Academic literature on the topic 'National pledges'
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Journal articles on the topic "National pledges"
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Praprotnik, Katrin. "Jurisdiction, time, and money." Party Politics 23, no. 6 (April 29, 2016): 848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068816642805.
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The present article examines the fulfillment of election pledges. More specifically, it focuses on the effect of resources (jurisdiction, time, and money) on the parties’ abilities to fulfill their promises. Based on the case of Austria (1990–2013), the analyses cover almost 1700 pledges made in the run-up to six national elections. The multivariate models show that resources have an impact on a government’s policy outcome. The chances of pledge fulfillment decrease if the Austrian Länder is involved in the policy-making process. Furthermore, while higher levels of pledge fulfillment are associated with regularly ended legislative periods, snap elections reduce the amount of fulfilled pledges. Finally, the likelihood of pledge fulfillment increases in times of stronger economic growth. Especially pledges to expand government spending are more likely to be acted upon when the economy performs well.
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Won Kim, Jeong. "Who Pledges Net Zero: Pioneers and Laggards." 14th GCBSS Proceeding 2022 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.2(71).
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The world has agreed on the necessity for urgent and more aggressive actions to combat climate change and set various climate targets and policies. Achieving net zero carbon emissions or carbon neutrality by a specific target year emerged as a new form of climate target. As of September 2022, 136 countries, including the European Union (EU), approximately 70% of 197 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), have announced or are discussing net zero targets. Although the number of governments pledging net zero has sharply increased since the late 2010s, the announcement of net zero targets at the national level dates back to 2007. However, despite the recent popularity, not all countries are supportive of setting their net zero targets. While eight countries announced net zero targets before the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, 119 countries have not yet officially pledged net zero targets. Considering that all countries' participation is required to meet the global climate target, it needs to look at which countries are lagging in the global climate efforts and why they are so. With this background, this study examines 1) the global diffusion trends and status of net zero pledges; and 2) factors that might impact the county's net zero pledge. Keywords: Net zero, Carbon neutrality, Greenhouse gas reduction, Climate Change
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Lee, Younghwan, and Yongki Kim. "Analysis on Educational Pledges and Issues of the 20th Presidential Candidates." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.9.44.9.513.
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The objective of this study is to examine the educational pledges of the 20th presidential candidates of three major parties such as Lee Jae-Myung of Minjoo Party of Korea, Yoon Suk-Yeol of People Power Party, and Sim Sang-Jung of jungui , Ahn Cheol-Soo of People’s Party, and also to analyze the meanings inherent in the pledges. This study used total four kinds of research methods such as first, the analysis on preceding researches, second, the analysis on the pledge information packages, third, the analysis on pledge brochures uploaded to the National Election Commission, and fourth, the analysis on press release. The educational pledges were analyzed by categorizing them into the college admission system, reorganization of the high school system & school system, teacher policy, kindergarten policy, and abolition of the Ministry of Education. Regarding the similarities, first, it is the integration of kindergarten and daycare center that used to be divided into the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Second, it is the expansion of basic scholastic ability and care. Third, it is the college admission system for the expansion of regular admission based on the College Scholastic Ability Test, and the securement of fairness. Regarding the differentiations, first, it is the diversity system of high school. Second, it is the expansion of internal open recruitment of principals originated from regular teachers as a teacher policy. Third, it is the abolition of the Ministry of Education. Also, the major issues were analyzed as kindergarten/elementary policies, restoration of basic scholastic ability diagnostic assessment, and college admission policies.
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Lee, Chung Joo. "A Study on the Implementation Evaluation of the Moon Jae-in Administration's Anti-corruption and Integrity Policy : Focusing on Presidential Election Pledge." Korea Association for Corruption Studies 29, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2024.29.1.29.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the tasks that need to be implemented to advance a clean society by deriving the achievements and limitations of the anti-corruption and integrity policies through the evaluation of policy implementation centered on anti-corruption and integrity-related matters among the Moon Jae-in government's presidential election promises. The policy evaluation targets are 44 anti-corruption and integrity-related tasks (26 eliminating deep-rooted evils, 7 reforming power institutions, 3 reforming political and electoral systems, and 8 economic democratization) among the 19th presidential election pledges of the Democratic Party of Korea. Whether the presidential election promises are linked to actual national policy tasks was examined through matching with the Moon Jae-in government's five-year plan for national affairs. In addition, the verification of the fulfillment of the pledge was made using the information system of the National Assembly, the data of the National Legal Information Center of the Ministry of Legislation, and the press releases and media materials of the relevant ministries. As a result of the analysis, it was found that about 7 out of 10 presidential election pledges related to anti-corruption and integrity were reflected in national tasks, and about 5 to 6 were actually implemented. By field, “pledges related to the eradication of deep-rooted evils and economic democratization” were largely reflected in national affairs tasks and many tasks were implemented, but “pledges related to political election reform and reform of power institutions” were evaluated as relatively less so. The main achievements of the Moon Jae-in administration’s anti-corruption and integrity policy are “establishment of a system of checks and control over institutions of power,” “attempts to restore public-private governance,” “wide-of-government measures that break away from partition administration,” and “Improvement of integrity in the public service community.” Major limitations include “over-immersion in reducing the power of the prosecution, including the complete deprivation of the prosecution’s right to investigate, resulting in a backlog of priorities for other anti-corruption and integrity reform tasks,” “problems with the political independence of power institutions such as the prosecution and the Board of Audit and Inspection,” “failure to reorganize independent anti-corruption organizations,”“non-compliance with the principle of zero tolerance for corruption,” “insufficient personnel control system for social leaders,” “failure to strengthen management of public interest corporations,” “insufficient legal and institutional infrastructure to ensure sustainability of public-private governance,” and “practice of enacting allopathic legislation according to specific issues with large social impact.” In particular, given that the issues presented as limitations are immediate tasks that must be resolved in order for our society to move towards a society of integrity, either the conservative or progressive governments should focus more on the relevant issues and exercise their policy capabilities.
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Naurin, Elin, and Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson. "When and Why Are Voters Correct in Their Evaluations of Specific Government Performance?" Political Studies 65, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 860–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321716688359.
