Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'National deficit'
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Kožuch, Michal. "Národní účty České republiky se zaměřením na vládní dluh a vládní deficit." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10813.
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The diploma thesis deals with the system of national account of the Czech Republic with a focus on the development of government debt and deficit. The first chapter explains the nature, the aim and the development of the field of national accounts. The second chapter concentrates on the system of national accounts of the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to the sector of government institutions, as the national government accounts are the basis for the prediction of the government deficit, debt and the Convergence program for adoption of the common currency Euro. The third chapter defines the terms closely related to the general government sector and financial statistics. The closing chapter analyses the development of government debt and deficit in the period since 1995.
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Brinkman, William B. M. D. "Association Between Substance Use and Current Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in a National Sample of Adolescents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368028561.
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Dougan, Michael. "Redefining the Community's enforcement deficit : the judicial harmonisation of national remedies and procedural rules in a differentiated Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272793.
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Šubrtová, Kateřina. "Politický proces tvorby, schvalování a plnění českého státního rozpočtu a jeho tendence k deficitu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192789.
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This diploma thesis concerned with the budget of the Czech Republic, which has been deficient since 1996. The aim of this thesis is to detect weak spots of budget process and confirm the hypothesis that budget deficits have the institutional nature. The theoretical part examines in detail the concepts of the state budget and the budget deficit, explains the causes of the budget deficit and explores the possibilities of its elimination. The thesis also conducts a survey about the process of the budget propose, approval and performance with the highlighting of process weaknesses and possibilities of its solution. The main contribution of this thesis is a detailed analysis of selected state budgets. This analysis reveals the common features of selected budgets and tries to describe the major changes of them. At the end of the thesis a concept of fiscal council and the possibilities of its establishment in Czech Republic is introduced.
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Denk, Robert. "The quantity theory v. the income expenditures theory using Robert Eisner's adjusted federal budget deficit." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41909.
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Chmelová, Pavla. "Analýza vývoje hospodaření veřejných rozpočtů České republiky od roku 1993 do současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113270.
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Objective of this diploma thesis is to process analysis of development of revenues, expenditures and deficit of the state budget in the Czech Republic and to characterize the main economic trends, state of public funds and the economy at large. There are identified shares of exogenous influences, accepted reforms and measures in the economic development during the period from 1993 up to 2010. Theoretic -- methodological part is divided into three parts, the first one describes fiscal policy in general. The second part deals with the state budget, its revenue and expenditure side and very current field of debt financing. In the last part there is processed tax theory and conception of the flat tax from theoretical point of view. Practical part is introduced by description of the economic starting state of the Czech Republic. This is followed by the list of economic events and political measures that formed the final shape of public funds. Furthermore there is carried out the analysis of state budget development. Subject of the analysis is the extent and structure of both revenue and expenditure side of the state budget, budget balance and the government debt. Part of this thesis is also the analysis of development of macroeconomic indicators, specifically it is the GDP growth, unemployment rate and inflow of foreign funds. In the conclusion of the diploma thesis there is the successfulness of examined budget and fiscal policy evaluated and there are drawn some suggestions for the field of public funds in the coming years.
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Grimmer, Lukáš. "Státní dluh České republiky - příčiny, důsledky, řešení." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-195470.
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Diploma thesis called "Czech national debt -- cause, impacts, solutions" deals with deficient budgeting of the Czech republic which presents a current problem afterwards projecting itself into the creation of an actual debt. This thesis aims to anter the question concerning an achievement of balanced budgets and therefore generating no indebtness. Afterwards it deals with its cause and considers possible solutions seeking to reduce the amount of national debt. Therefore this diploma thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one defines the basic terms, which constitute theoretical way-outs of this thesis. The second chapter deals with the debt analysis in years of 1993 to 2013, its absolute and relative numeral expression, its structure and interest costs, which are directly related to this phenomenon. The third chapter subsequently describes the debt problem regarding the european setting and at the same time it shows the czech national debt in the european context. At the end of this diploma thesis, the possible scenarios are described as a solving of this unfavourable situation.
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Ілляшенко, Тетяна Олексіївна, Татьяна Алексеевна Ильяшенко, Tetiana Oleksiivna Illiashenko, and А. Л. Бойко. "Проблема бюджетного дефицита в Украине." Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/50148.
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В условиях нестабильной экономической и политической ситуации, в
Украине все более актуальной становится проблема дефицита бюджета.
Доказательством этого служат опубликованные Министерством финансов
данные по государственному бюджету Украины.
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Quintin, Coralie. "La règle d'équilibre budgétaire : Comparaison Europe - Canada." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD040.
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Le développement des principes d’équilibre budgétaire et des règles de discipline budgétaire qui en découlent sont liés à l’avènement de périodes de troubles budgétaires et de crises économiques. De manière générale, à ces occasions de nouvelles règles sont adoptées et mises en oeuvre. Elles visent toutes à assainir les finances publiques par le biais de l’observation stricte d’une règle d’équilibre budgétaire. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus par la mise en oeuvre de ces règles ne sont pas toujours satisfaisants ce qui conduit aujourd’hui à s’interroger non plus sur la pertinence et l’efficacité desrègles mais sur les environnements institutionnels, économiques et monétaires dans lesquels elles sont mises en œuvre. Le Canada semble, de cette manière, se présenter comme un terrain favorable à l’observation d’une discipline budgétaire de l’équilibre alors qu’en la matière l’Union européenne souffre encore de son statut « hybride »The development of the principles of balance in the budget and the rules of budgetary discipline which ensue from it is connected to the succession of periods of budgetary disorder and economic crises. In a general way, in these occasions of new rules are adopted and implemented. They aim all to clean up the public finances by means of the strict observation of a rule of balance in the budget. However, the results obtained by the implementation of these rules are not always satisfactory what leads today to wonder either about the relevance and the efficiency of rules but on the institutional, economic and monetary environments in which they are operated. Canada seems, in this way, to appear as a ground favorable to the observation of a budgetarydiscipline of the balance while on the subject the European Union still suffers from its "hybrid" status
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Dunovska, Jolanta. "Lietuvos mokėjimų balansas: analizė ir perspektyvos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090204_112819-98560.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos nacionalinis mokėjimo balansas, jo struktūra, reguliavimo metodai, plačiau nagrinėjama einamoji mokėjimo balanso sąskaita ir jos deficitas. Atliekama statistinių nacionalinio mokėjimų balanso duomenų analizė nuo 1998 iki 2007 metų. Vertinama mokėjimų balanso sąskaitų (einamosios, kapitalo, finansinės) tarpusavio priklausomybė bei nagrinėjamas ryšys visų mokėjimų balanso sąskaitų su BVP. Galiausiai atliekamas nacionalinio mokėjimų balanso prognozavimas slenkančio vidurkio bei ekponentinio išlyginimo metodai, kad galima būtų numatyti jo perspektyvas. Išnagrinėjus teorinius ir praktinius Lietuvos mokėjimo balanso bei einamosios sąskaitos aspektus, pateikiamos išvados ir siūlymai.In this final master work under consideration are Lithuania national payments balance, its structure and regulation methods. Enlarge under consideration are current payments account and its deficit. Statistical national payments balance data analysis is executable from 1998 to 2007. Payments balance accounts (current, fund, financial) interdependence are well considered and relation common balance of payments account with GDP is pending in this work. At last national balance of payments prognostication is feasable in few methods to see its perspectives in future. After theoretical and practical aspects inspecting, finding and offering are proposed.
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Valentová, Půlpánová Lenka. "International standards for statistics on the government sector." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125221.
