Academic literature on the topic 'National Wealth Estimation'

Presented paper aims to suggest theoretical framework, application of which would allow indicating if foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates or hinders economic development of host country economy. Central ideas elaborated in the article are as follows. The first, necessity of cost‐benefit analysis of FDI inflow is emphasized. As state policy favourable for foreign capital means costs, instrument for benefit estimation is required. Neoclassical and industrial organization theories are being employed for FDI effects evaluation purpose. Assumption about changing effect of FDI after medium‐term period of 6–7 year passes has been raised and tested. Data of Lithuanian manufacturing branch and its three main comprising manufacturing sectors for the 1996–2007 period have been employed. Results of application of elaborated theoretical framework lead to corollary about different impact of FDI on various sectors of economy and high probability of diminishing positive initial impact after medium‐term time span passes. Santrauka Straipsnyje siūlomas originalus, teoriškai pagristas modelis, skirtas nustatyti, kaip laikui begant kinta tiesioginiu užsienio investiciju (TUI) poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi. Autoriai, vertindami TUI poveiki, taiko sanaudu ir naudos analizes principa. Kadangi valstybes politika, palanki užsienio investicijoms, dažniausia reiškia šalies sanaudas joms pritraukti, kyla ekonominiu instrumen‐tu, reikalingu TUI ekonominiam naudingumui ivertinti, sukūrimo problema. Jai spresti pasitelkiamos neoklasikine ir industrines organizacijos teorijos. Straipsnyje iškeliama ir tikrinama prielaida, kad TUI poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi pakinta po TUI atejimo praejus vidutiniam, t. y. 5–6 metu, laikotarpiui. Tirti naudojami 1996–2007 m. laikotarpio Lietuvos trijupagrindiniupramones sektoriu duomenys. Sukurto modelio taikymo rezultatai leidžia atskleisti nevienoda TUI poveiki skir‐tingiems ekonomikos sektoriams bei leidžia teigti, jog pradinis teigiamas TUI poveikis vietines ekono‐mikos vystymuisi turi tendencija mažeti po investavimo praejus 5–6 metams.

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking and its burden on societies is not homogenous at the national and district levels. This nationwide study aimed to investigate current inequalities in the prevalence of smoking at the district level and the association of smoking behaviors with gender, wealth, education, and urbanization in Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted by analyzing the data of the STEPS survey 2016 with 30541 participants. The small-area estimation method using the Bayesian spatial hierarchical multilevel regression model was employed to generate district-level prevalence of all types of smoking by gender. The inequalities between the groups by wealth, education, and urbanization were investigated via concentration index. Results: The prevalence rates of current daily cigarette smoking were found to be at the range of 4.6-40.9 and 0-4.5 among men and women, respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking was higher in men than in women: 19.0 (95% CI: 9.5-28.7) vs 0.7 (95% CI: 0-6.9). Women with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to smoke tobacco or be exposed to secondhand smoking. On the other hand, men with higher wealth or education indices were more likely to smoke tobacco. Men with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoking. Conclusion: The smoking behavior varied significantly at the district level in Iran. Gender, wealth, education, and urbanization were determinants of smoking prevalence.

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to determine the contribution of agriculture to poverty reduction by determining the degree of extension of individual wealth in relation to the increase in agricultural added value.
 Methodology: Using data from the World Bank (WDI 2020) and FOASTAT from 1980 to 2018, GDP per capita (indicator for measuring the level of development noted as GDP/H) is regressed on the added value of the agriculture in millions of dollars (AVA) and other variables such as gross national savings (GNS), added value of industries (AVI), and imports of goods and services (IGS).
 Findings: The main estimation results of the multiple regression model by ordinary least squares, the overall significance of which is 5%, indicate that: i) a unit increase in agricultural value added stimulates individual wealth by 0.0594 thousand dollars; ii) a unit increase in gross national savings in turn causes an increase of 0.185 thousand dollars in GDP per capita, iii) the agricultural value added positively influences gross domestic product per capita as well as gross national savings.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Thus, for a better standard of living through the increase in GDP per capita, Cameroonian agricultural products must undergo strong transformations in order to generate added values ​​with multiplier effects on individual incomes. Thus, the population must be encouraged to further stimulate their national savings.

SummaryData from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey indicate levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials in adult mortality in the Republic of Korea. The indirect techniques of parental survival and the time location of mortality are used to estimate mortality levels and to discern time trends in adult mortality. Socioeconomic variables are considered for their relationship with levels of adult mortality. The index of household wealth (based on the ownership of modern goods, size and space of household) and education stand out as the most important differentials in adult mortality. The trend in mortality decline is most pronounced for the subgroups representing higher levels of educational attainment and greater ownership of modern goods even after adjusting for the interrelationship between these two variables.