Journal articles: 'National security – Netherlands – 1945-'

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Idris, Abdi Manab, Suyono Thamrin, Donny Yoegiantoro, and Rinaldo Albertus Triprasetyo. "Kontribusi Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) dalam Pembentukan TNI dengan Pendekatan Historis dan Ilmu Pertahanan." Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) 5, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34007/jehss.v5i1.1256.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze and examine the social phenomenon of the formation of the TNI. This research is focuses on elevating the role and contribution of PETA in the formation of the TNI in terms of history and defense science. The research method used is a literature study method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the Republic of Indonesia in general had been colonized by several European countries such as the Netherlands, Portugal and Japan. However, the suffering of colonialism was most felt when the Japanese Occupation Period formed the Defender of the Homeland Army (PETA). PETA is a security institution that was formed during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in September 1943. PETA has contributed a lot to the forerunner of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia since before independence in the form of defiance and resistance to the Japanese army, securing the independence procession and being the first to raise the saka red and white. , changed its name to the People's Security Agency (BKR) to the Indonesian National Army (TNI). During the process of changing the name of the institution there have been several incidents ranging from rebellion to military aggression by the Dutch. As for the resistance and operations carried out ranging from guerrilla warfare, physical to non-physical. The Historical Approach is a condition of PETA's military since it was first formed until it turned into the TNI in various regions in Indonesia and the Defense Science Approach in the form of a tactical step/independence movement which led to PETA's contribution to Indonesia.

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de Kok, Jochem. "Investment Screening in the Netherlands." Legal Issues of Economic Integration 48, Issue 1 (April 1, 2021): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2021004.

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Despite imperfections, the Dutch framework for investment screening could function as a model for more proportionate and clearer investment screening rules. From a procedural perspective, the Dutch framework illustrates that it is possible to establish objective thresholds in order to more specifically target certain companies or categories of companies. Substantively, the Dutch framework shows that the general test of ‘security’ can be narrowed down to more specific substantive criteria. Providing clearer procedural thresholds and substantive tests under investment screening regulations, both in the Netherlands and elsewhere, will help ensure that investments are only restricted or prohibited where genuinely necessary and proportionate in order to safeguard national security interests. The Commission and national authorities throughout the Union should therefore endeavour to establish clearer procedural thresholds and frameworks of assessment to ensure that only transactions that can reasonably pose a threat to security or public order are made subject to filing obligations and are assessed on the basis of more clearly defined substantive criteria. investment screening, FDI screening, security screening, investment law, national security, proportionality, Chinese investments, Regulation 2019/452, investeringstoets, veiligheidstoets, ongewenste zeggenschap

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Davis, Edward B., Thomas H. Buckley, and Edwin B. Strong. "American Foreign and National Security Policies, 1914-1945." Journal of Military History 53, no. 1 (January 1989): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986029.

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Brune, Lester H., Thomas H. Buckley, and Edwin B. Strong. "American Foreign and National Security Policies, 1914-1945." Journal of American History 75, no. 4 (March 1989): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908728.

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Smoot, Betsy Rohaly. "National Security Agency releases Army Security Agency histories covering 1945–1963." Cryptologia 41, no. 5 (July 12, 2017): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01611194.2017.1325789.

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Rademaker, Michel. "National Security Strategy of the Netherlands: An Innovative Approach." Information & Security: An International Journal 23 (2009): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.2305.

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Ovendale, Ritchie. "The national security: its theory and practice, 1945–1960." International Affairs 63, no. 2 (1987): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3025514.

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Divine, Robert A., and Norman A. Graebner. "The National Security: Its Theory and Practice, 1945-1960." American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (April 1988): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860106.

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Smyrl, Marc E., and Norman A. Graebner. "The National Security: Its Theory and Practice, 1945-1960." Political Science Quarterly 102, no. 4 (1987): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151317.

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Lima, Laura. "Legislating Security: Drilling Down the Concepts of ‘National Defence’ and ‘National Security’ in Brazil (1900–1945)." Defence Studies 14, no. 3 (April 16, 2014): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2014.889470.

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Hossain, Mohammad Belayet, Asmah Laili Bt Yeon, and Ahmad Shamsul Bin Abd Aziz. "Sovereignty, National Interest & Security and the Bilateral Investment Treaties of Bangladesh and the Netherlands: a Comparison." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340049.

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Abstract In absence of any global treaty, the bilateral investment treaties are playing the important role of regulating foreign investments in the host countries. The primary purpose of economic globalization is the economic development of the developing and least-developed countries as well as to facilitate benefits of the home states. Bangladesh and the Netherlands also signed bilateral investment treaties to facilitate trade. Bangladesh foreign investment laws and bilateral investment treaties mainly protect foreign investors; however, neither include any specific provisions of protecting sovereignty, national interest, and security. The Netherlands generally follows EU foreign investment policies. This paper addresses two questions: (a) do the bilateral investment treaties of Bangladesh and the Netherlands include any specific provisions to protect the sovereignty, national interest, and security, and (b) should the sovereignty, national interest, and security be considered during the entry of foreign direct investment in Bangladesh and the Netherlands? Using doctrinal research method, a total of 25 bilateral investment treaties have been analysed in order to explore whether they protect the sovereignty, national interest, and security of Bangladesh and the Netherlands. Based on the findings, this study will recommend that the government of Bangladesh should consider this important factor as an entry condition, either through amending the existing laws or through the bilateral investment treaties.

