Journal articles: 'National deficit'

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Rubavičius, Vytautas. "EUROPEAN DEMOS: DEMOCRACY DEFICIT AND NATIONAL FEELINGS." CREATIVITY STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2009.2.93-105.

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The level and scope of European Union (EU) integration activities are showing the aspects of civilizational development with a huge impact on the world system of civilizations and make more evident the fact that the future of EU depends on the attitude of European policy‐makers to the national, cultural, and political identities. Interest in the identities has been reinforced in recent years by the failure of EU Constitutional Treaty and further attempts to reach an agreament about the new Treaty. This failure stimulated cogitations on both the subject of Constitutional Treaty and the features of the European demos. Spirited discussions pointed to the so called “deficits” – “community deficit”, “legitimacy deficit” and, as a consequence, to the “democracy deficit”. Thus EU future can be seen as depending on the removal of these “deficits”. How can this be done under the prevailing political attitude of denationalization? The problem of European demos was aggravated by the enlargement of EU: new Member states are loaded with different historic experience and clearly visible features of national sense. National feelings have been the main force raising people for national liberation movement or national revival. This experience must be taken into account while discussing new political guidelines for the construction of European demos. The social content of demos, including identity, common history and the sense of “unity in diversity”, could be accumulated through the loyalties and bonds of affection to one's nation, culture, language, and historical myths; thus, the attitude of denationalization requires a modification.

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Kelemen, R. Daniel. "Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union." Government and Opposition 52, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 211–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41.

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This article argues for a radical recasting of the European Union democratic deficit debate. Critics have long argued that the EU suffers from a democratic deficit and that growing EU power undermines national democracy. But recent backsliding on democracy and the rule of law in Hungary and Poland reminds us that grave democratic deficits can also exist at the national level in member states and that the EU may have a role in addressing them. This article will place the EU’s struggles with democratic deficits in its member states in comparative perspective, drawing on the experience of other democracies that have struggled with pockets of subnational authoritarianism. Comparative analysis suggests that considerations driven by partisan politics may allow local pockets of autocracy to persist within otherwise democratic political unions.

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Towberman, Donna B. "National Survey of Juvenile Needs Assessment." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 2 (April 1992): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038002007.

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A nationwide survey of juvenile needs assessment examined need deficit factors that are currently measured in the United States. Although most states have some semblance of needs assessment of juvenile offenders, a minority of states have formal needs assessment instruments. The most common needs measured include substance abuse, emotional/psychological dysfunction, violent behavior, sexual abuse and deviancy, family problems, peer association problems, educational deficits, vocational deficits, and physical problems. Recommendations for development of needs assessment measures and associated interventions on the secondary level, as well as the tertiary level are offered.

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Mendes Bezerra, Renata. "Brazilian National Housing Policy." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 23 (June 30, 2014): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.23.1.

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Regarding the National Housing Policy in Brazil, this paper aims to identify how institutional capacities vary into municipalities, and if this variation is related to housing deficit rates. Specific literature explains that the supply of housing services depends on the existence of agencies and resources to plan and execute public policies. This paper tests the hypothesis that there is a negative correlation between the level of institutional development and housing deficit – so that higher institutional development implies lower rates of housing deficit. An institutional development index (IDI) was created, based on the existence (or not) of Municipal Housing Fund and Municipal Housing Council. The research design combined the methods of principal component analysis, ANOVA and a regression model of ordinary least squares (OLS). Using descriptive and multivariate analysis, the main finding was that higher institutional development is associated with lower housing deficit rates in most of Brazilian municipalities.

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Nugraheni, Wahyu P., Asri Hikmatuz Zahroh, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ryan Rachmad Nugraha, and Chang Bae Chun. "National Health Insurance Deficit in Indonesia: Identification of Causes and Solutions for Resolution." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 13 (October 31, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n13p58.

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INTRODUCTION: Since it was implemented in 2014, National Health Insurance Program (JKN) in Indonesia experienced a financial deficit. JKN recorded a deficit of 9.7 trillion, 9.75 trillion and 10.98 trillion rupiah from 2016-2018, respectively. The deficit is estimated to still continue in the upcoming years. Systemic solutions are needed to bring JKN improvement in the future. METHODS: Data was collected from June to December 2019 by in-depth interviews with selected informants and literature review, which later was analyzed by content and with data triangulation. RESULT: The results of in-depth interviews and a review of some of the literature shows that there are four main factors that causes JKN deficit, which are capitation payment system to provider, the alleged fraud, lag of backed-referral system, and catastrophic disease. CONCLUSION: This study provides a solution to the handling of JKN deficits in the short and long term in accordance with problems in terms of funding and JKN expenditure. The solution can be an alternative policy that can be implemented by the Government of Indonesia to deal with the JKN deficit.

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Yellen, Janet L. "Symposium on the Budget Deficit." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.2.17.

