Journal articles on the topic 'National Womenś League'
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1
Coates, Dennis, and Meredith Webber. "Pay and Performance in Men’s and Women’s Football: Comparing the MLS and NWSL." International Journal of Sport Finance 18, no. 4 (November 2023): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.04.
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The purpose of this research is two-fold; first, to assess whether men and women football players “perform the same work,” as required for wage discrimination, and second, to compare pay and performance for men and women players in the top professional soccer leagues in the US. We utilize data from Major League Soccer and the National Women’s Soccer League over the period 2016 through 2019 to compare how performance translates into team success in the two leagues and to forecast the salaries of women players for comparison with the men. Our results show that the determinants of win production are the same for the men’s and women’s teams, indicating that men and women do similar work. Additionally, the average woman player would earn more than the average male player if performance were compensated the same way in both leagues for the same number of games.
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Mirabito, Timothy, Robin Hardin, and Joshua R. Pate. "The Fractured Messaging of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Its Members in Response to COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0249.
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The sports world’s near universal moratorium in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was abrupt and unprecedented. From professional leagues to youth sports, doors were closed to competitions and events to help stop the spread of the coronavirus. The hiatus began at one of the busiest times on the calendar for sport, with the National Basketball Association and National Hockey League seasons concluding; the Women's National Basketball Association and National Football League drafts taking place; Major League Baseball's spring training nearing its conclusion; the Professional Golf Association and Ladies Professional Golf Association Tours starting their seasons; and the National Collegiate Athletic Association's marquee events, the Division-I men’s and women’s basketball tournaments, set to begin. The suddenness of the interruption was met with a need by the various sport entities to engage their public with information about their respective responses. The statements that emerged on or after March 12—“the day the sports world stopped”—were not all the same. Many of the statements, in fact, were quite different. That was especially the case with the National Collegiate Athletic Association, whose governance structure and messaging practices hindered their ability to have a uniform response. The purpose of this essay was to examine the public messaging of sport leagues and organizations and to discuss the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of those public statements.
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Smith, Danielle K., and Jonathan Casper. "Making an Impact: An Initial Review of U.S. Sport League Corporate Social Responsibility Responses During COVID-19." International Journal of Sport Communication 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2020-0241.
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COVID-19 has brought about an unprecedented time where a majority of major American sporting organizations have ceased competition. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions, historically an avenue for sport organizations to positively impact society, provide a compelling avenue of study during this time. While researchers have observed the role of CSR and crisis communication when the crisis arises from within the organization, there is a need to understand CSR shifts and responses when the crisis is on a societal level. This commentary examines efforts of major U.S. sport league CSR programs (National Basketball Association/Women's National Basketball Association, National Football League, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and National Hockey League), starting in mid-March when the majority of organizations ceased competition. Data were gathered using a mixed-methods approach of qualitative interviews, secondary research, and social media sentiment analysis. Key findings included the emergence of two different approaches to CSR communication strategies among U.S. sport leagues as well as three clear themes of COVID-19-related communication: educate, assist, and inspire. In addition, this commentary provides an initial glance at consumer response to CSR programs, showing both positive and negative sentiment trends.
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Wiggins, Anthony J., Obiajulu Agha, Agustin Diaz, Kristofer J. Jones, Brian T. Feeley, and Nirav K. Pandya. "Current Perceptions of Diversity Among Head Team Physicians and Head Athletic Trainers: Results Across US Professional Sports Leagues." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 232596712110472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671211047271.
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Background: Discrepancies in race, ethnicity, and sex among health care providers and their patients have been shown to affect the patient-provider relationship as well as the quality of care. Currently, minority and female representation among orthopaedic surgeons remains low. Given the large proportion of minority athletes and their degree of public visibility, professional sports serves as an important arena within which to analyze the diversity of health care providers. Purpose: To describe and evaluate the current level of diversity of head team physicians (HTPs) and head athletic trainers (ATCs), primarily in terms of race and sex, within men’s professional sports leagues in the United States. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Five major US professional sports leagues were evaluated: National Basketball Association, National Football League, National Hockey League, Major League Soccer, and Major League Baseball. Publicly available data were collected to identify the HTPs and head ATCs for each team within these leagues. Two independent observers analyzed photographs and names of these individuals to determine his or her perceived race and sex, with disagreements being resolved by a third independent observer. Other physician data collected included graduate degree(s), specialty, and number of years in practice. Kappa coefficients (κ) were employed to evaluate interobserver reliability. Chi-square, Fisher exact, and t tests were used for statistical comparisons across leagues. Results: The κ values for perceived race were 0.85 for HTPs and 0.89 for head ATCs, representing near-perfect interobserver agreement. Minorities comprised 15.5% of HTPs and 20.7% of ATCs ( P = .24). Women comprised 3.9% of HTPs and 1.3% of head ATCs ( P = .017). The majority of HTPs were orthopaedic surgeons with medical doctorates. Female HTPs had significantly fewer years in practice compared with male HTPs (15.0 ± 4.9 vs 23.1 ± 9.6; P = .04). Conclusion: The lead physicians and athletic training providers for men’s professional sports teams demonstrated low rates of minority and female representation, denoting a highly visible area for discussing the role of increased diversity in health care.
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WILSON KIMBER, MARIAN. "Women Composers at the White House: The National League of American Pen Women and Phyllis Fergus's Advocacy for Women in American Music." Journal of the Society for American Music 12, no. 4 (November 2018): 477–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196318000378.