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The analysis of the government sector gained prominence after the World War II as the Keynesian theory attributed the government sector key importance in battling economic cycle and the post-war reconstruction and development involved state interventions on a large scale. In 1990s a strength-ened interest in the government sector was triggered by the need to coordinate fiscal policies and closely monitor fiscal health in the countries forming the Economic and Monetary Union. Finally, in the context of the recent global economic crisis, the government sector returned to the centre of the economic policy debate as fiscal policy was used as a main tool to fight the economic recession and subsequently sustainability of government finances became a pressing issue for many countries around the Globe. Increasing importance of the fiscal analysis and fiscal policymaking always generated and continues to generate demand for appropriate statistical data. The international statistical standards played a key role in meeting these requirements. This dissertation offers a comprehensive historical overview, a comparative analysis and evaluation of main internationally recognised statistical standards dealing with the government sector produced by the United Nations, the OECD, the European Communities (Eurostat), the IMF and the European Central Bank. It covers a period since the first international guidelines in late 1940s up to present. It analyses evolution of the statistical treatment of the government sector including its historical roots and gradual revisions and extensions to reflect changing needs and shifts in economic environment. The study compares individual standards with each other and across time and points out differences in basic definitions, concepts and classifications, the institutional coverage of the government sector, structure of government accounts and balancing items, integration of flow accounts with balance sheets and consolidation of transactions or stocks. The dissertation shows that the international statistical standards were successful in offering common statistical guidance, recommendations and best practices. The international organizations have proven to be well suited to deliver widely acknowledged standards. Their cooperation with national statistical agencies and engagement of the most competent experts in the field contributed to building credibility of these statistical systems, if properly applied. The comparative analysis also demonstrates a clear long-term effort of the international statistical community to enhance international harmonization. The application of the international statistical standards also improved quality and availability of government statistics as individual countries are in principle bound -- through their memberships in the international organizations -- to compile agreed data on the basis of a common methodology. This was in particular the case for EU countries for which provision of statistical data according to a given standard is legally binding, as the data are relevant for budgetary and surveillance procedures. As a special case, the history since early 1990s and current situation of statistics on the government sector in the Czech Republic is presented.
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Лопаткина, И. В., and Ю. В. Поготовка. "Влияние экономического потенциала Испании на формирование конкурентоспособности страны в условиях кризиса." Thesis, Дніпровський національний університет ім. Олеся Гончара, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/57369.
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В статье рассматривается влияние потенциала национальной экономики страны на ее конкурентоспособность в условиях кризиса, анализируется развитие экономики в целом, приводятся аргументы возможного успеха Испании по выходу из рецессии и конкурентные преимущества данного государства по сравнению с другими странами еврозоны, обобщаются мнения экспертов относительно экономической ситуации в Испании, делаются некоторые выводы по теме исследования.The article addresses the influence of country’s national economy potential on its competitiveness in crisis environment, as well as analyses the development of economy as a whole. The arguments for the Spain’s possible success in exiting the recession are presented together with the competitive advantages of Spain in comparison with other Eurozone countries. The article summarizes the opinions of experts concerning the situation in Spain and elaborates on existing research.
В статті розглядається вплив потенціалу національної економіки країни на її конкурентоспроможність в умовах кризи, аналізується розвиток економіки в цілому,наводяться аргументи можливого успіху Іспанії щодо виходу з рецесії і конкурентні переваги даної держави у порівнянні з іншими країнами єврозони, узагальнюються думки експертів відносно економічної ситуації в Іспанії, пропонуються деякі висновки за темою дослідження.
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Freitas, Filho Paulo Roberto de Sousa. "Efeitos do investimento em infraestrutura e de suas formas de financiamento no Brasil: uma abordagem de equilíbrio geral computável." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5017.
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Although infrastructure investment has a central role in economic development, it declined considerably in Brazil during the 1980 and 1990 decades. At the beginning of the 2000s it amounted to 2.2 \% of GDP, while in China and Chile it amounted to 7.3 \% and 6.5 \% of GDP, respectively. The private investment in infrastructure was not enough to offset the decline in public investment, which occurred because of the government's effort to achieve primary surpluses. Thus, the government faces a dilemma between balancing the budget and increasing the investment. In order to achieve the two goals, the investment must be financed. The aim of this work is to evaluate the impact of an increase in the infrastructure investment and its financing in the Brazilian economy. To do it, a dynamic computable general equilibrium model is used. It is simulated an increase in the investment for two years, equal to 1 \% of the GDP. The results show that, in the first three years, the increase in the GDP growth rate is higher when the investment is financed by reducing the government consumption (0.73 \%), it is moderate when the financing is done through the tax on production (0.33 \%) or foreign savings (0.34 \%), and it is lower when the financing is done by increasing the income tax (0.28 \%). Construction was the fastest growing sector (2.39 \% on average in the first 3 years). The contribution of this work was to obtain clear and useful results for policy making, enhance the understanding of the effects of infrastructure investment financing in the Brazilian economy, and analyze the sectorial impacts of this investment.
Embora o investimento em infraestrutura tenha um papel central no desenvolvimento econômico, ele reduziu-se muito no Brasil nas décadas 1980 e 1990. No início da década de 2000 equivalia a 2,2%do PIB, enquanto que na China e no Chile correspondia a 7,3% e 6,5%do PIB, respectivamente. O investimento privado em infraestrutura, não foi suficiente para compensar a redução do investimento público, que ocorreu por causa do esforço do governo para obter superávits primários. Assim, o governo enfrenta um dilema entre obter o equilíbrio orçamentário ou aumentar o investimento público. Para que os dois objetivos sejam alcançados é preciso que o investimento seja financiado. O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar o impacto do aumento do investimento em infraestrutura e de seu financiamento na economia brasileira. Para isso, utiliza-se um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável dinâmico. E simulado o aumento do investimento durante 2 anos, equivalente a 1 % do PIB. Os resultados mostram que, nos três primeiros anos, o aumento da taxa de crescimento do PIB é maior quando o investimento é financiado pela redução do consumo do governo (0,73 %), é moderada quando o financiamento é feito através do imposto sobre a produção (0,33 %) ou da poupança externa (0,34 %) e é menor quando o financiamento é feito através do aumento do imposto de renda (0,28 %). O setor que mais cresceu foi o de construção (2,39% em média nos 3 primeiros anos). A contribuição desse trabalho foi obter resultados claros e úteis para a tomada de decisões políticas, ampliar a compreensão dos efeitos do financiamento do investimento em infraestrutura na economia brasileira e analisar os impactos setoriais de tal investimento.
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Debras, Lucile. "Les relations entre le Parlement européen et les parlements nationaux depuis 1979 : étude comparative des cas allemands, belges et français." Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030150.