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Is the ballooning federal budget deficit a serious economic problem? The papers in this symposium provide four perspectives on this issue. Robert Barro and Robert Eisner disagree sharply with the “majority” opinion concerning deficits. In contrast, Edward Gramlich and Douglas Bernheim are more sympathetic to the view that budget deficits lower national saving and thus contribute to a reduction in future living standards.

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Clayton, Gary E. "The Federal Deficit and the National Debt." Business Economics 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2145/20050105.

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Gramlich, Edward M. "Budget Deficits and National Saving: Are Politicians Exogenous?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.2.23.

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After years of relative abstinence, the United States has experimented with persistent budget deficits on a rather massive scale in the 1980s. Economists have generally been quite critical of this fiscal policy, though there are respectable minority views arguing that federal deficits are not so bad and quite possibly better than likely corrective measures. In this paper, I examine the evidence that the great deficit experiment is generating. I first look at the deficits themselves to see how high they really are, dealing with a number of measurement criticisms that have been raised from various quarters. I then discuss two critical responses to the deficits—that of private saving and that of public spending—to determine the impact of the deficits on national saving. A key issue that recurs throughout the discussion is whether the political behavior that leads to the deficits can be taken as exogenous: Are private households better viewed as responding to exogenous public sector deficits, or is something in the air causing both public deficits and a decline in private saving?

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Al-Eyd, Ali, Ray Barrell, and Olga Pomerantz. "Correcting US Imbalances." National Institute Economic Review 192 (April 2005): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010519200104.

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In the January Review discussion of the US current account imbalances, we explored the links between the US current account deficit and exchange rates, and focused on the economic adjustments required to correct the US ‘triple’ deficits. Using NiGEM, we illustrated that a sustained adjustment in the US current account deficit cannot be achieved through a temporary nominal depreciation alone – whether risk or policy driven – but also requires a redressing of the government and household imbalances and a consequent increase in national savings.

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Sanusi, Gbenga Peter. "Macroeconomic Fundamentals and Budget Deficit Nexus: Evidence from a Developing Economy." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0036.

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The increasing budget deficit of the Nigeria’s government in the past few decades with its attendance impact on the economy is worrisome. This study examines the impacts of macroeconomic fundamentals on Nigeria’s fiscal deficit. An error correction model was specified and estimated. In terms of sign and size, the result showed that, there is an inverse relationship between budget deficit and the external reserve. This implies that an increase in the external reserve, leads to a decrease in budget deficits. A unit increase in external reserves resulted in 12.4 percent fall in budget deficit. In contrast, however, national income and interest rate showed a positive relationship with budget deficit. Increase in income expands the potential and propensity to spend. Lenders are equally more disposed to lend to the government because of the presupposed economic prosperity. The lagged value of the error correction term has the expected inverse sign of -0.42, and highly significant. The negative value of the error correction model further supports the co-integration relationship among the variables. Thus, macroeconomic variables influence budget deficits. Economic policies which minimizes macroeconomic fluctuations is paramount in curbing the negative impacts of increasing government deficit in the economy. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

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Ann Pettifor, Ann Pettifor. "Deficit Financing’ or ‘Deficit-Reduction Financing?’ Debates in Contemporary Economics: Origins, Confusions and Clarity." journal of king Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 32, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/islec.32-1.4.

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The analysis of government deficits and public debt points to a fundamental error in contemporary economic discussions. It is not possible to assess the stance of fiscal policy from estimates of the public sector deficit. John Maynard Keynes’s macroeconomics and the empirical evidence discussed in this paper indicate that expansionary fiscal policy financed by loan issues will lead to growth in economic activity and employment. In an economy with spare capacity and idle resources, high government expenditure generates income, including tax revenues and thereby reduces the government deficit, and cuts public debt. The main purpose of increased loanfinanced government spending at times of private economic weakness is to increase the nation’s income. Keynes argued that any such government spending was not deficit spending, because he understood the spending as the most sensible means to cut the deficit. Deficit-reduction spending might be a more appropriate definition, because as he argued with Josiah Stamp: “You will never balance the budget through measures which reduce national income” (Keynes, 1978, vol. 21, p. 149).

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Pandit, Jaideep J. "Modern monetary theory for the post-pandemic NHS: why budget deficits do not matter." British Journal of Healthcare Management 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2021.0087.

