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Journal articles on the topic 'National security – Finland'
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1
Lohse, Mikael. "Sharing national security information in Finland." Information & Communications Technology Law 29, no. 3 (May 12, 2020): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2020.1759277.
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Lehto, Martti, and Pekka Neittaanmäki. "Cyber security training in Finnish basic and general upper secondary education." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.18.1.984.
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Cyber security in Finland is part of other areas of comprehensive security, as digital solutions multiply in society and technologies advance. Cyber security is one of the primary national security and national defense concerns. Cyber security has quickly evolved from a technical discipline to a strategic concept. Cyber security capacity building can be measured based on the existence and number of research and developments, education and training programs, and certified professionals and public sector agencies.
Cybersecurity awareness and the related civic skills play an increasingly important role as our societies become more digitalized. Improving citizens' cyber skills through education is an important goal that would strengthen Finland as a country of higher education and expertise and lay the foundation for the society of the future.
Pursuant to the Finland’s Cyber Security Strategy (2019) “National cyber security competence will be ensured by identifying requirements and strengthening education and research.” Finland’s Cyber Security Development Programme (2021) necessitates that in basic education ensures young people have sufficient skills to operate in a digital operating environment and that they understand cyber security threats and know how to protect themselves from them. So, cybersecurity is an important subject for everyone, not just industry or public organizations. It’s also vital for our children to understand how to stay safe online, and the need to be aware of any dangers that might come their way. Cybersecurity awareness training is important because it teaches pupils how they can protect themselves from cyber-attacks (MTC, 2021).
The study of cybersecurity education in Finland was made in autumn 2021 and spring 2022 for the National Cyber Security Director. According to the study, measures are needed so that cyber security becomes an important aspect when planning education and teaching. There are different models to choose from to make training more effective. This paper presents the results of the research focusing basic and general upper secondary education.
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Lehto, Martti. "The Cyberspace Threats and Cyber Security Objectives in the Cyber Security Strategies." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 3, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2013070101.
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Threats in cyberspace can be classified in many ways. This is evident when you look at cyber security on a multinational level. One of the most common models is a threefold classification based on motivational factors. Most nations use this model as a foundation when creating a strategy to handle cyber security threats as it pertains to them. This paper will use the five level model: cyber activism, cybercrime, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. The National Cyber Security Strategy defines articulates the overall aim and objectives of the nation's cyber security policy and sets out the strategic priorities that the national government will pursue to achieve these objectives. The Cyber Security Strategy also describes the key objectives that will be undertaken through a comprehensive body of work across the nation to achieve these strategic priorities. Cyberspace underpins almost every facet of the national functions vital to society and provides critical support for areas like critical infrastructure, economy, public safety, and national security. National governments aim at making a substantial contribution to secure cyberspace and they have different focus areas in the cyber ecosystem. In this context the level of cyber security reached is the sum of all national and international measures taken to protect all activities in the cyber ecosystem. This paper will analyze the cyber security threats, vulnerabilities and cyber weaponry and the cyber security objectives of the Cyber Security Strategies made by Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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Lohse, Mikael. "Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency - an Actor in National Security?" Journal of Strategic Security 13, no. 2 (July 2020): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.2.1799.
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One disparate feature between Finnish civilian and military intelligence is their express relationship to national security. The Finnish Security and Intelligence Service prominently declares to be an expert in national security whereas no corresponding public territorial claim has been made by its counterpart – the Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency (FDIA). This observation leads to the question: are the tasks of the FDIA limited solely to the military defence of Finland or has it any more comprehensive role in safeguarding national security. This article aims to examine this question by comparing the provisions governing the purpose of civilian and military intelligence and analysing the provision on the targets of military intelligence. Legal analysis indicate that military intelligence targets are broadly located in the field on national security, both at the core of military activities and in the outer reaches on non-military activities. The FDIA actually has a wide mandate which extends its mission beyond the reaches of civilian intelligence.
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Nykänen, Riku, and Tommi Kärkkäinen. "Aligning Two Specifications for Controlling Information Security." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 4, no. 2 (April 2014): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2014040104.
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Assuring information security is a necessity in modern organizations. Many recommendations for information security management exist, which can be used to define a baseline of information security requirements. ISO/IEC 27001 prescribes a process for an information security management system, and guidance to implement security controls is provided in ISO/IEC 27002. Finnish National Security Auditing Criteria (KATAKRI) has been developed by the national authorities in Finland as a tool to verify maturity of information security practices. KATAKRI defines both security control objectives and security controls to meet an objective. Here the authors compare and align these two specifications in the process, structural, and operational level, focusing on the security control objectives and the actual controls. Even if both specifications share the same topics on high level, the results reveal the differences in the scope and in the included security controls.
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Marttunen, Mika, Jyri Mustajoki, Suvi Sojamo, Lauri Ahopelto, and Marko Keskinen. "A Framework for Assessing Water Security and the Water–Energy–Food Nexus—The Case of Finland." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102900.
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Water security demands guaranteeing economic, social and environmental sustainability and simultaneously addressing the diversity of risks and threats related to water. Various frameworks have been suggested to support water security assessment. They are typically based on indexes enabling national comparisons; these may, however, oversimplify complex and often contested water issues. We developed a structured and systemic way to assess water security and its future trends via a participatory process. The framework establishes a criteria hierarchy for water security, consisting of four main themes: the state of the water environment; human health and well-being; the sustainability of livelihoods; and the stability, functions and responsibility of society. The framework further enables the analysis of relationships between the water security criteria as well as between water, energy and food security. The framework was applied to a national water security assessment of Finland in 2018 and 2030. Our experience indicates that using the framework collaboratively with stakeholders provides a meaningful way to improve understanding and to facilitate discussion about the state of water security and the actions needed for its improvement.
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Lehto, Martti. "Cyber Security Education and Research in the Finland's Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2016040102.
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The revolution in information technology that began in the 1990s has been transforming Finland into an information society. Imaginative data processing and utilization, arising from the needs of citizens and the business community, are some of the most important elements in a thriving society. Information and know-how have become key ‘commodities' in society, and they can be utilized all the more efficiently through information technology. For all nations, the information technology revolution quietly changed the way business and government operate, as well as the daily life of citizens. Our daily life, fundamental rights, social interactions and economies depend on information and communication technology working seamlessly. An open and free cyberspace has promoted political and social inclusion worldwide; it has broken down barriers between countries, communities and citizens, allowing interaction and sharing of information and ideas across the globe. Individuals, public and private organizations alike depend on the cyber world. From the citizens using social media, to banks growing their business, to law enforcement supporting national security – every sector of the society is increasingly dependent upon technology and networked systems. While the public sector, the economy and the business community as well as citizens benefit from globally networked services, the digital IT society contains inherent vulnerabilities which may generate security risks to citizens, the business community or the vital functions of society. Without sufficient awareness of the risks in cyber world, however, behavioral decisions and unseen threats can negatively impact the security of the critical infrastructure and can cause physical damage in the real world. On an individual level, what is at stake is the vulnerability of each individual user in cyber world. As the world grows more connected through cyber world, a highly skilled cyber security workforce is required to secure, protect, and defend national critical information infrastructure. Across the private and public sector organizations are looking for well-trained professionals to assess, design, develop, and implement cyber security solutions and strategies. While the demand for cyber security professionals is high, the supply is low. Meeting the growing demand for cyber security professionals begins in the education system. The most efficient custom to increase cyber security is the improvement of the know-how. The cyber security strategies and development plans require the improvement of the know-how of the citizens and actors of the economic life and public administration. Pursuant to Finland's Cyber Security Strategy (2013) “the implementation of cyber security R&D and education at different levels does not only strengthen national expertise, it also bolsters Finland as an information society.” In this article are analyzed the cyber security research and education which is offered in Finland's universities and universities of applied sciences.