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Adamson, Fiona B., and Kelly M. Greenhill. "Globality and Entangled Security: Rethinking the Post-1945 Order." New Global Studies 15, no. 2-3 (April 2, 2021): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2021-0006.

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Abstract In this essay we argue for the utility of moving from a “national” to an “entangled global” perspective on security. Focusing on the post-1945 international context, we discuss how the concept of “globality” can inform and reframe our understanding of transnational security dynamics and help move us beyond traditional state-centric frameworks. Such a move enables a better understanding of historical events and contemporary security dynamics than classical “national security” frameworks alone. After outlining the rationale behind our call for expanding the aperture in the study of security, we theorize security entanglement as a particularly important form of globality with its own internal dynamics and show how the entanglement framework allows us to rethink the post-1945 security environment and events within it. We then focus on three illustrative forms of security entanglement that have been underexplored in security studies: the global nature of the Cold War; dynamics of decolonization and its legacies; and the relationship between migration and security. We conclude by discussing the implications of security entanglement for future visions of world security.

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Schrover, Marlou, and Tycho Walaardt. "Displaced persons, returnees and ‘unsuitables’: the Dutch selection of DPs (1945–1951)." Continuity and Change 33, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 413–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416018000255.

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AbstractAfter the Second World War, Dutch authorities allowed 8,000 displaced persons (DPs) to come to the Netherlands, but only 3,904 came, and 25 per cent of them returned to camp life in Germany. This article seeks to explain why debates on the DP issue changed so rapidly within a short period of time. In earlier publications, it has been claimed that ‘selling’ DPs as workers helped to solve the DP issue. This strategy did not work for the Netherlands. This article analyses how the DP issue was framed by organisations, the Dutch government, civil servants, the Dutch Homeland Security Department, newspapers and employers.

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Turetzky, Marc David. "The Presidency and National Security: Presidential Foreign Policymaking, 1945-1999." Congress & the Presidency 27, no. 1 (March 2000): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07343460009507778.

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15

Mount, Graeme S., and Lawrence Robert Aronsen. "American National Security and Economic Relations with Canada, 1945-1954." Journal of American History 85, no. 3 (December 1998): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567343.

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KUNKELER, NATHANIËL. "NARRATIVES OF DECLINE IN THE DUTCH NATIONAL SOCIALIST MOVEMENT, 1931–1945." Historical Journal 61, no. 1 (October 4, 2017): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000188.

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AbstractGeneric fascism scholarship, which has turned strongly towards cultural political history in recent years, has focused heavily on themes of rebirth in fascist culture, but rebirth's counterpart of decline remains under-researched. After emphasizing the existence of several distinct and even mutually exclusive ideological strands in the NSB, this article shows how ideological difference was marked by narratives of decline. But they were equally used to generate a coherent political message about the contemporary state of the Netherlands. Central to their functionality as a unifying tool was party newspaper Volk en Vaderland, which served to promote a patriotic, news-focused, and peculiarly Dutch narrative of decline that overarched ideological difference. Yet more than just tying ends together, one narrative in particular served as a crucial ideological constant in the Movement, namely the Leider Anton Mussert's narrative of decline since the early modern Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, which tied traditional liberal patriotic themes into fascist discourse. Where other historians have emphasized Mussert's lack of moral and ideological leadership, the article impresses how narratives of decline functioned as moral support, and rallied NSB loyalists throughout the German occupation of the Netherlands, until Mussert's own death.

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Lagrou, P. "VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AND NATIONAL MEMORY: BELGIUM, FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS 1945-1965." Past & Present 154, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 181–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/154.1.181.

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de Jong, Abe, Ailsa Röell, and Gerarda Westerhuis. "Changing National Business Systems: Corporate Governance and Financing in the Netherlands, 1945–2005." Business History Review 84, no. 4 (2010): 773–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500002026.

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This study traces the evolution of corporate governance and financing structures in the Netherlands during the second half of the twentieth century. A description of Dutch shareholder rights, fi nancing structures, and networks of directors reveals the changes that have occurred in many aspects of the Dutch corporate system over the course of six decades. The case of Royal Ahold illustrates some of the developments that have taken place. Most indicate a transition from a coordinated market economy to a more liberal system. The internationalization of the Dutch economy, which has played an important role in the transition of the system, is reflected in the expansion of Dutch firms beyond the national borders and in the growing number of foreign investors in Dutch fi rms.

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Kołek, Paweł. "Ruch Narodowo-Socjalistyczny NSB w Niderlandach i jego koncepcja polityki zagranicznej w latach 1931–1945." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.4.2.