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NHS clinical directors are responsible for balancing departmental budgets, which can encompass staffing, equipment and operating theatres. As trust income is generally fixed, expenditure reduction is often attempted via recurrent cost improvement plans. In orthodox monetary theory, a departmental deficit contributes first to the hospital, then to the NHS, then to the national deficit. In the orthodox view, governments in deficit need to increase taxes and/or borrow money by issuing bonds (akin to mortgage loans), the interest on which is paid off for generations. Modern monetary theory offers a different perspective: government deficits do not matter as much as orthodox theory claims, if at all. This is because governments have the monopoly right to create the money in which the deficit is denominated (so do not ever need to borrow something that they can create). Therefore governments cannot default on debt in their own currency. Furthermore, government deficits equate to private surplus. This new perspective should influence microeconomic budget management at the clinical director level: the new emphasis being to deliver value and not just implement local savings to eliminate departmental deficits. This approach will become increasingly important in managing the huge surgical waiting lists that have accumulated during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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13

Eichengreen, Barry. "Saving Europe's Automatic Stabilisers." National Institute Economic Review 159 (January 1997): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019715900107.

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European policymakers have repeatedly suggested that fiscal-policy coordination and fiscal federalism will play key roles in Europe's monetary union. This paper warns that this hope is misplaced. Fiscal federalism will not be available to offset recessionary shocks for the foreseeable future. The effects of coordination designed to internalise the cross-border spillovers of fiscal policies are too weak. Freeing up fiscal policy to replace national governments' loss of monetary independence requires allowing European countries' automatic stabilisers to operate. That in turn requires a flexible application of the Excessive Deficit Procedure and the Stability Pact.The solution suggested here is that the Excessive Deficit Procedure and any fines and sanctions associated with the Stability Pact be applied to the constant-employment budget balance, not the actual deficit. Applying them to actual deficits when European countries enter EMU up against the 3 per cent limit will render fiscal policy strongly procyclical, aggravating the problem of macroeconomic fragility created by the loss of monetary autonomy. Still, countries like Germany haunted by the spectre of fiscal pro fligacy need to be reassured that member states will not abuse their fiscal discretion. Procedural and institutional reform to offset the deficit bias in national political systems is the obvious quid pro quo.

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M. Palampanga, Anhulaila, and Bakri Hasanuddin. "The domestic resource gap and current transaction deficit in Indonesia in 2010-2014." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(1-1).2017.13.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between domestic financial resource gaps and current account balance in Indonesia by using data from 2010 to 2014. Gaps in the domestic economy are classified into three types: 1) the domestic absorptive capacity of the national income gap (GNP), 2) gross national savings and investment gap, 3) private sector gap (private saving minus private investment), and public sector gap (tax minus government spending). By using a concept of open economy that is described in a theoretical framework, the study results show that: 1) the gap absorption of domestic and GNP, 2) the gap between gross national saving and gross national investments, 3) the gap in private sector and government sector resulting in deficit in the current account during Indonesia on 2010-2014 periods.

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&NA;. "First National Guidelines for Attention Deficit Disorder in US." Disease Management & Health Outcomes 2, no. 1 (July 1997): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00115677-199702010-00005.

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Kirichenko, Elina Vsevolodovna. "Growing budget deficit and national debt: estimates, problems, risks." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 812–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2111-01.

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The article analyzes the structure of the US federal budget, the main sources of revenues, expenditures (annually revised discretionary spendings, mandatory financing of the main social and a number of critical areas of government activity, interest debt payments), factors affecting their dynamics. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the national (sovereign) debt of the United States, which includes two types of debt: the government’s debt to buyers of its securities (American individuals and legal entities, the Federal Reserve System, international investors, foreign governments) and the so-called intragovernmental debt. The article raises the question of where the "red line" is when the growing debt becomes dangerous for the United States. However, the article lists factors that mitigate the sovereign debt problem for the United States. Much attention is paid to the challenges that the administration of J. Biden and the Congress of the current and future convocations will have to face. In particular, in the short term, this is the need to reduce the budget deficit, to extend a number of social programs that are about to expire, but above all to resolve the debt ceiling issues. The paradoxes of decision-making in the budget process concerning the debt ceiling are considered. The points of view of experts are presented, arguing the need for refusal and preservation of the legislative codification of the debt ceiling. In the long term, the United States will face challenges such as a growing debt burden, the need to reform the budgetary decision-making process. The Congress will have to worry about how to defuse the time bomb laid down in a number of mandatory budget programs.

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Bush, Carol T. "Eye on Washington Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: National Resources." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 14, no. 1 (January 2001): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2001.tb00287.x.

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Hart, Neil, and Andrew Marks. "Australia's Current Account Deficit, National Savings and Industry Policy." Economic and Labour Relations Review 10, no. 2 (December 1999): 278–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469901000208.

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Peterson, Rein, and Dave Valliere. "Entrepreneurship and national economic growth: the European entrepreneurial deficit." European J. of International Management 2, no. 4 (2008): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ejim.2008.021249.

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Dollfus, S., M. Petit, D. Campion, J. M. Constans, J. Costentin, and F. Thibaut. "National research program in deficit schizophrenic patients: Preliminary results." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 203S—204S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87752-9.