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Dragomir, Elena. "To Be or to Become ‘European’? ‘Westernizing’ Narratives in Post-Cold War Finland." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2009): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v1i1_3.
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The Finnish ‘westernizing’ narrative emphasizes Finland’s ‘westernness’, i.e. the idea that Finland and Finns have always been western and part of the ‘European family’. The recent past is not seen as an obstacle for this interpretation. Thus, according to this type of discourse, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and ‘liberated’ from the constraints of the Cold War, Finland could finally ‘return’ to the West, to Europe, to its ‘natural’ origins. This article examines in short what might be called the post-Cold War narrative of Finnish westernness as it appears in the English language sources. It argues that the westernizing narrative is very important in justifying Finland’s post-Cold War position in the international politics, especially its position in the European politics. The article is divided in two parts. The first one examines the narrative of the westernness of Finland, Finns or Finnish ‘identity’ as it appears in some scientific writings, press materials and political texts. Within this narrative an important element is the re-evaluation of Finland’s international position during the Cold War. Therefore, the Finnish security ‘solution’ – by some called ‘Nordic and neutral identity’ – is either criticized, attacked and characterized as an aberration and betrayal of the ‘Finnish western identity’, or accepted as the only possible ‘instrument for pursuing national security interests’ in those times. The second part of the article advances some explanations for this narrative and addresses questions such as: why was it developed, by whom, and how successful was it? The article shows how highly political is the (re)presentation of Finnish history and how much its ‘western character’ is related to Finland’s current political situation and goals in Europe. It also reveals how important the ideology is in backing a political choice.
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Holsti, Kal J. "Politics in command: foreign trade as national security policy." International Organization 40, no. 3 (1986): 643–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027302.
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Many of the current theoretical debates in international relations focus on the connection between economics and security policies. Most traditional North American textbooks have considered the two policy areas as separate domains. Some scholars view the major economic trends and events of the 1970s as intertwined, whereas others argue that “state” interests properly should prevail when the two sets of values conflict. The traditional liberal, mercantilist, and neo-Marxist literatures shed some light on the nexus between politics and economics in foreign policy, but they offer very general statements that reflect only the conditions of the major powers. Two case studies of Japan and Finland in the postwar period suggest that generalizations must be applied cautiously, that some states are compelled to follow mercantilist policies to protect their political independence and autonomy, and that policies of welfare maximization often have to be subordinated to security concerns. The cases also reveal that the connection between economic and security concerns changes over time. A dynamic model of foreign policy will thus have to be sensitive both to the peculiar circumstances of a variety of states and to the sources of foreign-policy change.
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Tuukkanen, Topi. "Adapting the Current National Defence Doctrine to Cyber Domain." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011100103.
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The current defence doctrine in Finland is analysed from a cyber perspective, and doctrinal tenets that adapt to the cyber domain as well as fundaments that do not, are pointed out. In most cases, current defence doctrine and fundaments can be adjusted to cyber domain. Some need more research and planning, but also new legislation and organisational arrangements would be needed. As such, a cyber defence doctrine has a sound basis but should be elaborated in more detail once national cyber security strategy has been completed.
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Liu, Fang. "Social Security Research under Automation Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.621.
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The development of the modern welfare state is not isolated; their welfare policy implementation depends on the advanced economy, extensive coverage, the perfect system, the diversification and welfare system mandatory. Social network analysis is just take this dependence into account, and develop corresponding method to deal with the relationship between variables. This paper, based on the p* model analysis, takes Sweden and Finland, two typical Nordic welfare state, as the examples, and finds the differences in disease disability insurance, unemployment insurance and etc. To understand these differences is of great importance to think about whether to conduct the reform of the welfare state, and how to combine the concrete national conditions with the reform.
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Palosaari, Teemu. "From Thin to Thick Foreign Policy Europeanization: Common Foreign and Security Policy and Finland." European Foreign Affairs Review 21, Issue 4 (December 1, 2016): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2016045.
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The value of Europeanization for empirical research on foreign policy has been a much questioned topic recently. This article argues that Europeanization helps us to ask researchable questions regarding foreign policy. To support this argument, it will introduce an analytical framework that identifies two directions (adaptation and projection) and two dimensions: ‘thin’ Europeanization which refers to changes in policies and organizational structures, and ‘thick’ Europeanization implying learning, socialization, and identity change. The article proposes a way to better integrate the sociological institutionalist aspects of the Europeanization process into the adaptation- projection dynamism. To demonstrate the framework, the article looks at Finnish foreign and security policy and argues that the Europeanization of Finland has been more profound than previous studies indicate. The European Union (EU)’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has played a significant role in a number of transformations in Finnish policies since 1995, resulting in ‘thick’ Europeanization. In addition to national adaptation, Finland has, with varying outcome, tried to project ideas, preferences and models from the national to the European level.
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Śliwa, Zdzisław, and Joakim Paasikivi. "Defence cooperation between Sweden and Finland. Brothers in arms in the Nordic and beyond." Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa 10, no. 10 (June 30, 2021): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6248.
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The security of Europe has been evolving in the last decade, causing the verification of national defence policies. Being members of the European Union but not NATO, Sweden and Finland are revising their defence policies to face complex threats. Their geographical proximity is one factor causing their close military cooperation, supported by building–up their national military and civilian capabilities to deter potential threat from Russia and face hybrid challenges. The progress is visible, especially over the last decade. They are not disregarding closing ranks with other Nordic countries, NATO and specifically the US recognising that a joint effort with those nations and organisations, sharing the same values and facing similar threats, is foundation of their security. The paper utilises the qualitative research approach using a case study, desk research, analysis, and synthesis as methods.
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Dolgoshein, P. S. "Improving the Regulatory Framework for Countering Extremism in the European Union (Case Study of Finland)." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2021-1-89-102.