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La thèse analyse l’évolution des relations entre le Parlement européen (PE) et les parlements nationaux de Belgique, de France et e République fédérale d’Allemagne, depuis l’élection au suffrage universel direct du PE en 1979 jusqu’au début des années 2000, avec le lancement du débat constitutionnel. L’objectif est de comprendre le sens de cette évolution, la fonction des relations interparlementaires dans l’Union européenne (UE) et pour les Etats, et d’en mesurer la portée pour la réduction du déficit démocratique de l’UE, puisque ces relations parlementaires sont souvent justifiées comme un moyen de le résoudre. On s’intéressera aux rapports qu’entretiennent les parlements nationaux entre eux, afin de déterminer leur stratégie, unilatérale ou multilatérale, vis-à-vis du PE, et, inversement, la stratégie du PE face au rôle des parlements nationaux dans l’UE. Les positions des parlements face à la coopération interparlementaire sont marquées par les traditions nationales, comme le démontrent les débats internes. Ainsi, la coopération se révèle inexistante dans une première phase. Au détour des années 1990, dans une seconde phase, elle devient source de conflits comme de nombreuses initiatives : la création des Assises parlementaires ou de la Conférence des organes spécialisés dans les affaires communautaires (COSAC) - la France créant la polémique avec l’idée de fonder un Sénat européen. Dans une troisième phase, les relations entre le PE et les parlements nationaux se formalisent, grâce à leur reconnaissance progressive dans les Traités de Maastricht et d’Amsterdam jusqu’au début du débat sur l’avenir de l’Europe ; elles se confirment avec la Convention chargée d’établir une constitution européenneThis research analyses the evolution of the relationship between the European Parliament (EP) and the national parliaments of Belgium, France and the Federal Republic of Germany, from the first direct election of the EP in 1979 until the start of the constitutional debate at the beginning of the 21st century. The objective is to understand the direction of this evolution, the function of interparliamentary relations in the European Union (EU) and for the States, to measure their efficiency at reducing the democratic deficit in the UE, for these interparliamentary relations are often justified as a means of resolving this problem. We will focus on the interaction between national parliaments to determine their strategy, multilaterally or unilaterally, towards the EP, and on the strategy of the EP given the role of the national parliaments in the EU. The positioning of parliaments vis-à-vis the interparliamentary cooperation are characterised by national traditions, as the internal debates demonstrate. So the cooperation did not really exist in the first phase. In the second phase of the turnout of the 1990’s it became a source of conflict but also of many initiatives: the creation of the Assizes, the Conference of Community Affairs Committees of Parliaments (COSAC) or the French Parliament creating the debate with the “European Senate”. In a third phase, relations between the EP and the national parliaments are more formalised, thanks to the progressive recognition in the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam, until the start of the debate on the future of Europe; they are confirmed with the Convent, whose task is to establish a European constitutional
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Toïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
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Les changements environnementaux à l’échelle globale peuvent se traduire par une modification des conditions abiotiques et de la diversité biologique. La fonction de production des écosystèmes forestiers a la particularité d'être à la fois soumise à, et régulatrice de ces changements environnementaux. Il apparaît alors primordial de comprendre la manière dont la diversité en essences et les facteurs abiotiques exercent le contrôle de cette fonction. Au cours de mes travaux j’ai étudié la variation de l'effet du mélange d’essences sur leur productivité dans un contexte climatique et édaphique changeant. Grâce à une double approche, basée sur des données locales et des données de l'Inventaire forestier national, je me suis concentrée sur cinq espèces forestières européennes majeures en peuplements purs et bispécifiques : Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba et Picea abies. En plaine je montre que l'effet du mélange d’essences varie peu avec les facteurs abiotiques. De plus cet effet est déterminé par la tolérance à l'ombrage de l'espèce accompagnatrice. En montagne l’effet du mélange d’essences sur leur productivité est plus fort et positif lorsque les facteurs abiotiques sont les plus limitants pour la croissance. Ces résultats illustrent l’intérêt d'intégrer les facteurs abiotiques et les caractéristiques fonctionnelles des espèces comme déterminants de l'effet de la diversité biologique sur les fonctions de l'écosystèmeGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions
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Carlsson, Camilla. "Europeiska Unionens demokratiska underskott : -en textanalys av Lissabonfördraget." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31612.
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This essay focus on the European Union and its democracy both from a national perspective and from an international perspective. Furthermore, the essay center on the concept of democratic deficit, this in order to study the European Union´s status regarding the democratic legitimacy. This study intends to nuance the problems that previous research and previous researchers have defined as democratic deficits in the European Union and ends up in conducting a textual analysis of the latest European Union treaty, the Lisbon Treaty. The aim is that by using previous research on the democratic deficit in the European Union examine whether the Lisbon Treaty has enhanced the EU's position regarding democratic legitimacy. In other words, my study aims to identify what the deficit is and if it exists. The results show that the Lisbon Treaty has been trying to improve the democratic legitimacy and that some practical adjustments have been made, but it also show that there is much that still can be improved before citizens have full democratic rights.
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Faherty, Michael. "Consensus and Confusion: An Examination of Public Salience and Misperceptions of U.S. Budget Deficits and National Debt." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23834.
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A belief that reducing the budget deficit is important has long been a matter of exceptional public consensus in the U.S. As a political issue, the budget deficit is often the framing issue around major policy debates in Washington D.C. However, the public has deep and fundamental misperceptions about the deficit, which exceed misperceptions relating to other economic indicators. This dynamic diminishes the degree to which the public can send meaningful signals to its representatives on budgetary preferences, and weakens the democratic accountability of office-holders. Polling also indicates that mainstream economic opinion about the benefits of federal stimulus in a slow economy lacks credibility with the public. Therefore, understanding the nature and predictors of public misperceptions about the deficit, as well as the predictors of public salience with regard to budget imbalance, is important for understanding modern American politics. This dissertation improves upon the current understanding of public opinion on the budget deficit through a longitudinal examination of public salience of the budget deficit issue spanning the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations, and the development and analysis of a survey that resolves open questions about public perceptions of the issue. I find that public misperceptions on the deficit run deeper than previously understood, are significantly predicted by an individual’s approval or disapproval of the president, and are a significant predictor of increased salience of the issue. I also find that among various theories of the predictors of salience of the budget deficit issue to the public, agenda-setting by the media, a durable issue ownership for reducing the deficit in favor of Republicans, and substantially higher salience of the issue for men, have the most explanatory power for understanding public salience of the issue. I also find that variation in the relative size of the deficit itself is not a significant predictor of public salience, exemplifying how public opinion on the issue is alienated from democratic accountability.
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Дудченко, Вікторія Юріївна, Viktoriia Yuriivna Dudchenko, and Виктория Юрьевна Дудченко. "Фінансово-економічний механізм регулювання державного боргу України." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51472.
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Дисертація присвячена теоретичному обґрунтуванню побудови фінансово-економічного механізму регулювання державного боргу та розробці рекомендацій стосовно його практичної дії. У роботі сформовано постадійну та поелементну структуру фінансово-економічного механізму регулювання державного боргу. Розкрито сутність категорії „державний борг» та його придатність до регуляторного впливу. Досліджено зарубіжний досвід регулювання державного боргу. Проаналізовано еволюцію структури та механізму регулювання державного боргу за основними складовими. Обґрунтовано шляхи удосконалення механізму регулювання державного боргу. Поглиблено застосування базової моделі динаміки державного боргу за рахунок її розгляду в умовах профіциту державного бюджету. Здійснена оцінка параметрів моделі динаміки питомого державного боргу відповідно до діючої системи показників в Україні. Запропоновано основні засади програми регулювання державного боргу та напрями удосконалення боргового планування.The dissertation is devoted to theoretical substantiation for the financial and economic mechanism of state debt regulation and development of recommendations regarding its practical functioning. The paper offers a by stage structure of financial and economic mechanism of state debt regulation. It exposes the essence of the category “national debt” and its regulatory influence. The foreign experience of national debt regulation is explored. The paper analyzes the evolution of the structure and mechanism of national debt regulation and its basic elements. It further develops the ways for improving the mechanism of national debt regulation. It studies in depth the application of the base model of national debt dynamics in conditions of state budget proficit. The paper assesses the parameters of the national debt dynamics according to the system of indices existing in Ukraine. It offers the basic program of state debt regulation and ways to improve debt planning.
Диссертация посвящена теоретическому обоснованию построения финансово-экономического механизма регулирования государственного долга и разработке рекомендаций по его практическому действию. В работе сформирован Постадийный и поэлементную структуру финансово-экономического механизма регулирования государственного долга. Раскрыта сущность категории "государственный долг" и его пригодность к регуляторного влияния. Исследован зарубежный опыт регулирования государственного долга. Проанализирована эволюция структуры и механизма регулирования государственного долга по основным составляющим. Обоснованы пути совершенствования механизма регулирования государственного долга. Углубленно применения базовой модели динамики государственного долга за счет его рассмотрения в условиях профицита государственного бюджета. Осуществлена оценка параметров модели динамики удельного государственного долга в соответствии с действующей системы показателей в Украине. Предложены основные принципы программы регулирования государственного долга и направления совершенствования долгового планирования.