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THE NATIONAL SOCIALIST MOVEMENT NSB IN THE NETHERLANDS AND ITS CONCEPT OF FOREIGN POLICY, 1931–1945The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands NSB, established in 1931, was the most important collaborating political party in that country during World War II. The movement developed its own concept of foreign policy, which differed from the policy of Nazi Germany. The party aimed at upholding Europe’s dominant position in the world. To achieve that, the European system should be reconstructed and Germany’s leading role within it needed to be acknowledged. Close cooperation of nation-states should form the basis of the continental order. The prospective Dutch national state — “Dietsland” — was to be composed not only of the Dutch people, but also of the Flemish and the Afrikaners. This united country was also supposed to secure its colonial possessions overseas. This concept of foreign policy was maintained during the whole period of the movement’s existence, even though some minor modifications did occur in the meantime.

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Herianto, Novi, and M. Nakir. "making a peoples defense and safety System." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 10 (November 3, 2020): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9240.

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Article 30 of the 1945 Constitution is the basis for the formulation and drafting of Law No.3 / 2002 on national defense. In article 30, it is stipulated that national defense and security efforts are carried out through the system of defense and security of the total people by the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police, as the main force, and the people, as the supporting force. This system of defense and security for the people of the universe is then manifested in Law No.20 / 1982 concerning the main provisions of national defense. However, when the TAP MPR Number VI and Number VII was issued regarding the Separation of the Police from ABRI. The government is drafting a new Defense Law that is aligned to separate Defense and security that is adaptive to these changes. The defense is compiled and formulated and then translated into Law no. 3/2002, however, the Law on Security was not immediately realized, instead Law No.2 / 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police. Until now, the Law on Security does not exist and has not been materialized. As a result, there is a gap between legislation in the defense sector and legislation in the security sector. Some of the mandates of Law No.3 / 2002 can then be translated into Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential decrees instead other legislation products to support national defense. The lack of this security aspect of course affects the defense and security system which was previously manifested as a comprehensive unit which is of course adjusted to the history of the nation itself. In addition to defense duties which are military in nature, there are tasks in the field of military Nir which all fall into the category of security aspects. As long as there are no regulations governing Security, the Defense and Security System mandated in the 1945 constitution will never materialize.

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Svik, Peter. "The Czechoslovak Factor in Western Alliance Building, 1945–1948." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 1 (January 2016): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00622.

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This article assesses the role of the Czechoslovak coup d’état in February 1948 in the establishment of the Brussels Pact a month later and formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949. The article places these developments in the larger context of post-1945 national security policymaking in several countries, weighing the impact of the Czechoslovak coup on relations among seven countries on national security issues at the outset of the Cold War: Czechoslovakia, France, the United Kingdom, the three Benelux countries, and the United States. The article shows that the only proper way to evaluate the effect of the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia on the formation of the Western alliance is by looking at the considerations present in each country and seeing how they interacted with one another. The Czechoslovak factor varied in its magnitude from country to country.

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Mennen, M. G., and M. C. van Tuyll. "Dealing with future risks in the Netherlands: the National Security Strategy and the National Risk Assessment." Journal of Risk Research 18, no. 7 (June 12, 2014): 860–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2014.923028.

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23

Lehto, Martti. "The Cyberspace Threats and Cyber Security Objectives in the Cyber Security Strategies." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 3, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2013070101.

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Threats in cyberspace can be classified in many ways. This is evident when you look at cyber security on a multinational level. One of the most common models is a threefold classification based on motivational factors. Most nations use this model as a foundation when creating a strategy to handle cyber security threats as it pertains to them. This paper will use the five level model: cyber activism, cybercrime, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. The National Cyber Security Strategy defines articulates the overall aim and objectives of the nation's cyber security policy and sets out the strategic priorities that the national government will pursue to achieve these objectives. The Cyber Security Strategy also describes the key objectives that will be undertaken through a comprehensive body of work across the nation to achieve these strategic priorities. Cyberspace underpins almost every facet of the national functions vital to society and provides critical support for areas like critical infrastructure, economy, public safety, and national security. National governments aim at making a substantial contribution to secure cyberspace and they have different focus areas in the cyber ecosystem. In this context the level of cyber security reached is the sum of all national and international measures taken to protect all activities in the cyber ecosystem. This paper will analyze the cyber security threats, vulnerabilities and cyber weaponry and the cyber security objectives of the Cyber Security Strategies made by Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.

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Trauschweizer, Ingo. "American Ways of War since 1945." International Bibliography of Military History 32, no. 1 (2012): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115757-03201003.

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This essay considers the literature about an American way of war. It pays particular attention to the U.S. in the world since 1945, but also situates contemporary American warfare in its longer historical trajectory. It addresses the early Cold War era, the Vietnam War era, and the post-Cold War era as distinct periods in which different threats, or threat perceptions, shaped American strategy; yet it also shows underlying continuities in the national security ideology, heavy emphasis on technological solutions, and the search for proper operational approaches and doctrine.

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Hlavienka, Lubomír. "National Minorities in the Western Borderlands of Czech Silesia from the Perspective of State Security Corps in 1945." Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 7–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/brs2965.