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INTRODUCTION. The article, using the example of the Republic of Finland, analyzes the activities of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU) to improve the legal regulation of countering extremism. The influence of the EU on the tackling against extremism and radicalism in the Republic of Finland is examined. The role of the EU in countering global threats, the position of Finland in relation to international co- operation in countering extremism and radicalism is assessed. The methods used in Finland to counter violent extremism are being studied.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article examines the conceptual documents of the UN, EU and Finland; Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, an action plan to prevent violent extremism, Commission Staff Working Paper; Comprehensive assessment of the EU security policy; Message from the Commission to the European Parliament, European Council Ninth report on progress towards an effective and genuine Security Union; Finland's response to OHCHR's request for information on how the protection and promotion of human rights contribute to preventing and combating violent extremism; Finland's Chairmanship Program for the Sustainable Europe Sustainable Future program; Decision of the Commission on the creation of the Expert Group of the HighLevel Commission on Radicalization, Report of the Council of Europe Committee on Counter-Terrorism, Anti-Terrorism Profiles Finland, Report of the Government of Finland on human rights for 2014; decisions of the Expert Group of the High-Level Commission on Radicalization; Human Rights Council materials.RESEARCH RESULTS. The author puts forward the thesis that the measures used to counter violent extremism depend on the needs of Member States and require the development of various approaches, depending on specific circumstances. In the addition, there is a common interest in EU member states in further expanding the exchange of experience and close cooperation between various national actors at the pan-European and international levels to counter extremism and radicalism. These measures require the development of new regulatory measures, including international ones. The author believes it is possible and interesting, using the example of the Republic of Finland, to study the level of interaction and cooperation between the Member States and the European Union in the field of im- proving the legal regulation of countering extremism, as well as the measures used in Finland to prevent and combat violent extremism.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In EU Member States, the European Union plays a key role in shaping international cooperation, which includes strengthening the existing governance system and, when necessary, reforming the existing system for preventing and countering violent extremism, subject to the fundamental principles of the United Nations. The Republic of Finland fully supports the efforts of the international community to prevent and counter extremism, through the development of international anti-extremism instruments to help states collectively combat this threat. The educational system of Finland can successfully form the fundamental foundations for countering violent extremism.
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Voronov, K. "Security Modus Operandi of the Northern Europe." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 1 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-82-89.
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The article analyses the complex influence of dangerous changes, which took place after 2014 in the international political environment in Europe, on the ongoing transformations, suggests essential revision of national policies of the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland) in the field of their security and defenсe. The degree of military and political tension in the North of Europe has increased significantly after 2014. The conflict is escalating due to additional deployment within the so-called reinforcement of the “eastern flank” of the Alliance with three allied battalions, and NATO weapons in the Baltic States and Poland. However, great strategic stability in the zone of direct contact between NATO and Russia is still possible to maintain. The international political situation in the subregion has also deteriorated markedly as a result of the U.S., NATO and EU sanctions policy against Russia, strengthening of transatlantic relations of the Nordic countries, and reinforcement of allied ties within the framework of the Western bloc policy as a whole. It noted signified not only a revision in favor of further strengthening of transatlantic ties in the policy of bloc allegiance of the Nordic countries – members of NATO (Denmark, Norway, Iceland), but also an obvious intensification of practical cooperation between formally non-aligned states (Sweden and Finland) with the Alliance structures. The Nordic Defenсe Cooperation (NORDEFCO) has also started to acquire a risky pro-Atlantic style, losing its previous autonomous subregional nature. Apparently, in the present complex situation, the Nordic Five is disposed to solve security and defence problems by: 1) having a greater many-sided cooperation with NATO; 2) giving a real, limited meaning to the European Union in the military-political sphere; 3) continuing to bear pressure upon Russia for the purpose of limiting Russian influence in the subregion, especially in the Baltic region. In the near future, the problem of NATO accession for Sweden and Finland may remain in the same precarious condition unless some dangerous force majeure circumstances occur in the Baltic region.
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Scholliers, Johan, Sirra Toivonen, Antti Permala, and Timo Lahtinen. "A Concept for Improving the Security and Efficiency of Multimodal Supply Chains." International Journal of Applied Logistics 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jal.2012040101.
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Multimodal supply chains are characterized by multiple changes of transport modes and vehicles. Hence the risks for theft, untimely delivery and freight quality deterioration increase. There is hence a growing need to manage the security and efficiency of consignments from door to door. This paper describes the results of the Finnish national SCIE (Supply Chain Security and Integrity) project, which had as main objective the development of a holistic framework for the management of the security and efficiency of supply chains. A profound risk analysis was performed to find key vulnerabilities of the service and suitable monitoring technology. The security service was developed to deal with the vast amount of actors in the multimodal supply chain, accurate transport plan data reception and the identification of exceptional situations. The service concept was tested by monitoring and analysing steel product shipments from Finland to Central Europe. Advanced intelligent monitoring devices were attached to the consignments. These devices gathered and transmitted in real-time environmental, transport stress and location information. The paper will give an overview of the framework, service concept and the analysed results of a multimodal shipment from Finland to Italy.
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Горобець, Ігор, and Андрій Мартинов. "THE ENTRY OF SWEDEN AND FINLAND INTO NATO AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE CRISIS OF REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SECURITY SYSTEMS." КОНСЕНСУС, no. 3 (November 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/consensus/2022-03/072-082.
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The article analyzes the prerequisites and consequences of the accession of Sweden and Finland to NATO. Neutrality is avoiding participation in wars and non-participation in military-political blocs in peacetime, as well as not providing national territory for foreign military bases, and refusing to sell weapons to opposing parties. The Russian ultimatum of November 2021 with the demands that NATO renounce the consequences of the expansion of the alliance testified to the fact of a deep crisis of the European security system. The trend towards the formation of a multipolar system of international relations has changed the logic of the policy of neutrality. Defeat in the Northern War of 1700-1721 prompted Sweden to switch to a policy of active neutrality. In 1935, Finland declared its intention to pursue a neutral policy with priority given to the Scandinavian direction. After Finland's defeat in the Second World War, the so-called «Finlandization» became a feature of Finnish neutrality. «Finlandization» is considered as subordination of the political course of a weaker country to the interests of a more powerful neighboring country with formal preservation of sovereignty. The process of gradual formation of a multipolar world provoked a change in the geopolitical orientations of the states of Northern Europe. There is constant tension in the Arctic. The USA declared a course for a new Atlanticism aimed at continuing the process of expansion and structural and functional strengthening of NATO. The active phase of the Russian war against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, was the decisive reason for the decision to join Sweden and Finland in NATO.
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Silvasti, Tiina. "Food Aid – Normalising the Abnormal in Finland." Social Policy and Society 14, no. 3 (April 8, 2015): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746415000123.
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In Finland, food banks and bread lines emerged for the first time during the deep recession in the mid-1990s and, since then, have become permanent. This was partly an outcome of cutting or freezing social security costs during the economic slump, but there has also been an increasingly explicit transformation in national social policy. However, the emergence and persistence of food aid cannot be explained purely as a social and poverty policy issue. This article examines charity food aid as a solution to the hunger problem within the Nordic welfare regime and traces connections linking the establishment of food charity to the prevailing food system. This article focuses on different policy actions and economic developments that took place independently during the 1990s, producing, apparently accidently and without conscious co-ordination, entrenchment of charitable food aid in Finland.
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Halmetoja, Antti, Jurgen De Wispelaere, and Johanna Perkiö. "A Policy Comet in Moominland? Basic Income in the Finnish Welfare State." Social Policy and Society 18, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000258.
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Finland is widely considered a frontrunner in the European basic income debate, primarily because of the decision by Juha Sipilä’s centre-right coalition government to design and conduct the first national basic income experiment (2017–2018). The Finnish basic income experiment builds on several decades of public and policy debate around the merits and problems of basic income, with the framing of basic income over time changing to fit the shift of the Nordic welfare state to embrace the activation paradigm. Underlying this discursive layer, however, we find several discrete, relatively small and unintended institutional developments that have arguably aligned the design of Finnish unemployment security closer to a partial basic income scheme. While the latter may suggest Finland has important stepping stones in place, important stumbling blocks remain and the jury is very much out on whether Finland would be the first European country to fully institute a basic income.