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Leite, Marcel Guedes. "Economia política das finanças subnacionais: teoria e análise empírica para os vinte e sete estados brasileiros na década de noventa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/4644.
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Previous issue date: 2005-04-08T00:00:00ZThe work investigates the determinants of the public finances of the Brazilian state governments in the Nineties, staring from the hypothesis that, despite the economic elements will be prominent, the neoclassical conception of management of the public finances is not adequate to treat the fiscal question as a whole, requiring it be understood as a political economy problem. From the analysis of available literature on the subject, a model is considered to investigate the effective importance of noneconomic variables on the public deficit and on the expenses of the Brazilian states. To analyze the influence of the political and institutional variables chosen – the ideology of the party in the state government; ideological coincidence with the party in the federal executive; fragmentation of the political representation of the executive, and of the legislative power; electoral competitiveness; participation of the electorate in the elections; and electoral cycle – the models were estimated through the econometrical technique for panel data, with data of the twenty-six states and the Federal District in the 1990 to 2000 period. To represent the public expenses, it was been used the not financial current expenses divided by the state GDP and to represent the public deficit, the primary fiscal result (not financial expenditures and revenues) divided by the state GDP. For the public expenses, the econometrical work showed up the existence of significant influence of all the proposed variables, while for the primary fiscal result only three variables (electoral cycle, fragmentation of the executive power and ideological coincidence of parties in the state and federal executive) revealed acceptable in statistical terms.
O trabalho investiga os elementos condicionantes das finanças públicas dos governos estaduais brasileiros nos anos noventa, partindo da hipótese de que, a despeito dos elementos econômicos serem relevantes, a concepção neoclássica de gestão das finanças públicas não é adequada para tratar a questão fiscal em toda sua extensão, exigindo que ela seja entendida como um problema de economia política. A partir da análise da literatura disponível sobre o tema, é proposto um modelo para se investigar a importância efetiva de variáveis não econômicas sobre o déficit público e sobre os gastos dos estados brasileiros. Para analisar a influência das variáveis políticas e institucionais escolhidas ¿ ideologia do partido no governo estadual, coincidência ideológica com o partido no poder executivo federal, fragmentação da representação política do poder executivo, e do poder legislativo, grau de competitividade eleitoral, participação do eleitorado no pleito e ciclo eleitoral os modelos foram estimados através da técnica econométrica para dados de painel, com dados dos vinte e seis estados e Distrito Federal no período de 1990 a 2000. Para representar os gastos públicos foram utilizadas as despesas correntes não financeiras divididas pelo PIB estadual e para representar o déficit público, o resultado fiscal primário (despesas e receitas não financeiras) dividido pelo PIB estadual. Para os gastos públicos o trabalho econométrico evidenciou a existência de influência significativa de todas as variáveis propostas, enquanto para o resultado fiscal primário, apenas as variáveis: ciclo eleitoral, fragmentação partidária do poder executivo e coincidência ideológica de partidos no poder executivo estadual e federal mostraram-se estatisticamente aceitáveis.
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Sucharipa, Ernst. "Die Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (GASP) der Europäischen Union im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen : Bestandsaufnahme, Defizite, Chancen." Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/6120/.
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Inhalt:
- I. Die Relevanz der Vereinten Nationen für eine Gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik der Europäischen Union
- II. Rechtliche und „pararechtliche“ Grundlagen der EU-Zusammenarbeit
- III. Praktische Gestaltung der EU-Zusammenarbeit bei den Vereinten Nationen.
- 1. Generalversammlung
- 2. Sicherheitsrat
- IV. Die Vereinten Nationen als Thema der Brüsseler Institutionen
- V. Zur Vertretung der EU im Sicherheitsrat (einige abschließende Anmerkungen)
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Godinho, McArthur Fabiana [Verfasser]. "Der Schutz der kulturellen Identität im Schulwesen am Beispiel Brasiliens: Völkerrechtliche Vorgaben, nationale Entwicklungen und verbleibende Defizite / Fabiana Godinho McArthur." Aachen : Shaker, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159836248/34.
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Severino, Maria do Perp?tuo Socorro Rocha Sousa. "As pessoas com defici?ncia no mercado de trabalho: express?o das desigualdades sociais." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17860.
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Previous issue date: 2007-06-15This work was developed in the extent of the Post Graduation Program in Social Service of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. It talks about the process of inclusion of the disabled people in the Job market in Mossor?-RN, bringing for the academic debate relevant thematic for the Brazilian society, for the profession of Social Service and similar areas and for the people with deficiency. It has the objective to apprehend the determiners that make possible the process of the disabled people's inclusion in the Job market in Mossor?, having as parameter the National Politics for the Integration of People Bearers of Deficiency. The critical theoretical perspective is backed in Marx's ideas for the understanding concerning the work, as well as in Pochamann, concerning the job market, regarding the exclusion/inclusion category is based in Martins, Yasbek and Sposati and on deficiency in the National Politics for the Integration of the Disabled People. The research is of qualitative nature and it took as subjects 26 (twenty-six) people, being 09 (nine) people with deficiency, inserted in the formal job and regulated market, and 17 (seventeen) managers of private companies and public institutions of the city of Mossor?-RN. For the collection of data we used techniques of nonsystemic observation, semi-structured interview and documental analysis. The results of the research mark that any modality of the human workforce used in the current context, they are functional to the capitalism and they move forward towards exploration, alienation and subordination of the work to the capital; the National Politics for the Integration of the People with Deficiency expresses and reproduces the contradictory dynamics of the class society, it reflects the neo liberal shades through the selectivity and of the articulation among the federated beings and organizations of the civil society for its operational system; there is a misproportion between the percentages of the quotas and the amount of people with deficiency inserted in the job market, just corresponding to a tiny numeric magnitude; the developed activities are of low social status and it is expressive the amount of workers that receives between one and two minimum wages. These data drive us to infer that the mentioned politics make possible, partly, the inclusion of the disabled people in the job market, though, such inclusion is executed in the selective or focused dimensions, marginal, precarious and unstable
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no ?mbito do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Servi?o Social da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Trata do processo de inclus?o de pessoas com defici?ncia no Mercado de Trabalho em Mossor?-RN, trazendo para o debate acad?mico tem?tica relevante para a sociedade brasileira, para a profiss?o de Servi?o Social e ?reas afins e para as pessoa com defici?ncia. Objetiva apreender os determinantes que viabilizam o processo de inclus?o das pessoas com defici?ncia no Mercado de Trabalho em Mossor?, tendo como par?metro a Pol?tica Nacional para a Integra??o de Pessoas Portadoras de Defici?ncia. A perspectiva te?rica cr?tica que perpassa este trabalho respalda-se nas id?ias de Marx para a compreens?o acerca do trabalho, bem como em Pochmann, Antunes acerca do mercado de trabalho, a respeito da categoria exclus?o/inclus?o fundamenta-se em Martins, Yasbek e Sposati e sobre defici?ncia na Pol?tica Nacional para a Integra??o das Pessoas Portadoras de Defici?ncia. A pesquisa ? de natureza qualitativa e tomou como sujeitos investigativos 26 (vinte e seis) pessoas, sendo 09 (nove) pessoas com defici?ncia, inseridas no mercado de trabalho formal e regulamentado, e 17 (dezessete) gestores de empresas privadas e institui??es p?blicas da cidade de Mossor?-RN. Para a coleta de dados utilizamos t?cnicas de observa??o assistem?tica, entrevista semi-estruturada e an?lise documental. Os resultados da pesquisa assinalam que sejam quais forem as modalidades de utiliza??o da for?a de trabalho humano no atual contexto, elas s?o preponderantemente funcionais ao capitalismo e avan?am em dire??o a explora??o, aliena??o e subordina??o do trabalho ao capital; a Pol?tica Nacional para a Integra??o das Pessoas com Defici?ncia expressa e reproduz a din?mica contradit?ria da sociedade de classe, reflete os matizes neoliberais atrav?s da seletividade e da articula??o entre os entes federados e organiza??es da sociedade civil para a sua operacionaliza??o; h? uma desproporcionalidade entre os percentuais das cotas e a quantidade de pessoas com defici?ncia inseridas no mercado de trabalho, correspondendo apenas a uma ?nfima magnitude num?rica; as atividades desenvolvidas s?o de baixo status social e ? expressiva a quantidade de trabalhadores que recebe entre um a dois sal?rios m?nimos. Estes dados conduzem-nos a inferir que a citada pol?tica viabiliza, em parte, a inclus?o das pessoas com defici?ncia no mercado de trabalho, uma vez que, tal inclus?o efetiva-se nas dimens?es seletiva ou focalizada, marginal, prec?ria e inst?vel
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Silvarová, Lenka. "Analýza definic činnostních rolí v základních registrech veřejné správy v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-207009.
