Relevant bibliographies by topics / National deficit

Academic literature on the topic 'National deficit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "National deficit"

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Rubavičius, Vytautas. "EUROPEAN DEMOS: DEMOCRACY DEFICIT AND NATIONAL FEELINGS." CREATIVITY STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2009.2.93-105.

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The level and scope of European Union (EU) integration activities are showing the aspects of civilizational development with a huge impact on the world system of civilizations and make more evident the fact that the future of EU depends on the attitude of European policy‐makers to the national, cultural, and political identities. Interest in the identities has been reinforced in recent years by the failure of EU Constitutional Treaty and further attempts to reach an agreament about the new Treaty. This failure stimulated cogitations on both the subject of Constitutional Treaty and the features of the European demos. Spirited discussions pointed to the so called “deficits” – “community deficit”, “legitimacy deficit” and, as a consequence, to the “democracy deficit”. Thus EU future can be seen as depending on the removal of these “deficits”. How can this be done under the prevailing political attitude of denationalization? The problem of European demos was aggravated by the enlargement of EU: new Member states are loaded with different historic experience and clearly visible features of national sense. National feelings have been the main force raising people for national liberation movement or national revival. This experience must be taken into account while discussing new political guidelines for the construction of European demos. The social content of demos, including identity, common history and the sense of “unity in diversity”, could be accumulated through the loyalties and bonds of affection to one's nation, culture, language, and historical myths; thus, the attitude of denationalization requires a modification.
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Kelemen, R. Daniel. "Europe’s Other Democratic Deficit: National Authoritarianism in Europe’s Democratic Union." Government and Opposition 52, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 211–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41.

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This article argues for a radical recasting of the European Union democratic deficit debate. Critics have long argued that the EU suffers from a democratic deficit and that growing EU power undermines national democracy. But recent backsliding on democracy and the rule of law in Hungary and Poland reminds us that grave democratic deficits can also exist at the national level in member states and that the EU may have a role in addressing them. This article will place the EU’s struggles with democratic deficits in its member states in comparative perspective, drawing on the experience of other democracies that have struggled with pockets of subnational authoritarianism. Comparative analysis suggests that considerations driven by partisan politics may allow local pockets of autocracy to persist within otherwise democratic political unions.
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Towberman, Donna B. "National Survey of Juvenile Needs Assessment." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 2 (April 1992): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038002007.

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A nationwide survey of juvenile needs assessment examined need deficit factors that are currently measured in the United States. Although most states have some semblance of needs assessment of juvenile offenders, a minority of states have formal needs assessment instruments. The most common needs measured include substance abuse, emotional/psychological dysfunction, violent behavior, sexual abuse and deviancy, family problems, peer association problems, educational deficits, vocational deficits, and physical problems. Recommendations for development of needs assessment measures and associated interventions on the secondary level, as well as the tertiary level are offered.
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Mendes Bezerra, Renata. "Brazilian National Housing Policy." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 23 (June 30, 2014): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.23.1.

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Regarding the National Housing Policy in Brazil, this paper aims to identify how institutional capacities vary into municipalities, and if this variation is related to housing deficit rates. Specific literature explains that the supply of housing services depends on the existence of agencies and resources to plan and execute public policies. This paper tests the hypothesis that there is a negative correlation between the level of institutional development and housing deficit – so that higher institutional development implies lower rates of housing deficit. An institutional development index (IDI) was created, based on the existence (or not) of Municipal Housing Fund and Municipal Housing Council. The research design combined the methods of principal component analysis, ANOVA and a regression model of ordinary least squares (OLS). Using descriptive and multivariate analysis, the main finding was that higher institutional development is associated with lower housing deficit rates in most of Brazilian municipalities.
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Nugraheni, Wahyu P., Asri Hikmatuz Zahroh, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Ryan Rachmad Nugraha, and Chang Bae Chun. "National Health Insurance Deficit in Indonesia: Identification of Causes and Solutions for Resolution." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 13 (October 31, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n13p58.