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Democratic theories expect citizens to be able to accurately evaluate fulfilment of parties’ election pledges. We use specifically designed survey items from the Swedish National Election Study to compare citizens’ perceptions of the fulfilment of specific party pledges with actual fulfilment and assess circumstances that lead to correct evaluations. We find that political knowledge triumphs partisan attachments to incumbent parties when it comes to explaining why voters are correct. The results are interesting in light of common knowledge about the importance of partisan attachment in evaluations of general government performance: We argue that when specific election pledges are being evaluated, personal heuristics, such as attachments to incumbent parties, play a lesser role for judgements. Instead, the specificity embedded in the evaluation encourages citizens to engage in a more knowledge-based evaluation of whether pledges are fulfilled or not.
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Albrecht, Julia N., and Eliza Raymond. "National destination pledges: Visitor management through emotional engagement, commitment and interpretation." Tourism Management Perspectives 40 (October 2021): 100894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100894.
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Höhne, Niklas, Christopher Taylor, Ramzi Elias, Michel Den Elzen, Keywan Riahi, Claudine Chen, Joeri Rogelj, et al. "National GHG emissions reduction pledges and 2°C: comparison of studies." Climate Policy 12, no. 3 (May 2012): 356–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.637818.
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Wang, Fang, and Jintao Zhang. "Heat Stress Response to National-Committed Emission Reductions under the Paris Agreement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122202.
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With the changes in global temperature and humidity, heat stress is expected to intensify in the coming decades. Under the scenario that greenhouse gas emissions keep increasing until the end of this century, there is the possibility of extensive global exposure to high heat stress. While under new mitigation efforts (as part of the Paris Agreement, signatory nations pledged to implement the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for emission reductions), the regional response of heat stress to pledged emission reductions remains unclear. In this study, we analyze the heat stress response in global hotspot regions, targeting emission scenarios resulting from the INDCs pledges. Our study revealed that under the INDCs-continuous mitigation, the heat stress effect in global hotspot regions (North China, South Asia, and the Amazon) is estimated to be lower than 29 °C in the next three decades and to be from >33 °C to less than 30 °C to this century end. The heat stress effect indicates a great reduction at the continuous mitigation compared with the delayed mitigation, and the population exposed to dangerous heat stress would also decrease approximately one order of magnitude. If limiting warming to a lesser amount (1.5/2 °C targets), significantly further reduction of the population exposed to heat stress in the middle and low latitudes can be achieved, thus avoiding the adverse effects associated with heat stress. Therefore, the national intended mitigation actions under the Paris Agreement will play a crucial role in reducing the heat stress risk in these hot and humid regions. These findings will help to improve the understanding of the future risks of heat stress and are crucial for mitigation and adaptation actions in hotspot areas (approximately 1/3 of the world’s population).
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Lawler, A. "National Academy of Sciences: NRC Pledges Faster Delivery on Reports to Government." Science 270, no. 5233 (October 6, 1995): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5233.22.
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de Silva, Tiloka, and Silvana Tenreyro. "Presidential Address 2021 Climate-Change Pledges, Actions, and Outcomes." Journal of the European Economic Association 19, no. 6 (October 14, 2021): 2958–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab046.
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Abstract We study countries’ compliance with the targets pledged in international climate-change agreements and the impact of those agreements and specific climate laws and policies on greenhouse-gas emissions and economic outcomes. To do so, we compile and codify data on international agreements and measures enacted at the national and sub-national levels. We find that compliance with targets has been mixed. Still, countries that signed the Kyoto Protocol or the Copenhagen Accord experienced significant reductions in emissions when compared to non-signatories. Having quantifiable targets led to further reductions. Effects from the Paris Agreement are not yet evident in the data. Carbon taxes and the introduction of emission-trading schemes led to material reductions in emissions. Other climate laws or policies do not appear to have had, individually, a material effect on emissions. The impact on GDP growth or inflation from most measures was largely insignificant. Overall, much more ambitious targets would be needed to offset the impact of economic and population growth on emissions and contain the expansion of the stock of gases.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National pledges"
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Gardner, Kent Lee. "Academic Achievement of National Social Fraternity Pledges Compared to Non-Fraternity Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331789/.
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This study examined the academic achievement of national social fraternity pledges compared to non-fraternity students at the University of Texas at Arlington. It was done to determine whether significant differences existed between the grade point averages of pledges of social fraternities and those of students who did not pledge a social fraternity, and to determine whether significant differences existed among fraternities when compared with each other with respect to academic achievement. This study was meant to provide a research design that could be used by other colleges and universities with fraternities to conduct the same comparison of academic performance. In the fall semester of 1989, 164 pledges were selected as the population for the study to be matched with non-fraternity students based on Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores, age, sex, classification, academic major, and number of hours attempted. A T-test of like groups was performed on the entire population with no significant difference found at the .05 level between all the fraternity pledges and all the matched pairs. A T-test of like groups was performed on the pledges from each separate organization and there was a significant difference among three of the fraternities. Two of the fraternities had significantly higher grade point averages than those of their matched pairs, and one group of matched pairs had a significantly higher grade point average than the fraternity. Of the 17 fraternities, 12 had higher grade point averages than their matched pairs and five of the matched pairs had higher grade point averages than the fraternities. The results of this study show that objective data can be collected to address the issue of academic excellence comparing fraternity and non-fraternity populations. It is recommended that further study be conducted in this area to establish longitudinal data, with specific examination of the scholarship programs of the individual groups that showed significant differences in academic performance.
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Mostefaoui, Mounia. "Assessment of the three main anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions and removals by bottom-up and top-down methods : a main tool for the evaluation of the respect of the Paris Climate Accords. A case study over Africa." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS460.