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AbstractWomen composers' concerts, arranged by Phyllis Fergus, were held for Eleanor Roosevelt at the White House in 1934 and 1936. They featured music by members of the National League of American Pen Women—an organization for writers, artists, and composers—and were part of a substantial agenda proposed by Fergus, its music director and later president, to achieve national recognition for its composer members. Drawing on Fergus's scrapbooks and documentation in the FDR Library and Pen Women's archives, this article explores the events that Fergus helped to organize, including concerts in Miami, Chautauqua, and Chicago, the latter played by members of the Women's Symphony Orchestra. White House appearances by Amy Beach helped emphasize the League's professional status, and the nationalistic tone of its publicity, urging audiences to “Buy American” during the Depression, worked to distract from age-old assertions of women's lack of creativity. However, the musicales for Roosevelt, who received the composers socially rather than as paid professionals, reinforced women's domestic position, and financial restraints limited most League programming to the genres typically associated with female composers. Despite its separation from a male mainstream, the NLAPW was nonetheless a significant force in promoting women's music in the 1930s.
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Bauchrowicz-Tocka, Maria. "Posłanki – liderki Ligi Kobiet (na wybranym przykładzie)." Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych, no. 1(10) (2021): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cnisk.2021.01.10.06.
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The article presents the participation in parliamentary work of the co-founder and activist of the League of Women, MP of the National National Council, the Legislative Sejm and the Sejm of the first term of office Maria Jaszczukowa. The MP was the rapporteur for the abortion law adopted in 1956 and became its “media face”. Sejm speeches by Jaszczukowa also concerned issues in the field of family law, social matters, and professional activity of women. The solutions and legal regulations proposed by her from the parliamentary tribunal harmonized with the program of the Women’s League. The question of the real effectiveness and influence of the League’s deputies on the government’s policy at the time remains unanswered.
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TeBrake, Janet K. "Irish peasant women in revolt: the Land League years." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 109 (May 1992): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018587.
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Between 1879 and 1882 a mass agrarian movement, led by the Irish National Land League, became a strong, all-encompassing force in Irish life for a brief but crucial period. This movement, one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in nineteenth-century Europe, has been treated as a nationalist movement, with emphasis of study placed on the role, contributions and aims of the league’s national leaders. These men, seeking their own varieties of self-government, saw the land movement as means to a political end. To them the land agitation provided a stepping-stone to national independence. It was the Irish peasantry, however, motivated primarily by economic considerations, that provided the driving force behind the movement, and at this level Irish peasant women made major contributions to the agrarian revolt. In this study the Land League movement is viewed as an agrarian protest movement; its purpose is to examine in particular the roles played by the Irish peasant women during the Land League period.These contributions have not been adequately recognised in historical literature. Recently the role of the Irish peasant has been duly acknowledged, but in these discussions a male image usually appears. When the Irish women’s role in the land movement is examined, it is done so in the context of the organisation known as the Ladies’ Land League. These studies concentrate on the activities of the upper- and middle-class urban leaders, particularly the Parnell sisters. But to dwell only on the Ladies’ Land League as the focus of women’s participation in the Land League movement is far too narrow, for it obscures the fact that hundreds of peasant women were fighting the Land War on a daily basis long before the formation of the women’s organisation. The papers of some of the local branches of the Land League provide evidence which shows that Irish rural women participated in the Land War from its beginning. Although the archival sources of the Land League period are biased towards men, enough material regarding the peasant women’s activities, admittedly limited and somewhat sparse, does exist to allow a strong argument to be put forward that peasant women performed effectively in the Land War.
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Geisler, Gisela. "Sisters under the Skin: Women and the Women's League in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1987): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0000759x.
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In March 1985 the Second National Women's Rights Conference was held on the Copperbelt. Although Betty Kaunda, wife of the President, addressed the 135 participants in her opening speech as if they were representing the Women's League of the United National Independence Party (U.N.I.P.), surprisingly only two of them, apart from the invited guests of honour, claimed to be associated with this organisation. Hardly any of the issues raised by the League entered the discussions during the three-day conference, and the recommendations were far form being a reflection of its stated aims.1
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Leu, Hav P. ""Profoundly Cosmopolitan of Heart and Spirit"?" Culture and History: Student Research Papers 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/chku.v7i1.138101.
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Germany was a member of the League of Nations from 1926 to 1933. During that time, there were Germans employed at the Secretariat, and its Information Section, which had the greatest German presence, opened a small office to represent the League in Berlin. The League was founded on liberal internationalist ideals and its Covenant included a revolutionary article that opened all positions up to men and women equally. A biographical study of three German individuals associated with the Section and office reveals that ideological commitment to the League was not a given among all German employees, and gives insight into the interplay of gender, class and national – or international – identity. It also shows how the realities of who was employed in the Secretariat, and why, often hinged – despite the League’s ideological basis and the Covenant’s promise – on pragmatic and political considerations.
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Manicom, Desiree. "National Women's League Conference: Women Act Now for Equality, Unity and Development!" Agenda, no. 10 (1991): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065448.
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Fylaktakidou, Anastassia, Evangelos Tsamourtzis, and Georgios Zaggelidis. "The Turnovers Analysis to the Women's National League Basketball Games." Sport Science Review 20, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2011): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0055-2.
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The Turnovers Analysis to the Women's National League Basketball Games The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the turnovers efficacy to the result of a basketball game. For the purpose of this study forty-three (n=43) women A1 National league basketball games were videotaped and video-analyzed. Statistical analysis of this data included the presentation of frequencies in a double table and the application of x2. The results showed that a) 19,1% of the possessions stop after a turnover, b) the most common turnover to the women basketball is the passing errors (40,2%). Travelling (23,6%) and fault ball handling (23,9%) follow, c) most of the turnovers happen during the set play, d) most of the fault passes take place from the area around the three point line to the opposite base line, most of the traveling and the fault ball handling to the area around the basket and inside the three point line, e) the ability to defeat the zone defense is of a real importance because the women basketball teams use to play this defense and most of the turnovers seems to happen under these circumstances (winners 16,5% - losers 22,2%).