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Palander, Jaana, and Saara Pellander. "Mobility and the Security Paradigm: How Immigration Became Securitized in Finnish Law and Policy." Journal of Finnish Studies 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2019): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.22.1.2.10.
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Abstract Alongside the emergence of the new mobility paradigm (Sheller and Urry 2006), especially in the social sciences, the security paradigm has gained importance as well. It is said that “the security paradigm is now becoming so ingrained that it is impossible to ignore the impact of security concerns on the development of migration policy” (Collyer 2006, 255). The mobility of people is shaped by a variety of formal and informal institutions, such as laws and policies that influence which groups have the right to travel to and reside in a certain country. This article is concerned with Finnish border and immigration regimes and the interplay between mobility and security within law and policy. The paper offers a historical account on the way in which security has been involved in the governance of immigration in Finland. We analyze policy reports, legal texts, case law, parliamentary plenary debates, and minutes of committee hearings that shape and define mobility. By combining political history with legal analysis, the article takes a transdisciplinary approach to mobility and its limits and sheds new light into the discussion of the mobility paradigm. Our analysis provides empirical evidence that there has been a clear movement toward increased securitization over time. In political speech, restrictive measures are justified by a presumed threat to Finland's national security. The individual rights of migrants and notions of the human security of migrants appear in these debates on the other end of the spectrum.
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Shlapeko, Ekaterina A., and Svetlana V. Kondrateva. "Migration as a National Security Challenge: Problems of Asylum Seekers' Adaptation (A Case of Tornio, Finland)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 466 (2021): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/18.
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The article considers approaches to the problems of contemporary migration flows to Europe in the context of ensuring national security, taking into account social and cultural contradictions between the local community and migrants. It begins with a brief overview of securitization theory, used as a theoretical tool to facilitate practical security analysis. Today we are witnessing a growing trend of migration securitization in Europe, which affects the position of migrants. The media and the Internet, being key sources of information, not only reflect the attitudes in society, but also construct stereotypical images of particular social groups, dividing into us or them, friends or foes, and can contribute to shaping a certain attitude of society towards its representatives. The theory of securitization distinguishes the following main threats to the national state from migrants: political threat, economic threat, social threat, and cultural threat. Social and cultural contradictions of migrants' integration are revealed on the basis of interviews with asylum seekers at the Tornio Refugees Reception Center (August-September 2016) regarding their stay in Finland and relationship with the host community, as well as on the basis of the authors' own observations. The authors believe that prerequisites for the fragmentation of European society are caused, on the one hand, by the desire of migrants to preserve values and norms of the traditional culture, and, on the other hand, by the clash of expectations (of both migrants and the host community) with real life, misunderstanding and refusal to accept host community traditions. The obtained results highlight the significant role of communication activities with the joint participation of locals and newcomers in understanding each others' culture, decreasing negative perceptions and reactions in the integration process. The study confirms the desire of migrants to preserve the values and norms of their own traditional culture. The elimination of social and cultural factors and lack of social contacts can lead to the formation of enclaves and potentially conflict situations. The article offers recommendations for improving general intercultural and interethnic communication in order to reduce the risk of forming closed social groups.
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Svalund, Jørgen, Antti Saloniemi, and Patrik Vulkan. "Attitudes towards job protection legislation: Comparing insiders and outsiders in Finland, Norway and Sweden." European Journal of Industrial Relations 22, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680115626057.
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This article investigates employees’ attitudes towards job protection legislation and attitudinal differences between employees with different levels of job security. National surveys from three Nordic countries, using different measures of insider–outsider positions in the labour market, do not support the assumption that outsiders (those with insecure jobs) prefer laxer job protection legislation. On the contrary, workers in secure jobs seem more likely to prefer laxer regulation.
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Palsa, Lauri, and Saara Salomaa. "Media literacy as a cross-sectoral phenomenon: Media education in Finnish ministerial-level policies." Central European Journal of Communication 13, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 162–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.13.2(26).2.
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In international comparisons, Finland has often appeared as a frontrunner in promoting media literacy, especially from the perspective of national-level policies and structures. In this study, our aim is to broaden knowledge about the meaning of media education in the Finnish ministerial-level policy framework by examining in which administrative sectors policy documents concerning media education have been published and how the concepts of media education and media literacy have been framed. The results suggest that media education and media literacy are addressed widely across the different administrative sectors in Finland, but mostly by the Ministry of Education and Culture. There is also variance in the ways in which the concepts are presented in the policies. In the article, eight identified frames of media literacy are discussed, including protectionism, cultural participation, future working competences, inclusion, broad media education, democracy, national security, and cosmopolitanism. The article highlights the importance of nuanced understanding of the meanings and limits of media education and research-based policy development.
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Ahopelto, Lauri, Noora Veijalainen, Joseph Guillaume, Marko Keskinen, Mika Marttunen, and Olli Varis. "Can There be Water Scarcity with Abundance of Water? Analyzing Water Stress during a Severe Drought in Finland." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061548.
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Severe droughts can affect water security even in countries with ample water resources. In addition, droughts are estimated to become more frequent in several regions due to changing climate. Drought affects many socio-economic sectors (e.g., agriculture, water supply, and industry), as it did in 2018 in Finland. Understanding the basin-wide picture is crucial in drought management planning. To identify vulnerable and water stressed areas in Finland, a water use-to-availability analysis was executed with a reference drought. Water stress was analyzed with the Water Depletion Index WDI. The analysis was executed using national water permits and databases. To represent a severe but realistic drought event, we modelled discharges and runoffs from the worst drought of the last century in Finland (1939–1942). The potential for performing similar analyses in data scarce contexts was also tested using estimates from global models as a screening tool. The results show that the South and Southwest of Finland would have problems with water availability during a severe drought. The most vulnerable areas would benefit from drought mitigation measures and management plans. These measures could be incorporated into the EU River Basin Management Plans.
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Aharoni, Sarai B., and Élise Féron. "National populism and gendered vigilantism: The case of the Soldiers of Odin in Finland." Cooperation and Conflict 55, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836719850207.
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Based on a discursive analysis of various media reports published in 2015–2018 by and about the Finnish right-wing street patrolling organization Soldiers of Odin (SOO), we explore the gendered dimension of contemporary vigilantism. We find that street patrolling as a practice of vigilantism, is justified in this case by using representations of the cityspace as a place of friction between locals and newcomers and of the street as a locus for enacting gendered and racial/ethnic identities. Our findings suggest that SOO’s vigilant practices exhibit a mixture of traditional and new features of masculinity. We argue that the activities of anti-immigration groups such as the SOO in Finland demonstrate a feminist security dilemma concerning the way securitization of public gender-based violence is used to enhance militarized performance of white masculinity. We identify four recurring themes that are used by group members to portray themselves as part of a legitimate social movement: protective masculinity, militarized masculinity, supplement of the state, and indigenous masculinity.
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Niemi, Pia-Maria, Saija Benjamin, Arniika Kuusisto, and Liam Gearon. "How and Why Education Counters Ideological Extremism in Finland." Religions 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9120420.