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In May 1945, Western Silesia, originally inhabited predominantly by the German population, found itself in a completely new situation. The region was once again controlled by the Czechoslovak state power, which wanted to re-organise life in the borderlands. Therefore, it was necessary to handle the issue of the German population, as well as the influx of new settlers from the Czechoslovak inland and abroad. Changes took place on the other side of the border as well, and neighbouring Germany was replaced by Poland. These aspects gave rise to a completely new security situation that the newly formed security corps had to address. The article attempts to follow the relationship of the Czechoslovak security corps to the members of other nationalities who lived in the researched area or with those whom they came into contact while guarding the non-fixed state borders. Research shows that, in 1945, the National Security Corps (SNB) indeed took qualitatively different approaches to various nationalities, ranging from strong hostility and distrust towards the Germans, through vigilance towards the Polish, to an ambiguous attitude towards re-emigrants.

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van der Heide, Liesbeth, and Jip Geenen. "Preventing Terrorism in the Courtroom – The Criminalisation of Preparatory Acts of Terrorism in the Netherlands." Security and Human Rights 26, no. 2-4 (December 7, 2015): 162–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02602016.

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The shift towards preventism in security refers to the process in which national security becomes the focal point of policymaking. Within this preventative shift, more and more policy instruments, including criminal law, are being drawn into the realm of national security. The determining argument in this debate is the idea that we are faced with wicked problems, unknown threats and unpredictable risks that we must somehow control. Potentially catastrophic consequences demand exceptional measures here and now to control the risks and govern the future. In recent years, there has been a growing trend in Europe to criminalise preparatory acts related to terrorism. This article examines this trend in The Netherlands and analyses how it plays out in the courtroom and to what extent the preventative logic has permeated the legal sphere.

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Pye, Lucian W., and Liang Pan. "The United Nations in Japan's Foreign and Security Policymaking, 1945-1992: National Security, Party Politics, and International Status." Foreign Affairs 85, no. 3 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20032023.

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Surowo, Bambang. "KPM VERSUS PELNI: PERSAINGAN MEREBUT HEGEMONI JARINGAN PELAYARAN DI NUSANTARA, 1945–1960." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 1, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v1i1.11849.

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This study examines the competition between KPM versus PT Pelni in seizing the network hegemony cruise in the archipelago in 1945 to 1960 using the historical method. KPM is a major shipping company that was also founded by two major companies Rotterdamsche Lloyd (RL) and Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN) headquartered in Amsterdam the Netherlands. KPM serve scheduled regular shipping route for passengers and cargo between islands in the Dutch East Indies then more popular with the term as a post cruise between islands. KPM also play an important role to support and assist the colonial government in the process of penetration and pacification (conquest), especially in areas outside Java. On the other hand, PT PELNI established by the Indonesian government in the framework of the national development of a country that is still young, especially in the field of shipping. PELNI as well as KPM, also serves as centraal vervoersapparaat. Therefore, the government considers KPM c.q PELNI that dominate the cruise between islands in Indonesia are competitors and inhibitors of national development in the field of shipping. Post-transfer of sovereignity and the cancellation of the agreement KMB unilaterally by President Sukarno on May 3, 1956 resulted in the position of Dutch companies including KPM are at stake. This was exacerbated by the outbreak of the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands on Dutch New Guinea or West Papua, Indonesia implement the program so that the overall nationalization of the Dutch companies, including KPM.

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Surowo, Bambang. "KPM VERSUS PELNI: PERSAINGAN MEREBUT HEGEMONI JARINGAN PELAYARAN DI NUSANTARA, 1945–1960." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v1i1.11857.

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This study examines the competition between KPM versus PT Pelni in seizing the network hegemony cruise in the archipelago in 1945 to 1960 using the historical method. KPM is a major shipping company that was also founded by two major companies Rotterdamsche Lloyd (RL) and Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland (SMN) headquartered in Amsterdam the Netherlands. KPM serve scheduled regular shipping route for passengers and cargo between islands in the Dutch East Indies then more popular with the term as a post cruise between islands. KPM also play an important role to support and assist the colonial government in the process of penetration and pacification (conquest), especially in areas outside Java. On the other hand, PT PELNI established by the Indonesian government in the framework of the national development of a country that is still young, especially in the field of shipping. PELNI as well as KPM, also serves as centraal vervoersapparaat. Therefore, the government considers KPM c.q PELNI that dominate the cruise between islands in Indonesia are competitors and inhibitors of national development in the field of shipping. Post-transfer of sovereignity and the cancellation of the agreement KMB unilaterally by President Sukarno on May 3, 1956 resulted in the position of Dutch companies including KPM are at stake. This was exacerbated by the outbreak of the conflict between Indonesia and the Netherlands on Dutch New Guinea or West Papua, Indonesia implement the program so that the overall nationalization of the Dutch companies, including KPM.

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30

JEON, Ye-mok, and Young-jeon SHIN. "Health Security Ideas of Major Political Groups and the US Military Government during the Liberation Period (1945-1948) in Korea." Korean Journal of Medical History 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 221–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2022.31.221.