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INTRODUCTION: Since it was implemented in 2014, National Health Insurance Program (JKN) in Indonesia experienced a financial deficit. JKN recorded a deficit of 9.7 trillion, 9.75 trillion and 10.98 trillion rupiah from 2016-2018, respectively. The deficit is estimated to still continue in the upcoming years. Systemic solutions are needed to bring JKN improvement in the future. METHODS: Data was collected from June to December 2019 by in-depth interviews with selected informants and literature review, which later was analyzed by content and with data triangulation. RESULT: The results of in-depth interviews and a review of some of the literature shows that there are four main factors that causes JKN deficit, which are capitation payment system to provider, the alleged fraud, lag of backed-referral system, and catastrophic disease. CONCLUSION: This study provides a solution to the handling of JKN deficits in the short and long term in accordance with problems in terms of funding and JKN expenditure. The solution can be an alternative policy that can be implemented by the Government of Indonesia to deal with the JKN deficit.
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Yellen, Janet L. "Symposium on the Budget Deficit." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.2.17.

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Is the ballooning federal budget deficit a serious economic problem? The papers in this symposium provide four perspectives on this issue. Robert Barro and Robert Eisner disagree sharply with the “majority” opinion concerning deficits. In contrast, Edward Gramlich and Douglas Bernheim are more sympathetic to the view that budget deficits lower national saving and thus contribute to a reduction in future living standards.
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Clayton, Gary E. "The Federal Deficit and the National Debt." Business Economics 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2145/20050105.

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Gramlich, Edward M. "Budget Deficits and National Saving: Are Politicians Exogenous?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.3.2.23.

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After years of relative abstinence, the United States has experimented with persistent budget deficits on a rather massive scale in the 1980s. Economists have generally been quite critical of this fiscal policy, though there are respectable minority views arguing that federal deficits are not so bad and quite possibly better than likely corrective measures. In this paper, I examine the evidence that the great deficit experiment is generating. I first look at the deficits themselves to see how high they really are, dealing with a number of measurement criticisms that have been raised from various quarters. I then discuss two critical responses to the deficits—that of private saving and that of public spending—to determine the impact of the deficits on national saving. A key issue that recurs throughout the discussion is whether the political behavior that leads to the deficits can be taken as exogenous: Are private households better viewed as responding to exogenous public sector deficits, or is something in the air causing both public deficits and a decline in private saving?
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Al-Eyd, Ali, Ray Barrell, and Olga Pomerantz. "Correcting US Imbalances." National Institute Economic Review 192 (April 2005): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010519200104.

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In the January Review discussion of the US current account imbalances, we explored the links between the US current account deficit and exchange rates, and focused on the economic adjustments required to correct the US ‘triple’ deficits. Using NiGEM, we illustrated that a sustained adjustment in the US current account deficit cannot be achieved through a temporary nominal depreciation alone – whether risk or policy driven – but also requires a redressing of the government and household imbalances and a consequent increase in national savings.
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Sanusi, Gbenga Peter. "Macroeconomic Fundamentals and Budget Deficit Nexus: Evidence from a Developing Economy." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0036.

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The increasing budget deficit of the Nigeria’s government in the past few decades with its attendance impact on the economy is worrisome. This study examines the impacts of macroeconomic fundamentals on Nigeria’s fiscal deficit. An error correction model was specified and estimated. In terms of sign and size, the result showed that, there is an inverse relationship between budget deficit and the external reserve. This implies that an increase in the external reserve, leads to a decrease in budget deficits. A unit increase in external reserves resulted in 12.4 percent fall in budget deficit. In contrast, however, national income and interest rate showed a positive relationship with budget deficit. Increase in income expands the potential and propensity to spend. Lenders are equally more disposed to lend to the government because of the presupposed economic prosperity. The lagged value of the error correction term has the expected inverse sign of -0.42, and highly significant. The negative value of the error correction model further supports the co-integration relationship among the variables. Thus, macroeconomic variables influence budget deficits. Economic policies which minimizes macroeconomic fluctuations is paramount in curbing the negative impacts of increasing government deficit in the economy. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National deficit"

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Kožuch, Michal. "Národní účty České republiky se zaměřením na vládní dluh a vládní deficit." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10813.