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Depuis la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle, l’augmentation de la concentration des trois principaux gaz à effet de serre (GES) : le Dioxyde de Carbone (CO2), le Méthane (CH4) et le Protoxyde d’Azote (N2O) du fait des activités humaines a clairement été identifiée par la communauté scientifique comme la principale cause du récent forçage radiatif affectant l’équilibre des processus énergétiques du système terrestre. Ces perturbations anthropiques ont entre autres conséquences, une augmentation de la température annuelle moyenne globale à la surface de la Terre. Étant donné que les GES sont bien mélangés dans l’atmosphère, et du fait de la complexité des différents processus du transport atmosphérique, les conséquences du forçage radiatif anthropique induit par les principales zones émettrices de GES ne se produisent pas nécessairement directement sur ces territoires. Ainsi, l’Afrique est le continent qui est historiquement le moins responsable des émissions cumulées de GES. Pourtant, le dernier rapport du GIEC (AR6) a mis en évidence que cette région est l’une des zones qui est déjà les plus touchées au monde par les conséquences du changement climatique d’origine anthropique. Des articles pionniers sur les émissions anthropiques et le budget carbone de l’Afrique comme celui de Ciais et al. (2011) avaient aussi souligné que « l’Afrique augmentera probablement sa part d’émissions globales au cours des décennies à venir » (Canadell, 2009). Or ce continent est relativement peu étudié. C’est pourquoi, nous avons choisi de focaliser l’étude au centre de ce manuscrit sur le périmètre Africain, composé de 54 pays pour lesquels nous disposons de données. Notre objectif est d’effectuer une estimation des sources et des puits d’origine anthropique sur ce continent pour les trois principaux GES. Dans ce but, la méthodologie originale utilisée ici s’appuie d’une part, sur des données dites « montantes », c’est-à-dire des rapports nationaux officiels de pays, des inventaires statistiques et des modèles basés sur des processus chimiques et biogéochimiques. D’autre part, le deuxième volet de la méthode consiste en une comparaison de ces données « montantes », avec des inversions de la méthode dite « descendante », c’est-à-dire des données satellite. Nous conduisons cette analyse pour les trois dernières décennies (1990-2018) en vue de dégager des tendances. Le but de cette étude est aussi d’apporter des éléments de réponse à la problématique suivante : comment l’état actuel des outils scientifiques peut contribuer à évaluer le respect des engagements de l’Accord de Paris pour des pays ne faisant pas partie de l’Annexe I, et en particulier dans le cas des pays Africains ? Pour apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question importante du point de vue scientifique mais aussi sociétal, le chapitre 1 présente les principales caractéristiques du CO2, du CH4 et du N2O en ce qui concerne le forçage du budget radiatif de la planète Terre. Ce premier chapitre contextualise le monitoring des sources et des puits de GES d’origine anthropique dans le cadre du dispositif de Monitoring, Reporting et de Vérification de l’Accord de Paris. Le chapitre 2 est une analyse originale des tendances pour les sources et pour les puits de GES au cours des trente dernières années, centrée sur le cas Africain. Le chapitre 3 est une discussion élargie proposant des perspectives plus globales sur le rôle des outils scientifiques pour une évaluation indépendante des pays du respect des engagements de l’Accord de ParisSince the second part of the 20th century, the role of three main greenhouse gases (GHG) : Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has been clearly established by the scientific community as the main cause of the recent forcing of the Earth energetic processes from human-induced activities, resulting among other disturbances in an increase of the annual mean surface temperatures. As GHG are well-mixed in the atmosphere and due to the complexity of atmospheric transport processes, the main emitters do not necessarily face the consequences of the additional radiative forcing that they directly induce. In this study, we restrict the analysis to CO2, CH4 and N2O because they are the most important GHG in the atmosphere. For the following-up of GHG, the Paris Agreement has a device named the “Enhanced Transparency Framework “(ETF). Within the ETF, countries have to report annually or biannually their GHG emissions and removals starting in 2023 within the Global Stocktake (GST). The ETF is based on the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA, aiming at the measurement of GHG for the PA signatory countries, at the centralization of the regularly updated country-reports, and at the verification of the respect of the countries ex ante vs. ex post pledges. This GST will represent a challenge for many Non-Annex I countries, including Africa, where emissions and removals in national inventories have been irregular since the UNFCCC creation in 1992. The literature tends to be scarce about GHG emissions from African countries, usually thought to be small emitters by non-experts. However, the recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) underlines with high confidence that the speed of surface temperature increase in Africa has already been higher than elsewhere in the world due to anthropogenic emissions (IPCC Working Group I, 2021). Recent analyses also predict a fast increase of African emissions correlated with its demographic growth, which is the fastest in the world. Pioneering papers on anthropogenic emissions and the carbon balance in Africa like the one of Ciais et al. (2011), already underlined that “Africa is likely to increase its share of global emissions over the coming decades” (Canadell, 2009). That is the reason why we chose to strictly restrict to Africa the scope of our central analysis in the original study of the present manuscript. Our aim is to assess African CO2, CH4 and N2O anthropogenic emissions and removals using bottom-up datasets (inventories and process-based models) and to compare them with top-down inversions coming from satellites over three decades (1990-2018) in order to deliver trends’ analyses. The purpose of this analysis is also to discuss the following main question: how can the current state of science help for the evaluation of the Respect of the Paris Agreement (PA) in Non-Annex I countries, and most specifically in Africa? Chapter 1 presents CO2, CH4 and N2O main features and impacts with regards to the Earth Radiative Budget forcing, and contextualizes the scientific monitoring of GHG emissions and removals from anthropogenic origins in the climate policy context of the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) provisions of the PA. Chapter 2 delivers an original analysis of GHG emissions and removals trends over the last three decades for the case of Africa. Chapter 3 discusses more broadly the conclusions of the African case analysis and proposes larger perspectives from both a scientific and from a climate policy view for future developments in the evaluation of the respect of the PA
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Wanamaker, Pamela Christine Mansir. "'One nation under God': the pledge of allegiance as a ritual practice in American civil religion." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15884.
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Bibliography: pages 103-109.This document suggests and then illustrates a neglect in the study of American civil religious ritual. It argues that a primary carrier for American civil religion has been the public school system and that one vehicle used in the task of perpetuating the American identity has been the civil religious ritual of saying the Pledge of Allegiance which most American school children routinely perform at the start of each school day. The methodological approach used in this study of the Pledge ritual is a process analysis formulated by Ronald Grimes which combines the concern of sociology with that of history. Three key questions are dealt with: the process of change (a historical study); the social process effecting the ritual (this centers on the legal conflicts) and the processes which the ritual affect (this concentrates on grassroots responses to the ritual and the power, positive or negative, which it generates. The negative power behind the ritual is a dynamic force which has left its mark in the legislature of the country and in the attitude of the adult population towards the Pledge of Allegiance. This paper identifies and explains four motivators which underlie much of the ritual processing, namely, consensus, conflict, crisis and control. It concludes that the Pledge of Allegiance ritual is a dynamic force which reflects the growth and development of the civil-religious dimension of the American nation.
Books on the topic "National pledges"
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The words we live by: The creeds, mottoes, and pledges that have shaped America. New York: Free Press, 1997.
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The Pledge of Allegiance. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2007.
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The Pledge of Allegiance. Albany, Tex: Bright Sky Press, 2005.
