were heavier, with a higher number and dry mass of seeds, thicker pericarp, vertical diameter and length. Regarding chemical attributes, significant difference were found between the hybrids. In red hybrid, no difference in total titratable acidity and soluble solids concentration. In yellow hybrid, fruits originated from flowers non visited by bees had higher soluble solids and acidity. The third experiment was carried out from July to November 2012, with the bee Melipona quadrifasciata, and the same hybrids of the second experiment. It was added to the treatment manual vibration of plants. The temperature in the greenhouse was high and there was no visitation of flowers by bees. Regardless of the hybrid were no significant differences between the means of physical and chemical attributes of the fruit from vibrated manually plants and fruit from non vibrated plants. The pollination by stingless bee Melipona quadrifsciata increased production of tomato under greenhouse. In fruits come from flowers visited by them, were heavier, highest number and dry mass of seeds, largest vertical diameter and length. A few precautions must be taken in the handling of stingless bees. In the greenhouse, high temperatures should be avoided by harming bees and impede visits to tomato flowers. Plants manually vibrated did not differ from non vibrated in physical and chemical attributes. Is important to choose the appropriate method of pollination in greenhouse tomato production.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a polinização realizada pela abelha sem ferrão Melipona quadrifasciata, no intuito de aumentar a produção do tomate cereja em cultivo protegido. Os experimentos foram realizados no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizados dois híbridos de tomate cereja, de coloração vermelha e amarela. O primeiro experimento foi realizado de agosto a dezembro de 2011, foram testados o híbrido vermelho e duas espécies de abelha sem ferrão, Nannotrigona testaceicornis e Frieseomelitta varia. A adaptação ao ambiente protegido com altas temperaturas causou mortalidade das abelhas, impedindo a visitação das flores. O segundo experimento foi realizado de março a julho de 2012, com a abelha Melipona quadrifasciata, e os híbridos ʻChipanoʼ (vermelho) e o ʻSweet Goldʼ (amarelo). A temperatura na casa de vegetação foi adequada e as abelhas visitaram as flores. Os tratamentos foram: com visitação da abelha e sem visitação. Independente do híbrido usado foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias dos atributos físicos avaliados. Os frutos originados de flores visitadas pela abelha foram mais pesados, com maior número e massa seca de sementes, com maior espessura do pericarpo, diâmetro vertical e comprimento. Quanto aos atributos químicos houve diferença significativa entre aos híbridos. No híbrido vermelho não houve diferença de acidez total titulável e concentração de sólidos solúveis. No híbrido amarelo os frutos originados de flores não visitadas pelas abelhas tiveram acidez e sólidos solúveis maiores. O terceiro experimento foi realizado de julho a novembro de 2012, com a abelha Melipona quadrifasciata, e os mesmos híbridos do segundo experimento. Foi acrescentado o tratamento de vibração manual das plantas. A temperatura na casa de vegetação foi alta e não ocorreu visitação das flores pelas abelhas. Independente do híbrido não houve diferenças significativas entre as médias dos atributos físicos e químicos dos frutos originados de plantas vibradas manualmente e dos frutos originados de plantas não vibradas. A polinização realizada pela abelha sem ferrão Melipona quadrifsciata incrementou a produção do tomate cereja sob cultivo protegido. Nos frutos oriundos de flores visitadas por estas, apresentaram maior peso, maior número e massa seca de sementes, maior diâmetro vertical e comprimento. Alguns cuidados devem ser tomados no manejo das abelhas sem ferrão. Em casa de vegetação, deve ser evitado temperaturas altas por prejudicarem as abelhas e impedirem as visitas as flores do tomateiro. As plantas vibradas manualmente não diferiram das não vibradas quanto aos atributos físicos e químicos. É importante a escolha do método adequado de polinização na produção de tomate cereja em casa de vegetação.