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The liberation period in Korea was when creative imagination and various debates existed about plans for political, economic, and social systems. Among them was the debate over the national health security underlying the social safety net. Although the US influenced the Korean health security after liberation, major political groups on the Korean peninsula also expressed various opinions. However, previous studies have shown little interest in national health security, which operates the public health and medical care systems. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the ideas on national health security presented by major political groups, analyzing the reply proposal of “Jŏnpyŏng” and the health care proposal of the US military government, which has not been reviewed before. The opinions of major political groups including the right-wing Im-hyŏp and left-wing Min-chŏn diverged on national health security issue regarding insurance coverage, measures to secure financial resources, items of insurance benefits, and measures to stabilize the supply and demand of medical personnel. The claims of the US military government can be understood by “Labor Problems and Policies in Korea (Korean Subcommittee),” “Korean Labor Report (Stewart Meacham),” and “Proposed Political Platform Provisional Korean Democratic Government (Sub-commission #2).” The major political groups and the US military government agreed on the need for social protection against death, old age, disability, disease, injury, and unemployment. All of them claimed national health security, in which the roles of the private sector and the government were mixed, should be gradually introduced. The major political groups, in particular, proposed to (1) set workers as beneficiaries of insurance, (2) share financial resources jointly among the state, employers, and workers, and (3) promote the expansion of the number of doctors and medical institutions and prefer cooperative operations of the hospitals established in small administrative units. This paper argues that the ideas on national health security during the liberation period did not completely deviate from the global trend immediately after World War II when countries tried to expand the number of people covered by national health security and strengthen its coverage. Although these ideas were not fully reflected in the Constitution of 1948, it is significant in that the Constitution codified for the first time the state’s responsibility for those who have no ability for living due to their health conditions.

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Oosterom-Staples, Helen. "Using National Security and Public Policy to Combat Terrorism: The Case of the Netherlands." European Journal of Migration and Law 10, no. 1 (2008): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138836407x261344.

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Budiono, Arief, Absori Absori, Syaifuddin Zuhdi, Kurnianingsih Kurnianingsih, Inayah Inayah, Moh Indra Bangsawan, and Wardah Yuspin. "National Health Security Policy in Indonesia: A Narrative Review from Law Perspective." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, E (January 3, 2022): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8142.

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BACKGROUND: The Republic of Indonesia’s 1945 Constitution Article 28H clause (3) on the Rights to Social Security, Law No. 40 of 2004 on the National Social Security System, and Law No. 24 of 2011 on the Healthcare and Social Security Agency stipulate that everyone has the right for social security to achieve an adequate standard of living and to increase their dignity. This is to create a prosperous and just society. AIM: This research aims to describe the current National Health Security (NHS) policy as well as the good governance-based NHS policy. METHODS: This is normative legal research by doing literature analysis and/or secondary data. This descriptive research uses the statute and conceptual approaches. RESULTS: Results show that the Indonesian NHS is based on Law No. 24 of 2011 on the Social Security Agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial). It has not been implemented optimally due to lack of accommodation of the good governance principles, including legal certainty, benefit, non-partiality, prudence, non-abuse of authority, transparency, public interest, and good service. CONCLUSION: Thus, the government needs to optimize the application of these principles in managing the NHS policy to provide the best services for the people.

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STEVENS, HALLAM. "Fundamental physics and its justifications, 1945-1993." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 34, no. 1 (2003): 151–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.151.

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ABSTRACT: The justifications for public expenditure on accelerator laboratories that high energy physicists deployed over the course of the Cold War are examined.It is shown how legitimization in terms of Cold War economic and national security aims was rendered ineffective during the 1960s anti-science movements. As a consequence high energy physicists framed a response that emphasized the elegance and cultural value of their work. Their story vaunted universal and fundamental concepts that could be appreciated by even an anti-scientific audience. In particular, the concept of ““symmetry,”” which had become a powerful tool of high energy physics, was utilized to communicate the aesthetic qualities toward which the physicists aspired. Robert Wilson realized this vision in his design and successful construction and operation of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (1967-1974). During the 1980s, renewed Cold War tensions, string theory, and challenges from condensed matter physicists fragmented the physics community and broke down the high energy physicists' symmetry narrative. The multiplicity of competing stories about fundamental physics that resulted are considered as one cause of the 1993 cancellation of the Superconducting Super Collider.

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Glassheim, Eagle. "National Mythologies and Ethnic Cleansing: The Expulsion of Czechoslovak Germans in 1945." Central European History 33, no. 4 (December 2000): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916100746428.

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Beginning in January of 1946, trains filled with Sudeten Germans—forty wagons, thirty passengers per wagon—left Czechoslovakia daily for the American Zone of occupied Germany. By the end of 1946, the Czechoslovak government completed the “organized transfer” of almost 2 million Germans, and it did so in a manner that in many respects fulfilled the mandate of the Potsdam agreement that the resettlement be “orderly and humane.” But a focus on these regularized trainloads of human cargo obscures the extent of the humanitarian disaster facing Germans during the summer months of 1945, immediately after the Nazi capitulation. By the end of 1945, Czech soldiers, security forces, and local militias had already expelled over 700,000 Sudeten Germans to occupied Germany and Austria. As many as 30,000 Germans died on forced marches, in disease-filled concentration camps, in summary executions, and massacres.

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KAJETANOWICZ, Jerzy. "POLISH SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE LATTER HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3078.

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The article presents the main concepts of the Polish military security strategy after WW2. Three main periods have been identified: the first one in the years of 1945-1955, the second one in the years of 1955-1991 and the third one in the years of 1991-1999. The first period includes the development of domestic security concepts during the post-war period. In the second period the participation of Poland in the Warsaw Pact as a collective security system has been elaborated. The last one, the end of the 20th century, describes the concepts of the Polish national security under the conditions of forced military self-reliance.