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Benedick, Richard Elliot. U.S. government pledges $10 million to UNEP. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1986.
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Elliot, Benedick Richard. U.S. government pledges $10 million to UNEP. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1986.
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Benedick, Richard Elliot. U.S. government pledges $10 million to UNEP. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1986.
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Elliot, Benedick Richard. U.S. government pledges $10 million to UNEP. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1986.
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Beeka, Age. I Pledge to Nigeria my country: (a critical analysis of the Nigerian national pledge). Nigera: Uptime Records Limited, 2017.
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Stars & stripes: Our national flag. New York: Holiday House, 1993.
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Marsden, Keith. The Five per cent solution: Can Mr. Blair's NHS pledge work? London: Centre for Policy Studies, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "National pledges"
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Sabyrbekov, Rahat, Indra Overland, and Roman Vakulchuk. "Central Asian Climate Policy Pledges Under the Paris Agreement: Can They Be Fulfilled?" In SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies, 35–49. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29831-8_4.
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AbstractThe Central Asian region has been and will continue to be significantly impacted by climate change and all the region’s countries have pledged nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris agreement. This chapter aims to assess how likely Central Asian countries are to fulfil these pledges. To answer this question, we compare the NDCs to their respective national development programmes and historical trends. The results show that the countries of Central Asia vary in their ability to fulfil their pledges and that doing so will require structural changes to their energy systems, substantial investments in infrastructure and, most importantly, the alignment of their development plans with their declared climate goals. None of the countries have thus far engaged in structural reforms aimed at large-scale climate change adaptation and mitigation.
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McCormick, Glenn. "Stateless Nations: “I Pledge Allegiance To ...?”." In Information Technology and World Politics, 11–23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230109223_2.
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Teske, Sven, and Thomas Pregger. "Science-Based Industry Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Targets: Defining the Challenge." In Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals, 9–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99177-7_2.
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AbstractBackground information is given on the Paris Climate Agreement and the role of nationally determined contributions and net-zero pledges. An overview of historical energy-related CO2 emissions since 1750 and how they relate to economic development, measured in gross domestic product (GDP), is provided, together with the cumulative energy-related CO2 emissions by region. The future energy demand if historical trends in energy efficiency and carbon intensity continue until 2050 is projected. The term ‘science-based target setting’ is defined, and how it relates to the carbon budget published in the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC is discussed. The energy-related CO2 emission pathway required to achieve the 1.5 °C target is outlined.
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Conboy, Patricia. "Older-Age Exclusion and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development." In International Perspectives on Aging, 359–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_28.
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AbstractThis chapter explores how far the potential of the 2030 Agenda, a global framework for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is being utilised to address multidimensional older age exclusion. The available evidence shows that, without a major shift in the coming decade, the pledge that the 2030 Agenda should be met for “all nations, peoples … and segments of society” will not be achieved in the case of older people, and the risks of failure are highest for older people in low- and middle-income countries. Across dimensions of framing, implementation, monitoring and reporting, recognition of ageing and older people is limited in the SDGs. Where recognition is explicit, it relates to the framing of older people as a vulnerable group rather than as rights holders on an equal footing with people of other ages. The major shift required in this context is the recognition of older people as rights holders, of States as duty bearers and the extension of a rights-based approach to policy design and implementation to counteract multidimensional social exclusion. Failure is not inevitable. Political commitment from key stakeholders, coupled with support from bilateral and multilateral donors, could result in better outcomes from Agenda 2030 on older-age exclusion.
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Obengo, Tom, and Jantina de Vries. "Setting Research Priorities." In Public Health Ethics Analysis, 23–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41804-4_2.
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AbstractTime and resource constraints, combined with competing priorities, mean that research prioritization is a critical ethical consideration in pandemics and emergencies, given the increased need for relevant research findings to address health needs, and the multiple adverse ways that emergencies can impact capacities to conduct research. At international, national and local levels, careful consideration is needed of which research topics should be prioritized and on what grounds. This needs to take into account the ethically significant considerations that should inform prioritization; existing frameworks to guide prioritization decisions; and the consequences associated with prioritizing or de-prioritizing research. The need to prioritize research that is directly responsive to the pandemic may generate debate about which types of research should be prioritised, and within fields of research, which studies should be continued, paused, or re-oriented. In determining which research proposals may have the greatest likelihood of reducing urgent epidemic health burdens, both the nature and distribution of such burdens are key considerations. Epidemics and pandemics typically disproportionately affect the most disadvantaged and vulnerable people in society, highlighting the necessity of inclusive and responsive approaches, which evaluate not just which research approaches have the greatest potential public health benefit, but also the likelihood that they will help address inequities. Key questions also arise when determining if current studies should be de-escalated or stopped, particularly when this may result in highly compromised results. It is also important to consider what obligations arise for research communities (including funders) to pledge to taking the outcomes of research prioritisation processes into account. The case studies in this chapter prompt consideration of how qualitative research into the impacts of isolation should be prioritised, and whether and how research prioritization measures should be responsive to widespread use of traditional medicine and off-label use of medications. The cases also highlight issues that research teams may face as research priorities are re-evaluated in pandemics, including whether and how to redesign proposed research in response to the logistical challenges posed by the pandemic and evolving pandemic research priorities.
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"Pledges of Allegiance, Sexualized Politics, and Comic Pillories in James Montgomery Flagg’s America." In Caricature and National Character, 26–64. Penn State University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1q8tfp7.6.
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"1. Pledges of Allegiance, Sexualized Politics, and Comic Pillories in James Montgomery Flagg’s America." In Caricature and National Character, 26–64. Penn State University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780271089928-004.
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Rohling, Eelco J. "Introduction." In Rebalancing Our Climate, 1–10. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502556.003.0001.
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This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.
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"BRITAIN AND THE JEWISH NATIONAL HOME: PLEDGES AND BORDER CHANGES, 1917 – 1923." In The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 8. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203074527-8.
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Queralt, Didac. "Extreme Conditionality in International Lending." In Pawned States, 86–128. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691231426.003.0004.
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This chapter elaborates on the concept of extreme conditionality in international lending. It discusses the conditions under which private bondholders took over local assets. The conditions of developing nations accessing external finance are crucial to understanding the persistence of limited state capacity in emerging economies. Moreover, pledging public assets reduced the interest rates of emerging economies but exposed them to foreign financial control. The chapter covers the risks of pledging national assets for long-term state-building while considering how bondholders' temporary control of local tax administrations may be good for state-building. It explains how pledges decreased the spread conditional on bondholders gaining organizational capacity and creditors' governments becoming more interventionist in lending markets.