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The intensification of radical and extremist thinking has become an international cause of concern and the fear related to terrorism has increased worldwide. Early 21st century public discourses have been correspondingly marked by hate speech and ideological propaganda spread from a variety of perspectives through the intensified presence of global social media networks. In many countries, governments have reacted to these perceived and actual threats by drafting policies and preventive programs and legal-security interventions to tackle radicalization, terrorism itself, as well as ideological extremism. Many of the current strategies point to the critical role of societal education. As a result, educational institutions have gained growing importance as platforms for different kinds of prevention protocols or counter-terrorism strategies. However, notably less attention has been paid on the consistencies of values between the aims of the educational strategies for preventing or countering ideological extremism and the core functions of education in fostering individual and societal well-being and growth. Using Finnish education as a case, this paper discusses the challenges and possibilities related to educational institutions as spaces for preventing violent extremism, with special regard to the religious and nationalistic ideologies that divert from those inherent in the national hegemony. This study highlights the need to plan counter-terrorism strategies in line with national educational policies through what we conceptualize as ‘institutional habitus’.
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Vanhanen, Henri. "COVID-19 and European security of supply: Growing in importance." European View 19, no. 2 (October 2020): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685820966908.
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The COVID-19 pandemic struck the world hard in early 2020, and we are still coping with the ramifications of the ongoing crisis. The most acute concerns deal with the gloomy economic impact of the pandemic. However, the crisis has also revealed severe shortcomings in the EU’s approach to the security of supply. Many member states initially found themselves dealing with the crisis alone or lacking essential medical resources. Since the early stages, it has become evident that while security of supply has so far been a matter of national decisions, the EU needs a comprehensive strategy to improve its crisis resilience. Finland has a long tradition of making a coordinated effort to ensure an adequate supply of items needed for emergencies. Thus, the Finnish model could provide the basis for a more inclusive and integrated EU-level security of supply.
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Saxi, Håkon Lunde. "Alignment but not Alliance: Nordic Operational Military Cooperation." Arctic Review on Law and Politics 13, no. 2022 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v13.3380.
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Since the start of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Nordic states have sought to advance their defence cooperation “beyond peacetime” to also encompass operational military cooperation in crisis and armed conflict. Relations between the two Nordic non-NATO members, Sweden and Finland, have formed a vanguard, encompassing bilateral operational planning beyond peacetime. While no formal security policy guarantees have been exchanged, Sweden and Finland have created strong expectations that they will lend each other support in a crisis. In short, while no formal alliance treaty exists, the two states have nevertheless become closely aligned. In 2020, Sweden and Finland joined NATO member Norway in signalling their intention to strengthen their trilateral defence relationship. The following year, NATO members Norway and Denmark signed a similar agreement with Sweden. The goal of these documents was to coordinate their national operational plans – their “war plans” – and perhaps develop some common operational plans. In this article, it is argued that these agreements fall short of a formal military alliance, but that they represent an alignment policy between the Nordic states.
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Budykina, Vera. "Linguistic security as a factor of sustainable development of a region (on the example of Scandinavian Peninsula)." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219402015.
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The article is devoted to the study of problems of linguistic security as a factor of sustainable development of a region; special attention is paid to the preservation of languages of indigenous peoples and national minorities. The article describes the experience of the Scandinavian countries in the field of maintaining and revitalizing of the Sami languages and the main conventions on the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples and languages, as well as languages of national minorities. Moreover, the author explores how Sami language learning is organized and implemented in Scandinavian schools and if it contributes to the preservation and development of the Sami language. The language policies of Finland, Sweden and Norway in relation to the Sami languages, the achievements and shortcomings of the policy are analyzed. The paper offers a critical review of the core elements of Sami language policies to implement the positive experience in the maintaining of the languages of the national minorities and indigenous languages of the Russian Federation as an essential part of linguistic security which in its turn leads to sustainable development of the country.
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Hall, Steven. "National Bibliographies on CD-ROM." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 9, no. 2 (August 1997): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909700900205.
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CD-ROM technology has tremendous potential for storing and enabling access to just the type of data contained in national bibliographies. A single CD-ROM can hold the equivalent of c.250,000 A4 sheets of print. CD-ROMs are easily replicable, and therefore offer security as well as enabling the information contained to be made more widely available. Of the two methods used to convert print to binary data in electronic form, scanning and keying, databases published by Chadwyck-Healey use the latter. In the case of national bibliographies on CD-ROM, new records are created electronically at the very first stage of cataloguing, while older records are converted by keying. Chadwyck-Healey has developed an extensive CD-ROM list, focusing on both bibliographic and full-text literary works. The national bibliographies it produces on CD-ROM are those of the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain. That of the Netherlands is shortly to appear. Bibliographic coverage is further extended by several other databases produced by Chadwyck-Healey. National bibliographies on CD-ROM produced by other bodies are those of Finland, Norway, Bulgaria, Singapore and the USA. Although other means of making this sort of material are now competing with CD-ROM, it looks like holding its own for some time.
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Veijalainen, Noora, Lauri Ahopelto, Mika Marttunen, Jaakko Jääskeläinen, Ritva Britschgi, Mirjam Orvomaa, Antti Belinskij, and Marko Keskinen. "Severe Drought in Finland: Modeling Effects on Water Resources and Assessing Climate Change Impacts." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082450.
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Severe droughts cause substantial damage to different socio-economic sectors, and even Finland, which has abundant water resources, is not immune to their impacts. To assess the implications of a severe drought in Finland, we carried out a national scale drought impact analysis. Firstly, we simulated water levels and discharges during the severe drought of 1939–1942 (the reference drought) in present-day Finland with a hydrological model. Secondly, we estimated how climate change would alter droughts. Thirdly, we assessed the impact of drought on key water use sectors, with a focus on hydropower and water supply. The results indicate that the long-lasting reference drought caused the discharges to decrease at most by 80% compared to the average annual minimum discharges. The water levels generally fell to the lowest levels in the largest lakes in Central and South-Eastern Finland. Climate change scenarios project on average a small decrease in the lowest water levels during droughts. Severe drought would have a significant impact on water-related sectors, reducing water supply and hydropower production. In this way drought is a risk multiplier for the water–energy–food security nexus. We suggest that the resilience to droughts could be improved with region-specific drought management plans and by including droughts in existing regional preparedness exercises.
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Evtekhov, Roman Arturovich. "Cross-border spaces in the perception of threats to Russia's National Security." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 6 (June 2022): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.6.39056.
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Changes in international relations and perceptions of national security are forcing individual States to expand the contours of their own security borders. It is not uncommon for these contours to go far beyond their own borders. The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of the perception of the transformation of cross-border spaces in the system of threats to Russia's national security. The main materials of the study were socio-political discourse, in particular individual speeches of the President of Russia, the national security strategy and other normative and doctrinal documents in the field of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation. The studied narratives and comparison of statements and reactions to individual regional transformations, compared with doctrinal documents in the field of national security, allowed us to identify trigger points. In particular, in comparison of the political changes in Afghanistan, Finland and Ukraine, it was revealed that it is the value transformation at the current moment in the vision of the Russian elite that is of the greatest concern, both regionally and politically and socially. The basis of the research methodology is a systematic approach, content analysis, and a comparative approach, which made it possible to identify the dominants in the current political discourse and determine the reason for the perception of the transformation of cross-border spaces by the Russian elite in a certain way. As a result, it is determined that the change of the value paradigm is perceived as something significantly more dangerous than a military threat, as well as the expansion of NATO to the east, which is by no means perceived as an equivalent threat. In addition, the Russian elite perceives the current international system as something unfair, due to the capabilities of Western states to influence areas lying near the borders of Russia. While Russia itself does not have the opportunity to broadcast its ideas and values on territories far from its borders. Changes in the value orientation of cross-border areas lying in the border of Russia are perceived by the elite at the moment as the main national threat to the country's security.
