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1
Bakreski, Oliver. "National security policy of Italy." Годишен зборник на Филозофскиот факултет/The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje 73 (2020): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37510/godzbo2073235b.
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ROSSI, NICOLA, and IGNAZIO VISCO. "National saving and social security in Italy." Ricerche Economiche 49, no. 4 (December 1995): 329–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reco.1995.0020.
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Kashiem, Mustafa Abdalla A. "The Italian role in the Libyan spring revolution: is it a shift from soft to hard power?" Contemporary Arab Affairs 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 556–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2012.728396.
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While France, Britain, Qatar and the United States played crucial political and military roles in the alliance of countries backing Libya's ‘spring’ revolution from the beginning, Italy's early stance towards the Libyan revolution was somewhat hesitant and vague. Its initial reticence was due to national security considerations, Italy's calculation of its national interest and the complexity of contemporary international relations. However, as events unfolded, the Italian position became clearer and firmer, such that in time Italy played a leading role that helped the global efforts to rebuild the new contemporary democratic Libya post-Qadhafi. The focus of this study is on the Italian role during the course of the Libyan ‘spring’ revolution, known now as the revolution of 17 February 2011, after the agreed date of its inception. Notwithstanding Rome's initial hesitancy, Italy is considered among the leading actors that participated in the alliance galvanized to act under the terms of UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973. Here the contention is that Italy's full participation in the global alliance that carried out the UN mandates represented a process of transition in the Italian orientation from that of a soft power to that of a hard power as well. Thus, it is argued, when Italy's national security and interests are challenged in a global context, Italy is willing to use both soft and hard power. The findings of this study supported, by and large, the initial expectations concerning the important types of internal and external elements influencing the role of Italy in the Libyan crisis. Thus, Italy's position towards the Libyan revolution of 17 February 2011 may be attributed, among other factors, to its discernment of its national security and national interests in the context of competition in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East as well.
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Kępka, Emilia. "Question of national identity as a part of the cultural security of Italy." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 199, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8109.
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The research subject discussed in the article is the main conditions of the cultural nationality of The Italian Republic. In the first part of the text, the notions of spiritual and material cultural heritage and the concept of national identity are described and explained. Next, the problem of Italian national identity is discussed. The Italian Republic is a young state with a strong regional identity and still weak national identity. Italy is inhabited by many ethnic groups, often characterized by diverse cultures and customs. The situation is complicated by the Italian Peninsula’s history, which contributed to the conflict of interest between the north and south. The author analyzes history, language, and religion, searching for common elements determining Italian nationality. Italian society, as mentioned above, has still been searching for its national identity. Unification of the nation is a process that is in progress. It is still a challenge for both the authorities and the citizens. Finally, the elements of Italian material cultural heritage are characterized, and the domains of cultural heritage and the institutions responsible for their security are described.
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Melnyk, S. M. "FOREIGN ADMINISTRATION EXPERIENCE NATIONAL SECURITY & DEFENSE (EXAMPLE OF ITALY, UNITED KINGDOM, SWITZERLAND)." Law and Society 3, no. 2 (2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736-2019-3-2-14.
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BELTRAMETTI, LUCA F., and GIOVANNI P. CROCE. "Social security and national saving in Italy: a comment on Rossi and Visco." Research in Economics 51, no. 2 (June 1997): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/reec.1996.0041.
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Romano, Felice. "Security and immigration: national and European policies in the globalized era." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2019-0017.
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Abstract The article presents a study on migration flows in the countries of the European Union, with a focus on Italy and the policies implemented to ensure the countries’ security. It is necessary to carefully verify the structural forces and the national and international connections that are the direct cause of contemporary migration, rooted in colonialism, war and military occupation, labour recruitment and economic interaction. The author has tried to analyze the issue of immigration by comparing ISTAT22 and EUROSTAT23 data, analyzing European and national policies to tackle this issue and verify how these are implemented for making European society democratic, welcoming and secure.
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Marko, Y., and V. Kuzmenko. "ECONOMETRICS OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE OF UKRAINE." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 2 (46) (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2021.46.44-52.
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The article provides the importance of Ukraine's economic development to ensure national security, highlights the main internal and external threats to Ukraine's national security, such as: hybrid economic war, the "needle" of loans from the International Monetary Fund, communal tariffs, opening the gas market in Ukraine, inefficient introduction of the circulation of domestic agricultural lands and insufficient use of the capabilities of the country's economy. The cyclical nature of economic development is practically proved by distinguishing four phases of economic development of the studied countries for the last ten years, weak efficiency of economic policy of Ukraine and possible applied mechanisms of economic growth. An econometric analysis of GDP of Ukraine and countries that occupy the largest share in Ukrainian imports of goods, the budget of Ukraine and the budget of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine using the method of least squares and even linear regressions, calculated the intensity of changes in Ukraine's economic processes. The model of gross domestic product of Ukraine depending on the gross domestic product of China, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Germany, Italy, Belarus, the United States and France (nine-factor model), as well as the model of Ukraine's defense budget depending on the domestic gross domestic product product, budget expenditures, taxes, minimum and average wages and inflation (seven-factor model). On the example of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine as a public sector institution, the registration algorithm for economic (additional) activities by military units and the distribution of revenues to increase the special fund of the state budget of Ukraine and create recovery of the country economy in general.
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Sharipov, Sanjar Sobirovich. "Scientific Analysis Of Foreign Experience On The Activities Of Patrol-Post Service In Public Order And Security Systems." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, no. 04 (April 27, 2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue04-08.
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The article deals with public order and security systems and the role of the patrol service, as well as the police of foreign countries, including the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Israel, China and Japan, in managing the activities of the patrol service in public order and security systems. The service experience has been scientifically analyzed. Based on best international practices, suggestions for improving national legislation are made.
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Mennini, Francesco Saverio, Marco Trabucco Aurilio, Simone Gazzillo, Claudia Nardone, Paolo Sciattella, Andrea Marcellusi, Raffaele Migliorini, et al. "An Analysis of the Social and Economic Costs of Breast Cancer in Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179005.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer affecting women and it represents an important economic burden. The aim of this study was to estimate the socio-economic burden of breast cancer (BC) in Italy both from the National Health Service (NHS) and the government perspectives (costs borne by the social security system). Methods: The economic analysis was based on the costs incurred by the NHS from 2008 to 2016 (direct costs related to hospitalizations) and by the National Social Security Institute (INPS) from 2009 to 2015 (costs of social security benefits) for patients with breast cancer. The analysis was based on the Hospital Information System (HIS) and Disability Insurance Awards databases. For both databases, patients affected by a malignant neoplasm of the female breast, carcinoma in situ, or secondary malignant neoplasm of the breast were considered. Results: Results show that more than 75,000 women were hospitalized for breast cancer every year, with an overall cost for hospitalization of about €300 million per year. From the Social Security analysis, a number of 29,000 beneficiaries each year was estimated. Considering per patient social costs, breast cancer at the primary stage cost €8828 per year, while secondary neoplasms cost €9780, with an average total economic burden of €257 million per year. Conclusions: This analysis focused on the economic impact of breast cancer in Italy, showing that an advanced stage of the disease was associated with a higher cost.