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Souza, Vinício Heidy da Silva Teixeira de. "Adaptações de abelhas sem ferrão nativas da Caatinga (Melipona subnitida) para lidar com as temperaturas elevadas durante o forrageamento." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/830.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Owing to high environmental temperatures in combination with elevated solar radiation, the Brazilian SeasonallyDry Tropical Forest, the Caatinga, is a thermally challenging environment for bees, particularly during food collection outside of the nest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptations of bees that allow these animals to survive the thermal conditions of this biome. As model species for our study, we used Melipona subnitida, a stingless bee species (Apidae, Meliponini), endemic from Caatinga. We analysed the following features: (1) the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of the individuals (both young workers and foragers) as well as the best acclimation time for this kind of study (acclimation times tested: without acclimation, 20 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) The influence of ambient temperature in direct sunlight (Ta) on the thoracic temperature of foragers (Ttx); (3) the possible heat transfer from the thorax to the abdomen, assessed through the temperature difference between these two body parts associated with ambient temperature in both alive and dead individuals; and (4) the role of the thoracic hairs in heating and cooling rates of the bees. The results of the experiments demonstrated that (1) there was no significant difference concerning CTmax between young worker bees and foragers. After 48 hours of acclimation (acclimation time showing the highest CTmax and the lowest variation compared to the other acclimation times tested), the bees' average CTmax was 50.2°C ± 0.7. (2) The foragers' Ttx increased with increasing Ta. At Ta < 40°C, the bees' Ttx was higher than Ta; however, at Ta > 41°C, the forgers' Ttx remained below Ta. (3) There is a possible active heat transfer from the thorax (Ttx) to the abdomen (Tabd) given that, as Ta increased, the difference between Ttx and Tabd decreased in alive foragers. In dead individuals, in contrast, we did not observe this association with Ta. The difference between Ttx and Tabd was relatively constant over all studied Tas. (4) The thoracic hair slow down the heating of M. subnitida. Dead bees without thoracic hair had a higher heating rate than dead bees with their natural air cover. However, there was no difference between the two experimental groups concerning the cooling rates. The results of this study demonstrate that M. subnitida tolerates ambient temperatures that are higher than those found in their natural outside environment. In addition, foragers control their body temperature through active (heat transfer to the abdomen) and passive (thoracic hair) mechanisms, which enables the bees to forage at high environmental temperatures. Results like these of the present study provide important insights into the adaptations necessary to deal with increasing environmental temperatures, as predicted by global warming scenarios
Devido às temperaturas ambientais elevadas em combinação com um alto índice de radiação solar, a Floresta Tropical Sazonalmente Seca brasileira, a Caatinga, é um ambiente termicamente desafiador para abelhas, principalmente durante a coleta de alimento fora do ninho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as adaptações de abelhas para lidar com as condições térmicas da Caatinga. Como modelo de estudo foi utilizada Melipona subnitida, uma espécie de abelha sem ferrão (Apidae, Meliponini) nativa desse bioma. Foi analisado (1) a temperatura crítica máxima (CTmax) dos indivíduos (operárias jovens e forrageadoras) e o tempo de aclimatação adequado para esse tipo de estudo (tempos de aclimatação testados: sem aclimatação, 30 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) o efeito da temperatura ambiente ao sol (Ta) sobre a temperatura torácica (Ttx) das forrageadoras; (3) a possível transferência de calor do tórax para o abdômen, mensurando a diferença de temperaturas entre estas duas áreas, em função da temperatura ambiente, para abelhas vivas e mortas; e (4) o papel da pelagem torácica na taxa de aquecimento e resfriamento das abelhas. Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram que (1) não houve diferença significativa com respeito ao CTmax entre abelhas jovens e forrageadoras. Após 48 horas de aclimatação (tempo de aclimatação com maior CTmax e menor variação comparado aos outros tempos de aclimatação), a CTmax média das abelhas foi de 50,2°C ± 0,7. (2) A Ttx das forrageadoras aumentou conforme aumentou a Ta. Em Ta < 40°C, a Ttx se manteve acima da Ta; já em Ta > 41°C, a Ttx ficava abaixo da Ta. (3) Acontece uma possível transferência ativa de calor do tórax (Ttx) para o abdômen (Tabd), pois a medida que a Ta aumentou, a diferença da Ttx e da Tabd em forrageadoras vivas diminuiu. Já em abelhas mortas não foi observada essa relação com a Ta. A diferença ente Ttx e Tabd foi praticamente constante em todas as Ta estudadas. (4) A pelagem retarda o aquecimento de M. subnitida. Abelhas mortas sem pelagem mostraram uma taxa de aquecimento maior do que as abelhas mortas com a pelagem natural. Porém, não houve diferença entre esses dois grupos experimentais com respeito às taxas de resfriamento. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que M. subnitida consegue tolerar temperaturas superiores às encontradas naturalmente no ambiente externo. Adicionalmente, as forrageadoras controlam a temperatura corporal através de mecanismos ativos (transferência de calor para o abdômen) e passivos (pelagem torácica), o que permite que esta espécie consiga forragear em temperaturas elevadas. Resultados como estes dão subsídios para entender melhor as adaptações necessárias para lidar com um aumento da temperatura ambiental, como previsto por cenários de aquecimento global, o que vai ser importante para possíveis ações voltadas para a conservação desta espécie
2018-03-28