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Keskinen, Marko, Suvi Sojamo, and Olli Varis. "Enhancing Security, Sustainability and Resilience in Energy, Food and Water." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 17, 2019): 7244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247244.
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Our societies build largely on the concept of security and the ultimate justification for our present-day states is to ensure internal and external security of their citizens. While this task has traditionally focused on local and national scales, globalisation and planetary-scale challenges such as climate change mean that security connects also to a variety of sectors and has a stronger global dimension. Security is therefore increasingly connected with sustainability, which seeks to ensure that we as humans are able to live and prosper on this planet now and in the future. The concepts of energy security, food security and water security—as being used separately or together—manifest the burgeoning linkages between security and sustainability. This Special Issue brings together ten scientific articles that look at different aspects of security, sustainability and resilience with an emphasis on energy, food and/or water in the context of Finland and Europe. In this Editorial, we introduce the key concepts of the Special Issue, synthesise the articles’ key findings and discuss their relevance for the on-going deliberations on security and sustainability. We conclude that ensuring sustainable security—or secure sustainability—requires systemic, structured processes that link the policies and actors in these two important but still distant fields.
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Samusevych, Yaryna, Serhiy Lyeonov, Artem Artyukhov, Volodymyr Martyniuk, Iryna Tenytska, Joanna Wyrwisz, and Krystyna Wojciechowska. "Optimal Design of Transport Tax on the Way to National Security: Balancing Environmental Footprint, Energy Efficiency and Economic Growth." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010831.
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To ensure the progress of sustainable development and overcome threats to national security, the development of tools for balancing ecological, economic and energy aspects of economic activity acquires special importance. This study is related to the influence of choosing different functional elements of transport taxes on their effectiveness in ensuring national security. For calculations, panel regression modelling with panel-adjusted standard errors based on the use of the Durbin–Watson test using dummy variables was chosen. The assessment involves the selection of the main factor variable (tax revenues from transport taxes, as well as an additional dummy variable) and compliance with a country’s transport taxation system, with a certain criterion for its application. The resulting criterion was chosen as an integral indicator of national security, which summarizes the parameters of environmental footprints, economic growth, energy efficiency and security. Calculations were made for nine countries (i.e., the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Turkey) for the period 1996–2019. The calculations proved that the establishment of transport taxes, depending on the type and weight of the car, increases their effectiveness on ensuring national security or, depending on the cost and age of the car, weakens such effectiveness. The use of emissions generated by the car, its capacity and its type of fuel requires additional research; the obtained results did not allow for unambiguously determining their impact on the effectiveness of transport taxes. The conducted research forms the basis for choosing the optimal design of transport taxes to ensure the maximization of their regulatory effectiveness. The developed approach can be extended to evaluate the effectiveness of other environmental taxes.
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Lödén, Hans. "Reaching a vanishing point? Reflections on the future of neutrality norms in Sweden and Finland." Cooperation and Conflict 47, no. 2 (June 2012): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836712445343.
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This rejoinder article takes the contributions in the Special Issue of Cooperation and Conflict – Vol. 46(3) – on Neutrality and ‘Military Non-Alignment’ as point of departure for a discussion of some of the problems former neutrals face in shaping their foreign and security policies. The author argues that current and future developments regarding neutrality norms are dependent on internal factors such as national identity and public opinion, and on external factors such as the military non-aligned states’ relationships to EU, NATO and, not least, the UN. The possibility of a ‘Second Option’ of full-scale military cooperation if a preferred neutral position fails is discussed. Increased UN activism, for example, connected with the R2P concept and the tendency to outsource major UN-mandated military operations to NATO, is touched upon as well as the Libya crisis of 2011 and some of its implications for European foreign and security policy cooperation. Special attention is given to current Swedish debates on military non-alignment and NATO membership.
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Vezhlivtseva, N. Yu. "Public Opinion as an Instrument of Socio-Cultural Influence in the Debate on the «NATO Option» in Finland." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-1-13-164-171.
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The article analyzes how the attitude of the Finnish population to Finland’s policy of military non-alignment correlates with the official foreign strategy. The question of public opinion can act as a possible sociocultural tool for its change is examined. The author explains the main reasons for the formation of stable public opinion in favor of neutrality, based on national and cultural identity. The role of public opinion in the Finnish internal debate on the «NATO option» is shown. The thesis that public opinion plays only an auxiliary role in comparison with external circumstances affecting the foreign policy of Finland, which is widespread in research circles, is considered. The author argues that public opinion on Finland’s possible entry into NATO is crucial in two key ways. First, at present, it’s a factor supporting the stable foreign policy decision, which is carried out by the state government. Secondly, in the future, public opinion may become a factor capable, under certain conditions of having a significant impact on the change of the Finnish course in foreign and security policy. The second option assumes that public opinion can play its own role by changing the pre-planned foreign policy scenario.
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Salminen, Mirva. "Refocusing and Redefining Cybersecurity: Individual Security in the Digitalising European High North." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 10, no. 1 (2019): 321–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_010010015.
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This article introduces cybersecurity in the discussion on security in the European High North in a redefined and refocused form. Instead of scrutinising the technical measures taken to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information in systems and networks (information security) or the criticality of a number of digitally operated infrastructures to the functioning of society (national cybersecurity), it concentrates on the human being. It examines cybersecurity from an individual’s perspective by asking what kind of personal security concerns people may have with regard to digitalisation and how those are or are not present in the discussion on health and social security re-organisation in the Finnish Lapland. The theoretical foundation of this article rests within the human security framework. Individuals living their everyday lives in particular cyber-physical environments are taken as the referent object of security. In the digitalising European High North, multiple aspects of everyday security depend upon cybersecurity, including economic, environmental, and food securities. This article concentrates on health and social security. It examines linkages between the re-organisation of health and social security in Finland and personal security concerns with a particular focus on the case of Länsi-Pohja area in south-western Lapland. The overall aim is to create room for bottom-up influence on the primarily top-down processes of security production in the cyber-physical environment.
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Devine, Karen. "Neutrality and the development of the European Union’s common security and defence policy." Cooperation and Conflict 46, no. 3 (September 2011): 334–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416958.
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This article examines the content of concepts of neutrality articulated in elite and public discourses in the context of the development of the European Union’s (EU) Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In parallel with security and defence policy developments in successive EU treaties, many argue that the meaning of neutrality has been re-conceptualized by elites in EU ‘neutral’ member states (specifically, Austria, Finland, Ireland and Sweden) to the point of irrelevance and inevitable demise. Others argue that the concept of ‘military’ neutrality, as it is termed by elites in Ireland, or ‘military non-alignment’, as it is termed by elites in Austria, Sweden and Finland, meaning non-membership of military alliances, is compatible with the CSDP in the Lisbon Treaty. An investigation of these paradoxical discursive claims as to the status of neutrality yields findings of a divergence in public ‘active’ and elite ‘military’ concepts of neutrality that embodies competing foreign policy agendas. These competing, value-laden, concepts reflect tensions between, on the one hand, the cultural influences of a domestic constituency holding strong national identities and role-conceptions informed by a postcolonial or anti-imperialist legacy and, on the other hand, elite socialization influences of ‘global actor’ and common defence-supported identity ambitions encountered at the EU level that can induce discursively subtle yet materially significant shifts in neutral state foreign policy. The article concludes with an analysis of the compatibility of both ‘military’ neutrality and the ‘active’ concept of neutrality with the CSDP in the Lisbon Treaty and draws conclusions on the future role of neutrality both inside and outside the EU framework.