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The thesis deals with the topic of basic registers and specific agendas' activity roles that are analyzed based on a questionnaire survey. It gives the basic overview of e-Government and the basic registers of public administration as part of e-Government. Based on the questionnaire survey conducted on particular Land Register and Register offices the structure and definition of the agenda activity roles are evaluated and the thesis identifies the intensity of various activity roles use in practice. It is concluded that the activity roles of A124 agenda are defined in the way that approximately corresponds to the actual execution of the agenda and that all the roles are actually more or less in use. On the contrary, when it comes to A414 agenda, the number of reported roles is quite maximalist. The thesis reveals that some of the activity roles are not being executed in practice at all, or they are in use only at certain offices. 67 % of both A124 and A414 agenda activity roles were proved to be defined the way that fully corresponds to the actual use of these agendas. These activity roles are being used quite often.
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Azopardi, Keith. "Sovereignty and the stateless nation : how has Gibraltar’s democratic and governance deficit emerged and how should it be addressed in the modern European legal context?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479004.
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Haddaoui, Mohamed. "Analyse économique et politico-économique du comportement des décideurs publics : les fonctions de réaction des autorités monétaires françaises 1971.I - 1990.IV." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF10006.
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La régulation macro-économique a nécessité une ingérence croissante et massive de l’Etat dans l’économie. En conséquence, l’analyse économique se doit d’intégrer (endogénéiser) le comportement des décideurs publics dans ses schémas théoriques. Les fonctions de réaction constituent un instrument analytique qui permet de s’interroger sur les mobiles qui conditionnent les choix en matière de politique économique. Leur hypothèse de base consiste à doter l’Etat et les organismes bureaucratiques placés sous sa tutelle d’un schéma de rationalité cohérent ; celui-là même prêté par l’analyse économique traditionnelle à tout individu, à savoir la satisfaction de l’intérêt individuel. Au niveau de la politique monétaire, l’analyse du comportement de la Banque Centrale face au Gouvernement a permis de rendre compte des choix effectués dans ce domaine et d’analyser leur évolution sur les décennies 70 et 80Macroeconomic regulation have implied an increasing interference of the State in the economic private activity. Consequently, economic analysis must endogenies the behavior of public decision makers. The reaction function of the authorities is an analytical instrument which permit to analyse political economic choices of decision makers. Their basic hypothesis is to consider that State ans its bureaucratic agents, like individuals in traditional economic analysis, have their own preferences. On the ground of monetary policy, analysis of behavior if Central Bank and Government have allowed to study the evolution of the choices of the authorities overs 70s and 80s
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Soalla, Wendkouni Lydie Sophie. "L'action des institutions financières internationales et leur impact sur les systèmes nationaux : aspects budgétaires et fiscaux. Le cas du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30083.
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Depuis son accession à l’indépendance, le Burkina Faso est à la recherche d’une politique publique de développement qui lui permette de sortir de son état de « sous-développement ». La politique budgétaire a, de ce fait, été instituée en catalyseur d’un développement économique et social durable. Mais les errements budgétaires des Gouvernements qui se sont succédé ont plutôt entraîné une triple crise : une crise de la dette, une crise des déficits publics et une crise économique. A compter des années 1990, le FMI et la Banque Mondiale sont intervenus, aux côtés des autorités burkinabé, dans le cadre d’une double assistance technique et financière afin de réformer, structurellement, la politique budgétaire. Cette intervention va s’installer durablement dans la politique interne burkinabé. En deux décennies, la politique des finances sera orientée au gré de la doctrine budgétaire et des priorités définies par le FMI et la Banque Mondiale : les programmes d’ajustement structurel, puis la politique de lutte contre la pauvreté vont tenter de réaliser les objectifs de croissance économique, puis de croissance économique et sociale, grâce à une réforme de la politique de dépenses budgétaires et de la politique de ressources budgétaires. Seulement, quelque soit l’objectif pris en considération, les résultats atteints restent bien éloignés des résultats escomptés en termes de restructuration de la dette, des dépenses et des ressources budgétaires. Cette dynamique de réformes permet néanmoins de s’interroger, au vu des expériences passées, sur le rôle à attribuer à l’Etat au Burkina Faso, à la politique budgétaire, au FMI et à la Banque Mondiale, aux institutions communautaires ouest-africaines dans le processus de développement que le Burkina Faso doit nécessairement relancer, afin que ces décennies de réformes ne soient pas considérées comme inutilesSince its independence, Burkina Faso is seeking public policy development that allows him to leave his state of "underdevelopment". Fiscal policy has, therefore, been established as a catalyst for sustainable economic and social development. But mistakes budget successive Governments have instead led to a triple crisis: a debt crisis, a crisis of deficits and an economic crisis. Beginning in the 1990s, the IMF and the World Bank intervened alongside Burkinabe authorities, within a double technical and financial assistance to reform structurally fiscal policy. This intervention will settle permanently in the internal politics of Burkina Faso. In two decades, finance policy will be geared to suit the budget doctrine and priorities defined by the IMF and the World Bank: the structural adjustment programs and the political fight against poverty will try to achieve the objectives of economic growth, and economic growth and social reform through policy and budgetary spending policy of budgetary resources. But whatever the goal under consideration, the results achieved are far removed from the expected results in terms of debt restructuring, expenditure and budgetary resources. This dynamic reforms can nevertheless wonder, in view of past experience, the appropriate role for the state in Burkina Faso, fiscal policy, the IMF and the World Bank, the Community institutions in West Africa the development process as Burkina Faso must necessarily raise, so that decades of reforms are not considered necessary
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Hoffbeck, Valentine. "De l'arriéré au malade héréditaire : histoire de la prise en charge et des représentations du handicap mental en France et Allemagne (1890-1934)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG047/document.