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46

Ray, Giulia. ""Wiping the Slate Clean of What Has Never Been Written". The Sout African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, History Education and the Building of National Identity." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2621.

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During Apartheid, the history subject in South African national education and the use of history served as fuel both for apartheid as well as for counterhistoriography. Afterthe 1994 elections, the official debate used phrases like "reconciliation through truth" and "knowledge about the past" in order to"move on". The national institution the Truth and Reconciliation Commission advocated a shared understanding of the past for promoting reconciliation. Considering historiography’s earlier contested use, one might expect the history subject in post-apartheid national education would be emphasised as very important, serving as an important tool for the general shaping of South African identity.

Earlier research as well as my own study, has shown that this is not the case. From the viewpoint of history teachers in South African schools and through various documents on South African post-apartheid education, it seems that the major shift in South African education is the one to an outcome-based approach (OBE). The approach and the new Curriculum (C2005) seem, in fact, have minimised the history subject to the extent that it is no longer a subject in its own right. In addition, the new Curriculum does not list a specific content, which allows the individual teacher large freedom to teach as much or as little about the past as they like. Moreover, what have been emphasised are subjects like science and technology, as well as learning practical skills of "constitutional value". In addition, phrases like "the new patriotism" and "allegiance to the flag" seems to be a recent way to create and promote a shared South African identity.

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47

Ederlöv, Ida, and Angelica Ring. "A rainbow nation hunting for opportunities abroad: : A study on the implications of BEE on South African SMMEs when they internationalize." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-67059.

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Due to South Africa's history of apartheid the current regime have implemented the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policy to rectify the discrimination against previously disadvantaged groups. The BEE policy gives incentives for companies to hire non-whites in higher positions, like management, and the ambition with this is to create equality. With a qualitative research method and using an abductive approach this study research how South African SMMEs are influenced by the BEE policy when they internationalize. This study concludes that South African SMMEs are differently influenced by the BEE policy when they internationalize. Furthermore, this research shows that the impact is highly dependent on the business owners ethnicity. The influence the BEE policy had on black owned business was predominantly positive. However, the effect the BEE policy had on white owned businesses was more complex. As far as this research shows, the influence the BEE policy had on SMMEs when they internationalize are an extension of how the BEE policy influenced them in the domestic market. The authors recommendation is that the relationship between BEE and internationalization is further investigated and that this study is complemented with a quantitative research.

