Academic literature on the topic 'National Wealth Estimation'

AbstractWe analyse the top tail of the wealth distribution in France, Germany, and Spain using the first and second waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). Since top wealth is likely to be under-represented in household surveys, we integrate big fortunes from rich lists, estimate a Pareto distribution, and impute the missing rich. In addition to the Forbes list, we rely on national rich lists since they represent a broader base of the big fortunes in those countries. As a result, the top 1% wealth share increases notably for the three selected countries after imputing the top wealth. We find that national rich lists can improve the estimation of the Pareto coefficient in particular when the list of national USD billionaires is short.

Abstract Do neighborhood conditions affect wealth accumulation? This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy to analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from emerging adulthood through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have sizable, plausibly causal effects on wealth, but these effects vary significantly by race/ethnicity and homeownership. White homeowners receive the largest payoff to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Black adults, regardless of homeownership, are doubly disadvantaged in the neighborhood–wealth relationship. They live in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods and receive little return to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Findings indicate that disparities in neighborhood (dis)advantage figure prominently in wealth inequality and the racial wealth gap.

Presented paper aims to suggest theoretical framework, application of which would allow indicating if foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates or hinders economic development of host country economy. Central ideas elaborated in the article are as follows. The first, necessity of cost‐benefit analysis of FDI inflow is emphasized. As state policy favourable for foreign capital means costs, instrument for benefit estimation is required. Neoclassical and industrial organization theories are being employed for FDI effects evaluation purpose. Assumption about changing effect of FDI after medium‐term period of 6–7 year passes has been raised and tested. Data of Lithuanian manufacturing branch and its three main comprising manufacturing sectors for the 1996–2007 period have been employed. Results of application of elaborated theoretical framework lead to corollary about different impact of FDI on various sectors of economy and high probability of diminishing positive initial impact after medium‐term time span passes. Santrauka Straipsnyje siūlomas originalus, teoriškai pagristas modelis, skirtas nustatyti, kaip laikui begant kinta tiesioginiu užsienio investiciju (TUI) poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi. Autoriai, vertindami TUI poveiki, taiko sanaudu ir naudos analizes principa. Kadangi valstybes politika, palanki užsienio investicijoms, dažniausia reiškia šalies sanaudas joms pritraukti, kyla ekonominiu instrumen‐tu, reikalingu TUI ekonominiam naudingumui ivertinti, sukūrimo problema. Jai spresti pasitelkiamos neoklasikine ir industrines organizacijos teorijos. Straipsnyje iškeliama ir tikrinama prielaida, kad TUI poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi pakinta po TUI atejimo praejus vidutiniam, t. y. 5–6 metu, laikotarpiui. Tirti naudojami 1996–2007 m. laikotarpio Lietuvos trijupagrindiniupramones sektoriu duomenys. Sukurto modelio taikymo rezultatai leidžia atskleisti nevienoda TUI poveiki skir‐tingiems ekonomikos sektoriams bei leidžia teigti, jog pradinis teigiamas TUI poveikis vietines ekono‐mikos vystymuisi turi tendencija mažeti po investavimo praejus 5–6 metams.

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking and its burden on societies is not homogenous at the national and district levels. This nationwide study aimed to investigate current inequalities in the prevalence of smoking at the district level and the association of smoking behaviors with gender, wealth, education, and urbanization in Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted by analyzing the data of the STEPS survey 2016 with 30541 participants. The small-area estimation method using the Bayesian spatial hierarchical multilevel regression model was employed to generate district-level prevalence of all types of smoking by gender. The inequalities between the groups by wealth, education, and urbanization were investigated via concentration index. Results: The prevalence rates of current daily cigarette smoking were found to be at the range of 4.6-40.9 and 0-4.5 among men and women, respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking was higher in men than in women: 19.0 (95% CI: 9.5-28.7) vs 0.7 (95% CI: 0-6.9). Women with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to smoke tobacco or be exposed to secondhand smoking. On the other hand, men with higher wealth or education indices were more likely to smoke tobacco. Men with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoking. Conclusion: The smoking behavior varied significantly at the district level in Iran. Gender, wealth, education, and urbanization were determinants of smoking prevalence.