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Nugraha, Xavier, Krisna Angela, Natasha Caecilia Lisanggraeni Rositaputri, and Amilah Fadhlina. "Optimization of Environmental and Defense of the New Capital City ‘Nusantara’ Based on Pancasila and SDGs." Journal of Judicial Review 24, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v24i2.7214.

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The development and industrialization of the new capital city "Nusantara" which aims to realize equitable development, has an impact on reducing forest and marine sustainability, related to environmental rights and rights to the environment as mandated in Article 28H of The 1945 Constitution. In addition, this development also threatens national defense because the archipelago is adjacent to international borders, thus triggering territorial disputes between countries. The research uses normative legal research methods with the statute and conceptual approach. This research purposed to analyze the preservation of forests and seas, security, and defense as a result of the development and industrialization of the new capital city "Nusantara" based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The result showed that implementing the development and automation of the new capital city "Nusantara" must pay attention to the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. In addition, the management and conservation of forests and seas need to refer to the 15th SDGs goal and the 16th SDG related to defense. and national security.

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LAGROU, PIETER. "The politics of memory. Resistance as a collective myth in post-war France, Belgium and the Netherlands, 1945–1965." European Review 11, no. 4 (October 2003): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000474.

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France, Belgium and the Netherlands faced the same fundamental challenge in 1945. In spite of differences in institutional setting, chronology or demography, their experience of Nazi occupation had been traumatizing and humiliating. Their national reconstruction required a self-confident image of the recent past. Nonetheless, the contours of the policies of memory pursued in the three countries diverged in a striking measure. In the Netherlands, post-war governments deliberately constructed a forced national consensus around the myth of a unanimous resistance, at the expense of veterans’ movements and all forms of associative memory. However, the latter dominated the commemorations in France and Belgium, continuing a post-1918 tradition. The conflicts between different categories of war veterans and victims and between different political families characterized the conflicting memories in these two countries. Rather than a monolithic resistance myth, different memories of Nazi persecution were rivals for public attention. In France, neither de Gaulle nor the Communist party succeeded in monopolizing the heroic legacy of the resistance. In Belgium, the Royal question, the left–right divide and subsequently the regional tensions between French and Dutch speakers, estranged part of opinion from the memory of the resistance and even ended up favouring, in some quarters, the rehabilitation of collaboration with the Nazi occupier.

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Zebracki, Martin. "Does Cultural Policy Matter in Public-Art Production? The Netherlands and Flanders Compared, 1945–Present." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 12 (January 1, 2011): 2953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a44215.

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Cultural policy has produced divergent intentions underlying the direction of public art since its advent in Western Europe in 1945. Literature has feebly demonstrated the extent to which differentialities in cultural policy have affected the production of public artworks over time and space. This paper fills this gap as regards Amsterdam and Ghent, cities that are situated in different national institutional contexts. It shows dissimilarity—in that one finds a relatively higher number of public artworks, more spatially dispersed and more diversified public artworks in Amsterdam than in Ghent, which is particularly a result of institutional differences—and similarity between these cities, in terms of initiatives by local communities and arts actors, irrespective of the local policy context. These results provide insight into policy concern with public-art production and the everyday practices and cultural traditions that underpin it.

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Aleksandrowicz, Tomasz. "National Security in the 21st Century. A Time of Discontinuation." Security Dimensions 28, no. 28 (December 31, 2018): 88–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1616.

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The analyses of the security environment of the second decade of the 21st century clearly indicate that the period will be recorded in history as a decade of change, a time of discontinuation. Liberal democracy ceases to be the dominant paradigm, and the challenging of the liberal-democratic ideas is the most profound change since the establishment of the democratic order in the West in 1945. We are facing a growing gap between societal expectations and the abilities of the governments as well as the results that they deliver – the function of the state is changing, and governing is becoming ever more difficult. It is highly likely that the consequences of these changes will be more serious than the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The basic principles of the international order created after World War II are becoming increasingly obsolete. It appears obvious that these changes affect not only individual societies in the West, but also global international relations. These changes are accompanied by a scientific and technological revolution, in particular with regard to information. These phenomena can and should be analysed in terms of changes in the security environment understood as a mix of opportunities, challenges, threats and risks. This applies to the European Union in particular, as well as to the entire continent. It is reasonable to assume that risks and threats to Europe gain new depth within this context.

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Erasmus, Jan Pelle. "De Nederlanse casus: Een politiek gevecht om de grondwetsherziening." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/1999/v2i2a2894.

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The political struggle leading up to the Dutch Constitution of 19831 is an empirical theoretical relevant case. A particular theoretical point of view (called the theoretical perspective of scientific legal intervention) appears to be important with respect to knowledge about contitution building. A preponderating identical habitus of constitutional law intervention was characteristic for all political actors involved on the Dutch national level. In revising the Dutch Constitution of 1983 these actors have been influenced by the international context. However, 'the' international context does not exist. Instead there have been four international politically relevant contexts in the case of the Netherlands between 1945 and 1983. These contexts provoked national political issues and could have a strong political impact.