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BINAR, Ales. "THE DEFENCE SECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON NATIONAL SECURITY DURING THE CZECHOSLOVAK (MUNICH)." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 111, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8528.
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The Czechoslovak (Munich) Crisis of 1938 was concluded by an international conference that took place in Munich on 29-30 September 1938. The decision of the participating powers, i.e. France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, was made without any respect for Czechoslovakia and its representatives. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of the defence sector, i.e. the representatives of the ministry of defence and the Czechoslovak armed forces during the Czechoslovak (Munich) Crisis in the period from mid-March to the beginning of October 1938. There is also a question as to, whether there are similarities between the position then and the present-day position of the army in the decision-making process.
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Trabucco Aurilio, Marco, Francesco Saverio Mennini, Claudia Nardone, Andrea Piccioni, Matteo Bolcato, Vincenzo Russo, Valerio Sciannamea, Raffaele Migliorini, Luca Coppeta, and Andrea Magrini. "Health and Economic Impact of Atrial Fibrillation of Workers in Italy: Social Security Benefits." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031883.
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Background: The aim of this research was to analyze trends in social security applications in Italy as a result of the onset of atrial fibrillation, analyzing data pertaining to the classification of professions and assessing the economic impact on the social security system. Methods: We analyzed all applications for invalidity allowances and invalidity pensions throughout Italy over a 10-year period from 01.01.2009 to 31.12.2019, giving specific attention to all reports indicating atrial fibrillation as the principal diagnosis (Cod. ICD-9-CM 427.31). We then extracted the relative expenditure data for said benefits. The results of all analyses have been collated in tables. Results: Over the period in question, a total of 3468 applications for assistance were filed throughout Italy indicating a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, of which 58% were rejected, 41% qualified for an invalidity allowance, and only 1.1% qualified for a pension. On average, every year, 1100 workers received social security benefits as a result of a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, which equates to an average annual expenditure of EUR 10 million. A comparison of the data from the first observation year (2009) with data from the last (2019) shows a rising trend in the number of beneficiaries and consequently in expenses. Conclusions: The social security assistance provided by the Italian government by means of the National Institute of Social Security is fundamental to social cohesion and to those who are either permanently disabled from working or those with a significantly diminished earning capacity. This assistance is associated with a significant financial cost, which requires careful monitoring.
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Coralluzzo, Valter. "Italy and the Mediterranean: Relations with the Maghreb countries." Modern Italy 13, no. 2 (May 2008): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532940801962017.
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After outlining the trends of Italian Mediterranean politics, this article examines the relationship between Italy and the Maghreb region. As a result of its central geographic position, acting as a natural bridge between Europe and Africa, Italy is undoubtedly more exposed and vulnerable than other countries to any critical developments in the political and economic situation of this area, so it is understandable that it occupies an increasingly important position in Italian foreign policy. Italy has especially considered it in its national interest to make it a specific, high priority to contribute to stabilising this region through multilateral and bilateral initiatives aimed at reinforcing political dialogue and economic cooperation with the coastal countries on the southern shore of the Mediterranean. The aim has been to create a safety net around Italian maritime borders against the risks posed by an uncontrolled increase in migration (to which Italy is more exposed than other countries), the instability of North African energy resources and Islamist terrorists infiltrating Italian territory. Apart from examining the concerns regarding the Maghreb region that have become crucially important for Italian national interests (security, immigration, development, energy), the article analyses the salient elements of bilateral relations between Italy and the Maghreb countries, particularly Libya.
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Mattia, Salvatore, and Raffaele Rizzardi. "Operating Base and Taxation for Foreign Airline Companies Operating in Italy." Intertax 41, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 2013): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2013035.
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Article 38 of the so-called Development Decree provided a definition for 'operating base' for airline companies operating in the passenger traffic sector by means of an operating bases system. The said provision aims to prevent controversies that had already arisen in the past with airline companies, which adopted the above business model, assimilating operating bases equipped with infrastructures and service staff to a permanent establishment and, therefore, compelling the said companies to comply with national tax and social security rules and regulations.
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Shibkova, M. "Ad Hoc Alliances as Italian Key Statecraft Tool." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 1 (2021): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.1.64.4.
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Despite economic troubles and constant political instability Italy manages to keep its historical role as a key EU state and one of the three major economies of the region, which justifies its G7 membership and therefore formally endues it with a great power status. This owes to accommodationism as the main behavioral pattern since the establishment of the Italian Republic and the skillful use of ad hoc alliances – a pragmatic statecraft tool which renders Italy flexible and unpredictable. Too big to be defensive, but not big enough to be offensive, Italy does not provoke antagonism in any EU country, becoming a potential universal ally. Cooperation with Greece on fiscal flexibility, with Spain and France on coronabonds and Hungary on EU common migration policy strengthens its bargaining power in the EU, since the latter needs Italy for reasons of security and solidarity. Being furthermore a devoted US partner since the end of World War II, Italy considers US a guarantor of its national security and position on the international arena and is inclined to lend its support to Washington even if such actions contradict the policies of closer geostrategic partners in the EU. Thanks to such allegiance Italy manages to preserve a certain room for maneuvering in interactions with other noneuroatlantic partners to an extent that does not imperil its strategic alliance with Washington, which has always been an invariable of Italian foreign policy. However, scarce attention from the USA under the current administration makes Italy utilize its statecraft tools towards Washington as well, and a pragmatic rapprochement with China on the Belt and Road Initiative and humanitarian aid during the pandemic presents a clear example thereof.
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Ceccorulli, Michela, and Fabrizio Coticchia. "Stick to the plan? Culture, interests, multidimensional threats, and Italian defence policy." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 47, no. 2 (July 2017): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2017.4.
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The international context seems to be increasingly exposed to multidimensional and transnational challenges, ranging from irregular migration and piracy to the violation of basic human rights. Rather than excluding a potential role for the military, many European states rely on it to face a complex security scenario. What are the reasons behind this activism? Taking Italy as a case study, this article works out two main arguments (ideational factors and interests relating to the so-called military–industrial complex) and tries to intercept their weight in the national debate leading to the decision to intervene militarily (or not) in Sri Lanka (2004–05), Haiti (2010), and in the Central Mediterranean (2015–). Ultimately, this effort contributes to understanding the role of the military instrument in Italy, a state particularly exposed to the new challenges ahead, and offers tools for research to be potentially applied in other countries that make similar use of armed forces to deal with non-conventional security threats.