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to determine the contribution of agriculture to poverty reduction by determining the degree of extension of individual wealth in relation to the increase in agricultural added value. Methodology: Using data from the World Bank (WDI 2020) and FOASTAT from 1980 to 2018, GDP per capita (indicator for measuring the level of development noted as GDP/H) is regressed on the added value of the agriculture in millions of dollars (AVA) and other variables such as gross national savings (GNS), added value of industries (AVI), and imports of goods and services (IGS). Findings: The main estimation results of the multiple regression model by ordinary least squares, the overall significance of which is 5%, indicate that: i) a unit increase in agricultural value added stimulates individual wealth by 0.0594 thousand dollars; ii) a unit increase in gross national savings in turn causes an increase of 0.185 thousand dollars in GDP per capita, iii) the agricultural value added positively influences gross domestic product per capita as well as gross national savings. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Thus, for a better standard of living through the increase in GDP per capita, Cameroonian agricultural products must undergo strong transformations in order to generate added values ​​with multiplier effects on individual incomes. Thus, the population must be encouraged to further stimulate their national savings.

SummaryData from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey indicate levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials in adult mortality in the Republic of Korea. The indirect techniques of parental survival and the time location of mortality are used to estimate mortality levels and to discern time trends in adult mortality. Socioeconomic variables are considered for their relationship with levels of adult mortality. The index of household wealth (based on the ownership of modern goods, size and space of household) and education stand out as the most important differentials in adult mortality. The trend in mortality decline is most pronounced for the subgroups representing higher levels of educational attainment and greater ownership of modern goods even after adjusting for the interrelationship between these two variables.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit dans mes intérêts de recherche générale à l’intersection de l’économie du développement, de l’économie politique et de l’histoire économique. Plus précisément, mon programme de recherche se concentre autour de deux axes principaux. D’une part, en numérisant des ensembles de données historiques à grande échelle, j’explore les vicissitudes à long terme des inégalités sous des formes multidimensionnelles en Afrique et en Asie de l’Est, en particulier leurs déterminants historiques (via l’avènement et la fin du colonialisme, la montée et la chute de différents régimes politiques, etc.) et leurs interactions à long terme avec le développement contemporain et les résultats de la croissance. D’autre part, j’adopte une perspective plus micro en concevant des expériences d’enquête transnationales pour comprendre comment les gens perçoivent subjectivement les inégalités et forment leurs préférences en matière de redistribution, en particulier dans les pays en développement où la forte présence d’institutions traditionnelles et des trajectoires de croissance uniques peuvent avoir façonné la vision des citoyens sur l’inégalité et le développement de manière différente, les idées tirées pouvant également éclairer les politiques pour un développement plus durable à long terme. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, je tente de répondre à ces questions en me concentrant sur les dimensions de recherche susmentionnées en quatre chapitres traversant les territoires de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et de l’Asie de l’Est. Dans le premier chapitre, j’examine les déterminants historiques de la conception des institutions coloniales françaises en Afrique de l’Ouest, En particulier, je me concentre sur l’un des épisodes de travail forcé les plus draconiens intégrés dans le système de conscription de l’époque, spécifiquement au Mali colonial où les réservistes militaires étaient exploités pour les travaux publics et la construction de chemins de fer. J’estime les répercussions à long terme du travail forcé colonial en collectant manuellement un énorme ensemble de données historiques sur les soldats coloniaux au Mali avec mes collègues qui recherchent sur le développement au Mali contemporain. Dans mes deuxième et troisième chapitres, je m’éloigne du colonialisme en Afrique de l’Ouest et me plonge dans l’étude des perceptions des inégalités et de la formation des préférences redistributives dans la Chine contemporaine. À travers deux expériences d’enquête consécutives avec