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Nielsen, Kim E. ""We all Leaguers by our house": Women, Suffrage, and Red-Baiting in the National Nonpartisan League." Journal of Women's History 6, no. 1 (1994): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2010.0293.
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Lanfranco González, María Fernanda. "Between National and International: Women's Transnational Activism in Twentieth-Century Chile." International Review of Social History 67, S30 (March 10, 2022): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000687.
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AbstractThis article explores the transnational dimension of women's mobilization in twentieth-century Chile and the connections they established with women's international non-governmental organizations, particularly the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF). It sheds light on the political choices women made when forging transnational alliances to expand and make their activism more effective, together with the material and ideological dynamics that shaped their collaboration. The article analyses this topic by focusing on key but little-explored figures of women's activism in Chile – especially, but not solely, feminist academic Olga Poblete – and their personal communications with the leadership of women's organizations in the US and Europe. The article contends that, although both the WILPF and WIDF shared strengths and weaknesses in promoting their ideas and establishing links with activists in Chile, the alliances that Chilean women chose to pursue were mostly defined by their own political priorities and local contexts.
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Paisley, Fiona. "Citizens of their World: Australian Feminism and Indigenous Rights in the International Context, 1920s and 1930s." Feminist Review 58, no. 1 (February 1998): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014177898339596.
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Inter-war Australia saw the emergence of a feminist campaign for indigenous rights. Led by women activists who were members of various key Australian women's organizations affiliated with the British Commonwealth League, this campaign proposed a revitalized White Australia as a progressive force towards improving ‘world’ race relations. Drawing upon League of Nations conventions and the increasing role for the Dominions within the British Commonwealth, these women claimed to speak on behalf of Australian Aborigines in asserting their right to reparation as a usurped people and the need to overhaul government policy. Opposing inter-war policies of biological assimilation, they argued for a humane national Aboriginal policy including citizenship and rights in the person. Where white men had failed in their duty towards indigenous peoples, world women might bring about a new era of civilized relations between the races.
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Harrison, C. Keith, Scott Bukstein, Ginny McPherson Botts, and Suzanne Malia Lawrence. "Female spectators as customers at National Football League games." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 17, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 172–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-04-2016-012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate female National Football League (NFL) spectators’ preferences and feedback in regard to various customer service components of the NFL game day experience. The primary components with respect to female spectators’ choices, preferences, and feedback are as follows: apparel and other merchandise; food and beverage; restrooms and facility cleanliness; tailgating and parking; participants’ decision to attend an NFL game; and participants’ perceptions of the NFL. A core objective was to learn more about the female decision-making process and overall experience at NFL games. Design/methodology/approach – All data were collected during the 2012-2013 NFL regular season. Four different data collections were conducted at two NFL stadiums to investigate the game day experiences of women at NFL games. Previous research was used as a basis for creating survey questions about the female game day experience. In this study, an open-ended questionnaire contained both quantitative and qualitative questions, both forms of data were collected and analyzed, and researchers made both quantitative and qualitative interpretations based on the data. Findings – Findings and results indicated women are diverse customers. Sport organizations need to focus on the minor details that reflect how individuals experience a brand and product, as these sport organizations have the opportunity to enhance the female customer experience and retain existing female customers if the organizations systemically listen to and communicate with the female customer at NFL games. The NFL and individual NFL teams should include female spectators in the brand strategy process. Female customers of the NFL can be powerful brand loyalists and outstanding brand ambassadors. Originality/value – This research study provides an investigation of the preferences and perceptions of women spectators at NFL games. One contribution of the current study is that researchers have accepted the challenge by some researchers calling for more complexity with researching gender and attempting to shift some of the ways in which women are viewed as fans and spectators. However, what is key with the approach in the current study is that researchers allowed the women to be heard with respect to their game day experiences, perceptions, and thoughts about their identity as a spectator.
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Cowman, Krista. "‘We intend to show what Our Lord has done for women’: the Liverpool Church League for Women’s Suffrage, 1913–18." Studies in Church History 34 (1998): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013826.
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There was nothing unusual in the inauguration, in December 1909, of a Church League for Women’s Suffrage (CLWS). By January 1914, suffrage had become so expansive that fifty-three organizations competed for or shared a membership divided by tactics, religion, political allegiance, ethnic origin, or metier, but united in their desire to see the parliamentary franchise awarded to women. At the time of the League’s formation, the centre stage of suffrage politics was largely occupied by three groups: the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), suffragettes whose commitment to direct militant tactics brought them spectacularly into both the public eye and the prison cell; the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), whose suffragist members condemned all militancy, describing themselves as ‘law-abiding’; and the Women’s Freedom League (WFL), militants who had quit the WSPU in 1907 in a dispute over constitutional democracy. Whilst they were often virulently opposed to each other, these three groups shared a commitment to an all-female membership and also the political will to prioritize the franchise above the broader feminist issues which adjoined their public campaigns. By contrast smaller suffrage groups, including the Church League, added extra dimensions to the suffrage campaign. They allowed members of the three main groups to explore issues other than suffrage whilst simultaneously providing alternative arenas for suffrage activity to those who did not feel able to commit themselves to the larger bodies. Thus the Church League did restrict its membership to practising Anglicans, but welcomed both militants and constitutionalists, and men as well as women into its ranks. Whilst the achievement of the parliamentary franchise remained its main aim, it also provided space for those who wished to explore ‘the deep religious significance of the women’s movement’. This paper uses the example of the Liverpool branch of the Church League to examine in greater detail to what extent, if any, such explorations resulted in an alteration of the gendered nature of space within Edwardian Anglicanism.
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Yu, Chenjie. "Research on Problems and Optimization Strategies of Chinese Womens Super Football League." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2023): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/3/2022803.