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Fazzo, Lucia, Alessandra Binazzi, Daniela Ferrante, Giada Minelli, Dario Consonni, Lisa Bauleo, Caterina Bruno, et al. "Burden of Mortality from Asbestos-Related Diseases in Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 10012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910012.
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Asbestos is one of the major worldwide occupational carcinogens. The global burden of asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) was estimated around 231,000 cases/year. Italy was one of the main European asbestos producers until the 1992 ban. The WHO recommended national programs, including epidemiological surveillance, to eliminate ARDs. The present paper shows the estimate of the burden of mortality from ARDs in Italy, established for the first time. National standardized rates of mortality from mesothelioma and asbestosis and their temporal trends, based on the National Institute of Statistics database, were computed. Deaths from lung cancer attributable to asbestos exposure were estimated using population-based case-control studies. Asbestos-related lung and ovarian cancer deaths attributable to occupational exposure were estimated, considering the Italian occupational cohort studies. In the 2010–2016 period, 4400 deaths/year attributable to asbestos were estimated: 1515 from mesothelioma, 58 from asbestosis, 2830 from lung and 16 from ovarian cancers. The estimates based on occupational cohorts showed that each year 271 deaths from mesothelioma, 302 from lung cancer and 16 from ovarian cancer were attributable to occupational asbestos exposure in industrial sectors with high asbestos levels. The important health impact of asbestos in Italy, 10–25 years after the ban, was highlighted. These results suggest the need for appropriate interventions in terms of prevention, health care and social security at the local level and could contribute to the global estimate of ARDs.
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Romano, Bernardino, Francesco Zullo, Alessandro Marucci, and Lorena Fiorini. "Vintage Urban Planning in Italy: Land Management with the Tools of the Mid-Twentieth Century." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 4125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114125.
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This paper describes a critical situation for Italy, which is one of the causes of the overall disorganization of settlement growth in the past decades. Using the data extracted from some institutional databases, we show that a large part of the national territory is managed with highly effective decision-making tools (such as municipal town planning schemes in Italy), which are, however, lagging behind in their conception and fulfilment of scientific, cultural, and political requirements deemed essential today for effective and sustainable land transformation. Municipalities with plans dating back to a quarter of a century ago, or without any plans, are 1445 in number (17% of the total) and involve 6,200,000 ha of territory (1/5 of Italy) with almost 10 million residents. The territorial changes in these geographical areas, mainly concentrated in the south, are managed with tools based on mid-20th century concepts and techniques, although a large proportion of these territories are demographically active and transform substantial portions of land. Thus, for at least 15–20 years, these territories underwent transformations disconnected from town plans and driven essentially by one-off measures or managed through numerous exceptional and negotiated procedures provided for by national legislation. Today, it seems necessary for southern Italy to overcome its extensive delay in territorial planning, and the drive can only come from national government. This would help it finally respond to current environmental sustainability, risk resilience, and territorial security requirements, through appropriate and technically advanced management procedures not envisaged in previous planning procedures.
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Hall, Steven. "National Bibliographies on CD-ROM." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 9, no. 2 (August 1997): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909700900205.
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CD-ROM technology has tremendous potential for storing and enabling access to just the type of data contained in national bibliographies. A single CD-ROM can hold the equivalent of c.250,000 A4 sheets of print. CD-ROMs are easily replicable, and therefore offer security as well as enabling the information contained to be made more widely available. Of the two methods used to convert print to binary data in electronic form, scanning and keying, databases published by Chadwyck-Healey use the latter. In the case of national bibliographies on CD-ROM, new records are created electronically at the very first stage of cataloguing, while older records are converted by keying. Chadwyck-Healey has developed an extensive CD-ROM list, focusing on both bibliographic and full-text literary works. The national bibliographies it produces on CD-ROM are those of the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. That of the Netherlands is shortly to appear. Bibliographic coverage is further extended by several other databases produced by Chadwyck-Healey. National bibliographies on CD-ROM produced by other bodies are those of Finland, Norway, Bulgaria, Singapore and the USA. Although other means of making this sort of material are now competing with CD-ROM, it looks like holding its own for some time.
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Chernyak, Oleksandr, Ganna Kharlamova, and Andriy Stavytskyy. "Trends of International Energy Security Risk Index in European Countries." Baltic Journal of European Studies 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2018-0002.
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Abstract The paper deals with the analysis and forecasting of energy security risk index for eleven European countries (the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, and Ukraine for the period 1992-2016). Nowadays, energy security plays an important role in guaranteeing the national, political and economic security of the country. A literature review of different approaches to defining energy security gave the possibility to consider the regression model of energy security risk index assessment, which takes into account the levels of economic, technical and technological, ecological, social and resource components. This step was proceeded with clusterization of the analysed countries in three groups according to Energy Security Risk Index. Based on this approach resource-mining countries (Denmark, Germany, Norway and the UK) were grouped in Cluster I, while Ukraine occupied the last Cluster III. The next division in five clusters supported the indicated allocation. Finally, we calculated the forecasts of energy security risk index based on data of 1992-2014. It allowed realizing the perspectives of energy market for the nearest future, particularly for Ukraine, which needs development of a new strategy of energy security
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Barbabella, Francesco, Eralba Cela, Marco Socci, Davide Lucantoni, Marina Zannella, and Andrea Principi. "Active Ageing in Italy: A Systematic Review of National and Regional Policies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010600.
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Active ageing is defined as the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. The design of active ageing policies intersects with different overarching societal challenges, especially ageing populations, social rights and sustainability. However, there are no previous attempts to review active ageing policies in the light of these challenges and the international policy objectives and targets that are guiding the international community. The aim of this study is to systematically identify, review and analyse all national and regional policies on active ageing adopted in Italy, by applying a conceptual framework derived from main international policy initiatives in the three areas. The research was conducted in two stages. First, a case study analysis was carried out per each relevant national institution and regional government. Standardised interviews were combined with policy document search, selection and analysis. Second, we performed a policy analysis in the light of a conceptual framework adopted. This latter was composed by nine policy domains, selected and integrated from principles and objectives of three overarching international frameworks on ageing—i.e., the Regional Implementation Strategy (RIS) commitments of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA), social rights—i.e., the European Pillar of Social Rights and sustainability—i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Results pointed out that out of the identified nine policy fields, the major intervention areas by Italian policy makers concerned labour market participation, life-long learning, social and economic inequalities, health and well-being. Less attention had been given to issues such as gender and equal opportunities and sustainable cities. This systematic policy review is a milestone for understanding how active ageing policies contribute to address major societal challenges and what domains need further policy development.
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Nardone, Claudia, Simone Russo, Simone Gazzillo, Raffaele Migliorini, Marco Trabucco Aurilio, and Francesco Saverio Mennini. "PP36 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Disability Costs Among Italian Workers." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001995.