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Nicodemo, Daniel [UNESP]. "Características florais e dependência por polinizadores de cinco cultivares de pepino e manejo de colméias em estufas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104899.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O cultivo em estufas propicia a obtenção de produtos de excelente qualidade, porém, os agentes polinizadores que contribuem na maximização da produção não são adaptados a ambientes fechados. Utilizando três cultivares tipo Japonês e duas tipo Aodai de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) foram realizados dois experimentos em três estufas localizadas na USP/Ribeirão Preto. Os objetivos foram estudar a biologia floral das cultivares no que se refere ao número de flores produzidas por planta, período de antese, porcentagem de açúcares do néctar, produção e viabilidade dos grãos de pólen, receptividade do estigma e atratividade de flores e, a importância das abelhas Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) e Africanizadas (Apis mellifera) quanto a freqüência das abelhas nas flores, tempo e tipo de coleta e produção de frutos quanto ao peso, comprimento e diâmetro. O manejo das abelhas africanizadas foi estudado e um modelo de núcleo com dois alvados desenvolvido. As flores das cultivares avaliadas têm antese de, aproximadamente, 10 horas. A viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e a receptividade do estigma não são limitantes na polinização de pepino Japonês e Aodai. Os índices de frutificação de pepino Japonês por partenocarpia são altos (78 %), porém há aumento de 19% quando ocorre polinização por abelhas. A cultivar Aodai depende dos insetos para produção de frutos, sendo que flores visitadas até às 10h30 originaram frutos mais pesados. As abelhas Africanizadas se adaptaram a colméia com dois alvados, visitando flores em parte do dia dentro da estufa, promovendo a polinização, e o restante fora, ambiente com maior oferta de recursos.
The cultivation in greenhouses allows obtaining products of excellent quality, however, the pollinators that contribute maximizing the production are not adapted to the indoor environment. Using three Japanese and two Aodai cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were conducted two experiments in three greenhouses located in USP / Ribeirão Preto. The aims were to study the cultivars floral biology with regard to the number of flowers produced per plant, anthesis period, the percentage of sugars in nectar, production and viability of pollen grains, stigma receptivity and attractiveness of flowers, and the importance of Jataí (Tetragonisca angustula), Iraí (Nannotrigona testaceicornis) and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) with regard to the frequency of bees in the flowers, time and type of collection and fruit weight, length and diameter. The management of Africanized bees has been studied and a hive with two entrances was developed. The anthesis period was approximately of 10 hours. The viability of pollen grains and the receptivity of stigma did not limit the pollination of Japanese cucumber and Aodai. The parthenocarpy fruit set of Japanese cucumber was high (78%), but there is an increase of 19% in fruit set when the flowers were pollinated by bees. The cultivar Aodai depends on the insects for production of fruits. Flowers visited until 10h30 originated the heaviest ones. Africanized bees adapted itself to the hive with two entrances, visiting flowers in part of the day inside the greenhouse, promoting pollination, and the rest outside, the environment with greater supply of resources.

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49

Techer, Maéva Angélique. "Diversité génétique et phylogéographie de l'abeille Apis mellifera dans les îles du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0033/document.