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The Chinese womens national team won the 2022 Womens Asian Cup, a great opportunity to develop the Chinese Womens Football League. However, the Chinese womens football team has not received widespread attention from society. With the spread of technology, online broadcasting has become an option for more fans and an important match broadcasting and promotion area. Therefore, this paper studies the promotion and broadcasting of the Chinese Womens Super League through the literature research method, survey method, and statistics method, analyses the current situation of the promotion and broadcasting of the Chinese Womens Super League, and proposes development strategies. The Inner Mongolia Football Channel is responsible for broadcasting the Chinese Womens Super League matches. However, with the decline in the frequency of television viewing in China and the popularity of wireless internet TV, Inner Mongolia Football Channel faces low awareness and, consequently, low viewer ship. As a result, there is a need to increase awareness of the channel by bundling it with high traffic content, for example. Broadcasters of matches in the Chinese Womens Super League need to make full use of the interactive nature of the website by setting up interactive sessions such as prize draws and encouraging commentators to answer pop up questions.
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Kane, Paula M. "‘The Willing Captive of Home?’: The English Catholic Women's League, 1906–1920." Church History 60, no. 3 (September 1991): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167471.
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Henry Cardinal Manning wrote in 1863 that he wanted English Catholics to be “downright, masculine, and decided Catholics—more Roman than Rome, and more ultramontane than the Pope himself.” Given this uncompromising call for militant, masculine Roman Catholicism in Protestant Victorian England, frequently cited by scholars, it may seem surprising that a laywomen's movement would have emerged in Great Britain. In 1906, however, a national Catholic Women's League (CWL), linked closely to Rome, to the English clergy, and to lay social action, emerged in step with the aggressive Catholicism outlined by Manning 40 years earlier. The Catholic Women's League was led by a coterie of noblewomen, middle-class professionals, and clergy, many of them former Anglicans. The founder, Margaret Fletcher (1862–1943), and the league's foremost members were converts; the spiritual advisor, Rev. Bernard Vaughan, was the son of a convert. A short list of the clergy affiliated with the CWL reveals an impressive Who's Who in the Catholic hierarchy and in social work in the early twentieth century: Francis Cardinal Bourne (Archbishop of Westminster from 1903 to 1935), Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson (a convert and well-known author), and influential Jesuits Bernard Vaughan, Charles Plater, Cyril Martindale, Joseph Keating, Leo O'Hea and Joseph Rickaby. The CWL was born from a joining of convert zeal and episcopal-clerical support to a tradition of lay initiative among English Catholics.
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Chappell, Marisa. "Rethinking Women's Politics in the 1970s: The League of Women Voters and the National Organization for Women Confront Poverty." Journal of Women's History 13, no. 4 (2002): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2002.0002.
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Hirshfield, Claire. "The Actresses' Franchise League and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage 1908–1914." Theatre Research International 10, no. 2 (1985): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030788330001066x.
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In the great suffrage campaign waged in the decade preceding the First World War, women established a multitude of organizations in order to exert collective pressure upon a reluctant House of Commons. Some, such as the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which was founded by Emmeline Pankhurst, favored confrontational tactics and resorted to occasional violence against property, as a means of attracting notice to the cause. Others, most notably the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) over which Mrs Millicent Fawcett presided, defined themselves as ‘constitutional’ and utilized the classic methods of persuasion and lobbying, in preference to the more dramatic tactics of their ‘militant’ sisters. Between the extremes of the WSPU and the NUWSS were numerous organizations composed of women activists of varying backgrounds, occupations, and views, sharing nonetheless a common dedication to the principle of female enfranchisement and caught up in the excitement and pageantry of a campaign which at times appeared almost religious in tone and character.
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Musiał, Aleksandra. "A Testament to a Dying Vision of America." Świat i Słowo 36, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.7922.
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This article is a review of The League of Wives: The Untold Story of the Women Who Took on the U.S. Government to Bring Their Husbands Home (2019) by Heath Hardage Lee. The book presents a popular history of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia, an organisation that advocated for the rights of American prisoners of war captured by North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
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Spiteri, Tania, Molly Binetti, Aaron T. Scanlan, Vincent J. Dalbo, Filippo Dolci, and Christina Specos. "Physical Determinants of Division 1 Collegiate Basketball, Women's National Basketball League, and Women's National Basketball Association Athletes." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33, no. 1 (January 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001905.
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Johnsen, Dawn, and Marcy J. Wilder. "Webster and Women's Equality." American Journal of Law & Medicine 15, no. 2-3 (1989): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800012144.
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The National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) and the Women's Legal Defense Fund (WLDF) co-authored an amicus curiae brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. The brief was authored on behalf of seventyseven organizations committed to women's equality. The brief argued that continued constitutional protection of a woman's fundamental right to choose abortion is guaranteed by the liberty-based right to privacy. Further, we argued that this right is essential to women's ability to achieve sexual equality. In order to participate in society as equals, women must be afforded the opportunity to make decisions concerning childbearing. Women's unique reproductive capabilities have long served as a principal justification for their unequal and disadvantageous treatment by the state. Restrictive abortion laws continue “our Nation['s] … long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination” by depriving women of the freedom to control the course of their lives.
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Jones, E., and A. McGregor. "Seasonal variation in fitness in a women's National League hockey squad." British Journal of Sports Medicine 44, no. 14 (November 1, 2010): i7—i8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.078972.22.
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Nithammer, Jasmin. "“Closing the Abyss of Moral Misery”: Poland, the League of Nations and the Fight against the Trafficking of Women and Children." East Central Europe 49, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-49010002.