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Cette thèse aborde l'histoire des enfants et adultes handicapés mentaux en France et en Allemagne entre 1890 et le milieu des années 1930. Ce travail prend pour objet les personnes atteintes de déficience mentale, qualifiées à l'époque de « débiles mentaux », « imbéciles », « idiots » ou du terme plus générique d' « arriérés ». Cette étude apporte un éclairage nouveau sur plusieurs thèmes, en adoptant une perspective transnationale pour éclairer la circulation et les résistances dans les pratiques médicales et pédagogiques destinées aux arriérés. Cherchant à mettre en valeur la part de construction qui est en jeu dans l'élaboration de ces catégories nosographiques, les critères aboutissant à créer la « faiblesse d'esprit » (Schwachsinnigkeit) sont étudiés à travers de points de vue variés (famille, instituteurs, psychologues et aliénistes). On montre ainsi comment la catégorie est forgée par ceux qui les observent au quotidien. A l'échelle des institutions étudiées, l'évolution des pratiques asilaires démontre une volonté progressive de rationaliser le tri entre ceux qu'on pense « éducables » et les « incurables » par l'emploi d'outils tels que les tests psychométriques. La thèse démontre aussi comment les arriérés sont envisagés peu à peu comme une charge, voire un danger à l'échelle nationale. Après la Grande Guerre, le coût de leur prise en charge est vu comme un fardeau dans les deux pays, justifiant une rationalisation des soins qui leur sont accordés. Ils sont surtout considérés comme porteurs de tares transmissibles héréditairement, soit des individus qu'il s'agit de sélectionner voire d'éliminer en tant que danger sanitaire. La thèse explore ces deux aspects observés en France comme en Allemagne, et leur part dans la légitimation de la stérilisation forcée des arriérés comme « Malades héréditaires » mises en place par la loi adoptée dès les premiers mois de l'avènement du IIIe Reich, ainsi que les réactions du milieu psychiatrique françaisThe topic of this PhD dissertation is the history of mentally deficient children and adults in both France and Germany between 1890 and 1934. This work focuses on people who suffered from mental retardation although at that time they would have been referred to as "feeble-minded," "idiots" or "imbeciles." This study provides a new focus on different subjects. The various circulations of medical models are considered in a dynamic perspective. lt also provides an original vision of the construction of the category of feeblemidness, influenced by agents like doctors [psychiatrists], families or teachers, questioning what was done in practical terms. Mentally deficient people were shaped by the gaze of the people they interacted with. They are also examined in a social and economic context to which these individuals respond. The evolution of the characterization of feeble-mindedness and the use of intelligence tests highlight various attempts to classify those individuals in a more rational way. From a more specific psychiatrie point of view, this thesis shows how the emphasis on their classification as "unproductive persans" as well as the description of feeble-mindedness as a hereditary and "racial" disease transformed them into a social issue in the context of the rise of social Darwinism and eugenics, which led fo their sterilization in Germany from 1934 on
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YANG, SHU-MEI, and 楊淑美. "Exploring the Factors of the Financial Surplus or Deficit School Fund for National High Schools." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9qps4m.
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Chan, Wen-Fu, and 詹文福. "The Impact of Depreciation and Amortization on the Financial Surplus or Deficit in National Universities." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39616557593331199913.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班
102
Since 1999 onwards, in Taiwan the national universities/colleges have started to comprehensively implement school fund system. Although it has been beforehand prepared many years, after more than a decade’s implementation, there are still many universities/colleges that cannot reach balance between income and expenditure financially. Among them, both failing to grow year after year and failing to improve the deficit actively have always been the two main issues concerned by the supervisory authorities and each university/college. Except that, the prior research associated with the school fund mostly centers on the discussion of the school fund performance. Few of them explore the real causes of poor performance of the school fund. In addition, in the perspective of discussing the problems of school fund most of them cannot be viewed empirically. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the accounting treatment of school fund capital assets, which uses the empirical analysis of the depreciation and amortization in the case that influences the current period’s deficit to simulate the analysis of the national university’s due current period financial surplus or deficit. The findings in the current study, in-between 2010 and 2013 there are about 80 percent of university’s school fund which appears deficit and has the trend of increase annually. However, the working cash flow shows positive every year, in which the expenditure of the depreciation and amortization without influencing cash accounts for 13 percent of national universities’ operating costs and expense. After the regression analysis, it shows the real property, buildings and equipment have significantly negative influence on the deficit of the current period financial surplus/deficit, the components of which such as asset funds, custodial assets on behalf, and donated surplus are the same. As a whole, the research reveals the depreciation and amortization are the key vital factors that influence the deficit of the current period financial surplus/deficit. After performing simulation analyses further, it finds that there are no financial deficits of all national universities’ school fund if all or 75% of the depreciation and amortization expenditures are recognized as revenues. However, it appears around 10% of national universities’ school fund are under financial deficit if 50% of the depreciation and amortization are recognized as revenues. Furthermore, it will appear half of national universities are under financial deficit if 25% of the depreciation and amortization are recognized as revenues. After the analysis of all case schools, this study finds that using the calculating alternative of “without financial deficit” or the depreciation account treatment to change the alternative, it can increase 200 million in earnings for all schools and can get schools out of the red, which is worthy of references for managers.
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Huang, Chun-Shiang, and 黃春香. "A study on business opportunity for medical insurance created from financial deficit existing on national health insurance." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54724317047937927648.
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碩士淡江大學
保險學系保險經營碩士在職專班
95
The purpose of the thesis is to study the insufficient medical payment and the financial problem that NHI is facing now.Owning to the insufficient medical payment,life insurance companies therefore enjoy more business opportunities .However, though life insurance companies may increase their sales revenue, they also have to pay more attention to risk assessments, such as the Risk Based Capital (RBC), the underwriting strategies and claim procedures for health insurance. We expect that the conclusion of this study will provide life insurers and non-life insurers for reference.
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Hu, Chieh-Jen, and 胡潔仁. "Association between dental composite resin restoration and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children from Taiwan National Health Insurance Database." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5734cq.
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碩士中山醫學大學
牙醫學系碩士班
106
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions. The exact etiology of ADHD is still unclear, but many studies have confirmed that perinatal or neonatal exposure to low-dose (bisphenol A) BPA will contribute to ADHD. BPA has recently received increased attention. BPA is used widely to make polycarbonate plastics such as those in hard plastic baby and water bottles and epoxy resins such as those in dental sealants and resin-based composites. Resin-based composites are becoming most popular filling material for prepared cavity nowadays, especially in children. We designed this nationwide population-based nested case-control study to figure out the relationship between composite resin treatment and ADHD in Taiwanese children. Our study used the Longitudinal Health Insurance Databases (LHID 2010) from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan (NHIRD-TW). Subjects of the study was included children birth years are between 1998 and 2005, and patients who received operative dentistry (OD) treatment between January 2000 and December 2008 from the NHIRD-TW. OD treatment. In conclusion, we found that patients who had received dental composite resin OD treatment had higher risk for ADHD diagnosis than patients who never received composite resin OD treatment (adjusted Odds ratio; OR=1.246 ; 95% CI=0.68–0.93), and ADHD risk is higher in male then female. (male OR=1.278; 95% CI=1.142-1.431; female OR=1.139; 95% CI=0.919-1.411). Moreover, in the frequency of resin OD treatment above 8 times group had higher odds ratio to ADHD diagnosis (OR=1.206; 95% CI=1.099-1.324) compared with group who had resin OD treatment below 8 times (OR=1.166; 95% CI=1.068-1.273). Otherwise, the duration from first composite resin OD treatment to ADHD diagnosis over 1 year had greater effect to odds ratio of ADHD diagnosis compared with under 1 year (OR=1.246 vs OR=1.185).
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Belicka, Samuel. "Trade patterns and determinants in selected trade deficit categories in Australia: 1990-2006." Thesis, 2010. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16005/.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian Trade Deficit (TD) has been increasing in the past 50 years, and this deficit has become more significant in the last few decades. This rising TD level in Australia has brought the national debt level to a new height, making this country one of the world‟s highest debt-ridden countries. The most alarming fact associated with these trends is that Australia‟s ability to service the increasing debt levels in the future has been diminishing since the increasing debt levels in Australia have been predominantly used for Consumption (C) rather than for gross capital formation. The diminishing ability to service the increasing debt levels in Australia is due to the fact that the TD level is increasing as a proportion of the Australian Gross Domestic Product (GDP), while the Australian gross capital formation as a proportion of the Australian debt is one of the lowest amongst the major debtor countries in the world.