mes co-auteurs,nous constatons que les attitudes des citoyens chinois envers les inégalités et les préférences pour la redistribution diffèrent significativement des idéaux occidentaux, et nous tentons de rationaliser cet ensemble unique de préférences avec l’expérience économique transitoire de la Chine et la faible agence politique de la population. Dans mon dernier chapitre, je retourne dans l’histoire de la Chine au 20e siècle et, avec mes coauteurs, nous estimons l’évolution à long terme de l’accumulation de la richesse nationale chinoise depuis la fondation de la République de Chine (1911) jusqu’en 2020. Nous trouvons des modèlestrès frappants en ce qui concerne la dynamique de l’accumulation de la richesse d’un pays ayant subi des trajectoires politiques et de développement drastiques au cours du siècle dernier, ce qui ouvre la voie à plus de dialogues pour comprendre la relation complexe entre inégalité et croissance en Chine et dans le monde en développement en général à l’avenir
This Ph.D. dissertation speaks to my general research interests at the intersections of development economics, political economy and economic history. Specifically, my research agenda centers around two main axes. On the one hand, by digitizing large-scale historical datasets, I explore the long-term vicissitudes of inequalities in multi-dimensional forms in both Africa and East Asia, in particular their historical determinants (via the advent and end of colonialism, the rise and fall of different political regimes, etc) and their long-run interactions with contemporary development and growth outcomes. On the other hand, I zoom in from a more micro perspective, by designing cross-country survey experiments, in order to understand how people subjectively perceive inequalities and form preferences for redistribution, especially in developing countries where the strong presence of traditional institutions and unique growth trajectories could have shaped citizens to view inequality and development in alternative manners and the insights from which could also inform policy-making for more sustainable development in the longer run. In this Ph.D. thesis, I attempt to answer these questions centering around the aforementioned research dimensions in four chapters, traversing the territories of West Africa and East Asia. In the first chapter, I examine the historical determinants over the design of French colonial institutions in West Africa. In particular, I zoom in on one of the most draconian forced labor episodes embedded in the conscription system at the time, specifically in colonial Mali where military reservists were exploited for public works and railway construction, and estimate the long-term developmental repercussions of colonial forced labor by hand-collecting an enormous historical dataset on colonial soldiers in Mali together with my colleagues researching on development in contemporary Mali. In my second and third chapters, I depart away from colonialism in West Africa, and dive into investigating inequality perceptions and the formation of redistributive preferences in contemporary China. Via two consecutive survey experiments with my co-authors, we find that Chinese citizens’ attitudes towards inequalities and preferences for redistribution differ significantly from the western ideals,and we attempt to rationalize this unique set of preferences with China’s transitional economic experience and low political agency of the population. In my final chapter, I go back into the history of China in the 20th century, and together with my co-authors, we estimate the long-run evolution of Chinese national wealth accumulation from the founding of the Republic of China (1911) till 2020. We find very striking patterns with regards to the dynamics of wealth accumulation of a country having undergone drastic political and development trajectories over the past century, which paves the way for more dialogues on understanding the intricate relationship between inequality and growth in China and the developing world at large in the future

Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of a country should be around twenty times its GDP. Instead, the average observed ratio from the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6–6.6. Clearly, wealth accounts are incomplete. Estimating the value of the most obvious omission, human capital, using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 63 per cent—four times the value of produced and fourteen times that of natural capital. But for selected high-income countries an average of 25 per cent of total wealth remains unaccounted. This residual intangible is arguably the ‘stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity—the value of assets such as institutional and social capital that augment the capacity of produced, natural, and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.