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Bak, Joanna, and Małgorzata Szałkowska. "The Social Security of Farmers in Poland and in Selected EU Member States." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.6343.
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The subject of the present article is the social security of farmers. The main aim of this research paper is characterizing the functioning of the social security system for Polish farmers in comparison to such systems in selected member states of the European Union. The research investigated social security systems in Finland, France, Austria, Germany and Poland.
The research involved a review of the literature on social security systems for farmers, provisions of law regulating the principles of such systems and the information furnished by the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS), as well as statistical data provided by KRUS and Eurostat.
The following research methods have been applied: descriptive analysis of the documents in order to verify the diversity of agricultural security systems, a critical review of the literature and online data concerning social security, and a comparative analysis.
Each of the investigated countries has its own, distinct social and historical conditions, which has led to the development of independent institutions of social security for farmers. One factor which all these systems have in common is significant support from the national budget. In the future, financial inefficiency may pose the most significant risk to security systems in agriculture. Except for their social role, the social security systems presented below also participate in the management of agricultural policy, the aim of which is the development of rural areas and the welfare of the natural environment.
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Haverinen, Jari, Niina Keränen, Timo Tuovinen, Ronja Ruotanen, and Jarmo Reponen. "National Development and Regional Differences in eHealth Maturity in Finnish Public Health Care: Survey Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e35612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/35612.
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Background eHealth increasingly affects the delivery of health care around the world and the quest for more efficient health systems. In Finland, the development of eHealth maturity has been systematically studied since 2003, through surveys conducted every 3 years. It has also been monitored in several international studies. The indicators used in these studies examined the availability of the electronic patient record, picture archiving and communication system, health information exchange, and other key eHealth functionalities. Objective The first aim is to study the national development in the maturity level of eHealth in primary health care and specialized care between 2011 and 2020 in Finland. The second aim is to clarify the regional differences in the maturity level of eHealth among Finnish hospital districts in 2020. Methods Data for this study were collected in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020, using web-based questionnaires from the Use of information and communication technology surveys in Finnish health care project. In total, 16 indicators were selected to describe the status of eHealth, and they were based on international eHealth studies and Finnish eHealth surveys in 3 areas: applications, regional integration, and data security and information and communications technology skills. The indicators remain the same in all the study years; therefore, the results are comparable. Results All the specialized care organizations (21/21, 100%) in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020 participated in the study. The response rate among primary health care organizations was 86.3% (139/161) in 2011, 88.2% (135/153) in 2014, 85.8% (121/141) in 2017, and 95.6% (130/136) in 2020. At the national level, the biggest developments in eHealth maturity occurred between 2011 and 2014. The development has since continued, and some indicators have been saturated. Primary health care lags behind specialized care organizations, as measured by all the indicators and throughout the period under review. Regionally, there are differences among different types of organizations. Conclusions eHealth maturity has steadily progressed in Finland nationally, and its implementation has also been promoted through various national strategies and legislative changes. Some eHealth indicators have already been saturated and achieved an intensity of use rate of 100%. However, the scope for development remains, especially in primary health care. As Finland has long been a pioneer in the digitalization of health care, the results of this study show that the functionalities of eHealth will be adopted in stages, and deployment will take time; therefore, national eHealth strategies and legislative changes need to be implemented in a timely manner. The comprehensive sample size used in this study allows a regional comparison in the country, compared with previous country-specific international studies.
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Tiainen, Minna. "Negotiating digital surveillance legislation in post-Snowden times." Journal of Language and Politics 18, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18004.tia.
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Abstract In the digital era, when security agencies world-wide have been challenging basic democratic principles with massive data gathering, Finland has had a different approach: it has conducted no large-scale surveillance of citizens’ online activities. Now, however, the country is planning such a vast expansion of state surveillance that the constitution itself must be altered. The present article examines one key point in this legislative process to see how the new surveillance measures are argued for and criticized, and how the differing points of view are negotiated to ultimately enable political action. Drawing particularly on Fairclough and Fairclough’s (2012) approach to argumentation in political discourse, the article finds that surveillance is promoted as essential for national security, and criticized especially for its economic risks, consequences for civil rights and questionable effectiveness. Despite this range of critical perspectives, only economic considerations become a topic of extended deliberation.
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Kashyntseva, Oksana. "HOW TO BE PREPARED FOR THE MEMBERSHIP IN NATO WITH THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY." Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property, no. 5 (December 29, 2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33731/52022.270913.
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Keywords: intellectual property, NATO, security, defence, patents, reform of legislation,Ministry of Defence of Ukraine
The article concerns the necessity to develop the road-map in the field of drafting thenational intellectual property legislation in accordance with NATO Recommendations.The article gives the example of so-called «young members» of NATO (Finland andSweden) on drafting national legislation to be papered for the membership in NATO.Despite the discussions regarding the date of Ukraine's possessing of membership in theAlliance, Ukraine should already draft a legal background for the proper protection ofintellectual property in the spheres of defence and security basing on the standards ofNATO. Ukraine should pay proper attention for opening the new page of intellectualproperty — the Intellectual Property legislation of NATO countries. Planning to developthe defense industry on our country we should be papered in the best way to guaranteethe intellectual property protection in accordance with NATO standards.
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Khromov, A. V. "Administrative and Legal Framework for Citizens’ Participation in the Maintenance of Public Order in Russia and Finland." Siberian Law Review 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2020-17-4-557-565.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of administrative legal norms of the Russian Federation and Finland that regulate the participation of citizens in the protection of public order. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the fact that the human rights activities of law enforcement agencies, their importance in the fieldof public law enforcement, personal and public security is often unproductive, especially in the context of the global economic crisis, in which the functioning of law enforcement agencies alone is obviously not enough to protect human rights and freedoms and maintain public law and order. It is known that public tension in the state, including in Russia and Finland, increases sharply in emergency situations: during man-made disasters, epidemics, social crises, and terrorist activities. In such situations, the existence of public organizations whose activities guarantee the protection of public order and the elimination of negative consequences of emergency situations is extremely necessary. The Author considers the concept of public order, reveals its essence and content. The definition of the term “protection of public order” is formulated. It defines the legal regulation of citizens’ participation in public order protection in the Russian Federation and Finland. Common and similar features of such regulation are highlighted. The main legal acts regulating the participation of citizens in the protection of public order in Russia and Finland are analyzed in detail. According to the Author, strict centralization, as well as the lack of proper interaction of law enforcement agencies with society, is one of the key problems of enforcement and protection of public order in the law enforcement system of Russia and Finland. The issue of voluntary national teams functioning both in Russia and Finland is being considered. Attention is drawn to their specific features. In the end, the author concludes that at present, both for Russia and Finland, the issue of protecting citizens who take part in the protection of public order is a difficult one. It can be stated that in comparison with the Russian Federation, Finland provides a much smaller amount of guarantees for the protection of citizens who participate in the protection of public order.