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Abstract The study focuses on the emerging Second Polish Republic and its involvement in the international fight against the trafficking of women and children under the auspices of the League of Nations. In conflict with all neighbouring states, Poland was highly dependent on support from the new Western Entente-backed international system and in turn had to adhere closely to existing conventions and newly negotiated international policies. Using the example of the ratification process of the League of the Nations International Convention against the Traffic in Women and Children of 1921, the study shows that internationalism in the interwar period had a significant impact on national policymaking and state-building. Thus, it provides a better understanding of how anti-trafficking efforts in Poland interacted with policies deployed by the League of Nations and how international and transnational activism affected the construction of state institutions.
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Harvey, Anna L. "The Political Consequences of Suffrage Exclusion." Social Science History 20, no. 1 (1996): 97–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021556.
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By the close of the first decade following ratification of constitutional female suffrage in the United States, it had become commonplace to read of female political leaders bemoaning the inefficacy of women's lobbying organizations, which despite their lobbying efforts did not engage in any electoral activity such as the mobilization of female voters (see, for example,NYT10 March 1928: 3;NYT31 March 1931: 22). That this should have been the case raises an interesting question: Why not? That is, given the likelihood that women's votes would have increased the efficacy of these lobbying efforts, why weren't the leaders of women's lobbying organizations, in particular those of the former suffrage machine, the National League of Women Voters (NLWV), pursuing those votes?
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Chappell, Robert H., and Costas I. Karageorghis. "Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in British Basketball." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2001): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.10.2.29.
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the ethnic and racial composition of male and female basketball players in the First Division of the English National Basketball League during the 1996/97 season. The secondary purpose was to compare the racial composition of players by playing position. Finally, a subsidiary purpose was to describe the racial and gender composition of coaches and assistant coaches in the women’s National Basketball League. Data were collated from team rosters of all teams comprising the First Division of the women’s and men’s National Basketball League in the 1996/97 season. The ethnic and racial designation of players (N = 270) and coaches (N = 23) was established from information supplied by each club or from individual players. There were significant differences in participation rates for British male and female players; there was an over-representation of black females in the forward position, and an over-representation of white male coaches in women’s teams. The present findings reflect the limited participation rates of females in general, and more specifically, the limited participation rates of women from ethnic minority groups.
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Hecht, Dieter J. "Religiöse Zionistinnen. Die Europäische Misrachi-Frauenorganisation 1929-1939." Aschkenas 29, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asch-2019-0014.
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Abstract When Bessie Gotsfeld (1888-1962) founded the »Mizrachi Womenʼs Organization of America« (aka AMIT) in 1925, religious Zionist women in Europe also started to organize their work in several European countries. In 1928, Meir Berlin (later Meir Bar-Ilan), one of the leading rabbis of the Mizrachi movement, met in Vienna with Anitta Müller-Cohen (1890-1962), a prominent Zionist woman activist. After that meeting, Müller-Cohen joined the ranks of the Mizrachi movement and started to build up a »European League of Mizrachi Women«. Besides Germany, there were important local associations in Belgium, Great Britain and the Netherlands. The ambitious project of the European Mizrachi women caused a conflict with the WIZO, the biggest and most important organization of Jewish women, that escalated at the VIth World Congress of Zionist Women in Basel in 1931. The rise to power of National Socialism in Germany in 1933, challenged the developing Mizrachi Women’s League beyond their means and finally led to their destruction during the Shoah. In this paper, I trace the network of Jewish women who engaged with the Mizrachi Women’s League, and analyse their personal commitment. Additionally, the paper focuses on the different ideological backgrounds of Mizrachi women at a local and international level. Hence, the conflict between different Zionist women’s organisations, i. e. Mizrachi versus WIZO, gains center stage.
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PETRUCCELLI, DAVID. "Pimps, Prostitutes and Policewomen: The Polish Women Police and the International Campaign against the Traffic in Women and Children between the World Wars." Contemporary European History 24, no. 3 (July 6, 2015): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777315000193.
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AbstractWomen entered police service between the wars in much of the world as a result of agitation by the international women's movement and the League of Nations. Nearly everywhere a gendered division of police work emerged, with female police primarily responsible for social welfare tasks and their male colleagues handling investigations and arrests. Poland represented a notable exception. Tapping into both international and national concerns, Polish policewomen laid claim to extensive powers by invoking the grave threat of the traffic in women. This focus on trafficking had a paradoxical effect, expanding the possibilities for female policing even as it justified a range of restrictive measures against prostitutes and poor female emigrants.
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Taylor, Katie. "Hail Mary: The Rise and Fall of the National Women's Football League." Journal of Sport History 49, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21558450.49.2.12.
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BALINT, E. "OBJECTIFIED PARAMETERS OF WOMEN'S HANDBALL TEAM CSM BUCHAREST GAMES IN THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONS LEAGUE GROUP A EDITION 2017-2018." Series IX Sciences of Human Kinetics 13(62), no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020.13.62.2.1.
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The article aims to present some objectified indicators of the CSM Bucharest team game in the A group of the European Champions League 2017-2018 edition. Parameters subjected to the recording action constitute essential elements of the "statistical model of the game", being oriented both for the attack phase (10 parameters) and for the defence (8 parameters). On their basis, different values of the effectiveness of certain handball game sequences - in its phases - and of the global game were calculated. The data highlighted can be used to compile the optimal gaming model when preparing the teams in the National League and / or as a basis for conducting the training process at the level of the female national team, until J.O in 2020
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Packard Hill, Esther, and Glen Fuller. "One for the Team." Communication & Sport 6, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479516678419.
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In the decade 2005–2015, National Rugby League players were implicated in a variety of off-field instances of violence against women. These incidents have been covered heavily by the Australian media and have facilitated commentary on violence and sport, rugby league culture, and whether rugby league players have a propensity for violence. From a total corpus of 933 articles, we critically engage with 190 news reports of domestic violence and focus on the way players and others contribute to media commentary about the incidence of domestic violence allegedly perpetrated by their teammates. Our guiding research question is: What is the character of public commentary expressed by rugby league players about incidents of domestic violence involving teammates? We identify four modes of reflexive commentary involving teammate representation that occur in the reporting of rugby league players accused of domestic violence offences. We argue that these four modes of representation articulate greater or lesser degrees of support or criticism between teammates about domestic violence and, even when critical, these discourses work to rearticulate the normative diminished reflexivity afforded men to publicly comment on and about other men.