Since the economic development ceased to represent by itself the main issue in achieving human well-being—at least for western societies—scientists have discovered that the sustainability may represent an even more significant threat for human civilisation in a fundamental sense, almost irrespective of material wealth. Sustainability assumes that the economic development is deployed in compliance with the other facets of human demand for well-being: preservation of biodiversity and climate, the human rights, the integrate approach of distributional justice, etc. Evaluation of development sustainability represents a real scientific challenge, proved by the wide variety of indicators in existing national and international sets. The Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) are the practical tool that address the balance between the development and sustainability, ensures evaluation and translation of knowledge into meaningful and manageable units of information to support analyses and research, and to inform planning and decision-making. There are pointed out the fundamentals of SDIs design and theoretic specific frameworks. As the majority of indicators are applicable straightforward, the main focus in presentation is upon the calculation algorithm of aggregate SDIs. In this respect, the chapter comprises the estimation algorithm of capital components of wealth; also, there are introduced the human life quality and environmental indicators, that can represent a suitable complement of wealth measurement, for a comprehensive development in agreement with the surrounding nature, society, and respect for future generations.

The search for indicators for the UN target to reduce illicit financial flows (IFF) is complicated by data issues and the difficulties of estimating what is deliberately hidden. In this chapter, we propose our two preferred indicators, that address instead the measurable consequences of IFF. In this chapter we lay out the two measures, and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses including in respect of data availability and potential work-arounds at national level. Both measures use relatively newly available data to establish scale: in the first case, the scale of the misalignment between where multinational companies carry out their economic activity, and where they are ultimately able to declare the resulting profit; and in the second case, the scale of offshore wealth which is undeclared to tax authorities.

This chapter looks into the economic costs of drug control to the criminal justice systems in four European countries, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain as a contribution to the debate on the costs of illicit drugs to society suggesting paths for investigation. At the global level, extensive evidence has been collected and research has been carried out on the importance of estimating the costs of crime to society [1]. However, there is still little evidence on some aspects of the criminal justice costs considered in relation to the laws and regulations for which they were incurred. The study of Farrell and Clark [2] is one example of an empirical estimate of the direct cost of public expenditure on the global criminal justice system. Using six different regression models, the study found that there was a direct relationship between the wealth of nations and the amount spent on criminal justice: richer countries spend more GDP per capita than less developed countries. Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain show both differences and commonalities in terms of their geographical position, economic development and criminal justice system organization in relation to drug control. All four countries are based on a civil law system and have old judicial traditions. The analysis shows that drug-related costs for the three sectors considered (police, courts and prisons) as a share of GDP, from 2010 to 2018, have increased only for Poland, while for Italy, there has been a slight decrease and for Portugal and Spain drug-related justice expenditure has sharply decreased.

Abstract The conceptualization of intellectual disability/disorders of intellectual development (ID/DID) has changed considerably across time. In the last decade, difficulties in defining and placing ID/DID have sparked a more intense scientific debate than ever before, which includes two main approaches, one focusing on disability as characterized by significant impairment of intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, and the other proposing a multidimensional polynomial-polysemic definition to be accorded to specific classificatory contexts. The concept of ID/DID varies greatly from one country to another, as well as from one cultural setting to the next within the same country. Culture and context are two intertwined fundamental concepts that have a big impact on estimating prevalence, planning, and delivering effective health and social services. In wealthy nations such as Denmark, the prevalence of ID/DID is reported to be less than 1%, while it can reach 3–4% in low- and middle-income countries. Research in high-income countries yielded very consistent rates, but rates in low- and middle-income countries are more variable, owing to methodological problems and greater risk exposure variance. However, comparing prevalence is difficult because of the enormous differences in how ID/DID is conceptualized, economic and societal variables, diagnostic criteria applied, and methodologies used to identify ID/DID. Although prevalence rates in different countries and contexts cannot reveal cultural differences in ID/DID conceptualization or the dynamics of the disablement process, these figures can be used to improve policymaking and advocacy as well as raise awareness of the relationship between societies and their citizens with ID/DID.