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Hoagwood, Kimberly, Stephen Crystal, Scott Bilder, Bonnie T. Zima, James H. Perrin, and Kelly J. Kelleher. "49.2 NATIONAL TRENDS IN ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER CARE." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55, no. 10 (October 2016): S337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.410.

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Stevick, Doyle. "Overlapping Democracies, Europe's Democratic Deficit, and National Education Policy." European Education 41, no. 3 (September 2009): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/eue1056-4934410303.

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Ghaznavi, Cyrus, Takayuki Kawashima, Yuta Tanoue, Daisuke Yoneoka, Koji Makiyama, Haruka Sakamoto, Peter Ueda, Akifumi Eguchi, and Shuhei Nomura. "Changes in marriage, divorce and births during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 5 (May 2022): e007866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007866.

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IntroductionMarriage, divorce and fertility are declining in Japan. There is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic may have accelerated the decrease in marriages and births while increasing the number of divorces. Changes in partnership behaviours and fertility have significant implications for mental health, well-being and population demographics.MethodsJapanese vital statistical data were collected for December 2011–May 2021. We used the Farrington algorithm on the daily numbers of marriages, divorces and births (per month) in order to determine whether any given month between January 2017 and May 2021 had a significant excess or deficit. Analyses were conducted at the national and regional levels.ResultsDuring the pandemic, significant deficits in the national number of marriages were noted in January 2020, April 2020, May 2020, July 2020, September 2020 and April 2021. Regional marriage patterns reflected national trends. Divorces were noted to be in deficit during April 2020, May 2020 and May 2021 at the country level. Regional analyses mirrored national divorce trends with the exception of Shikoku, which showed no deficits during the pandemic. Significant deficits in the number of total births were noted in December 2020, January 2021 and February 2021. Regionally, birth deficits were concentrated in Chubu, Kansai and Kanto. After the start of the pandemic, no significant excesses in marriages, divorces or births were noted at the national or regional level.ConclusionsMarriages and divorces declined during the pandemic in Japan, especially during state of emergency declarations. There were decreased births between December 2020 and February 2021, approximately 8–10 months after the first state of emergency, suggesting that couples altered their pregnancy intention in response to the pandemic. Metropolitan regions were more affected by the pandemic than their less metropolitan counterparts.

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Cooper, Richard N. "Global Imbalances: Globalization, Demography, and Sustainability." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.3.93.

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The current account deficit of the United States has been large in recent years, both in absolute size and relative to GDP. In 2006, it reached $811 billion, 6.1 percent of GDP. It has become a dominant feature of the world economy; if you sum up the current account deficits of all nations that are running deficits in the world economy, the U.S. deficit accounts for about 70 percent of the total. This paper looks beyond the national income accounting relationships to offer a more complex view of the U.S. imbalance. I argue that the generally rising U.S. trade deficit over the last 10–15 years is a natural outcome of two important forces in the world economy—globalization of financial markets and demographic change—and therefore that the U.S. current account deficit is likely to remain large for at least a decade. In a globalized market, the United States has a comparative advantage in producing marketable securities and in exchanging low-risk debt for higher-risk equity. It is not surprising that savers around the world want to put a growing portion of their savings into the U.S. economy. I argue that serious efforts to reduce the U.S. deficit, even collaborative efforts with other countries, may well precipitate a financial crisis and an economic downturn every bit as severe as the one that many fear could result from a disorderly market adjustment to the trade deficit.

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Pitchford, E. Andrew, and E. Kipling Webster. "Clinical Validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 in Children With Disabilities from the U.S. National Normative Sample." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2020-0023.

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The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) measures fundamental motor skills competency and is frequently used for eligibility determination of adapted physical education services in children with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to determine if the TGMD-3 is clinically sensitive to detect deficits in the fundamental motor skills of children with disabilities (i.e., intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language and articulation disorders). Eighty-five children with disabilities and 85 matched controls (i.e., typically developing, individually matched on age, sex, ethnicity, and race) completed the TGMD-3. Mann–Whitney U tests identified significant differences in the total TGMD-3 scores for children with intellectual disability (p < .001), autism spectrum disorder (p < .001), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (p = .032). No differences were identified for children with language and articulation disorders. Comparisons of subscales (i.e., locomotor and ball skills) differed across disability groups. This study provides evidence that the TGMD-3 is clinically sensitive to identify deficits in fundamental motor skills competency.

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Eisner, Robert. "Budget Deficits: Rhetoric and Reality." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.2.73.

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Whatever the real or imagined ills of the economy, the news media, most politicians and a fair proportion of the economics profession are quick to point to the culprit: “the budget deficit.” No matter that few appear to know or care precisely what deficit they are talking about or how it is measured. No matter that few bother to explain in terms of a relevant model just how government deficits may be expected to impact the economy. No matter that few offer any empirical data to sustain their judgments. I believe there are serious problems with our fiscal policy. These relate to fundamental national priorities and the provision of public goods, now and for the future. But the current size of the federal deficit is not “our number one economic problem,” if indeed it is a problem at all.