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IntroductionThe aim of the study is to estimate the disability insurance costs (social security system in Italy is financed by public expenditure) induced by patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and specifically for Crohn's disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) between 2009 and 2015.MethodsWe analyzed the database about the disability insurance awards and the mean cost per benefit of the National Institute of Social Security (INPS) for two types of social security benefits: incapacity pensions (IP - for people without workability) and disability benefits (DB - for people with reduced work ability). From this data, we have estimated the total benefit provided and the total costs for each disease. A probabilistic model with a Monte Carlo simulation was developed in order to estimate the total benefits provided and costs.ResultsFor CD, an average of 820 beneficiaries of social security benefits were detected per year (2009-2015): the total expenditure was EUR 50 million, EUR 7 million per year (about EUR 7,900 per patient); for UC, about 1,550 beneficiaries per year were detected and the total expenditure was EUR 93 million, EUR 13 million per year (about EUR 8,600 per patient).ConclusionsThe disability insurance costs related with the management of CD and UC showed a significant impact on the expenditure for the Italian system: the most important costs for disability for CD and UC in Italy in the analyzed period were DB (92 percent for CD and 95 percent for UC). Rapid access to innovative treatments could reduce the costs incurred by the social security system.
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Chigara, Ben. "On the Jurisprudential Significance of the Emergent State Practice concerning Foreign Nationals Merely Suspected of Involvement with Terrorist Offences." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 16, no. 3 (September 2009): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x0901600304.
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This article examines emergent state practice of European States concerning foreign nationals that are merely suspected but not charged with involvement with terrorist offences, including deportation to destinations where they risk torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment – usually their own country of origin, contrary to the foremost rules of international human rights law. The article attempts a rule of law analysis with a view to evaluating the difficulty posed for States by the absence still of alternative mechanisms for ensuring both the national security interest on the one hand, and on the other, the human rights interest of terrorist suspects. The article argues that sustainable counter-terrorist strategies will be distinguished and characterised by their insistence on the recognition, promotion and protection of the dignity inherent in all individuals – including terrorist suspects whether or not they have been charged with terrorist offences. This calls for the urgent development of human rights steered national security policies that prioritize the recognition, promotion, protection and reinforcement of the dignity inherent in all individuals. Such policies will have at their core, strategies for the efficient resolution of the question of how best to deal with the individuals that are ‘merely suspected by States agents' of involvement in terrorist offences, particularly foreign nationals. The article examines jurisprudence arising from cases involving among others the UK, Italy, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and France and shows a worrying appetite by these pro-democracy States to minimize human rights protection of terrorist suspects as a means of progressing the fight against international terrorism. This approach contradicts the international paradigm of over six decades whereby the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security was premised on human rights. The article advocates the development of human rights steered policies and strategies to deal with foreign nationals suspected of involvement with international terrorism.
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Di Mizio, Giulio, Matteo Bolcato, Gianfranco Rivellini, Michele Di Nunzio, Valentina Falvo, Marco Nuti, Francesco Enrichens, Luciano Lucania, Nunzio Di Nunno, and Massimo Clerici. "Protection of Prisoners with Mental Health Disorders in Italy: Lights and Shadows after the Abolition of Judicial Psychiatric Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169984.
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In Italy, a person suffering from a mental disorder who commits a crime will be given a custodial security order and serve the period of admission at a Residenza per la esecuzione delle misure di sicurezza (REMS) (Residence for the Execution of Security Measures, hereinafter “REMS”). These institutions have been established recently and though equipped with the necessary safety measures, the focus is on psychiatric therapy. Despite being present on a national scale, access is very limited in terms of capacity. Immediate remedial measures are needed, so much so that the European Court of Human Rights recently condemned Italy for this very reason. This article, through a review of the constitutive principles of these institutions, shows how they have very positive aspects such as the attention to necessary psychotherapy in order to protect the right to health and the real taking charge of the fragility of the subjects; however, it is seen how there are many negative aspects linked above all to the scarce availability of places in these structures. The article provides suggestions on a more comprehensive strategy for facilities for detainees with mental disorders.
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Pimentel, Irene Flunser. "Comparative analysis of police dictatorships in Portugal and Spain." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 10, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2022-10-3-37-54.
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From 1932 onwards, with the arrival of the presidency of the Council of Portugal, António Oliveira Salazar created a new regime of civil dictatorship, which had both similarities and differences with the fascist regime in Italy and the National Socialist regime in Germany. The main similarity of these political regimes was the aggressive activity of the secret state police. In this study, the author will try, in its first part, to make a comparative study between the PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e Defesa do Estado - State Surveillance and Defense Police, 1933-1945) and the political police apparatus of fascist Italy, nationalsocialist Germany and Franco’s dictatorship in Spain during World War II. With the defeat of Fascism and Nazism, two dictatorial regimes remained in the Iberian Peninsula, whose political police were related to each other. In a second part of this article the author compares Portuguese PIDE (Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado - Portuguese International Police, 1945-1969) and later DGS (Drirecção-Geral de Segurança - Directorate-General of Security, 1969-1974), on the one hand, and Spanish Seguridad (Dirección-General de Seguridad - Directorate-General for Security), on the other.
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Marcellusi, Andrea, Gianluca Fabiano, Raffaella Viti, Pier Cesare Francesa Morel, Giuseppe Nicolò, Alberto Siracusano, and Francesco Saverio Mennini. "Economic burden of schizophrenia in Italy: a probabilistic cost of illness analysis." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018359.
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ObjectivesSchizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating psychiatric disease with highly variable treatment pathways and consequent economic impacts on resource utilisation. The aim of the study was to estimate the economic burden of schizophrenia in Italy for both the societal and Italian National Healthcare perspective.MethodsA probabilistic cost of illness model was applied. A systematic literature review was carried out to identify epidemiological and economic data. Direct costs were calculated in terms of drugs, hospitalisations, specialist services, residential and semiresidential facilities. Indirect costs were calculated on the basis of patients’ and caregivers’ loss of productivity. In addition, the impact of disability compensation was taken into account using a database from the Italian National Social Security Institute —Italy (INPS).ResultsOverall, 303 913 prevalent patients with schizophrenia were estimated. Of these, 212 739 (70%) were diagnosed and 175 382 (82%) were treated with antipsychotics. The total economic burden was estimated at €2.7 billion (95% CI €1771.93 to €3988.65), 50.5% due to indirect costs and 49.5% to direct costs. Drugs corresponded to 10% of direct costs and hospitalisations (including residential and semiresidential facilities) accounted for 81%.ConclusionsThis study highlighted that indirect costs and hospitalisations (including residential and semiresidential facilities) play a major role within the expenses associated with schizophrenia in Italy, and this may be considered as a tool for public decision-makers.
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BRESADOLA, GIANMARCO. "The Legitimising Strategies of the Nazi Administration in Northern Italy: Propaganda in the Adriatisches Küstenland." Contemporary European History 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 425–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304001882.