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Pennings, Frans. "National approaches of EU Member States in concluding bilateral social security agreements with third countries." European Journal of Social Security 20, no. 2 (June 2018): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262718771787.

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This article describes the history of policies for making bilateral agreements by the Netherlands, a country with considerable migration to and from over time and one of the founding states of the EEC. For this reason, the characteristics of the agreements made and the main developments over time can provide a mirror for discussion of the bilateral agreements of other Member States. The development of the reasons of making bilateral agreements are described and this makes it possible to distinguish several generations of agreements. It is contended that this is useful in describing the agreements made by other countries.

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Spieß, Lavinia, and Louise Pyne-Jones. "Children at Risk of Statelessness in the Fight against Terrorism." Statelessness & Citizenship Review 4, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr4001113.

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The departure of ‘foreign fighters’ to join terrorist groups in armed conflicts abroad has led many countries to adopt a policy of citizenship deprivation. This paper demonstrates that citizenship deprivation measures do not have the desired effect for national security, while increasing the risk of statelessness for the children of ‘foreign fighters’. Citizenship deprivation laws in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK and the Netherlands are discussed, in order to view them against international obligations. It concludes that current citizenship deprivation measures are mostly problematic regarding the prohibition of arbitrary citizenship deprivation, the principle of non-discrimination and relevant children’s rights.

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Hansen, Kenneth P. "Book Review: From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945–1955." International Journal of Maritime History 21, no. 2 (December 2009): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871409021002112.

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Kunarti, Siti, Tedi Sudrajat, and Sri Wahyu Handayani. "Transformation of Social Security Administrative Body (BPJS) within Social Security Reform in Indonesia." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 03017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185403017.

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Within the framework of sovereign country under the Constitution of 1945, the regulation concerning social security stated in Article 28H paragraph (3) and article 34 paragraph (2). Social security is also guaranteed under the Declaration of Human Rights Year1948 and confirmed in ILO Convention number 102 in 1952 that urge all countries to give maximum protection to labors. As continuation of those regulations, a national system of social security has been formed to result integrated and vast social protection. Transformation of labor security from JAMSOSTEK (Social Protection for Labors), ASKES (Health Insurance) to a mergence called BPJS (Social Security Administrative Body) has been a reforming step that gives legal implication to the rights and responsibility of its stakeholders. The policy of social security system, then demanded that the body is divided into two main different tasks: Health Security Administrative Body (BPJS Kesehatan), Labor Security Administrative Body (BPJS Ketenagakerjaan). This distinction leads to the conversion of membership, programs, asset, liability, workers, right, responsibilities, as well as the addition of a new program called pension security, especially within the framework of Labor Security Administrative Body. This is, in short, to pursue an integrated and inclusive administration of social security.

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Eijkman, Quirine. "Has the Genie Been Let out of the Bottle? Ethnic Profiling in the Netherlands." Public Space: The Journal of Law and Social Justice 5 (December 22, 2010): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/psjlsj.v5i0.1876.

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A range of political and social developments in the Netherlands suggest that ethnic profiling in political and social discourse is no longer seen as a taboo. Increasingly ethnic profiling is perceived as part of the solution to ‘the problem’ of terrorism, radicalisation, integration, violent crime, serious public nuisance or public safety. Although Dutch legislation and regulations do not explicitly prohibit ethnic or racial profiling, for law enforcement officials to use generalisations based on ethnicity, race, national origin or religion is at odds with national and international law. Nonetheless, there is a risk that police, security, immigration and customs officials exercise their general and special powers on the basis of generalisations or stereotypes to tackle pressing social needs.

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Bennaars, Hanneke. "Covid-19 and labour law in the Netherlands." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520934587.

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Against the backdrop of an ‘intelligent lockdown’ the Dutch government has launched a threefold emergency package to support businesses and safeguard employment as much as possible. This ‘Emergency Jobs and Economy Package’ contains, amongst others, measures that aim to ensure the safeguarding of income and salaries for employees as well as self-employed workers. It concerns mainly subsidy law and the extension of social security legislation, not employment law. However, the safeguarding of income for employees (NOW) entails a fine on redundancies during the period of support. Not only employees, but also self-employed workers can apply for income support. From a health and safety perspective (during lockdown as well as going forward to relaxation), no specific national measures have been taken. The general rules on social distancing and hygiene have to be implemented as part of the general obligation to provide a safe working place. No specific care arrangements for working parents that have to work from home have been put in place.

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Pushkin, Ihar. "NATIONAL PERCULIARITIES OF COLLABORATIONISM IN BERLARUS DURING THE WAR OF 1941-1945." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 23 (2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2018.23.16.