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The diploma thesis deals with the system of national account of the Czech Republic with a focus on the development of government debt and deficit. The first chapter explains the nature, the aim and the development of the field of national accounts. The second chapter concentrates on the system of national accounts of the Czech Republic. Special attention is paid to the sector of government institutions, as the national government accounts are the basis for the prediction of the government deficit, debt and the Convergence program for adoption of the common currency Euro. The third chapter defines the terms closely related to the general government sector and financial statistics. The closing chapter analyses the development of government debt and deficit in the period since 1995.
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Brinkman, William B. M. D. "Association Between Substance Use and Current Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in a National Sample of Adolescents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368028561.

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Dougan, Michael. "Redefining the Community's enforcement deficit : the judicial harmonisation of national remedies and procedural rules in a differentiated Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272793.

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Šubrtová, Kateřina. "Politický proces tvorby, schvalování a plnění českého státního rozpočtu a jeho tendence k deficitu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192789.

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This diploma thesis concerned with the budget of the Czech Republic, which has been deficient since 1996. The aim of this thesis is to detect weak spots of budget process and confirm the hypothesis that budget deficits have the institutional nature. The theoretical part examines in detail the concepts of the state budget and the budget deficit, explains the causes of the budget deficit and explores the possibilities of its elimination. The thesis also conducts a survey about the process of the budget propose, approval and performance with the highlighting of process weaknesses and possibilities of its solution. The main contribution of this thesis is a detailed analysis of selected state budgets. This analysis reveals the common features of selected budgets and tries to describe the major changes of them. At the end of the thesis a concept of fiscal council and the possibilities of its establishment in Czech Republic is introduced.
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Denk, Robert. "The quantity theory v. the income expenditures theory using Robert Eisner's adjusted federal budget deficit." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41909.

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Chmelová, Pavla. "Analýza vývoje hospodaření veřejných rozpočtů České republiky od roku 1993 do současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113270.

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Objective of this diploma thesis is to process analysis of development of revenues, expenditures and deficit of the state budget in the Czech Republic and to characterize the main economic trends, state of public funds and the economy at large. There are identified shares of exogenous influences, accepted reforms and measures in the economic development during the period from 1993 up to 2010. Theoretic -- methodological part is divided into three parts, the first one describes fiscal policy in general. The second part deals with the state budget, its revenue and expenditure side and very current field of debt financing. In the last part there is processed tax theory and conception of the flat tax from theoretical point of view. Practical part is introduced by description of the economic starting state of the Czech Republic. This is followed by the list of economic events and political measures that formed the final shape of public funds. Furthermore there is carried out the analysis of state budget development. Subject of the analysis is the extent and structure of both revenue and expenditure side of the state budget, budget balance and the government debt. Part of this thesis is also the analysis of development of macroeconomic indicators, specifically it is the GDP growth, unemployment rate and inflow of foreign funds. In the conclusion of the diploma thesis there is the successfulness of examined budget and fiscal policy evaluated and there are drawn some suggestions for the field of public funds in the coming years.
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Grimmer, Lukáš. "Státní dluh České republiky - příčiny, důsledky, řešení." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-195470.

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Diploma thesis called "Czech national debt -- cause, impacts, solutions" deals with deficient budgeting of the Czech republic which presents a current problem afterwards projecting itself into the creation of an actual debt. This thesis aims to anter the question concerning an achievement of balanced budgets and therefore generating no indebtness. Afterwards it deals with its cause and considers possible solutions seeking to reduce the amount of national debt. Therefore this diploma thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one defines the basic terms, which constitute theoretical way-outs of this thesis. The second chapter deals with the debt analysis in years of 1993 to 2013, its absolute and relative numeral expression, its structure and interest costs, which are directly related to this phenomenon. The third chapter subsequently describes the debt problem regarding the european setting and at the same time it shows the czech national debt in the european context. At the end of this diploma thesis, the possible scenarios are described as a solving of this unfavourable situation.
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Ілляшенко, Тетяна Олексіївна, Татьяна Алексеевна Ильяшенко, Tetiana Oleksiivna Illiashenko, and А. Л. Бойко. "Проблема бюджетного дефицита в Украине." Thesis, Сумский государственный университет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/50148.