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Mathfield, Damon. ""Can the national budget influence investment and growth? : - a Ricardian perspective"." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1328.
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Since Ricardo's nineteenth-century suggestion that the mean's of financing government spending is irrelevant, theoretical debate concerning the burden of government debt has been vigorousThesis (M.Econ.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Knutelská, Viera. "Institucionální aspekty demokratického deficitu: role národních parlamentů v evropských záležitostech." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-305915.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation deals with institutional aspects of the democratic deficit of the European Union, particularly the powers of national parliaments and their capabilities to influence decision-making at the European level. The national parliaments' role in European integration became an interesting research area thanks to their greater involvement in the EU affairs in the last twenty years. However, because of the many developments of the European integration in the last twenty years (including both deepening and broadening of integration), many questions remain open. These include involvement of national parliaments both on European level and on national level; for obvious reasons, the latter has been studied less regarding the parliaments of the Member States that joined the Union in 2004 and 2007. While this dissertation deals with some aspects of the work of national parliaments of all Member States, more detailed studies are devoted to the cases of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. This dissertation poses questions in the three main areas of research that are all devoted to some practical aspects of national parliaments' involvement in European affairs. First, it examines the involvement of national parliaments at the European level and whether national parliaments do have the...
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Petříková, Lucia. "Selhání implementace státní kulturní politiky na příkladu projektu stavby nové budovy Národní knihovny." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298544.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis focuses on a chosen public policy issue, as a part of cultural policy, namely on an implementation of a project of new building of National library of Czech Republic in Prague, arisen from an international architecture competition. This thesis has a form of a case study paper and investigates all relevant events and circumstances of the case, as well as interested stakeholders. They were characterised to disclose their possible role in implementation deficit, which occurred in the case. The aim of this thesis is to provide complex insight into the case, to find the point of implementation deficit in the process and to identify the values and hidden motivations of stakeholders. The thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, there is a summary of theoretical knowledge about public policy and implementation process and its analysis. The author describes three possible approaches to implementation analysis. Second chapter focuses on culture and its specifics, in the forming of culture policy. The third chapter is a complete analysis of the case, including event analysis and stakeholder analysis. In the conclusion, the author sums up the identified causes of implementation deficit and gives recommendations for possible future implementation of a similar cultural project.
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Jesus, Maria Antónia Jorge de. "A contabilidade pública e a contabilidade nacional: principais divergências e implicações no défice público em Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/1442.
Full textAbstract:
Nesta tese são identificadas as principais diferenças entre a Contabilidade Pública (CP – perspectiva micro económica) e a Contabilidade Nacional (CN – perspectiva macroeconómica), com enfoque em Portugal, tendo sido analisados empiricamente os principais ajustamentos na transposição dos dados do sector das Administrações Públicas (APUS) das Contas Públicas para as Contas Nacionais. É, também, avaliado o impacto das diferenças contabilísticas no cálculo do défice público, um dos rácios que permite aferir o cumprimento dos critérios de Maastricht, os quais têm como suporte dados provenientes da Contabilidade Pública.
Do ponto de vista teórico, foram assinaladas as seguintes áreas onde as diferenças entre os dois sistemas se fazem sentir: diferenças associadas à definição da entidade informativa e do âmbito do sector das APUS, à preparação e relato de demonstrações financeiras consolidadas, aos critérios de reconhecimento e valorimetria e às relações entre as entidades daquele sector e as empresas públicas.
O estudo empírico, tendo como principal suporte entrevistas realizadas junto dos responsáveis pela preparação das Contas Nacionais do INE e da DGO, permitiu concluir que o sistema de Contabilidade Pública em Portugal não satisfaz inteiramente os requisitos do SEC95, apesar das reformas em curso terem representado uma aproximação entre os dois sistemas. Foram avaliadas as principais diferenças contabilísticas, bem como os consequentes ajustamentos de transposição, tendo-se concluído que o seu impacto no défice público notificado por Portugal no contexto do PDE, entre 2004 e 2007 é, quantitativamente significativo, principalmente os ajustamentos de base contabilística. A diversidade e magnitude dos ajustamentos põem em causa a qualidade dos dados notificados, justificando a necessidade de alinhamento entre os dois sistemas, nomeadamente quanto aos critérios de reconhecimento.This thesis identifies the main differences between Governmental Accounting (GA – microeconomic perspective) and National Accounting (NA – macroeconomic perspective), focalised in Portugal and analysing as an empiric study, the main adjustments to be made to the General Government Sector (GGS) data when converting from Governmental Accounts to National Accounts. It is also assessed the impact of the accounting differences on the public deficit, as one of the macroeconomic aggregates that Portugal must report as a member-State of the European Union, obliged to accomplish the convergence criteria of the Maastricht Treaty, based on GA data sources. From the conceptual point of view, we have identified the main differences between the two accounting systems (GA and NA) as: differences related to the scope of the reporting entity, the preparation of consolidated financial statements, the recognition (cash basis versus accrual basis) and measurement (historical cost versus market prices) criteria and the relationship between GGS and government business enterprises. The empiric study, based on interviews to people from INE and DGO, responsible for the National Accounts preparation, and on several documental sources, allows us to conclude that the GA system in Portugal does not meet all ESA95 requirements, in spite of the reform process reform still in implementation, representing some convergence between both systems. The impact of the accounting differences and consequent adjustments on the Portuguese EDP notifications, from 2004 to 2007, is relevant and large, mainly concerning the accounting basis adjustments. The diversity and magnitude of the adjustments make the quality of the EDP notifications questionable, justifying the need for an alignment between the two systems, namely in what concerns the recognition criteria.
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Mounier, Antoine. "Le contrôle parlementaire des affaires européennes : quelle influence sur les attitudes envers l’UE?" Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25629.
Full textAbstract:
Le contrôle des parlements nationaux envers les affaires européennes a récemment reçu beaucoup d’attention autant des institutions de l’Union européenne (UE) que des auteurs participant à la littérature sur le déficit démocratique. Pour autant, si plusieurs travaux ont démontré comment ce contrôle pouvait contribuer à améliorer la médiatisation des enjeux européens ou encore la transposition des directives, son rôle sur les attitudes des citoyens tient souvent du postulat et n’a jusqu’à présent fait l’objet d’aucune recherche. En mobilisant les données issues du projet Observatory of National Parliaments after Lisbon (OPAL) récoltées entre 2010 et 2012, cette étude adopte une méthodologie quantitative avec pour ambition de mesurer l’influence que le contrôle parlementaire des affaires européennes pourrait avoir dans la formation des attitudes envers l’UE. Étant donné que les attitudes envers le niveau national et européen sont étroitement reliées, nous avons en premier lieu démontré que le contrôle parlementaire participait à renforcer la confiance envers le parlement national. En ce qui concerne le niveau européen, nos résultats indiquent que le contrôle parlementaire semble avoir un effet antagoniste sur la confiance envers l’UE avec d’une part la capacité institutionnelle des parlements ayant un effet positif, et d’autre part l’activité parlementaire ayant un effet négatif. Cette recherche, bien qu’exploratoire et donc perfectible, pose ainsi les bases d’une meilleure compréhension du rôle que pourraient jouer les parlements nationaux dans la formation des attitudes envers l’UE.The oversight of national parliaments over European affairs has recently received a great deal of attention, both from institutions of the European Union (EU) and from authors contributing to the literature on the democratic deficit. However, while several studies have shown how this control could contribute positively to the media coverage of European issues or to the transposition of directives, its role on citizens' attitudes is often postulated and has so far not been demonstrated. By mobilizing data from the Observatory of National Parliaments after Lisbon (OPAL) project collected between 2010 and 2012, this study adopts a quantitative methodology with the ambition of measuring the influence that parliamentary oversight over European affairs could have in shaping attitudes towards the EU. Since attitudes towards the national and European level are closely linked, I first demonstrated that parliamentary oversight helps to build confidence in the national parliament. Regarding the European level, the results indicate that parliamentary control seems to have an antagonistic effect on trust in the EU; on the one hand, the institutional capacity of parliaments have a positive effect, and on the other hand, the parliamentary activity has a negative effect. This research, although exploratory and therefore preliminary, thus lays the foundations for a better understanding of the role that national parliaments could potentially play in shaping attitudes towards the EU.