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Matkeeva, A. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/63/16.

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The article presents the characteristics of 60 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6 to 11 years, depending on the type of classification, who were treated at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health (Bishkek).

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Hyett, Sarah Louise, Chelsea Gabel, Stacey Marjerrison, and Lisa Schwartz. "Deficit-Based Indigenous Health Research and the Stereotyping of Indigenous Peoples." Canadian Journal of Bioethics 2, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065690ar.

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Health research tends to be deficit-based by nature; as researchers we typically quantify or qualify absence of health markers or presence of illness. This can create a narrative with far reaching effects for communities already subject to stigmatization. In the context of Indigenous health research, a deficit-based discourse has the potential to contribute to stereotyping and marginalization of Indigenous Peoples in wider society. This is especially true when researchers fail to explore the roots of health deficits, namely colonization, Westernization, and intergenerational trauma, risking conflation of complex health challenges with inherent Indigenous characteristics. In this paper we explore the incompatibility of deficit-based research with principles from several ethical frameworks including the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2) Chapter 9, OCAP® (ownership, control, access, possession), Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami National Inuit Strategy on Research, and Canadian Coalition for Global Health Research (CCGHR) Principles for Global Health Research. Additionally we draw upon cases of deficit-based research and stereotyping in healthcare, in order to identify how this relates to epistemic injustice and explore alternative approaches.

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McLoughlin, Alison, Philippa Olive, and Catherine Elizabeth Lightbody. "Reliability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale." British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 18, Sup5 (October 1, 2022): S3—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.sup5.s3.

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Background: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is widely used to measure stroke deficits and is deemed to be reliable when used by a range of professionals. Aims: This study aimed to establish the inter-rater reliability of the NIHSS when completed via telemedicine. Secondary aims were to explore if professional group, length of time since training and/or re-certification, frequency of use and reason for using the NIHSS influenced the inter-rater reliability. Methods: A total of 30 video clips, the equivalent of two whole patient assessments for each of the 15 NIHSS items, were analysed by a range of NIHSS-certified clinical participants. Of these, 10 were nurses and five were consultants. Kappa statistics were used to calculate the inter-rater reliability for each item, with additional data on the range of agreement of items. Data across group characteristics were compared to test hypotheses about factors that could impact reliability. Findings: Overall, the inter-rater reliability was found to be lower than anticipated, and there was a wide variation in ratings. Consultants tended to score better than nurses, and, counter-intuitively, stroke specialist staff and those who used the NIHSS more frequently tended to have poorer reliability than their counterparts. Total agreement on score was only achieved in five out of the 30 video clips (16.6%), with agreement better at either end of the scoring range (i.e. no deficit or worst deficit). These findings indicate that reliability of the NIHSS may be lower than anticipated. Conclusion: Further research is needed to better understand the poor reliability of the NIHSS, as this has implications for care decisions and patient outcomes.

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Sharpe, L. J. "Central Coordination and the Policy Network." Political Studies 33, no. 3 (September 1985): 361–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1985.tb01150.x.

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Where responsibility for a public service is divided between the centre and sub-national government, legislative intention is unlikely to match service delivery. This is the implementation gap or control deficit, which, it is claimed, will always arise because of inherent limitations on central coordinative capacity. However, this claim seems to be derived from states like West Germany where conditions are such that the centre is severely handicapped. In states where the centre has fewer constrictions, like the United Kingdom, the centre appears to be able to minimize control deficits by a number of means, including the co-option of national associations of sub-national professionals, and sub-national units themselves. The UK centre is also able to restructure the sub-national system itself in order to enhance its control capacity.

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Antohi, Valentin Marian, Costinela Fortea, Monica Laura Zlati, Romeo-Victor Ionescu, and Cristian Mirica. "Efficiency of financial indicators of the Romanian state budget, an objective of economic security during the epidemiological crisis." Journal of Financial Studies 7, no. 12 (May 15, 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55654/jfs.2022.7.12.03.

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The financial structure of the state budget is a particularly important objective at the national level, aimed at ensuring economic security by providing resources to meet general objectives of national interest. During the - epidemiological crisis, due to changes in expenditure and revenue structures, the state budget was subject to financial pressures, accumulating deficits five times higher than in the period that followed the previous crisis of 2009-2012 and three times higher than at the beginning of the epidemiological crisis. The present scientific approach observes the main causes of vulnerability and identifies the economic and financial directions predicted based on the results of the last 10 years, taking into account the fact that economic security is a major objective that must be permanently monitored and adjusted through sustainable financial policies by institutional decision makers. This study uses prescriptive analytics methods, modelling data or financial results expressed in the national budgets from 2013 to 2021 in order to quantify the vulnerabilities that led to a large budget deficit (sau “an increased budget deficit”). The results may prove to be useful to stakeholders, institutional decision makers or for the medium-term adjustment of financial policies.