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В условиях нестабильной экономической и политической ситуации, в Украине все более актуальной становится проблема дефицита бюджета. Доказательством этого служат опубликованные Министерством финансов данные по государственному бюджету Украины.
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Quintin, Coralie. "La règle d'équilibre budgétaire : Comparaison Europe - Canada." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD040.

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Le développement des principes d’équilibre budgétaire et des règles de discipline budgétaire qui en découlent sont liés à l’avènement de périodes de troubles budgétaires et de crises économiques. De manière générale, à ces occasions de nouvelles règles sont adoptées et mises en oeuvre. Elles visent toutes à assainir les finances publiques par le biais de l’observation stricte d’une règle d’équilibre budgétaire. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus par la mise en oeuvre de ces règles ne sont pas toujours satisfaisants ce qui conduit aujourd’hui à s’interroger non plus sur la pertinence et l’efficacité desrègles mais sur les environnements institutionnels, économiques et monétaires dans lesquels elles sont mises en œuvre. Le Canada semble, de cette manière, se présenter comme un terrain favorable à l’observation d’une discipline budgétaire de l’équilibre alors qu’en la matière l’Union européenne souffre encore de son statut « hybride »
The development of the principles of balance in the budget and the rules of budgetary discipline which ensue from it is connected to the succession of periods of budgetary disorder and economic crises. In a general way, in these occasions of new rules are adopted and implemented. They aim all to clean up the public finances by means of the strict observation of a rule of balance in the budget. However, the results obtained by the implementation of these rules are not always satisfactory what leads today to wonder either about the relevance and the efficiency of rules but on the institutional, economic and monetary environments in which they are operated. Canada seems, in this way, to appear as a ground favorable to the observation of a budgetarydiscipline of the balance while on the subject the European Union still suffers from its "hybrid" status
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Dunovska, Jolanta. "Lietuvos mokėjimų balansas: analizė ir perspektyvos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090204_112819-98560.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos nacionalinis mokėjimo balansas, jo struktūra, reguliavimo metodai, plačiau nagrinėjama einamoji mokėjimo balanso sąskaita ir jos deficitas. Atliekama statistinių nacionalinio mokėjimų balanso duomenų analizė nuo 1998 iki 2007 metų. Vertinama mokėjimų balanso sąskaitų (einamosios, kapitalo, finansinės) tarpusavio priklausomybė bei nagrinėjamas ryšys visų mokėjimų balanso sąskaitų su BVP. Galiausiai atliekamas nacionalinio mokėjimų balanso prognozavimas slenkančio vidurkio bei ekponentinio išlyginimo metodai, kad galima būtų numatyti jo perspektyvas. Išnagrinėjus teorinius ir praktinius Lietuvos mokėjimo balanso bei einamosios sąskaitos aspektus, pateikiamos išvados ir siūlymai.
In this final master work under consideration are Lithuania national payments balance, its structure and regulation methods. Enlarge under consideration are current payments account and its deficit. Statistical national payments balance data analysis is executable from 1998 to 2007. Payments balance accounts (current, fund, financial) interdependence are well considered and relation common balance of payments account with GDP is pending in this work. At last national balance of payments prognostication is feasable in few methods to see its perspectives in future. After theoretical and practical aspects inspecting, finding and offering are proposed.
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Books on the topic "National deficit"

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B, Lucas James, ed. National deficit and debt: Where to next? New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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1921-, Thompson Kenneth W., and White Burkett Miller Center, eds. The budget deficit and the national debt. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1997.

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Gravelle, Jane. Deficit targets, national savings, and social security. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1988.

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Canada. Dept. of Finance. Reducing the deficit and controlling the national debt. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Dept. of Finance, Canada, 1985.

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Centre for Land Warfare Studies (New Delhi, India), ed. Security deficit: Comprehensive internal security strategy for India. New Delhi: Centre for Land Warfare Studies, 2012.

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Canada. Dept. of Finance. Reducing the Deficit and Controlling the National Debt. Canada. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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The trade deficit, the dollar, and the U.S. national interest. Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute, 2000.

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The deficit lie: Exposing the myth of the national debt. Fort Worth, Tex: Summit Group, 1994.