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The article deals with the national cultural policy of the invaders on the territory of modern Belarus and various forms of co-operation of the population against the invaders. It may be noted the following forms of cooperation of the part of the population with the occupiers. The political collaboration – those who worked in local administrative bodies created by the invaders or with their help (elders, burgomasters, Judenraths, etc.), public organizations, were auxiliary employees of the German occupation organs. Military collaboration: a) local police, law enforcement, auxiliary security police units, railway battalions, “eastern” battalions, Cossack formations, agents of the Abwer, SD, GUF, police, auxiliary construction and other parts; b) local self-defense (BКS, BSA), the formation of the Polish army (АК) and the Ukrainian OUN-UPA, who collaborated with the Germans, members of the defensive military settlements, the Russian Cossack military units, Kaminsky army. The economic (economic) collaboration included the heads and employees of economic bodies, enterprises and organizations that functioned during the war years, working directly or indirectly for the occupiers. During the occupation, there were differences in the situation of national groups in different parts of Belarus. The most active in some regions of the country were Belarusians and Russians, while others were Poles and Ukrainians. The Tatars showed the least activity. It is concluded that the composition of the different groups of collaborators in Belarus were representatives of various nationalities and ethnic groups.

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Muksinin, Ladlul. "Sishankamrata in the Indonesian State Defense and Security System from the Beginning of Independence to the Reform Period." Walisongo Law Review (Walrev) 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/walrev.2020.2.2.6587.

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The debate regarding the concept of the Indonesian state defense and security system is still a fundamental subject of mathematic since the independence era until the reform era. For example, regarding the definition of national security with state security, defense function with security functions, regulations, and many more. For this reason, this paper will discuss how the dynamics of the Sishankamrata in the State Defense and Security System (Sishanneg) the independence era the reform era. This paper discusses that the National Defense System (Sishaneg) is believed to still need to be maintained in national defense and security policies. The concept of Sishankamrata develops its form of defense through the involvement of all components of the citizenry, territorial integrity, natural resources, and other means that have been prepared in advance. This system also makes defense integration (military and non-military) stronger, more respected, and has higher deterrence. So that in the era of reform, it was explicit that the concept of Sishankamrata was considered powerful enough so that it was still maintainedExplicitly in the reform era after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the concept of Sishankamrata was still maintained and wa considered quite effective.[]Perdebatan mengenai konsep sistem pertahanan dan keamanan negara Indonesia masih menjadi problematika mendasar sejak masa kemerdekaan hingga masa reformasi. Misalnya mengenai pengertian keamanan nasional dengan keamanan negara, fungsi pertahanan dengan fungsi keamanan, regulasi dan masih banyak lagi. Untuk itu tulisan ini akan mendiskusikan bagaimana dinamika Sistem Pertahanan Keamanan Rakyat Semesta (Sishankamrata) dalam Sistem Pertahanan dan Keamanan Negara (Sishanneg) dari awal kemerdekaan pasca reformasi. Tulisan ini akan mendiskusikan bahwa Sistem Pertahanan Nasional (Sishaneg) perlu untuk tetap dipertahankan dalam kebijakan pertahanan dan keamanan nasional. Konsep Sishankamrata ini mengembangkan bentuk pertahanannya melalui keterlibatan seluruh komponen warga negara, kesatuan wilayah, sumber daya alam, serta sarana lainnya yang lebih dulu dipersiapkan. Sistem ini juga melakukan integrasi pertahanan (militer dan nirmiliter) menjadi lebih kuat, lebih disegani, dan lebih tinggi daya tangkalnya. Secara eksplisit pada era reformasi setelah UUD NRI Tahun 1945 diamandemen, konsep Sishankamrata ini masih dipertahankan dan dianggap cukup efektif.

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Clasen, Jochen, and Wim Van Oorschot. "Changing Principles in European Social Security." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 2 (June 2002): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020520321533.

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The provision of social security benefits rests on normative principles of social justice. Most strongly manifest in earnings-related social insurance, the principle of reciprocity has been increasingly questioned on grounds of equity, adequacy and fiscal viability, in the wake of socio-economic changes (e.g. post-industralisation, globalisation) and political developments (e.g. Europeanisation). Universalist programmes seem extraordinarily expensive under tight public budgets, and could be criticised as inequitable at a time when middle classes increasingly rely on individual and occupational forms of income security. The principle of need appears to have become more prominent within modern European social security systems keen on targeting resources. Is there empirical evidence which would reflect these alleged trends? Concentrating on three principles inherent in social security transfers (need, universalism and reciprocity) the major concerns of this article are conceptual and empirical. First, it addresses the problem of operationalising social security principles and delineating indicators of change over time. Second, it applies two of these indicators in order to identify and compare the extent to which the three principles have gained or lost prominence since the early 1980s, with empirical evidence taken from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The article argues first that, applying either indicator, there is no cross-national trend towards squeezing reciprocity-based social insurance, but that a convergence between erstwhile strong (Bismarckian) and weak (Beveridgean) principled programmes can be identified. Second, a clear trend towards needs-based social security can be identified within the ‘legal’ but not within the ‘volume’ perspective, at least in some programmes and some claimant groups. This is due to both policy changes and favourable labour market conditions. Third, two countries indicate very diverse trends. British social security is distinctive in terms of the erosion of Beveridgean reciprocity, as well as the growing strength of the needs principle. In the Netherlands, there have been considerable shifts in principles underlying certain programmes, but no general trend in either direction can be observed. On the whole, Dutch social security continues to exhibit a strong mix of principles.

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Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri, and Michael J. Hogan. "A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954." Journal of American History 86, no. 3 (December 1999): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568695.

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Journal articles on the topic 'National security – Netherlands – 1945-'

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