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Edwin, Febin, and Joe McDonald. "Services for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: national survey." Psychiatric Bulletin 31, no. 8 (August 2007): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.106.012237.

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Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to obtain numbers of adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on consultant adult and adolescent psychiatrists' case-loads. A brief semi-structured confidential postal questionnaire was sent to 1947 consultant psychiatrists in England and Wales.ResultsThere were 1030 consultants who responded (52.9%), which clearly indicates that there is an increasing demand and need for a service, and the resources, to treat adult ADHD. Only 197 consultants offered a service for adults with ADHD. Adult ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males (n=995, 73%), and the total number of patients with a diagnosis of adult ADHD was 1345. Most patients were aged 18–25 years (n=209, 54%). The most commonly prescribed stimulant medication was methylphenidate (n=251, 55%).Clinical ImplicationsThere is a clear need to improve services and funding for adults with ADHD. The study shows there are already services available for adult ADHD patients in some areas of the country. However, more research is needed to establish the prevalence of adult ADHD in England and Wales.

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Olfson, Mark, Marc J. Gameroff, Steven C. Marcus, and Peter S. Jensen. "National Trends in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 6 (June 2003): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1071.

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Nazarova, A. G. "On Models of Funding the Lifecycle Deficit." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-23-35.

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The article elaborates on the macro-analysis as related to the aggregated National Transfer Accounts (NTA), the topic originated in the prior publications in Voprosy Statistiki journal (Issues 4 and 11 of 2019), and builds upon the research conducted by HSE National Research University in 2020 as part of Russia’s participation in the global National Transfer Accounts project. The author explored various models of funding the economic life cycle deficit (various support system), adopted by separate groups of economies, through the lens of population savings in these countries. The article was profoundly examined how “excessive” household consumption is supported by public transfers and the correlation between the scale of such transfers and the household sector’s appetite for savings. By taking this research angle, the author aimed to develop deeper understanding of the underlying forces that drive savings into investments within the household sector. The author summarized key parameters of aggregated NTA for Russia in 2017–2019 to produce early quantitative assessments of the deficit funding structure. A closer look into relations between the funding models and incomes saved by population allowed to make cross-country comparisons and map Russia in global environment. The article discussions will be useful to the readers with an interest in demographic studies and socio-economics.

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OKSANEN, HEIKKI. "Public pensions in the national accounts and public finance targets." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 4, no. 3 (October 6, 2005): 291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002076.

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Preparations are underway to revise national accounting to implement actuarial recording of pension liabilities for corporations and government as an employer. This paper extends this to unfunded public pensions with the help of ‘implicit tax’ in pension contributions. The clearest advantages of the revision appear in situations where pension liabilities are shifted from the corporate sector to government, and where part of the public pension system is privatized. The proposed revision raises public debt and deficit to new orders of magnitude. The paper provides a framework for setting the debt and deficit targets under both current and proposed definitions.

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Fonseca, César, Ana Ramos, Lara Guedes Pinho, Bruno Morgado, Henrique Oliveira, and Manuel Lopes. "Functional Profile of Older Adults Hospitalized in Rehabilitation Units of the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care of Portugal: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111937.

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Background: The success of healthy aging depends on the ability of countries to study and act on frailty in the elderly, control chronic diseases, improve functional capacity and prevent cognitive decline and social interaction. Aim: (1) to evaluate the functional profile of older adults hospitalized in a Unit of the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care of Portugal; and (2) to assess the relationship between functional profile and age, gender, level of education and emotional state. Methods: Longitudinal study with a population of 59,013 older adults (65 years or older) hospitalized in Medium-Term Care and Rehabilitation Units in Portugal. Results: Older age (≥85 years), no school attendance, low body mass index and presence of sad or depressed mood were predictive factors for a deficit in functional capacity. We identified significant improvements in rehabilitation, but after 210 days of hospitalization, older people incurred a loss of functionality. Total compensation needs were typified by severe deficits in self-care and functional capacity: 47.1%. A moderate deficit was present in 43.1%, and a slight self-care and functional deficit occurred in 9.8% of the individuals. Conclusions: Knowing the determinants of functional capacity and self-care needs will make it possible to define priority intervention groups and implement quality and financing models based on gains in functionality.

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Feldstein, Martin. "Dealing with Long-Term Deficits." American Economic Review 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20161004.

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The United States faces a rising future ratio of debt to GDP that, if allowed to continue, would have serious adverse consequences for the American economy. Fortunately, policy changes can increase the size of the future GDP and shrink the future budget deficits. Relatively small reductions in future annual deficits could reverse the increasing ratio of national debt to GDP. Those annual deficit reductions could be best achieved by slowing the growth of Social Security and Medicare and by raising revenue by limiting tax expenditures or increasing the tax on gasoline.