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Les îles du Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien (SOOI) abritent une faune et une flore exceptionnelle et constituent l'un des cinq hotspot de biodiversité les plus importants au monde. L'abeille domestique Apis mellifera occupe divers habitats dans la majorité de ces îles et interagit avec une flore indigène et endémique. Elle est également exploitée par l'Homme pour l'apiculture. A. mellifera a divergé en plusieurs lignées évolutives et sous-espèces dans son aire d'origine. Parmi-elles, A. m. unicolor a été décrite comme endémique de Madagascar et appartient à la lignée africaine A. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de caractériser l'abeille dans les archipels des Mascareignes, Comores et Seychelles en identifiant les lignées évolutives et sous-espèces présentes avec des marqueurs mitochondriaux (région intergénique COI-COII, gène ND2). Dans un second temps, une étude de la diversité et de la structure génétique a été réalisée sur ces mêmes populations insulaires (15 microsatellites). Un total de 4095 colonies ont été échantillonnées dans le SOOI et 238 dans l'aire naturelle continentale. Trois des quatre lignées évolutives (A, C et M) ont été détectées dans les 10 îles étudiées et ce en différentes proportions. La lignée africaine A et A. m. unicolor sont prépondérantes dans le SOOI excepté à Rodrigues (100% lignée européenne C). Dans toutes les îles de l'archipel des Comores et des Seychelles, 100% des colonies échantillonnées appartiennent à la lignée A, 95,2% à La Réunion et seulement 54,2% à Maurice. Les îles de l'archipel des Comores constitueraient une zone de contact entre la lignée africaine continentale et les populations d'A. m. unicolor. La diversité génétique nucléaire est forte dans les archipels du SOOI et est structurée par îles et archipels. En outre, les populations du SOOI se différencient fortement des populations continentales africaines et européennes. La combinaison des différents marqueurs privilégie l'hypothèse d'une colonisation ancienne et naturelle d'A. m. unicolor depuis Madagascar à La Réunion, Maurice et aux Seychelles
The South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands are home to an exceptional flora and fauna and are considered as one the five most important biodiversity hotspots in the world. In most islands of this region, the honeybee Apis mellifera occupies diverse habitats. Regarding its ability as a generalist pollinator, honeybee interacts with native and highly endemic flora. Furthermore, this species is used by human for beekeeping as it is able to produce honey, pollen and other hive products. Within the large group of bees (Apidae), A. mellifera is a model of diversity that has diverged into several lineages and subspecies in its native range. Among the 28 recognized subspecies, A. m. unicolor has been described as endemic to Madagascar and belongs to the African A lineage. The Mascarenes, Comoros and Seychelles archipelagos surround this continental island but the A. mellifera populations present have been little or never studied. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the honeybee from the Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues), Comoros (Anjouan, Mohéli, Grande Comore, Mayotte) and Seychelles (Mahé, Praslin, La Digue) archipelagos by determining the evolutionary lineages and subspecies present. Secondly, a study of genetic diversity and structure were conducted on these same insular populations. For that, a large sampling was carried (n = 4095 colonies from the SWIO, and 238 from native continental areas) and was combined to molecular analyzes using mitochondrial markers (sequencing of the COI-COII intergenic region and ND2 gene) and nuclear markers (15 microsatellite loci). Three of the four evolutionary lineages (A, C and M) were detected in different proportions in the 10 studied islands. The African A lineage and A. m. unicolor subspecies were predominant in the SWIO excepted for Rodrigues exclusively from the European C lineage. All sampled colonies from the Seychelles and Comoros archipelagos belong to the African lineage while in La Réunion the proportion reach 95.2% and only 54.2% in Mauritius. The presence of the Z African sub-lineage has been described for the first time out of Africa in two Seychelles islands. Moreover, Comoros islands may constitute a contact area between the continental African lineage and A. m. unicolor populations (insular African lineage). The SWIO populations show high levels of nuclear genetic diversity and a structuration by island and archipelago. In addition, SWIO populations strongly differentiated from African and European continental populations. The combined results from different molecular markers favor the hypothesis of an ancient and natural colonization from Madagascar to La Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles islands. Therefore, the previous referenced interactions between the honeybee and the endemic fauna and flora in the SWIO might be explained by a long cohabitation in addition to its generalist pollinator ability

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50

Duarte, Alysson Wagner Fernandes. "Mel de abelhas nativas e africanizadas do estado de Alagoas : composição química, segurança microbiológica e atividade terapêutica." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/629.