Conference papers on the topic "National pledges"
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Yu Yan and Li Jun. "Patent pledge evaluation model construction based on the AHP." In 2012 First National Conference for Engineering Sciences (FNCES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nces.2012.6543988.
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Piciu, Gabriela-Cornelia. "The role of digitalization in accelerating the transition towards a circular economy." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iii.2023.17.27.
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In this article, it is shown that the lack of a proper digitization in the economy leads to the disruption of the transformation of the value chains, the change of the structure and the functioning of the markets, components necessary for the implementation of the circular model. Good digitization facilitates, through its technologies, the transition to the circular economy through the collection, management and processing of data, the creation of platforms, all of which influence consumer behavior and the way relationships are developed, maintained and advanced, thus increasing value retention and mitigating some of the externalities environmental. The article also analyzes the main economic sectors and sub-sectors in which circular economy measures can be implemented with the help of digitization, which support policies not only by identifying the focal points that can bring the most benefits, but also by reporting them to the broader perspectives of pledged contributions such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other benchmarks such as national carbon budgets.
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Pavićević, Aleksandra. "RAZGRANIČENjE IZMEĐU REGISTROVANE ZALOGE I FIDUCIJARNOG PRENOSA SVOJINE KAO REALNE GARANCIJE." In XIX majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xixmajsko.1119p.
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The subject of the paper is an analysis of the physiognomy of two institutes with the role of real security of claims, which exist in modern comparative law, namely - registered pledge and fiduciary transfer of property for the purpose of real security of claims. Unlike the registered (stateless) pledge on movable property, which is known by all modern regulations, including domestic law, the fiduciary transfer of property is an unusual real guarantee, which is not regulated in positive Serbian law (nor has it ever been). Nevertheless, this institute has long been familiar with European, and especially German, business (banking) practice, as well as numerous newer regulations. Since the introduction of this institute was proposed by one of the two legal projects drafted so far, which embody the future Serbian civil law (Draft Code of Property and Other Real Rights of Serbia from 2011), the author locates the similarities and differences between the two mentioned institutes, with with the aim of formulating a final assessment on the expediency of introducing this institute into Serbian law de lege ferenda. After the analysis, the author concludes that the fiduciary transfer of property: in terms of content, effect, object, flexibility, multifunctionality and non-accessibility exceeds the purpose of a registered pledge, and with its physiognomy and internal logic embodies a guarantee sui generis, the introduction of which would enrich the range of real guarantees in Serbian law. After all, it is the course of modern European national legislators, but also of supranational EU law, which is significant due to the need to harmonize domestic law with European law.
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Vaswani, Y., O. Al Kamali, Z. Rasulova, S. Al Ameri, and F. Almemari. "Model Approach to Achieve Zero Methane Emissions Contributing to Global Methane Pledge." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216007-ms.
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Abstract Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) announced a new Upstream Methane Intensity target of 0.15% by 2025. The new target is the lowest in the Middle East, reinforcing ADNOC's status as a responsible producer of lower carbon intensity energy. At ADNOC, our aim is to reduce the methane intensity from our operated oil and gas assets, while ensuring energy security and meeting the energy demand. We are achieving this by improving our methane monitoring and reporting, making significant investments in new technologies to improve our environmental performance, thus support UAE's Global Methane Pledge. The target of 0.15% methane intensity reflects industry best practices that report total volume of upstream methane emissions from all operated upstream oil and gas assets and where emissions intensity is calculated as a percentage of the volume of total gas marketed for the same upstream sector. A detailed gap analysis was conducted to review the relevant documents, including but not limited to emission inventory & records, materiality analysis, emission sources inventory etc. to identify the gaps and developed the action plan for achieving the Gold Standard. Accordingly, inventory was developed, Leak Detection & Repair program implemented, flaring emissions minimized, Combustion Efficiency is being monitored and improve ADNOC Onshore also used satellite monitoring data to track the emissions across its operation. Since the operation is spread over the large area so it was a real challenge to monitor all the sources of emissions. Hence, support was acquired from all the stakeholders, shareholders, business partners to achieve the common goal. After the implementation of all the actions, methane emissions intensity of 0.09% for the year 2022 was achieved, which is below the ADNOC target of 0.15% by 2025. The present publication introduces a model approach to achieve zero methane emissions, which can then be used by upstream companies to develop and implement action plan to achieve methane reduction target.
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Archibong-Eso, A., E. U. Archibong-Eso, J. D. Enyia, and D. I. Igbong. "Performance of an SI Engine Operating on a Dual Gasoline and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fuel." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217229-ms.
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Abstract The economic growth of nations often coincides with an increase in energy consumption. As countries develop, their energy demand naturally rises. In Nigeria, this demand is primarily met with conventional fossil fuels, which have resulted in environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. In response to the Paris Agreement of 2015, which seeks to limit global warming, many nations made pledges and commitments towards cleaner energy options to help mitigate climate change. This article presents experimental investigations conducted on a mini-internal combustion engine test bed commonly used for power generation in Nigeria. The test bed is a single-cylinder, two-stroke, single overhead camshaft (SOHC), 6.5 HP spark ignition (SI) gasoline engine, typically used as an off-grid backup power source for low- and middle-income households. The engine was slightly modified to run on dual liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline fuel using a dual-fuel carburetor. Our findings reveal that gasoline produced marginally better operational mean effective pressure (OMEP) of about 13.26 kPa and engine torque (and power), 49 RPM relative to LPG, with OMEP of 12.24 kPa and 45 RPM, respectively. LPG, on the other hand, outperformed gasoline in terms of engine efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and energy pricing. Despite the engine test bed being designed and optimized for gasoline fuel, LPG showed significant promise as a viable fuel in a gasoline SI engine.
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Ancius, Darius, Rimantas Krenevicius, Saulius Kutas, and Michel Chouha. "Progress in Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP Unit 1." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22057.