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The Nazi occupation of northern Italy led to the creation of the Adriatisches Küstenland operations zone, a Nazi civil administration led by Gauleiter Friedrich Rainer. Although this was supposedly a temporary measure, the article argues that the intention was to separate the zone from the Italian state and incorporate it into an economic and political sphere directly controlled by the Reich. The article explores the legitimising strategies exploited by the Nazi civil administration and its organs of propaganda, which focused on the political, social and economical failures of the Italian Fascist government. Rainer strove hard to find ways of encouraging each of the zone's diverse ethnic and social groups to look to the Reich – and hence to the local Nazi administration – as the promoter of its national destiny, the guarantor of its socio-political security and the harbinger of its economic prosperity, safeguarding this against the social revolution advocated by the strong local communist Resistance. Rainer's administration, in trying to eradicate the region's Italian roots, established a new ethnic hierarchy, which favoured Slovenes over Italian nationals.
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Nováky, Niklas. "The road to Sophia: Explaining the EU’s naval operation in the Mediterranean." European View 17, no. 2 (October 2018): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685818810359.
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This article analyses the process through which Operation Sophia came into being. The EU’s on-going anti-smuggling naval operation in the Mediterranean, Sophia was launched during the height of the 2015 migration crisis. The article argues that Sophia is essentially an Italian strategy to deal with the security and humanitarian aspects of the Mediterranean migration problem. It was in 2013 that Italy first proposed an EU naval operation to tackle human smuggling and trafficking in the Mediterranean. However, the idea collapsed because other EU member states saw illegal migration in the Mediterranean as mainly a national problem facing Italy. In the spring of 2015 the European Commission revisited the proposal as part of its 10-point plan to deal with the migration problem. This time it succeeded because Italy’s partners could no longer oppose it without appearing callous towards the plight of the migrants.
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Bevilacqua, Giorgia. "Counter Piracy Armed Services, the Italian System and the Search for Clarity on the Use of Force at Sea." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 22, no. 1 (2013): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-02201004.
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There seems to be a broad consensus that maritime piracy is causing serious harm to life and property and to the safety of navigation. Nevertheless, it appears that the international community and affected States lack a coherent and coordinated approach to counter piracy. This article examines the increasingly emerging use of armed security services on board of civilian vessels. Italy, like other flag States fearing a significant threat to well-defined domestic interests, has begun to authorize the deployment of security personnel on national vessels navigating in international waters infested by pirates. However, according to the author, to avoid the consequent predictable escalation of violence at sea and the possible breach of human rights law applicable to suspected pirates, States are required to adopt proper legislative frameworks that duly regulate the actions of embarked armed services.
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Parshkova, J. Yu. "The Development of the US National Missile Defense and its Impact on the International Security." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-43-48.
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The article reflects the US officials' point of view on the development of its national missile defense. The major threat to international security is the proliferation of ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction. The United States and the former Soviet Union made huge efforts to reduce and limit offensive arms. However, presently the proliferation of ballistic missiles spreads all over the world, especially in the Middle East, because of the ballistic missile technology falling into the hands of hostile non-state groups. Missile defenses can provide a permanent presence in a region and discourage adversaries from believing they can use ballistic missiles to coerce or intimidate the U.S. or its allies. With the possible attack regional missile defense systems will be promptly mobilized to enhance an effective deterrent. The ultimate goal of such large-scale missile defense deployment is to convince the adversaries that the use of ballistic missiles is useless in military terms and that any attack on the United States and its allies is doomed to failure. The United States has missile defense cooperative programs with a number of allies, including United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Israel, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy and many others. The Missile Defense Agency also actively participates in NATO activities to maximize opportunities to develop an integrated NATO ballistic missile defense capability. The initiative of the development of US BMD naturally belongs to the United States. That country has enormous technological, financial, economic, military and institutional capabilities, exceeding by far those of the other NATO members combined.
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Kosińska, Anna Magdalena. "Standard bezpieczeństwa migracyjnego w świetle aktualnego orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawach dublińskich." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 2 (December 2019): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.2.11.
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The article analyses the current, post-crisis case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in cases concerning the so-called Dublin Regulation, i.e. Regulation 604/2013, which establishes the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national. The aim of the article is to analyze the standard of migration security in the area of Dublin cases. The key problem for the discussed issue was the judgment in the Jawo case, in which the Court of Justice examined the admissibility of Dublin transfers to the Italian Republic on the grounds that there was a risk of extreme material deprivation of the migrant. The Jawo case is a continuation of high-profile international court rulings in cases such as M.S.S., Tarakhel (ECtHR) and N.S. (CJEU), which decided to suspend transfers to Italy and Greece. Apart from the issues of protection against inhuman treatment, the jurisprudence of the CJEU also draws attention to the issues of legal security, effectiveness and accessibility of administrative procedures for third-country nationals seeking international protection in the EU. Finally, the standard of migration security in the Dublin area also includes the obligation to act in solidarity and mutual trust between the Member States, as set out in the judgments of the CJEU.
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Scholliers, Johan, Sirra Toivonen, Antti Permala, and Timo Lahtinen. "A Concept for Improving the Security and Efficiency of Multimodal Supply Chains." International Journal of Applied Logistics 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jal.2012040101.
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Multimodal supply chains are characterized by multiple changes of transport modes and vehicles. Hence the risks for theft, untimely delivery and freight quality deterioration increase. There is hence a growing need to manage the security and efficiency of consignments from door to door. This paper describes the results of the Finnish national SCIE (Supply Chain Security and Integrity) project, which had as main objective the development of a holistic framework for the management of the security and efficiency of supply chains. A profound risk analysis was performed to find key vulnerabilities of the service and suitable monitoring technology. The security service was developed to deal with the vast amount of actors in the multimodal supply chain, accurate transport plan data reception and the identification of exceptional situations. The service concept was tested by monitoring and analysing steel product shipments from Finland to Central Europe. Advanced intelligent monitoring devices were attached to the consignments. These devices gathered and transmitted in real-time environmental, transport stress and location information. The paper will give an overview of the framework, service concept and the analysed results of a multimodal shipment from Finland to Italy.
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Consolazio, Giuseppe. "The Assessment of Disability in Italy: The Laborious Procedure and Sharing of Objectives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 23, 2022): 13777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113777.
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The assessment of disability in Italy requires the support of a system entirely dedicated to forensic evaluative medicine, which, for years, has been associated with the National Social Security Institute (INPS). Its medical offices are daily engaged in evaluating applications submitted by citizens. Their examination takes place in two different ways in the various Italian regions: assessments carried out by the Local Health Authority (ASL) and controlled by the INPS; evaluations carried out entirely by the INPS only. The main problem observed, and not yet resolved, is the excess time taken to respond to a citizen’s request, especially in areas where the procedure retains the biphasic ASL–INPS modality. This phenomenon is exemplified by the presentation of cases of the INPS medical office of Iglesias (South Sardinia, Italy), which include a series of disability applications examined in the year 2021 from January to September. The most favourable feedback is a tested and shared path in the determination of judgments.