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United States. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations., ed. Fiscal discipline in the federal system: National reform and the experience of the states. Washington, DC: Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1987.

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J, Aaron Henry, ed. Social Security and the budget: Proceedings of the First Conference of the National Academy of Social Insurance, Washington, D.C. Lanham: University Press of America, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "National deficit"

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Bussing-Burks, Marie. "Crash Course on the National Debt." In Deficit, 1–14. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4840-8_1.

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Bussing-Burks, Marie. "Crash Course on the National Debt." In Deficit, 1–15. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3660-3_1.

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Bussing-Burks, Marie. "Get a Handle on the National Debt." In Deficit, 89–103. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-4840-8_8.

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Bussing-Burks, Marie. "Get a Handle on the National Debt." In Deficit, 85–98. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3660-3_7.

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McCallum, John. "Government Spending and National Saving." In Debt, Deficit and Economic Performance, 151–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22919-2_3.

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Morris, Bill. "EMU and the Democratic Deficit." In The Single European Currency in National Perspective, 181–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62795-0_10.

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Morris, Bill. "EMU and the Democratic Deficit." In The Single European Currency in National Perspective, 181–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26579-4_10.

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Markakis, John. "Liberation movements and the ‘democratic deficit’." In National Liberation Movements as Government in Africa, 33–40. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315101361-3.

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Brun, Alain. "A European or a National Solution to the Democratic Deficit?" In IMISCOE Research Series, 27–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89905-3_4.

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Aamir, Muhammad, Javier Poncela, Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry, and Muhammad Aslam Uqaili. "Impact Analysis of Renewable Energy in National Grids for Energy Deficit Countries." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28962-0_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "National deficit"

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Zhang, Jiaxin. "The National and Global Impacts of Fiscal Deficit Consolidation." In 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220307.064.

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Esas, Mustafa Yasin, Fatma Latifoglu, Esra Demirci, and Cigdem Gulizar Altintop. "Determination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by electrooculogram test." In 2017 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno.2017.8238051.

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Norman L Klocke and Loyd R Stone. "Deficit Irrigation Management Decision Tools." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35813.

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Derrel L Martin, Raymond J Supalla, Christopher L Thompson, Brian P McMullen, Gary W Hergert, and Paul A Burgener. "Advances in Deficit Irrigation Management." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35870.

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Brian G Leib, C Owen Gwathmey, and Chris L Main. "Deficit Irrigation of Cotton in Tennessee." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35859.

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Terry Howell, Freddie Lamm, and Judy Tolk. "Deficit Irrigation Management: Concepts and Implementation." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35864.

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Walter C Bausch, Thomas J Trout, and Gerald W Buchleiter. "Evapotranspiration Estimates for Deficit Irrigated Corn." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35865.

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Cicek, Gulay, Aydin Akan, and Baris Metin. "Detection of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using Local and Global Features." In 2018 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno.2018.8597017.

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Alashaal, Abdullah. "The role of international law in dealing with national legislative deficit." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp18-24.

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International law and national law and legal regime.The paper analyzed all situations in which the two systems of laws positively interact.The lacuna en droit is detested by the doctrine and all court levels,however,the national and international judges tend invariably to apply rules of exaequo et Bono,these rules are applicable by international arbitratios and law courts. The paper analyzed as well the rules that enable international law to perform it's job and the challenges they encounter the function.
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Benli, Scrife Gengec, Semra Icer, and Sevgi Ozmen. "Changes of Visual Networks at Resting State in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." In 2018 Medical Technologies National Congress (TIPTEKNO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiptekno.2018.8597144.

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Reports on the topic "National deficit"

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Hagler, J. A. National Security Implications of Long-Term Deficit Spending. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada519892.

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Gandhi Kingdon. The Myth and Reality of Teacher Shortage in India: An Investigation Using 2019-20 Data. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/072.