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The aim of the paper is to present the Lithuanian legal framework regarding the nuclear safety in Decommissioning and Waste Management, and the progress in the Decommissioning Programme of the unit 1 of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). INPP is the only nuclear plant in Lithuania. It comprises two RBMK-1500 reactors. After Lithuania has restored its independence, responsibility for Ignalina NPP was transferred to the Republic of Lithuania. To ensure the control of the Nuclear Safety in Lithuania, The State Nuclear Power Safety Inspectorate (VATESI) was created on 18 October 1991, by a resolution of the Lithuanian Government. Significant work has been performed over the last decade, aiming at upgrading the safety level of the Ignalina NPP with reference to the International standards. On 5 October 1999 the Seimas (Parliament) adopted the National Energy Strategy: • It has been decided that unit 1 of Ignalina NPP will be closed down before 2005, • The conditions and precise final date of the decommissioning of Unit 2 will be stated in the updated National Energy strategy in 2004. On 20–21 June 2000, the International Donors’ Conference for the Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP took place in Vilnius. More than 200 Millions Euro were pledged of which 165 M€ funded directly from the European Union’s budget, as financial support to the Decommissioning projects. The Decommissioning Program encompasses legal, organizational, financial and technical means including the social and economical impacts in the region of Ignalina. The Program is financed from International Support Fund, State budget, National Decommissioning Fund of Ignalina NPP and other funds. Decommissioning of Ignalina NPP is subject to VATESI license according to the Law on Nuclear Energy. The Government established the licensing procedure in the so-called “Procedure for licensing of Nuclear Activities”; and the document “General Requirements for Decommissioning of the Ignalina NPP” has been issued by VATESI. A very important issue is the technical support to VATESI and the Lithuanian TSO’s (Technical Support Organisations) in their activities within the licensing process related to the Decommissioning of INPP. This includes regulatory assistance in the preparation of decommissioning and radioactive waste management regulatory documents, and technical assistance in the review of the safety case presented by the operator. The Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN, France) and the French Nuclear Safety Authority (DSIN) as well as Swedish International Project (SIP) are providing their support to VATESI in these areas.
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Sulejmani, Loredana. "Women Participation in the Labor Force: The Case of Albania." In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.64.
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Despite the increase in the labour force of women and the focus given of gender equality, women still do not have the same opportunity as men to participate in economic activity. Yet, after 7 years where 193 countries pledged to achieve SDG goals, including gender equality goal, there are still 20 percent less women than men participating in the work force on average globally, and there are major disparities between genders in pay and educational opportunities. These disparities are particularly high in developing countries such as Albania, where even though statistics on women's employment have improved recently, they still fall short of the average for EU nations. The findings suggest that the most important factors determining the labor force participation of women are social norms, social support, and education. In this aspect, the economy of Albania has much potential to further increase economic development by empowering women. The aim of this paper is to assess the extent of gender inequality and estimate the determinants of labor force participation of women, as it is fundamental for policymakers in developing successful and sustainable fiscal policies that tackle down these differences. An important limitation of this paper is the insufficiency of gender-disaggregated data.
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Party, J. M., S. Ocalan, and A. Trask. "Making an Impact: Protecting Guyana's Forests While Growing Energy Production." In SPE Energy Transition Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215732-ms.
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Abstract A framework for evaluation of carbon offsetting strategies is presented depicting the journey of a large independent upstream exploration and production company towards making a first investment in the space. The framework for evaluation included three pillars: foundational and macro research of voluntary carbon markets, corporate intelligence, and project evaluation from a quality and strategic fit approach. Data examined included third party research data, public information from registries and other actors in the voluntary carbon market, and publicly available corporate publications. The information was also put into context against future decarbonization and company values to ultimately arrive at a strategy which was successfully deployed in a first-of-a-kind long-term carbon offset agreement with the Government of Guyana. Key observations made during the process were: 1) nature-based carbon offset projects provide a useful and necessary tool for global decarbonization towards a net-zero 2050 by providing private capital to developing nations, filling a gap from public pledges, while protecting important carbon sinks and ecosystems, 2) for independent E&Ps a strategy to secure offsets from high-quality, geographically-relevant, and large-scale projects appears to be optimal, and 3) demand for credits within the voluntary carbon market are likely to grow and reach around 1 billion tonnes per year by 2030 and potentially greater than 5 billion tonnes per year by 2050, outstripping the supply of high-quality credits. The voluntary carbon market is in its infancy. Excluding European majors, oil and gas companies are in the early stages of participating in the market with limited information published on the topic. This paper will present one approach for entering the market.
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Yohanes Handoko, Aryanto, and Purba Loisa. "The Systemic Risks of Indonesian Energy Sector Transition Pathways (A Case Study of Energy Transition in Indonesia)." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215513-ms.
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Indonesia is one of the big economy countries, with the share of global GDP ranked 7th in 2022. However, Indonesia is still categorized as a developing country. According to the UN and World Bank, developing countries are characterized as a country with relatively low standards of living which indicated from low to middle GNI per capita, underdeveloped industrialization relative to its population, and moderate to low Human Development Index (HDI). Based on the definition, Indonesia GNI per capita in 2022 is USD4,783.9, which based on World Bank standards in 2022 is still categorized as upper middle-income country. Then, Indonesian HDI is 0.7 which is categorized as high but ranked 130 out of 199 countries. Lastly, Indonesia experienced premature industrialization with a declining contribution of industry sector to GDP (figure 1). Nevertheless, Indonesia has a vision to become a developed country in 2045, as a 100-year commemoration of Indonesia independence. This vision, which referred to Vision of Indonesia 2045, became a national target as stated in the draft of National Long-Term Development Plan 2025-2045 (RPJPN). In the document, the Indonesian government aspires to achieve a high income country in 2045, with GNI per capita USD30,300 or nearly 5 times current condition. To achieve the aspiration, Indonesia requires GDP growth above historical average and structural transformation. The document also stated that, Indonesia should first improve the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) which in 2005-2019 grew negatively around 0.66, and to improve TFP, Indonesia requires HDI improvement, also research and innovation. Indonesia also requires growth in the industry sector as the most important factor to increase GDP, because Indonesia should pivot from hard commodities-based extraction and processing, especially coal and crude palm oil (CPO) which historically has had a positive major contribution to Indonesian balance of trade. Since energy has a strong link with the economy and is crucial in maintaining or improving lifestyle (Chontanawat et al., 2008; King & Van Den Bergh, 2018; Stern, 2019). Indonesia will require energy to support its economic growth. In the context of energy challenges, Indonesia should balance the energy trilemmas, which based on the World Energy Council are energy affordability, security, and sustainability. Based on the current condition, to ensure affordability, the Indonesian government subsidizes fossil energy sources, such as gasoline, LPG, natural gas for certain industries, and electricity which is based on coal. Then, to ensure security, Indonesia has plans to reduce its dependence on oil import and currently utilize coal as one of its abundance resources. Finally, to ensure sustainability, Indonesia pledged to develop its economy based on low carbon energy, as stated in the enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (eNDC) that Indonesia will achieve Net Zero Emission (NZE) in 2060 or sooner. However, the commitment to energy sustainability will require rebalancing in energy affordability and security which are currently still heavily related to fossil energy. Therefore, both Vision of 2045 and NZE in 2060 or sooner, requires an overarching transformative long-term target in both Indonesia's energy and economy system.