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Mennini, Francesco Saverio, Paolo Sciattella, and Matteo Scortichini. "Socio-economic impact of epilepsy in Italy." Global & Regional Health Technology Assessment 9, Suppl. 2 (June 28, 2022): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/grhta.2022.2427.
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The World Health Assembly recognizes the growing economic and societal burden of neurological disorders, a leading cause of disability and the second cause of mortality in the world. In this context we analysed the socio-economic impact of epilepsy in Italy with a specific focus on hospitalizations and costs related to disability pensions (DPs) and ordinary disability allowances. In the case of epilepsy, between 2009 and 2015 we observed an alarming increasing trend for DPs (+26%), indicating that substantial expenses must be supported throughout the patients’ lifetimes by both the social security system and the National Health Service (NHS) on top of the impact on caregivers. We also analysed the hospital expenditure on epilepsy through the information available in the Hospital Discharge Cards between 2015 and 2018. Almost all admissions (76% ordinary hospitalizations, 24% day hospitals) were acute (95%), followed by rehabilitation (4%) and long-term care (1%). The cost of acute and ordinary hospitalizations was by far the highest in 2018, the last year of analysis. This large expense due to hospitalizations could be reduced through the implementation of different organizational and management approaches. Our recommendation is that the policy maker should consider the best approach to ensure an early diagnosis for patients and provide early access to drugs and/or surgery. Finally, the adoption of new innovative treatments should improve effectiveness and, at the same time, reduce the expense of the NHS, of the social system as a whole, with a tangible improvement in patients’ quality of life.
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Mirgorod-Karpova, V. V., and D. V. Murach. "Foreign experience in ensuring the economic security of the state." Legal horizons, no. 25 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i25.p131.
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The article highlights the experience of foreign countries in ensuring the economic security of the state. The main part of the work is devoted to the analysis of different models of government agencies to ensure the economic security of different countries. In the current conditions in which Ukraine finds itself, such as the severe economic crisis, the coronavirus pandemic, high levels of corruption and others, there is an urgent need for a rational and prompt response by the authorities to such obstacles to stability. Especially today, when due to the pandemic of coronavirus infection, which has caused unfavorable conditions for doing business and normal employment, the issue of mobilization of all economic forces to bring the country out of crisis is relevant. Potentially, such obstacles could significantly weaken Ukraine's economy for many years to come. The authors of the article propose to overcome this problem, to explore foreign models of bodies that provide financial and economic security. Thus, the key subject of research will be various foreign bodies that ensure the economic security of the country and doctrinal sources that cover the improvement of the current model of economic security in Ukraine and the world. Therefore, to ensure the appropriate level of economic security of Ukraine, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of foreign experience in this area in order to attract and implement in national legislation certain ideas that may further positively affect the state of the national economy. The paper pays special attention to the introduction of a single law enforcement body to ensure economic security in Ukraine. Some opinions of legal scholars on the need to introduce such a body and the implementation of foreign experience in Ukraine are given. The authors pay special attention to the experience of the Financial Guard of Italy and the administrative and legal mechanism of its interaction with other public authorities.
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Abouaiana, Ahmed, and Alessandra Battisti. "Multifunction Land Use to Promote Energy Communities in Mediterranean Region: Cases of Egypt and Italy." Land 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050673.
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Mediterranean rural settlements suffer from numerous environmental challenges, specifically the annual decrease of the farmlands, climate change threats, and growing resource consumption and demand, such as energy, the core of development. Rural areas play a significant role in achieving food security and sustainable development. Therefore, this paper promotes the energy community and agrivoltaic key concepts as pillars to show how buildings and farms’ land uses positively impact the ecosystem. The study focused on Egypt and Italy as representatives of the entire region. Two rural settlements with the same characteristics representing typical agriculture-based patterns have been selected: Lasaifar Albalad, representing 339 villages in the Delta Region, northern Egypt, and Pontinia, representing rural typologies of the 1930s in the Lazio Region, central Italy. Then, two focus groups with versatile stakeholders were conducted. The results showed the juxtaposition of the key concepts and national rural and agricultural policies and fostered a novel approach between Egypt and Italy. The study presented the first analysis of both contexts. The focus groups promoted the ideas, led to a better understanding of the implementation possibilities, raised awareness, improved social acceptance, and highlighted the significant barriers. It paved the way for a further study (micro-scale on-ground practices) to be planned and implemented soon.
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Castellan, Marta Gaia, and Igor Marcolongo. "Documents, Processes, Transactions: the European Digital Archival (R)Evolution." Atlanti 28, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.28.2.43-51(2018).
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In Europe the Digital Archival Science is evolving, with regard to the ‘objects’ that we need to preserve (image-copies of the original documents, born-digital documents, video, data transactions), and with regard to tools and trusted services, regulated by EU laws (electronic signatures, seals, time stamps). However, we don’t have a pan-european Regulation for long-term preservation, and each Member State disciplines this service with a national rule. Italy and Slovenia have an excellent Services Accreditation procedure, based on regular audit performed respectively by Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale and Arhiv Republike Slovenije, that attest a high-level of quality and security, presence of qualified staff, trust service provider reliability and compliance with norms and standards.
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Menichelli, Francesca. "The national picture: The reconfiguration of sovereignty, the normalization of emergency and the rise to prominence of urban security in Italy." European Journal of Criminology 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2013): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370813481134.
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Savinova, Anna. "The problem of security of Mediterranean communications in French policy in the spring of 1938." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33296.
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This article explores the representations of French diplomats and military chiefs on the methods of ensuring security of Mediterranean communications against the background of unfolding Austrian crisis in the spring of 1938. Although national and foreign researchers discusses the existence of a threat to French communications in the Mediterranean, Paris’ position on this problem alongside the change of its approach, have not previously become the subject of separate research. The author attempts to elucidate why Paris resorted to the questions of military cooperation with London in the Mediterranean Region precisely in the spring of 1938. The author relied on the achievements of the realist school of the theory of international relations in defining the concept of security. The conclusion is formulated that consolidation of Italy and Germany in the strategically important areas of the region – Spanish Morocco and Balearic Islands, which took place during the Spanish War, posed a serious threat to French communications in the Mediterranean. French military officers believed that particular danger to Paris’ positions in the region came from Italy. In the course of escalation of the Austrian crisis, the stance of Paris on the defense of communications varied. If in February 1938, the French military chiefs were assumed that security of communications could be ensured by signing an agreement, after the Anschluss they considered conducting military operations in the Mediterranean Region in the instance of the beginning of war. Paris was concerned about consolidation of “axis” powers in the region, and a year ahead of London raised the question on conducting combat operations in the Mediterranean. However, without the support of Great Britain, France was incapable of achieving full protection of its Mediterranean interests.