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The rational development of bees is one of the most promising agricultural activities, since it is essentially self-sustaining family and therefore helps to maintain and restore the environment, through their role in pollination, and guarantee income to the producer who employs his family on it. Honey is the main product of this activity, being generated by honey bees - native or Africanized. Its chemical composition is quite varied, depending mainly of floral, entomological and geographical origin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of honey from different entomologic sources of the State of Alagoas, in the dry season of 2008/09, by physico-chemical and microbiological criteria, and know their likely actions antioxidant and antimicrobial. Thus, 43 samples of honey (14 of Apis mellifera, 22 of M. scutellaris, 3 of M. quadrifasciata, 2 of M. subnitida e 2 of Plebeia sp) were collected from different municipalities of Alagoas. In relation to the physicochemical parameters, it were evaluated the content of reducing carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, sucrose apparent, moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, acidity, content of total protein, concentration of proline, diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural. Regarding to the antioxidant activity, it was evaluated in qualitative and quantitative terms of the content of total phenols and flavonoids, capture of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhdrazil (DPPH) and through the antioxidant power of reduction of Fe3 + → Fe2 + (FRAP method). It was also evaluated the microbiological safety of honeys through the detection of spores of Clostridium sp., and through the profile of various antimicrobial. We used the nonparametric test of Kruskal Wallis to 95% (p <0.05), because the data did not show normal distribution. It was also performed the correlation of Spearman to 95% significance, p <0.05, and 99% significance, p <0.01. With regard to the physico-chemical parameters, only electrical conductivity and sucrose showed no statistically significant difference (p <0.05) among the different species of honey bees. On the antioxidant activity, the honey of A. mellifera showed higher activity than those of natives, except in the case of honey of Plebeia sp, who stood out in a number of parameters compared to the other native bees. It was found also that the honey of native bees showed slight difference in comparizon to the honeys of A. mellifera regarding to its antimicrobial action, and it was not seen this variation on the activity of heat-resistant fungi, which were also much less sensitive than the bacteria to aqueous solutions of honey (25%). Therefore, the antibacterial action is probably due to the synergistic effect of high concentration of H+ ions (low pH), carbohydrates (osmotic potential) and phenolic compounds that bind to glucose forming units of its cell wall, preventing their proper proliferation.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
A criação racional de abelhas é uma das atividades agropecuárias mais promissoras, visto que é essencialmente familiar e auto-sustentável, pois auxilia na manutenção e recuperação do meio ambiente através de seu papel na polinização e garante renda ao produtor que emprega nela a sua família. O mel é o principal produto dessa atividade, sendo gerado por abelhas melíferas - nativas ou africanizadas. Sua composição química é bastante variada, dependendo principalmente da origem floral, entomológica e geográfica. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar qualidade do mel de diferentes origens entomológicas do Estado de Alagoas, na estação das secas de 2008/09, por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos, além de conhecer suas prováveis ações antioxidante e antimicrobiana. Para tanto, coletou-se 43 amostras de méis (14 de Apis mellifera, 22 de M. scutellaris, 03 de M. quadrifasciata, 02 de M. subnitida e 02 de Plebeia sp.) em diferentes municípios alagoanos. Em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, avaliou-se o conteúdo de glicídios redutores, glicídios totais, sacarose aparente, umidade, condutividade elétrica, pH, acidez, teor de proteínas totais, concentração de prolina, hidroximetilfurfural e atividade diastásica. Em relação à atividade antioxidante avaliou-se quantitativamente e qualitativamente o conteúdo de fenóis e flavonóides totais, captura do radical 2,2-difenil-1- picril-hidrazil (DPPH), além do método de redução do Fe3+ → Fe2+ (método FRAP). Avaliou-se, ainda, a segurança microbiológica dos méis através da detecção de esporos de Clostridium sp., além do perfil antibacteriano e antifúngico dos diferentes méis. Foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal Wallis a 95 % de probabilidade (p< 0,05), pois os dados não apresentaram distribuição normal, realizando-se, ainda, a correlação de Spearman a 95 % de significância, p<0,05 e 99% de significância, p<0,01. No tocante aos parâmetros físico-químicos, apenas condutividade elétrica e sacarose não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre os méis das distintas espécies de abelhas. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, os méis de A. mellifera apresentaram ação superior do que os das nativas, exceto no caso dos méis de Plebeia sp., que se destacaram em uma série de parâmetros em comparação com o das demais abelhas nativas. Verificouse, ainda, que os méis de abelhas nativas apresentaram maior atividade antimicrobiana em relação aos méis de A. mellifera. Portanto, a ação antibacteriana provavelmente se deve ao efeito sinergístico da alta concentração de íons H+ (baixo pH), glicídios (potencial osmótico) e compostos fenólicos que se ligam às unidades glicídicas formadoras de sua parede celular, inviabilizando sua adequada proliferação.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Native bees'

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