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Bec, Frédérique, and Jean-Olivier Hairault. "Fiscal policies, public deficit restraints and European stabilization." Recherches économiques de Louvain 62, no. 3-4 (1996): 329–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044432.

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SummaryThe ability of fiscal policies to smooth macroeconomic fluctuations under the constraints imposed by the Maastricht Treaty is at the heart of the current policy debate in Europe. A two-country intertemporal stochastic general equilibrium model is used in order to evaluate the efficiency of fiscal policy. First, it reveals the importance of the nature of the shocks hitting European countries : asymmetrical shocks actually strengthen the national fluctuations. Then, constraints on public deficit imposed by the Maastricht Treaty limit the ability of national governements to stabilize their économies. Furthermore, they can lead the european countries to adopt pro-cyclical budget rules.

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Okafor, Samuel O., Olisaemeka D. Maduka, Ann N. Ike, Benedict I. Uzoechina, and Celestine I. Ohachosim. "Tax-budget Deficit Relationships: Fiscalists’ Platform for Deficit Financing Policy." Business and Management Studies 1, no. 1 (July 11, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v3i3.2531.

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With heavy debt burden on developing economies accompanied by their low credit worthiness rating, developing economies often resort to taxes for financing development projects. Raising tax rates and expanding tax bases have become frequent government activities in developing economies. Without dynamic deficit financing policy which takes into cognizance the conflicting arithmetic and economic effect of Laffer curve analysis, financing budget deficit through taxation has remained largely unsuccessful. Perhaps, what was required is to constitute latent factors operating along Laffer curve into major theoretical construct of a deficit financing policy. Therefore, study focused on identifying latent factors influencing the inter-relationship among budget deficit finance, taxes, human capital and macroeconomic indicators. Study spanned across 1970-2015. Data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and World Development Indicators. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. Results indicate that: (1) Tax contributed significantly to budget deficit financing (2)Tax spending and disposable personal income were latent factors influencing the effectiveness of deficit financing (3) Tax spending activated government revenue to contribute significantly to budget deficit reduction (4) Disposable personal income boosted GDP to cause reduction in budget deficit . It was concluded that, with the taxonomy of highly significant factor correlates of tax spending and disposable personal income, a viable deficit financing policy was devised with component tax, budgetary, pricing, credit and macroeconomic policies. It was recommended, inter alia, that developing economies should activate their current deficit financing policies by adapting them to their tax spend and macroeconomic policies.

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Grundmann, Reiner. "The European Public Sphere and the Deficit of Democracy." Sociological Review 48, no. 1_suppl (May 2000): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2000.tb03509.x.

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This chapter explores a threefold European deficit: a democratic deficit, a deficit in European identity, and a deficit in the European public sphere. It argues that although interests such as social movements have most leverage at the national level, since this is the level at which the media are largely organised, the emergence of distinctively ‘European’ issues such as BSE means that national cycles of media attention are becoming increasingly synchronised. This makes it more likely that a homogenisation of issues and opinion will occur at the European level. This would favour the eventual emergence of a supranational identity. The creation of a European public sphere through the synchronisation and homogenisation of cycles of media attention on contentious ‘European’ issues is a more realistic prospect than direct attempts to create a ‘new European’ identity through public education or the legal system.

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Müller, Jan-Werner. "The EU's Democratic Deficit and the Public Sphere." Current History 115, no. 779 (March 1, 2016): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2016.115.779.83.

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Marri, Anand R., Scott Wylie, Robert Shand, Maureen Grolnick, Timothy J. Huth, and Louise Kuklis. "Teaching the Federal Budget, Debt, and Deficit Through Civics Courses." Social Studies Research and Practice 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2013-b0006.

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This project presents an opportunity for high school social studies teachers to infuse content on the federal budget, national debt, and budget deficit into civics-courses. The federal budget influences countries’ decisions about domestic and foreign policy, making the study of the topic a necessity for understanding economic interdependence, as well as active and engaged citizenship. The national debt plays an important role in efforts to balance competing interests concerning taxes, entitlement programs, and government spending. Social studies teachers have the opportunity to create connections between economic and public policies about the federal budget, national debt, budget deficit, and the content commonly taught in high school civics classes across the United States. Our two-day lesson, Examining the role of citizens in the U.S. budgetary process: A case study, can be infused into the civics curriculum to help high school students begin to understand the federal budget, national debt, and budget deficit. We model an inquiry-oriented approach for citizen participation about these topics in high school civics classes.

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Thirunavukarasu, M., M. Thirunavukarasu, P. Thirunavukarasu, and P. Thirunavukarasu. "Training and National deficit of psychiatrists in India - A critical analysis." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 7 (2010): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.69218.