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Wånggren, Lena. "Gender and Precarity across Time: Where Are the Writing Working Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture 51, no. 4 (2023): 577–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150323000669.
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The end of the nineteenth century in Britain saw a range of “newnesses”; New Unionism signified a boom in trade unionism, while the New Woman figure symbolized women's struggle for independence. However, both as literary figures and as real-life writers, such New Women were largely middle class and educated. Where are the working women within the sphere of literary and cultural production, and how are they represented within the New Unionism? Against a dominant trade unionism that argued for a “family wage” and considered women's organizing as a threat, the Women's Trade Union League (1874), the National Federation of Women Workers (1906), the 1888 Match Girls strike, and writers and labor activists such as Annie Besant and Clementina Black noted women's roles within labor. Attempting to locate a working New Woman in the trade union movement, this paper is a reflective work-in-progress, an exploration rather than a finished argument. Written by a precariously employed woman trade unionist in the twenty-first century, struggling to find time to write, examining the works of precariously employed women workers one hundred years earlier, the essay poses questions about what happens to politically engaged scholarship in a time of increasingly precarious working conditions and knowledges.
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Jackson, Nicole, Asia Thompson, Minyong Lee, Jerono Rotich, and Tiffany Fuller. "Impact of spectator motivation on long-term sustainability for women’s basketball league." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4202.
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As the league prepares for its 20th season, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) has experienced some highs and some lows. The purpose of this study was to understand spectator motivation and to assess new strategies that the league could use to better improve the overall product of the game itself. How can the WNBA expand its fan base to help generate enough revenue that can ensure the league can support itself financially? In order to better understand people's attitudes towards the WNBA, we conducted an online survey that we then submitted on social media for people to express their thoughts on what they liked about the league and what they would like to see implemented in the future. The results from our surveys (N=93) showed that the majority of our participants were satisfied with the overall product the WNBA has to offer (affordability and family-oriented atmosphere), yet, it still lacked a certain "excitement" factor that would make the participant want to personally watch or attend a game. We concluded that in order for the league to truly flourish and gain the recognition and financial success it deserves, league executives should consider incorporating new, innovative ideas that can breathe new life into the league for the next 20 years.
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Schulte, Terrianne. "Emerging Routes to Environmental Activism: Lake Erie Sportsmen and the League of Women Voters." Excursions Journal 3, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/exs.3.2012.155.
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This paper comparatively examines how the League of Women Voters and Lake Erie sportsmen emerged to awaken the public to the pollution crisis affecting the Lake Erie watershed in the mid-twentieth century. Recognizing the degradation of the smallest of the Great Lakes due to the explosion of wartime industrial development and population growth, the League and the sportsmen commenced a decades-long struggle to clean up the lake and its tributaries through direct action in urban areas throughout the Lake Erie watershed. Disgusted by a fall in the number of fish, caused by cyanide poisoning, and the effect of oil on waterfowl, the sportsmen pressed for pollution control. The League members’ approach to water resources, on the other hand, was based on a broad and academic perspective regarding water quality and quantity in response to a series of regionally severe droughts that plagued the United States in the late 1940s and mid-1950s, and led to a national debate on water shortages and supplies. Ultimately, this paper examines two distinctly different approaches to an environmental emergency in the immediate postwar era.
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Muhammad, Sher, Sajida Feroze, and Sidra Mubashar. "Women's Activism and Pakistani State Policies: A Comparison of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif Governments (1988-1999)." Global Political Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-i).07.
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The purpose of this article is to trace the history of women's activism in Pakistan, as well as the policies of the Pakistan People's Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N) Governments (1988-1999). This period after the revival of democracy following the military government is significant in understanding women’s activism as well as the policies of two prime ministers with diametrically opposed ideological orientations. Explaining this movement's various expressions is necessary to comprehend its various phases. This study will help to identify the significance of specific historical circumstances, power structures, and national and international policy dynamics in shaping the women's rights movement in Pakistan. This study critically examines women's rights activism during the four terms of democratically elected prime ministers and how they responded to women's rights aspirations for equal status for women in society. This historical analysis is necessary to determine whether contemporary activism is a continuation of the past or distinct in terms of goals and modalities.
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Melinz, J., K. Shorter, A. Murphy, and C. Cummins. "The Physical Demands of Women's Rugby League During a Three-Day National Championships." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 22 (October 2019): S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.119.
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Caple, Helen, Kate Greenwood, and Catharine Lumby. "What League? The Representation of Female Athletes in Australian Television Sports Coverage." Media International Australia 140, no. 1 (August 2011): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1114000117.
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This article explores why women's sport in Australia still struggles to attract sponsorship and mainstream media coverage despite evidence of high levels of participation and on-field successes. Data are drawn from the largest study of Australian print and television coverage of female athletes undertaken to date in Australia, as well as from a case study examining television coverage of the success of the Matildas, the Australian women's national football team, in winning the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Women's Asian Cup in 2010. This win was not only the highest ever accolade for any Australian national football team (male or female), but also guaranteed the Matildas a place in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany [where they reached the quarter-finals]. Given the close association between success on the field, sponsorship and television exposure, this article focuses specifically on television reporting. We present evidence of the starkly disproportionate amounts of coverage across this section of the news media, and explore the circular link between media coverage, sponsorship and the profile of women's sport.
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Ferres, Kay. "The Lyceum Club and the Making of the Modern Woman." Queensland Review 21, no. 1 (May 8, 2014): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2014.8.