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Kyureghyan, Shushan. "Conflicts Of Interest over the Libyan Crisis and Its Impact on the National Security of Armenia." Analytical Bulletin 14 (November 1, 2022): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.14-104.
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The Arab Spring, a chain of anti-government protests and uprisings, had major implications throughout the Middle East region and it particularly affected oil-rich countries, including Libya. Libya is the largest holder of proven oil reserves in Africa (48 billion barrels). Before 2011, Libya’s oil production averaged about 1.64 million barrels per day, about 96% of the government’s revenue, which accounted for 60-65% of the country’s GDP. During the reign of Muammar Gaddafi, Libya’s oil industry was run by the state-owned National Oil Corporation (NOC), which was responsible for implementing Exploration and Production Sharing Agreements (EPSA) with international oil companies (IOCs). Among these international oil companies were ENI (Italy), Total (France), Repsol (Spain), OMV (Austria) and Equinor (Norway). Colonel Muammar Qaddafi was not considered to be a reliable partner for the above-mentioned international oil companies. He used to demand tough contract terms, frequently raised fees and taxes and made other restrictions. This policy was in stark contrast with the interests of foreign actors, especially a number of Mediterranean European states, which led to their active participation in Libyan politics with the desire to gain a greater share of oil production and increase their influence in Africa. The main struggle over Libya is for control over oil resources which are highly necessary for a number of external actors in order to ensure the dynamic development of their economies and strengthen their geopolitical position but which are also needed by regional actors to ensure their own security. From the point of view of global governance, each actor in this conflict is trying to implement its global agenda by having political control and a military presence in Libya. The main aim of this study is to analyze the conflict of interests between local, regional and international actors over the Libyan issue, which, undoubtedly, affects the policy of these forces towards our region, and to understand how these developments in a country “far from” Armenia can influence the Republic of Armenia’s national security and foreign policies.
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Paprocki, Rafał. "Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Pandemic. Culture as Behavioral Driver under Risk and Uncertainty." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_238/41.
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The article deals with the issues of cultural determinants of decisions under risk and uncertainty, with emphasis on consumer behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of the crisis response has been based on D. Kahneman’s prospect theory, which was used to compare social behaviors in Poland, Italy, Great Britain and Singapore at an early stage of the pandemic. The main purpose of the considerations is to present the scale and level of impact of cultural determinants on national survival and security strategies against the COVID-19 crisis. The analysis and diagnosis of national survival strategies facilitates creation of products in accordance with behavioral and cultural determinants of consumer attitudes and preferences. In addition, the article presents some automatic systems supporting personnel management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contemporary technological solutions monitoring employee behavior in the working environment can be implemented to increase the level of mental well-being and sanitary safety.
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Rydberg, Åsa. "Constitutional and Institutional Developments." Leiden Journal of International Law 13, no. 2 (June 2000): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000273.
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Two additional agreements have been concluded on the enforcement of sentences of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). On 25 February 2000, an agreement was concluded between the Government of the French Republic and the United Nations on the enforcement of sentences of the ICTY. Thus, France thereby became the first permanent member of the Security Council to conclude such an agreement. A month later, on 28 March 2000, another agreement was concluded between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Nations. Both these agreements will enter into force upon notification to the United Nations by the respective states that the necessary national legal requirements have been met. Previously, agreements have been concluded with the following states: Italy, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Austria.
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Kalinin, A. A. "U.S. plans to internationalize the containment of the USSR in the Balkans in the first half of the 1950s." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-6-75-53-76.
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The article examines the actions of the US diplomacy aimed at strengthening the US military and political presence in the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean in the first half of the 1950s. The United States began creating mechanisms for mobilizing its allies to contain possible Soviet aggression in the event of a new local conflict on the Balkan Peninsula. This policy led to the need to develop plans for internationalization of alleged conflict. The author uses materials from the US National Archives, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the electronic archives of the Central Intelligence Agency, North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the US National Security Council, as well as published sources. Special attention is paid to the position of the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff on military strategy in the Eastern Mediterranean. The outbreak of the Korean War became an important milestone in American politics not only for the Far East, but also for other regions of the world. In the Balkans, the Americans were mostly afraid of the aggression of Soviet “satellites” against Greece and Yugoslavia. In response, in the early 1950s the United States formed a new security model in the Balkans, which based on a differentiated approach: Greece became a member of NATO, while Yugoslavia entered the anti-Soviet Balkan Pact affiliated with NATO. Yugoslavia became a bridge between the NATO countries – Italy and Greece. Documents held in the US National Archives show that American military leaders spoke out in favor of Yugoslavia’s membership in NATO and insisted on coordinating the military plans of Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. The author concludes that the rapprochement of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey was situational. The improvement of the situation in the Balkans after the death of Joseph Stalin led to the collapse of the Balkan Pact. The analysis of American policy in the Balkans made it possible to contribute to the study of the means and methods used by the United States to internationalize military conflicts in various regions of the world in the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
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Berbert-Campos, Cláudia. "Legal Considerations in the Management of Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-209.1.
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Objectives: To inform professionals providing care to individuals with cleft lip and palate on the legal aspects and organizations available to protect individuals with this alteration, and to advocate that cleft lip and palate should be considered a handicap, even though it is provisional and may be rehabilitated, to assure afflicted individuals basic rights and complete personal, social, and economic welfare. Design: Literature review on the issue, including assessment of national and international laws, doctrines, and jurisprudences; conceptual analysis of the word “handicapped” in dictionaries. Analysis included the federal constitutions of Brazil, France, Argentina, Spain, Cuba, Italy, China, Portugal, Japan, Great Britain, and Colombia, regarding the protection of handicapped people. Results: Constitutional protection of handicapped people is a recent issue that has been addressed only in the last few decades in some countries such as Brazil, Italy, Spain, China, and Portugal. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 addresses the protection of handicapped people to assure them access to social and individual rights, freedom, security, welfare, development, equality, and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist, and prejudice-free society. Conclusions: Individuals with cleft lip and palate should be included in national policies for integration of handicapped people, in agreement with programs of human rights, establishing a collaborative action between state and society. This would assure their inclusion in the socioeconomic and cultural context and equal opportunities in society, without privileges or paternalism.
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Paszkiewicz, Jędrzej. "Republika Włoska wobec przemian politycznych na Bałkanach Zachodnich na przełomie Xx i Xxi wieku (1991–2001). Interesy narodowe i polityka euroatlantycka." Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne 31 (December 14, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543733xssb.22.005.16707.