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This paper examines the widespread perception in India that the country has an acute teacher shortage of about one million teachers in public elementary schools, a view repeated in India’s National Education Policy 2020. Using official DISE data, we show that teacher vacancies cannot be equated with teacher shortages: while the number of teacher vacancies (in teacher-deficit schools) is 766,487, the number of teacher surpluses (in surplus-teacher schools) is 520,141, giving a net deficit of only 246,346 teachers in the country. Secondly, removing estimated fake student numbers from enrolment data greatly reduces the required number of teachers and raises the number of surplus teachers, converting the net deficit of 246,346 teachers into an estimated net surplus of 98,371 teachers. Thirdly, if we both remove estimated fake enrolment and also make a hypothetical change to the teacher allocation rule to adjust for the phenomenon of emptying public schools (which has slashed the national median size of public schools to a mere 63 students, and rendered many schools ‘tiny’), the estimated net teacher surplus rises to 239,800 teachers. Fourthly, we show that if government does fresh recruitment to fill the supposed approximately one-million vacancies as promised in National Education Policy 2020, the already modest national mean pupil-teacher-ratio of 25.1 would fall to 19.9, at a permanently increased fiscal cost of nearly Rupees 637 billion (USD 8.7 billion) per year in 2019-20 prices, which is higher than the individual GDPs of 50 countries that year. The paper highlights the major efficiencies that can result from evidence-based policy on minimum viable school-size, teacher allocation norms, permissible maximum pupil teacher ratios, and teacher deployment.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.

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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Poterba, James, and Lawrence Summers. Recent Evidence on Budget Deficits and National Savings. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2144.

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Ketterer, Juan, Adrián Ortega Andrade, Juan Martínez Álvarez, and Daniel Fonseca. Financial Solutions for Development: National Infrastructure Platforms. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004654.

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This paper presents a new public policy instrument, national infrastructure platforms (NIPs), to promote investment in sustainable infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean. The region has important infrastructure deficits that limit its ability to meet challenges of economic growth, climate change, and social inclusion and equality. NIPs will allow countries to maximize the use of public, multilateral, and concessional financing resources to promote socioeconomic development. Specifically, since the infrastructure challenges of the region will not be met with public funding, NIPs will permit countries to optimize the role of public investment as a financial enabler for private investment, prioritizing climate change resilience through sustainable infrastructure. This document outlines the structure of NIPs and their three main functions: project preparation, de-risking, and financial structuring. These respectively identify and prioritize projects, incorporate the necessary risk mitigation instruments, and structure and deliver bankable projects until they successfully reach their commercial and financial closing stages.
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Boesten, Jan. Violence and Democracy in Colombia The Conviviality of Citizenship Defects in Colombia’s Nation-State. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/boesten.2021.33.

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This essay aims to utilize the concept of conviviality for connecting the coexistence of seemingly contradictory phenomena in Colombia. It argues that while conviviality implies a normative content – a society in which members do not slaughter each other is better than one in which members resort to violence – the meekness of that normative claim suggests that it is better used as an analytical tool that seeks to connect the contradictions that coexist in the real lifeworld. Colombia’s history of violence and democracy is such a contradictory case. Comparativists have situated Colombia’s deficits on the “extra-institutional playing field”, lamenting that it is a “besieged” or “threatened democracy”. Conviviality helps us to specify these “extra-institutional” defects by suggesting impediments exogenous and endogenous to the state-building logic of the Colombian nation-state.
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Arewa, Moyosore, and Fabrizio Santoro. An Introduction to Digital Tax Payment Systems in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.019.

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National tax administrations are increasingly investing in the digital facilities needed to make it possible for taxpayers to go online both to file their routine tax returns (e-filing) and remit the tax payments due (e-payment). These facilities potentially benefit both taxpayers and tax administrations. This paper first maps the landscape, explaining which filing and payment technologies are used for tax collection in Africa. We then examine why these technologies are not used to their full potential. Some constraints are on the demand side. These include taxpayers’ preferences for cash and in-person relations and low familiarity with and trust in digital technology. Other constraints lie in infrastructure deficits and broader political, regulatory, and institutional factors. Unlocking the full potential of e-filing and e-payment systems thus seems to depend on meeting several pre-conditions, including solid political will, sound regulatory frameworks, reliable payment infrastructure and adequate investment in human capital. However, there is relatively little reliable evidence of the actual effectiveness of e-services in tax collection. We conclude by outlining some research priorities.
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Vergani, Matteo. Community-centered P/CVE Research in Southeast Asia: Opportunities and Challenges. RESOLVE Network, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/rve2021.1.