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Shykina, Nataliya, and Ganna Kotsiurubenko. "State budget deficit in the context of national security of Ukraine." Socio-Economic Research Bulletin, no. 2(73) (June 28, 2020): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33987/vsed.2(73).2020.107-119.

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Fayyad, John, Ron De Graaf, Ronald Kessler, Jordi Alonso, Matthias Angermeyer, Koen Demyttenaere, Giovanni De Girolamo, et al. "Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 5 (May 2007): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389.

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BackgroundLittle is known about the epidemiology of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).AimsTo estimate the prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative.MethodAn ADHD screen was administered to respondents aged 18–44 years in ten countries in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East (n=11422). Masked clinical reappraisal interviews were administered to 154 US respondents to calibrate the screen. Multiple imputation was used to estimate prevalence and correlates based on the assumption of cross-national calibration comparability.ResultsEstimates of ADHD prevalence averaged 3.4% (range 1.2–7.3%), with lower prevalence in lower-income countries (1.9%) compared with higher-income countries (4.2%). Adult ADHD often co-occurs with other DSM-IV disorders and is associated with considerable role disability. Few cases are treated for ADHD, but in many cases treatment is given for comorbid disorders.ConclusionsAdult ADHD should be considered more seriously in future epidemiological and clinical studies than is currently the case.

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Doménech, Rafael, David Taguas, and Juan Varela. "The effects of budget deficit on national saving in the OECD." Economics Letters 69, no. 3 (December 2000): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(00)00316-5.

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Tanaka, Yasuhito. "A Brief Rationale for MMT Arguments." Issues in Social Science 9, no. 2 (December 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/iss.v9i2.19160.

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In this note we examine MMT (Modern Monetary Theory) arguments by a simple macroeconomic model without microeconomic foundation. Mainly we will show the following results. 1) In the underemployment case the national income is determined by the budget deficit. 2) In the full employment case we can define the budget deficit which is necessary and sufficient to achieve full employment. 3) The excessive budget deficit causes inflation. 4) We need budget deficit to achieve and maintain full employment under economic growth. 5) We can recover recession by the budget deficit which is larger than that when full employment is maintained. Also, we show that the budget deficit equals the increase in the savings between generations.

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Mansuri, Jabed. "The Impact of Trade Deficit in Nepalese Economy." Journal of Management 4, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jom.v4i1.38666.

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This study aims to explore more information about the economic performance of Nepal and the impact on the economy caused by foreign trade. The trade deficit impacted directly on the financial performance of the country. It affected the GDP of the nation, supply side, interest rate, price of commodities and FDI. The article has discussed the relationship with the major trading partner of Nepal and other countries. Besides this, a quantitative research method was used in this research paper. Information in this article was collected from a secondary source of data. The reliability of this study depended on the reliability of secondary data. The analysis was based on a simple statistical tool. Concerning the methodology, it is based on exploratory data analysis. The comparison has been made in this paper with primary trading partner countries India, China and other countries. This study has found the deficient export performance of Nepal, which has created the problem of rapidly increasing trade deficit. Trade deficit became one of the major causes that lead the national economy to downturn side.

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Garšvienė, Lina, and Mindaugas Butkus. "Evaluation of the determinants of growing current account deficit." Socialiniai tyrimai 36, no. 3 (December 22, 2014): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/st.2014.23081.

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The objective of the paper is to identify and generalize the factors determining the growth of current account deficit and select the periods of growing current account deficit and evaluate their determinants. The results of the analysis confirmed the growing current account deficit reaching from 3% to 30% of GDP in different developing and developed countries. The results showed that growing current account deficit is strongly determined by domestic demand and market prices; however, other factors such as national openness, international movement of capital, and the condition of world market have no significant impact.

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Tanaka, Yasuhito. "Debt to GDP Ratio from the Perspective of MMT." Business Management and Strategy 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bms.v13i1.19353.

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In this note we examine the debt to GDP ratio from the perspective of MMT (Modern Monetary Theory) by a simple macroeconomic model with savings by government bonds instead of money. Mainly we will show the following results. 1) In order to maintain full employment under economic growth, the budget deficit, including interest payments on government bonds, must be positive; and if the budget deficit is smaller than this value, there will be recession with involuntary unemployment. 2) Under full employment the debt to GDP ratio approaches to a finite value over time. 3) In the underemployment case the national income is determined by the budget deficit. 4) The excessive budget deficit causes inflation. 6) In order to recover full employment from recession we need budget deficit larger than that when full employment is maintained. 5) The budget deficit, including interest payments on government bonds, equals the increase of the savings of consumers between periods (generations); and this result holds whether we have full employment or not, whether we have inflation or not. Then, the ratio of the national debt to GDP in a period is smaller than one, and even if one period constitutes of several years, the debt to GDP ratio in a year is finite.

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Journal articles on the topic 'National deficit'

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