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The Italian Republic Toward Political Changes in the Western Balkans Region at the Turn of 20th and 21st Centuries (1991–2001). National Interests and Euro-Atlantic Policy The article aims to show the main circumstances influencing the evolution of the Italian diplomatic attitude towards the post-Yugoslav and Albanian area from 1991 through 2001. Both the international and internal contexts are included (the change of international order after the collapse of communist regimes, relations with NATO and the European Union, and the weakening of the international position of Italy as the result of its internal political crisis in 1992–1994). Two mutually supportive elements can be distinguished within the Italian policy toward the Balkans. Traditionally, Italian diplomats were focused on bilateral and multilateral activities aiming at the protection of territorial security and economic interests, primarily in the Adriatic region. They criticized all international military intervention in the post-Yugoslav area. This attitude was partially changed in 1999, when Italy decided to take part in NATO’s air operation Allied Force against Yugoslavia, although many controversies regarding this action arose on the Italian political scene. The article is based on published diplomatic documents, scientific publications and the press.
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Wodak, Ruth, and Salomi Boukala. "European identities and the revival of nationalism in the European Union." Discourse analysis, policy analysis, and the borders of EU identity 14, no. 1 (May 26, 2015): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.14.1.05wod.
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To date, the concept of ‘European identity’ remains quite vague and obscure. Who is European and who is not? What values do Europeans share, and who is included in or excluded from the European community? This paper deals with the renegotiation of European identity/ies and the simultaneous increase of discourses about national security and nationalism in Europe, especially during the financial crisis since 2008. We first discuss a range of theoretical approaches to European identity from an interdisciplinary perspective. In a second step, after summarising the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) to Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and especially the concept of topos, we illustrate the link between discursive constructions of European identities and cultural ‘Others’ via some recent examples of European and national debates on migration and economic issues. More specifically, we first analyse a speech by Geert Wilders on immigration and multiculturalism after the clashes in Tunisia in 2011 and the subsequent arrival of many refugees in Italy; secondly, we focus on a speech about British relations to the European Union in the 21st century by the British Prime Minister, David Cameron. It becomes apparent that debates about European identities – especially since the financial crisis of 2008 – have increasingly been accompanied by debates about both more traditional racialised cultural concerns and more recently, about economic security, leading to new distinctions between ‘Us’, the ‘real Europeans’, and ‘Them’, the ‘Others’. In this way, the socio-political unification of Europe is challenged – once again.
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Paige, Kirsten. "Tectonic Microphonics." 19th-Century Music 45, no. 1 (2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2021.45.1.64.
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“Tectonic Microphonics” explores the politics of seismologists’ use of the microphone to listen to the deep, elusive sounds of the Earth in the years around 1900. It argues that seismological representatives of three emerging nation-states and empires—Italy, Japan, and Britain—used the microphone to lay claim to elusive geophysical data, encrypted in fleeting, earthly sounds. It suggests that seismologists’ enhanced knowledge of the subterranean movements of the Earth, a purported consequence of their microphonic aurality, represented a form of geopolitical currency. Such powers of prediction were viewed as an important index of national security and scientific development: the microphone thus represented an opportunity for occupants of seismic geographies (like Italy and Japan) to overcome what Deborah Coen has referred to as the “deterministic geography of security and risk” that, for some geologists, reduced them to the status of “barbarians.” At the same time, this article demonstrates that valorizing the civilizing consequences of this form of technologically mediated aurality relied upon extractive ecologies of capitalism and exploitative human labor that were often obscured by scientific users and their global networks of collaborators and enablers. As the article's concluding section shows, these activities came on the heels of the birth of one of the earliest ideas of the Anthropocene, circulated in the writings of an Italian geologist as a term for the agency of white, European, “steam-powered” men (a circumscribed Anthropos) over the Earth, its fossil resources, and its less-than-human laborers. This article concludes by arguing that the microphone established a standard of anthropogenic aurality fit for the birth of the age of the Anthropocene.
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IGNATOV, AUGUSTIN. "GOVERNANCE EFFICIENCY, ECONOMIC SECURITY AND FEDERALISATION. THE EUROPEAN UNION AT CROSSROADS — IS IT TIME FOR CONSOLIDATION?" Global Economy Journal 19, no. 01 (March 2019): 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2194565919500039.
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The European Union (EU) has certainly reduced its influence in the global economic affairs. Despite the fact that it unites 28 nations, including the former great powers such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy, the political and economic power of the community has considerably decreased starting with the second half of 2000s. The present research is undertaken with the aim of increasing the readers’ awareness regarding the necessity of enforcing the EU economic security through consolidating the authority of the supranational bodies in relation with national representatives. The objectives to be reached in this regard include assessing how much the governance efficiency alternations among the EU member countries influence the efficiency of the single market in a globalised society. It was found that several processes determined the decline of Europe’s strength including raising globalisation and increasing competition, economic weaknesses of the EU which worsened during the crisis, stagnation of the integration process, feeble leadership and lack of resoluteness, especially in the most developed EU nations, declining adherence to “core” values, migration crisis, little political commitment to protecting EU’s citizens’ interests, and countries’ individualism in promoting key initiatives.
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Bazzana, Davide, Nicola Comincioli, Cristina El Khoury, Fernando Nardi, and Sergio Vergalli. "WEF Nexus Policy Review of Four Mediterranean Countries." Land 12, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020473.
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The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus describes natural resource use in the context of social needs and economic development, addressing food, water, and energy security. Population growth and rising economic prosperity will increase the demand for energy, food, and water in the Mediterranean region, compromising the sustainable use of resources. As governments are required to make decisions in order to cope with increasing demands for resources, this paper performs a review of the legislation and WEF policies, identifying the main political and institutional actors involved and the possible policy (in)coherence in four MED countries located on two continents: Egypt, Italy, Spain, and Tunisia. This choice will allow the identification of the barriers and catalysts influencing the implementation of WEF policies and will improve our understanding of the WEF trade-offs and synergies by exploring them on national, regional, and local scales.
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Turchetti, Simone. "A Most Active Customer." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 44, no. 5 (2014): 470–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2014.44.5.470.
Full textAbstract:
After World War II had ended, Italy, not unlike other developed countries, held the ambition to establish an atomic energy program. The Peace Treaty of 1947 forbade its administration from seeking to acquire atomic weaponry, but in 1952 a national research committee was set up to explore the peaceful uses of atomic energy, in particular with regard to building nuclear reactors. One of the committee’s goals was to use nuclear power to make the country less reliant on foreign energy provisions. Yet, this paper reveals that the atomic energy project resulted in actually increasing Italy’s dependence on overseas assistance. I explain the reasons for this outcome by looking at the unfolding of U.S.–Italy relations and the offers of collaboration in the atomic energy field put forth by the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. I argue that these offers undermined plans to shape the nuclear program as its Italian architects had envisioned, caused them to reconsider the goal of self-sufficiency in energy provisioning, and reconfigured the project to be amenable to the security and economic priorities of the U.S. administration. In this way, I conclude, the path for the Italian project to “de-develop” was set.