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In 1934, the editor of the Courier-Mail’s women's page, Winifred Moore, reflected on the growth and importance of women's clubs in Queensland in the early decades of the twentieth century. Moore herself had been involved in community organisations since she took up her career in journalism during World War I. She was a foundation member of the National Parks Association, a member of the Press Association, the Queensland Women's Electoral league (QWEL) and the Lyceum Club. Many of her contemporaries shared what she called ‘the club habit’, a habit that had enabled women to ‘find their tongues in public assemblies’ in the decades after they achieved the vote (Courier-Mail, 8 February 1934, 16). As she wrote her column, Moore may have been thinking of a particular woman: her friend Irene Longman (1877–1964), who had been elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in 1929, only to lose her seat at the next election.
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Šola, Matilda, and Cvita Gregov. "Injury epidemiology in the first Croatian basketball league." Kinesiology 53, no. 1 (2021): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.1.19.
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The aim of this study was to provide a retrospective overview of injuries during one basketball season and to analyse injury rates and potential risks among professional male and female basketball players in the First Croatian National league. A hundred and forty-two (89 males and 53 females) of 223 basketball players (64%) sustained an injury during the previous season. Body height, total game exposure and total on-court time per game (p<.05) were the identified risk factors for females, while the number of training hours per week was found to be a risk factor for males (p<.05). The highest proportion of injured players was found among centers for men (74%) and forwards (70%) for women. Forty-three percent of injuries were moderately serious, 31% were minor, and 20% serious injuries. Majority (80%) of all injuries were to the lower extremities and men sustained fewer lower extremity injuries compared to women (IRR=0.88 95% CI=0.6 to 1.3). Ankles were the most prevalent injury site for both men and women followed by the knee. Men sustained significantly fewer knee injuries compared to female athletes (IRR=0.44 95% CI=0.17 to 1.11). The most common injury type was ligament injuries (31%), followed by muscle tears/strains (20%). Game incidence injury rate for males was significantly lower than for females (IRR=0.55, p=0.01 [95% CI=0.34-0.89]). Those athletes who, on average, played more than 20 minutes in games were almost twice more exposed to an injury (OR=2.09, 95%CI=1.17,3.72). This is the first descriptive epidemiological study estimating rates and risks of injuries among the Croatian professional basketball players.
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Waterhouse-Watson, Deb. "“Our Fans Deserve Better”." Communication & Sport 6, no. 4 (August 10, 2017): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517724418.
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When rugby league star Blake Ferguson was arrested and charged with indecent assault in June 2013, for squeezing the vagina of a woman at a Cronulla night spot, the story made headlines around the country. It was the first sexual crime involving a National Rugby League (NRL) player to be reported since Brett Stewart was acquitted of sexual assault in 2010, and reporting of previous cases focused largely on footballers’ attitudes towards women, women’s behaviour towards footballers, and use of alcohol. Using mixed methods discourse analysis, this article shows that the first 2 weeks of print media reporting created a frame for the case that had nothing to do with sexual crime, attitudes towards women, or gender relations. Although Ferguson had a history of inappropriate behaviour towards women, and alcohol abuse, the alcohol frame was almost unanimously chosen, marginalising the sexual crime and Ferguson’s actual victim. In contrast to reporting of previous cases, the focus was overwhelmingly on the impact on Ferguson’s career, his well-being and the game (including teammates, fans, and the NRL). The primacy of sport, and use of language to represent the case, impedes serious consideration of problematic attitudes towards women and the seriousness of sexual crime.
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Sluga, Glenda. "Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory." History of Education Review 45, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 212–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-09-2015-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.
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Maritz, Loraine. "Party politics jeopardised the credibility of the Women’s National Coalition for Afrikaner women in the organisation." New Contree 61 (May 31, 2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v61i0.354.
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Die Women’s National Coalition (WNC) is in 1992 amptelik gestig en was ‘n inisiatief van die African National Congress Women’s League. Die doelwitte van die WNC was om inligting oor vroue se behoeftes en aspirasies in te samel en dit in ‘n Vrouehandves saam te vat wat uiteindelik ‘n integrale deel van die nuwe Grondwet van Suid-Afrika sou word. Vanweë talle praktiese probleme, asook haar gebrek aan politieke vernuf, het die Afrikanervrou moeilik by die WNC aangepas. Daarby het die vyandigheid van swart vroue wat die vergaderings van die WNC domineer het, verder die Afrikanervrou se betrokkenheid in die wiele gery. In hierdie artikel val die soeklig op hoe die politieke gebeure tydens die onderhandelings vir ’n nuwe demokratiese bestel die WNC en Afrikanervroue beïnvloed het.
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Ward, Margaret. "Conflicting Interests: The British and Irish Suffrage Movements." Feminist Review 50, no. 1 (July 1995): 127–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1995.27.
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This article uses a case-study of the relationship between the British suffrage organization, the Women's Social and Political Union, and its equivalent on the Irish side, the Irish Women's Franchise League, in order to illuminate some consequences of the colonial relationship between Britain and Ireland. As political power was located within the British state, and the British feminist movement enjoyed superior resources, the Irish movement was at a disadvantage. This was compounded by serious internal divisions within the Irish movement — a product of the dispute over Ireland's constitutional future — which prevented the Franchise League, sympathetic to the nationalist demand for independence — from establishing a strong presence in the North. The consequences of the British movement organizing in Ireland, in particular their initiation of a militant campaign in the North, are explored in some detail, using evidence provided by letters from the participants. British intervention was clearly motivated from British-inspired concerns rather than from any solidarity with the situation of women in Ireland, proving to be disastrous for the Irish, accentuating their deep-rooted divisions. The overall argument is that feminism cannot be viewed in isolation from other political considerations. This case-study isolates the repercussions of Britain's imperial role for both British and Irish movements: ostensibly with a common objective but in reality divided by their differing response to the constitutional arrangement between the two countries. For this reason, historians of Irish feminist movements must give consideration to the importance of the ‘national question’ and display a more critical attitude towards the role played by Britain in Irish affairs.