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Soliman, Mohamed Ahmed. "Beyond Zero Flaring & Monetization Strategies in Global Circular Carbon Economy." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31910-ms.
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Abstract As of January 2022, and directly after the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP26, the total number of countries announced their pledges to net zero emission or carbon neutrality reached 136 countries. Also, 24 major cities and 683 major companies announced their pledges to achieve net zero emissions or carbon neutrality. Gas flaring is one of the major contributors to global warming that can be tackled through the strategic design of new facilities or deployment of new technologies to minimize the flaring. The World Bank reported in July 2020 that the satellite data shows global gas flaring in 2019 increased to levels last seen in 2009 to 150 billion cubic meters (BCM) compared to 145 BCM in 2018 as shown in Figure 1. For the last 30 years, the total global flaring is hovering around 150 billion cubic meters per year with no sign of slowing down. Gas flaring is not only a major global polluter but also wastes scarce hydrocarbon resources that can be utilized in reducing the global gas emissions by replacing liquid hydrocarbon or coal in power generation. The approximate value of the global flared gas is equivalent to 900 million barrel of crude oil per year assuming gas heating value of 1050 btu/scf which represent about 2.5% of the global oil production. Figure 1Global Gas Flaring as of 20200 This paper presents in detail different innovative and proven methodologies for eliminating, reducing or monetizing the global gas flaring to meet each company and country commitments to net zero emissions or carbon neutrality. Achieving zero flaring for any industrial facilities starts before the project design by setting the different strategies to minimize the flaring during the life time of the project. Early adoption of different technologies like low leakage valves, ultrasonic flowmeters at strategic plant locations, flowback flared gas to existing low pressure compressors, installing flare gas recovery and direct onsite utilization of flared gas energy. Different strategies will be discussed to achieve zero flaring during project design and operations as well as upgrades to existing facilities. Zero flaring strategies depend on three main pillars; Reduce, Recycle, Reuse. The primary reasons for gas flaring at the plant level are equipment failure, process upsets, purge and pilot gas, valve leakage, equipment maintenance, startup or shutdown activities and finally emergency gas flaring. To further minimize gas flaring during emergencies, a new flare gas recovery system (FGRS) was developed and patents were filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The objective of the invention is to eliminate the hydrocarbon gas flaring to atmosphere for any upset scenario for any oil and gas plants. The invention includes utilizing multiple ejectors in parallel with provision of different ejectors operating at different pressures that will allow the system to be used to recover flare gas over a range of different flow rates corresponding to different emergency release scenarios. The ejector based FGRS was granted under U.S. Patent No. 10,429,067 in October 2019 to utilize the ejector based FGRS concept for emergency flare gas recovery. Also, two new patents are under filing to utilize the liquid as motive fluid instead of the gas. Finally, many technology providers and startups are currently working on overcoming the challenges of monetizing the flare gas. These companies are using the Insitu monetization techniques to overcome the challenges of flare gas such as scattered availability in remote locations with small quantities. Some of the solutions include converting the gas to power for Insitu use in Bitcoin mining or Insitu conversion to chemicals and petroleum products for easy transportation.
Reports on the topic "National pledges"
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Abizaid, Olga, Maguette Diop, Adama Soumaré, and Emilie Wilson. Waste Pickers Are Part of the Solution to Solid Waste Management in Senegal. Institute of Development Studies, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/core.2023.012.
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Waste pickers from the Bokk Diom organisation, working at Dakar’s Mbeubeuss landfill – in Senegal’s capital city –, continued to provide essential waste management services throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, contributing to public health, reducing environmental harm, and mitigating greenhouse gases. As with many, their incomes were impacted by the pandemic, especially those of women. However, the greatest threat to their incomes and livelihoods is the transformation of the waste management system, a process which they are excluded from. Drawing on research carried out with Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) during the pandemic, Bokk Diom was able to advocate on behalf of waste pickers and obtain pledges of inclusion in solid waste management (SWM) from national authorities. Bokk Diom and WIEGO are continuing in their efforts to attain a just transition for waste pickers.
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lin, Anthony, Rubal Dua, Wei-Min Hu, and Arthur Lin Ku. Choosing to Diet: The Impact and Cost-effectiveness of China’s Vehicle Ownership Restrictions. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp11.
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Can voluntary carbon emission reduction pledges, such as the nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement, result in significant emission reductions? According to prominent experts such as Nordhaus (2015), Barrett (2005), and Weitzman (2019), free-riding is unavoidable in cooperative situations based on voluntary agreements. If their assessments are correct, each country’s nationally determined contribution is unreliable. Countries will strategically promise large cuts while making only minor emission reductions.
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Holz, Ceecee. Are G20 countries doing their fair share of global climate mitigation?: Comparing ambition and fair shares assessments of G20 countries' nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Oxfam International, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2023.621540.
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As the group of the world’s largest economies and biggest emitters, G20 countries are central to implementing solutions to the climate emergency. This discussion paper assesses to what extent they are setting climate mitigation targets that are ambitious enough and/or meet their fair share of global emissions reductions consistent with limiting global heating to 1.5°C. It applies three different methodologies to assess their pledges. Despite some differences between these methodologies, the paper finds that the G20 countries – both collectively, and almost all of them individually – are failing to achieve their fair share of ambitious global mitigation required to limit global heating to 1.5°C, regardless of which assessment methodology is applied. Additionally, the assessment shows that the high-income G20 member countries are pledging to do a much smaller fraction of their fair share as compared to the middle-income countries. The G7 countries among the G20, in particular, appear to now be focusing their attention on the increase of ambition of middle-income and low-income countries while not recognising the need to also substantially increase the ambition in their own 2030 pledges. Additionally, the G7 countries continue to fail to recognise the need to commit to individual long-term climate finance to low and middle-income countries, at a scale much higher than what they currently provide, to enable rapid and just transitions to climate-resilient and low-carbon societies powered by renewable energy. This analysis highlights that G20 countries must both urgently, and before COP28 in December 2023, raise the ambition of their pledges for action by 2030, ramp up their provision of international climate finance and increase their international cooperation and support.