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The definition and understanding of community-centered preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) research lacks analytical clarity. This chapter examines this concept with a focus on the Southeast Asian context, reflecting on opportunities, challenges, and pitfalls, to lay the foundation for future theorization and comparative P/CVE research in local contexts. Collaboration with independent and genuine community actors is advantageous for all stakeholders, since deficient trust, tamed and crystallized relationships, and a lack of resources and capacities can result in biased research findings. The chapter advocates for the establishment of research and evaluation frameworks in National Action Plans, with the aim to set out common definitions, measurement tools, and methodologies in consultation with all stakeholders, including community actors. This is a necessary step in producing systematic, cumulative, and comparative research and evaluation findings that hold true across local contexts. Finally, the chapter discusses the ethical implications of conducting community-centered P/CVE research with minority communities––such as the creation of suspicious, ostracized, and alienated communities––as well as with majority communities. It also speaks to the potential for research findings and topics of focus interfering in or being instrumentalized to impact a country’s democratic process. Although the Southeast Asian context is used to discuss the opportunities and challenges of the different approaches to community-centered P/CVE research, key findings are likely relevant to other contexts.
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Markova, Oksana M., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Andrii M. Striuk, Hanna M. Shalatska, Pavlo P. Nechypurenko, and Vitaliy V. Tron. Implementation of cloud service models in training of future information technology specialists. [б. в.], September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3270.

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Leading research directions are defined on the basis of self-analysis of the study results on the use of cloud technologies in training by employees of joint research laboratory “Сloud technologies in education” of Kryvyi Rih National University and Institute of Information Technology and Learning Aids of the NAES of Ukraine in 2009-2018: cloud learning technologies, cloud technologies of blended learning, cloud-oriented learning environments, cloud-oriented methodological systems of training, the provision of cloud-based educational services. The ways of implementation SaaS, PaaS, IaaS cloud services models which are appropriate to use in the process of studying the academic disciplines of the cycles of mathematical, natural science and professional and practical training of future specialists in information technology are shown, based on the example of software engineering, computer science and computer engineering. The most significant advantages of using cloud technologies in training of future information technology specialists are definite, namely, the possibility of using modern parallel programming tools as the basis of cloud technologies. Conclusions are drawn; the direction of further research is indicated: designing a cloud-oriented learning environment for future specialists in computer engineering, identifying trends in the development of cloud technologies in the professional training and retraining of information technology specialists, developing a methodology for building the research competencies of future software engineering specialists by using cloud technologies.
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Atuhurra, Julius, and Michelle Kaffenberger. System (In)Coherence: Quantifying the Alignment of Primary Education Curriculum Standards, Examinations, and Instruction in Two East African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/057.

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Improvements in instructional coherence have been shown to have large impacts on student learning, yet analysis of such coherence, especially in developing countries and at a systems level, is rare. We use an established methodology, the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC), and apply it to a developing country context to systematically analyze and quantify the content and coherence of the primary curriculum standards, national examinations, and actual teaching delivered in the classroom in Uganda and Tanzania. We find high levels of incoherence across all three instructional components. In Uganda, for example, only four of the fourteen topics in the English curriculum standards appear on the primary leaving exam, and two of the highest-priority topics in the standards are completely omitted from the exams. In Tanzania, only three of fourteen English topics are covered on the exam, and all are assessed at the “memorization” level. Rather than aligning with either the curriculum standards or exams, teachers’ classroom instruction is poorly aligned with both. Teachers tend to cover broad swathes of content and levels of cognitive demand, unrelated to the structure of either the curriculum standards or exams. An exception is Uganda mathematics, for which standards, exams, and teacher instruction are all well aligned. By shedding light on alignment deficits in the two countries, these results draw attention to a policy area that has previously attracted little (if any) attention in many developing countries’ education policy reform efforts. In addition to providing empirical results for Uganda and Tanzania, this study provides a proof-of-concept for the use of the SEC methodology as a diagnostic tool in developing countries, helping education systems identify areas of instructional (in)coherence and informing efforts to improve coherence for learning.
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