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Danielsen, Line Dverseth, Arne Martin Jakobsen, Derek M. Peters, and Rune Høigaard. "Considerations Perceived by Coaches as Specific to Coaching Elite Women’s Soccer Teams." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5 (February 10, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v5i.130311.
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This study investigated challenges perceived by coaches when working with elite women’s soccer teams. Six men and four women coaches with experience in the first Norwegian League or Norwegian national team participated. Semi-structured interviews were carried out, and the data was analyzed using thematic interpretational analysis. Participants identified professionalism, early-career termination, mental characteristics, intrateam communication, romantic relationships, access to the locker rooms (men only), and team selection (women only) as the specific challenges they face when coaching these teams. The findings are discussed in relation to ensuring that good performance and development are achieved when coaching elite women’s soccer teams and helping future coaches optimize their coaching techniques when working with elite women players.
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Han, Geum-Soon. "National Movements of Pyeong-kuk Kang in Japan." Society for Jeju Studies 58 (August 31, 2022): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47520/jjs.2022.58.107.
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Pyeong-kuk Kang was a Korean nationalist during the period of Japanese colonial rule.
She participated in the March 1st movement in Seoul. After Kang enrolled in Tokyo Women’s Medical School, Kang was a member of youth activist group, feminist group, and labor union for Koreans in Japan. She participated in nationalist activism against ethnic discrimination in Japan until 1932.
Kang was a board member of the Korean Young Women League in Tokyo, which had a goal to enhance social status and economic welfare of women. She was also a fellow member of the Council of Korean Association in Tokyo. Furthermore, Kang was a committee member of the Department of Women in the Eastern branch of Korea Trade Union in Tokyo and in the Korea Trade Union Confederation in Japan. She participated in social activism for Koreans against ethnic discrimination to protect the rights and interests of Korean labor. Kang played the leading role in the establishment of the Tokyo branch of Keun-Woo Association. Keun-Woo Association was an activist group for women’s social status and Korean liberation. Kang was a chairperson in General Meeting for the establishment of the Tokyo branch of Keun-Woo Association. Kang in Keun-Woo Association engaged in not only women’s rights and interests but also other political and social issues.
Kang’s activities in Japan were mainly focused on nationalist activism. A wide range of her activism from feminism to labor movement were protests for Koreans against ethnic discrimination. On the other hand, Kang’s activities in Japan were aligned with socialist activism.
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Weaver, Janet K. "The Road Not Taken: Pearl McGill and the Promise of Inclusive Unionism, 1894–1914." Labor 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-9576779.
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Abstract Pearl McGill's path from an officer in a union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) to an organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) offers an alternative lens through which to view industrial unionism at the critical juncture of the legendary “Bread and Roses” strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Her role in the strikes of button workers in Iowa and textile workers in New England between 1911 and 1913 shines a light on the ways in which grassroots activists invested hope that AFL “federal labor unions” (local unions directly affiliated with the national AFL) might serve as a vehicle for their inclusive union aspirations. Her contribution enhances our understanding of the strategies of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) and the contested terrain of ethnicity and gender on which its leaders sought to organize women factory workers, constrained as they were by their loyalty to the AFL.
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Nackenoff, Carol. "The Private Roots of American Political Development: The Immigrants' Protective League's “Friendly and Sympathetic Touch,” 1908–1924." Studies in American Political Development 28, no. 2 (October 2014): 129–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x14000030.
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This article aims to illuminate how non-state actors participate in forging public institutions and in establishing public agendas. It also sets out to identify novel mechanisms of state building. It does so by examining the historical experience of the Immigrants' Protective League (IPL) from its founding in 1908 through 1924. The history of the IPL highlights the role of organized, networked women in generating new boundary stories and doing boundary work; in conducting research and enhancing legibility; in incubating new policy experiments; and in moving the national, state, and local governments to take up new tasks in the progressive era. Focusing on women's activism in this period, and efforts to link immigrants to categories of the vulnerable, reveals that porous boundaries, hybrid power-sharing arrangements, and public-private collaborations may be more typical in forging new American institutions and public agendas than is generally recognized—and insufficiently captured by a narrative of a weak state borrowing temporary capacity from private actors.
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김유겸 and 김가영. "The commercialism and sexualization of women in sports: The critical reading of Legends Football League national commercials." Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22173/jksss.2016.29.4.89.
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Sandler, Willeke. "Colonial Education in the Third Reich: The Witzenhausen Colonial School and the Rendsburg Colonial School for Women." Central European History 49, no. 2 (June 2016): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938916000339.
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AbstractIn 1926, the Women's League of the German Colonial Society opened the Rendsburg Colonial School for Women to train young women to go abroad to the former German colonies. This school joined the Witzenhausen Colonial School (for men), founded in 1899, as institutions of colonial education in a Germany now without an overseas empire. After 1933, the schools entered a new phase of their histories. This article examines the Rendsburg and Witzenhausen Colonial Schools in tandem in order to explore the place of colonial education in the Third Reich. Through their curricula, the schools sought to negotiate the value of this education to the ideological and territorial goals of the Third Reich, a negotiation that was not always smooth, as demonstrated by debates about the political and pedagogical suitability of the directors of the schools. World War II heightened the gendered differences between the schools and led to different wartime experiences, in particular the Rendsburg school's participation in Germanization projects in eastern Europe. The trajectory of both schools in the Third Reich demonstrates that the cultural/national/racial importance of colonial work retained relevance and indeed obtained increased value in a Germany without overseas colonies.