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Lazonick, William, and Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.
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The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin, and Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices: Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.
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Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.
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Delivering Climate Agenda for LAC: IDB Group Actions to 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006053.
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Climate change presents challenges to ensuring global sustainable and inclusive development. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement and the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflect an unprecedented level of commitment to deliver sustainable development to meet these challenges. The transformation of the global economy needs to start immediately if we are to meet the Paris objective for keeping global temperature rise well below 2°C by the end of the century, which most estimate will mean achieving net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. The Agreement recognizes the need to achieve zero net emissions, calls for the alignment of all financial flows to a pathway for low-carbon and climate-resilient development, and urges industrial countries to jointly increase climate finance to US$100 billion per year by 2020. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change such as sea level rise, natural disasters, water and vector-borne diseases, and changing precipitation and temperature patterns that jeopardize health, productivity, and food-producing crops. These impacts threaten poverty, inequality reduction and sustainable growth in the region. In the context of the Paris Agreement, 25 of the Inter-American Development Bank Group’s (IDBG) 26 borrowing member countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or Nationally Determined Contributions (referred to as NDCs throughout this document), that include emissions reduction commitments and climate resilience plans (as of September 2017). Progress toward implementation of pledges will determine the rate at which the world will be able to act to tackle climate change.
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Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of Latin American and Caribbean Public Debt Management Specialists: Río de Janeiro, March 17-19, 2005. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005992.
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The First Annual Meeting of the Latin American and Caribbean Public Debt Management Specialists took place in Rio de Janeiro on March 17, 18 and 19, 2005. This Meeting was organized and funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (Infrastructure and Financial Markets Division of the Bank's Sustainable Development Department) and the Brazilian National Treasury. Senior officials from the Debt Management Offices (DMOs) and Central Banks of nineteen LAC countries, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Denmark participated in this meeting, as well as experts from the OECD, IMF, UNCTAD, The World Bank, and the Central American Monetary Council. Staff from different areas of the Inter-American Bank (Regional and Financial Departments) also attended the presentations and discussions during the meeting. The main objective of this meeting was the consolidation of the general framework to structure and guide the actions of such group of Latin American and Caribbean specialists. The group will foster an approach that will lead to continuous sharing of experiences across countries and privilege technical discussions involving a broad group of debt management analysts that deal with back, middle and front-office issues. The agenda also included the approval of the previously discussed Bylaws and the election of the first Steering Committee composed by: Brazil (President), Colombia (Vice president), Chile, Jamaica, Mexico and Panama. The role of Executive Secretary was designated to the Inter-American Development Bank. The proposal was enthusiastically supported by all the countries' representatives that pledged to immediately start working in the implementation of the group's objectives.
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The Competitive Advantage of Nations: A Successful Experience, Realigning the Strategy to Transform the Economic and Social Development of the Basque Country. Universidad de Deusto, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/xiqr3861.
Full textAbstract:
Why do the new economy and welfare societies recommend a new station on the long journey towards competitiveness initiated within the framework of “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, published as long as 25 years ago? A little more than twenty-five years ago, the Basque Country decided to equip itself with its own development strategy, undertaking to meet the challenge of designing its own future. The Basque Country aspired to give itself the maximum degree of self-government as a nation without a State, following its release from a long dictatorship which had plunged it into autarchy and isolation from the Western democracies around it, limiting its ability and responsibility to shape its own destiny and to offer its Society the highest standards of welfare, facing one of the greatest economic, political and social crises of its history and suffering from the ravages of terrorism within an economy castigated by soaring unemployment above 25%, a drop in its GDP, the fall, like dominoes, of its key industrial sectors, locked into the monoculture of the steel and metal working industry, outside the Europe which was being constructed by the then Economic Community of the Six, marginalized as a peripheral area from the future axis and development of the so-called “blue banana” of the London-Milan backbone and with an incipient and inexperienced administration, full of youth and enthusiasm, and a business world undergoing conversion, learning to live with a trade union phenomenon that the former dictatorship had bypassed. Faced with this complex and exciting challenge, those of us who had the privilege of addressing the aforementioned proposal, interpreting (by means of our analyses, as well as the wish to make our desires and dreams come true) the main keys to explain the state of the world economy, the main trends of change and their foreseeable impact on the Basque economy (“What the world economy taught us”), began the task of defining what we call “A strategy for the modernization and internationalization of our economy and our Country” trying to give some meaning to the role expected of the new players (States, city-regions, provinces, etc.), a role in which our small Country, with features of a City-Region, a sub-national entity, an invertebrate area on the two sides of the Pyrenees, could assume the figure of co-protagonist and provide society with a prosperous future. We also needed the framework and tools desirable for tackling the success strategy. We identified the gap between the needs that would be generated by the new paradigms and the tools offered by the existing political-economic framework (contents, skills, potential developments), accompanied by our own Country-strategy, with special emphasis on the initiatives, factors and critical vectors our society would demand and its aspirations for well-being and development. Within this context, the Basque Government approached Michael E. Porter, his ideas and concepts of the moment, and we began a collaborative process (which lasts until this day), constructing much more than our “Competitive Advantage of the Basque Country” in a thrilling and unfinished “Journey towards Competitiveness and Prosperity”. The Basque Country enjoys the privilege of having been the first nation to apply, in a strategic and comprehensive manner, the concepts which, a few years later, came to light in the prestigious publication we celebrate today, titled “The Competitive Advantage of Nations”, which has inspired the design of numerous policies and strategies throughout the world, which has brought about a proliferation of followers, which has trained instructors and which has generated a large number of new researchers and academics, new policy makers, new instruments for competitiveness and extraordinary levels of prosperity throughout the world. Since then, we have shared our own particular project which, alive and changing, responds to the new economic and social challenges and conflicts by constructing and applying a Country strategy with distinctive achievements and results beyond our economic environment. It lies within the conceptual framework inspired by the complementary tripod of Michael E. Porter's conceptual movement in his Competitive Advantage (Competitiveness, Shared Value Initiative and Social Progress) and our contributions learned from day to day in keeping with our vocation, identity, will and commitment. It is a never-ending process based on a model and a way of understanding the former pledge to give ourselves a single strategy designed by and for people.