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Soung, Pi-Or, and 宋碧娥. "A Study of Dental Care in Dental Resource Deficient Areas in Kao-Ping Branch of the Bureau of National Health Insurance." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54269213012648275321.
Full textAbstract:
碩士高雄醫學大學
口腔衛生科學研究所碩士在職專班
94
Background: Based on the right of health care of the people and the obligation of medical service from the government, the study is conducted to understand the supply of dental manpower, the accessibility of dental care and the utilization of dental treatment in dental resource deficient area. Objectives: 1.To evaluate the supply and utilization of dental services from 2002 to 2004 in the project of “Improving the Experimental Plan for Medical Practice and Medical Tour in Dental Treatment Resource Deficient Area”. 2.To understand the utilization of dental treatment by the proposers domiciled in “dental treatment resource deficient area “, defined by the Bureau of National Health Insurance Kao-Ping Branch. 3.To collect opinions from dentists going service on dental resource deficient area by phone survey. Materials and Methods: The study is an analysis of secondary data. There are 274,679 insurers domiciled in dental resource deficient areas. Data used to estimate the amount of persons seeking for dental treatment (practice group and tour group) and the expenses include ID number, towns of domiciled, gender, age, health insurance cards, medical orders and treatment details. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics. Results and suggestion︰ 1.For utilization of dental treatment, the ratio of practice group to tour group in patient numbers and expenses was about 20:80 and 7:93. In 2004, the average visit of each dental patient was 1.3 in Kaohsiung county (KC), 1.8 in Pingtung county (PTC) and 1.8 in Penghu county (PHC). The declared daily growth rate of dental visit was 6% in practice group and 38.6% in tour group when compared to 2003. Although the patient numbers in tour group increased 92.1% in 2004, the average service day per dentist was -27.8% in growth rate. Most of the patients (80.7%) were between age of 5 and 14. 2.For utilization of dental care, the annual demand rate (total cases in deficient area/ total cases by these insurers) in 2002, 2003 and 2004 was 3.4%, 6.5% and 10.7% respectively. For accessibility of dental care in 2004, the ratio of insurer seeking for dental treatment is 18% in KC, 22% in PTC and 33% in PHC. The expense per dental patient was 1356 NTD in KC, 2051 in PTC and 1669 in PHC. All were exceeded the national average (1181) and average (923) of whole dental resource deficient areas. The expense per visit was 1015 in KC, 1162 in PTC and 941 in PHC. The filling materials used for caries was mainly amalgam in children and resin in adults. 3.Phone survey of dentist going service in theses areas shows that service for the people and reward for the society are their main purpose. Discussion and Suggestion ： The government is using methods similar to the United State government such as state-financed program and salary raise for increasing the supply of dental manpower and the dental accessibility in dental resource deficient areas. As a whole, the practice effect is not so satisfactory when compared to medical tour .The accessibility of dental treatment in KC and PTC was under but in PHC has nearly reached the national standard (33.47%). It was mostly by tour not by practice. The demand rate was only 3.4-10.7%. I suggest that the dental treatment service needs to be enhanced in order to reach reasonable balance between its amount and expenses. Key word: Dental Treatment Resource Deficient Areas, Utilization of Dental Treatment
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Malan, Linda. "Effects of iron and omega-3 supplementation on the immune system of iron deficient children in South Africa : a randomised controlled trial / Linda Malan." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15388.
Full textAbstract:
Background
Iron deficiency (ID) is the world‟s most prevalent micronutrient deficiency and predominantly affects developing countries, also South Africa. In areas with low fish consumption and high n-6 PUFA vegetable oil intake, there is a risk for having inadequate n-3 PUFA status. Both iron and n-3 PUFA play important roles in the immune response, and supplementation is a strategy to alleviate deficiencies. However, little is known about potential interactive effects between concurrent iron and n-3 PUFA supplementation on the immune system. This is also important in the context that iron supplementation may be unsafe and may increase morbidity and mortality.
Aim
The overall aim of this thesis was to assess the effects of iron and docosahexaenoic (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation, alone and in combination, on the immune system of ID children. More specifically, these effects were investigated on the occurrence and duration of illness and school-absenteeism due to illness, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), red blood cell (RBC) and plasma total phospholipid fatty acid composition, iron status, fatty acid-derived immune modulators and targeted PBMC gene expression. Furthermore, association of PBMC, RBC and plasma total phospholipid fatty acid composition with allergic disease, were also examined.
Design
In a 2-by-2 factorial, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, South African children (n = 321, aged 6–11 y) were randomly assigned to receive oral supplements of either 1) iron (50 mg as ferrous sulphate) plus placebo; 2) DHA/EPA (420/80 mg) plus placebo; 3) iron plus DHA/EPA (420/80 mg); or 4) placebo plus placebo for 8.5 mo, four times per week. Absenteeism and illness symptoms were recorded and biochemical parameters for compliance as well as parameters fundamental to immune function were assessed at baseline and endpoint. Furthermore, in a cross-sectional design, associations of allergic disease with baseline fatty acid composition of PBMC, RBC and plasma were examined.
Results
The combination of iron and DHA/EPA significantly attenuated respiratory illness caused by iron supplementation. DHA/EPA supplementation alone improved respiratory symptoms at school, but increased headache-related absenteeism. DHA/EPA and iron supplementation individually tended to increase and decrease anti-inflammatory DHA and EPA-derived mediators,
respectively. Furthermore the anti-inflammatory DHA-derived immune mediator, 17HDHA was higher in the DHA/EPA plus placebo and iron plus DHA/EPA groups than in the iron plus placebo group. Also, the pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA)-derived modulators (5- and 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid) were significantly lower in the iron plus DHA/EPA group compared to the placebo plus placebo groups.
In the study population, 27.2% of the children had allergic disease and AA in PBMC phospholipids was significantly lower in the allergic children than in the non-allergic children. In RBC phospholipids dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and the ratio of DGLA: linoleic acid (LA) correlated negatively and the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio positively with total immunoglobulin E (tIgE). Furthermore, trans-C18:1n-9, tended to be higher in the allergic group.
Conclusion
DHA/EPA prevented respiratory illness caused by iron supplementation and although DHA/EPA on its own reduced respiratory morbidity when the children were present at school, surprisingly it increased the likelihood of being absent with headache and fever. The biochemical findings compliment the clinical results and support previous observations about DHA/EPA supplementation to reduce inflammation, but add to the current knowledge base that a relatively high oral dose of non-haem iron modulates circulating lipid-derived immune modulators and related gene expression. Furthermore, when supplementing with iron and DHA/EPA combined, in this ID population with low fish intake, the anti-inflammatory effect of DHA/EPA is maintained concurrently with attenuation of respiratory morbidity. This finding support the notion that excess iron (probably as non-transferrin bound iron) becomes available for pathogens and is probably why we found that iron increased respiratory infectious morbidity. The improved clinical outcome with combined supplementation seems to be related to increased lipid-mediator synthesis gene expression and the availability of DHA/EPA, leading to a more pro-resolving profile and enhanced immune competence.
Overall these results give better insight into immune function and infectious morbidity in relation to n-3 PUFA and iron status and treatment, as well as the possible association of fatty acid status with allergic disease in young South-African school children.PhD (Nutrition), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015