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Khromov, A. V. "Administrative and Legal Framework for Citizens’ Participation in the Maintenance of Public Order in Russia and Finland." Siberian Law Review 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2020-17-4-557-565.
Full textAbstract:
The article provides a comparative analysis of administrative legal norms of the Russian Federation and Finland that regulate the participation of citizens in the protection of public order. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the fact that the human rights activities of law enforcement agencies, their importance in the fieldof public law enforcement, personal and public security is often unproductive, especially in the context of the global economic crisis, in which the functioning of law enforcement agencies alone is obviously not enough to protect human rights and freedoms and maintain public law and order. It is known that public tension in the state, including in Russia and Finland, increases sharply in emergency situations: during man-made disasters, epidemics, social crises, and terrorist activities. In such situations, the existence of public organizations whose activities guarantee the protection of public order and the elimination of negative consequences of emergency situations is extremely necessary. The Author considers the concept of public order, reveals its essence and content. The definition of the term “protection of public order” is formulated. It defines the legal regulation of citizens’ participation in public order protection in the Russian Federation and Finland. Common and similar features of such regulation are highlighted. The main legal acts regulating the participation of citizens in the protection of public order in Russia and Finland are analyzed in detail. According to the Author, strict centralization, as well as the lack of proper interaction of law enforcement agencies with society, is one of the key problems of enforcement and protection of public order in the law enforcement system of Russia and Finland. The issue of voluntary national teams functioning both in Russia and Finland is being considered. Attention is drawn to their specific features. In the end, the author concludes that at present, both for Russia and Finland, the issue of protecting citizens who take part in the protection of public order is a difficult one. It can be stated that in comparison with the Russian Federation, Finland provides a much smaller amount of guarantees for the protection of citizens who participate in the protection of public order.
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Niemi, Pia-Maria, Arto Kallioniemi, and Ratna Ghosh. "Religion as a Human Right and a Security Threat—Investigating Young Adults’ Experiences of Religion in Finland." Religions 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10010055.
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The emergence of religiously motivated terrorist attacks and the increasing xenophobia expressed in Europe concern religions in many ways. Questions related to religion also lie at the core of educational aims and practices used to create national cohesion and understanding about different types of values and worldviews. However, despite the topicality of the issue, we have little knowledge about the ways in which young adults experience religions in a secular state. In order to contribute to the discussion regarding the relationships between religion, nationality, security, and education, this study focuses on investigating how politically active young adults experience the role of religions in Finnish society. The qualitative data of this study were collected from young adults (18–30-year-olds) through an online questionnaire distributed through political youth organisations. The content analysis of the responses (altogether 250 respondents) identified five main orientations towards religions. The findings highlight the importance of providing young people with education about different faiths and worldviews for reducing prejudices, especially those related to Islam. The findings also highlight the need to address in education and society the possible but not as self-evident relationship between violence and religion, and to do this more explicitly than is currently done.
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Koivula, Tommi, and Joonas Sipilä. "Missing in action? EU crisis management and the link to the domestic political debate." Cooperation and Conflict 46, no. 4 (December 2011): 521–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836711422523.
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One of the key themes in recent discussions about the EU’s foreign and security policy has been the question of Europeanization. This article seeks to contribute to this field of research by investigating the way in which a single EU military crisis management operation, the EUFOR Chad/CAR, has been perceived and debated on a national parliamentary arena in two member states, Sweden and Finland. The results suggest that a marked discontinuity prevailed between these nations’ policies in the context of the CSDP/ESDP and the discourse on CSDP/ESDP in the respective parliaments. While highlighting the need to pay more attention to the domestic dimension of Europeanization, these findings also call into question some of the basic premises of the discussion on Europeanization.
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Rydberg, Åsa. "Constitutional and Institutional Developments." Leiden Journal of International Law 13, no. 2 (June 2000): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000273.
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Two additional agreements have been concluded on the enforcement of sentences of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). On 25 February 2000, an agreement was concluded between the Government of the French Republic and the United Nations on the enforcement of sentences of the ICTY. Thus, France thereby became the first permanent member of the Security Council to conclude such an agreement. A month later, on 28 March 2000, another agreement was concluded between the Kingdom of Spain and the United Nations. Both these agreements will enter into force upon notification to the United Nations by the respective states that the necessary national legal requirements have been met. Previously, agreements have been concluded with the following states: Italy, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Austria.
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Kivimaa, Paula, and Marja H. Sivonen. "Interplay between low-carbon energy transitions and national security: An analysis of policy integration and coherence in Estonia, Finland and Scotland." Energy Research & Social Science 75 (May 2021): 102024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102024.
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Mujiburrahman, Mujiburrahman. "Roles of the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) in Aceh’s Reconciliation to Strengthen Indonesia’s National Integration After Tsunami in 2005." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v2i2.4218.
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Crisis Management Initiative (CMI) is a National Government Organization that focuses on advocacy for sustainable security and conflict resolution. This organization was founded in 2000 by Martti Ahtisaari. Ge was the former president of Finland in 1994-2000. CMI was asked to facilitate negotiation between the Indonesian government and GAM (Free Aceh Movement), through personal contact between Farid Husain and Juha Christensen. Aceh conflict was a disintegration-oriented-conflict, so it was potential to threaten Indonesia’s sovereignty.This research used the historical method with heuristic, criticism or verification, interpretation, and historiography stages. The primary sources of data on this research were information in the media, both printed and electronic. Besides, this research also examined or reviewed the literary references that were related and relevant to the research topic. The study was to reveal how the background of CMI's involvement in Aceh peace in 2005, and how the strategic roles of CMI in resolving conflicts until the realization of Aceh peace in 2005 for Aceh remained a part of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).The role of CMI as a reputable international institution and getting the trust of both parties, was capable of providing intervention to the conflicting parties so that its role became very strategic in mediating the conflict. The success of CMI was seen from the negotiation held in Helsinki Finland, resulting in the execution of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on August 15, 2005, as a peace agreement. After the signing of the Helsinki MoU, armed conflict stopped, and the social lives were back to normal, and the development process could resume usually.
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Todorov, Elina. "Prioritizing National Interest at the Expense of Narrowing Regular Migrant Mobility and Residence." Journal of Finnish Studies 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2019): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.22.1.2.11.
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Abstract This article examines how Finnish national legislative amendments have restricted the space of regular, cross-border migration and stay, possibly resulting in forms of increased irregular mobility and residence. Aside from addressing legal science, this article has political, cultural, and sociological dimensions. Restrictive legislative amendments in a general European context are often validated with state arguments based on prioritizing national interests, such as the state economy or national security. At the national level in Finland, there have been dozens of government proposals that have resulted in amendments to the Aliens Act (301/2004) since its renewal in 2004. I look at these amendments systematically, and, by providing key examples based on the data studied, I show how these amendments have restricted regular mobility and residence for migrants coming mostly from third countries. These observations show that the Finnish government resorts to arguments concerning the state economy, the alleged favorability and attractiveness of Finnish legislation, and the management of migration while at the same time limiting rights to regular mobility and residence. As a result, issues regarding the generation of irregular mobility and residence continue to be ignored in the preparation and application of the Aliens Act, despite certain amendments being likely to maintain a legislative framework that generates irregular mobility and presence.