Journal articles on the topic 'National characteristics, British – History – 20th century'
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1
Lydin, Nikolai N. "Main Scientific Fields of Modern English-Language Historiography of the Thirty Years' War History." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 472 (2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/472/15.
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The article explores the history of the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War in the English-language historiography of the 20th and 21st centuries. The main characteristics of British historiography at the beginning of Modern History are presented. The article gives a brief overview of the main scientific patterns of studying events of the Danish period. English-language historiography refers not only to achievements of scientists from the United Kingdom and the United States, but also to publications of any other European historians made in English and actively used in historical society. In general, the use of achievements of scientists from other countries in the study of the Thirty Years' War history is quite typical for English-language historiography. This can be explained by the situation when parallelly with this “continental” war came the outcome of the English Civil War, which is steadily more interesting for British historians. The English-language historiography of the Thirty Years' War at the present stage represents both traditional themes of military history and new topics that appeared in the second half of the 20th century. Among the traditional, we can highlight descriptions of various military campaigns and battles, biographies of talented generals, kings and politicians. Among the new, we can note different attempts to expand the chronological and territorial framework of the war, as well as the use of the Thirty Years' War as one of the illustrations of the processes of military revolution or evolution in the European military art and technologies of the 16th-17th centuries. In relation to the Danish period, the concept that evaluates the war as a catalyst for further changes in the Danish political structure seems to be the most relevant. In general, the historiography of the Thirty Years' War can be characterized as successive, using many of predecessors' achievements; on the other hand, there is a high degree of openness in British and American scientific community for foreign researchers and the emergence of a sufficiently large number of fundamentally new areas of research. At the same time, unfortunately, the Thirty Years' War is still not the most demanded topic of military history, substantially inferior to the national English and American, as well as Modern History, topics. The Danish period of the war turned out to be the least interesting for historians. Its chronological arrangement between the issues of religion and the alignment of forces at the beginning of the war and the Swedish “military revolution” leads to the fact that the Danish period remains a rather poorly studied stage of the Thirty Years' War.
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Wang, Shiruo, Jiao Gao, Xiaomu Wang, Dan Wu, Yiting Pan, and Minmin Xu. "Historical and Physicochemical Analysis of the Clinker Bricks in the Smart Memorial Gymnasium of the Tiancizhuang Campus at Soochow University, China." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010161.
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Clinker bricks were popular as a facade material in the United States between the 1890s and the 1930s. However, this material was unknown to Chinese builders and was seldom found in Chinese modern architecture from 1840 to 1949. The Smart Memorial Gymnasium built in the years 1934–1937 in the Tiancizhuang Campus of Soochow University (Suzhou, China) is one of the rare examples of a building featuring clinker bricks in modern China. Notably, those clinker bricks were not imported but locally manufactured. Despite the heritage significance of the Smart Memorial Gymnasium as part of a major historical and cultural site protected at the national level in China, the history and characteristics of those historical bricks have remained virtually unexplored. This study first provides a historical analysis of those bricks, giving insights into the general knowledge of this construction material around that time based on British and American historical sources from the 19th and 20th centuries, with a focus on historical treaties and documents. This analysis sheds light on the raw materials mixtures of clinker bricks, their manufacturing processes, and their architectural applications at the time. Moreover, this study presents a physicochemical analysis of the clinker bricks employed at Soochow University, focusing on the correlation between historical studies and physicochemical characteristics, as well as the materials’ characteristics that respond to the natural environment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and total immersion tests were employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the bricks at various locations of the Smart Memorial Gymnasium facades. Our findings deepen the knowledge and understanding of clinker bricks transferred from the West to China in the early 20th century. Additionally, our results reveal the chemical composition and physical characteristics of different types of clinker bricks used in the Smart Memorial Gymnasium, outlining practical implications and future research directions. Overall, this study lays a foundation for the heritage recognition and conservation of Chinese clinker bricks.
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Abdel-Shehid, Malek. "A Home in Disorder is not a Home: Examining Race in Trinidad and Tobago." Caribbean Quilt 5 (May 19, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v5i0.34365.
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Among its neighbours, the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago stands out due to its ethnic makeup. The population of most Caribbean nations is mainly of African descent; similar to Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago is evenly divided between Afro-Trinidadians and Indo-Trinidadians. Unlike many of the other Caribbean colonies, Trinidad and Tobago were not extensive plantation economies until much later in the colonial period (Paton 291). This is one of the main reasons why the country presently hosts a proportionately lower Afro-Trinidadian population in comparison to other Caribbean countries. While other ethno-cultural groups reside in the country, the aforementioned groups have dominated the landscape in numbers since at least the early 20th century (United Nations Statistics Division). Afro-Trinidadians are generally descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the Caribbean to serve as plantation labourers; Indo-Trinidadians are generally the descendants of South Asian indentured labourers brought to Trinidad to fulfill the same role following the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies. Trinidad and Tobago's long history of colonial subjugation has bred a modern social hierarchy highly tied to race. Racial categories centered around physical characteristics and created during the colonial period have been instrumental in the development of this social hierarchy. Its institutionalization within the country’s modern national political system has resulted in persisting legacies evident throughout modern Trinidadian society. I focus on the island of Trinidad (while still making occasional reference to Tobago) and argue that Trinidadian national unity has been hampered by the foundations laid by the plantation system and consolidated by the modern political system.
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Ageeva, Elena, Natalia Alekseeva, Georgii Bernatskii, Sergei Borodin, and Victoria Kalinovskaya. "British citizenship: a history of reform in the 20th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (May 1, 2022): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi12.
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The article examines the development of citizenship legislation in Great Britain from the 20th century to the present day. The authors analyze the influence of the historical context and political events on the formation of the current system of categories of British citizenship and on changes in the legislation on citizenship. Special attention is paid to understanding the institution of citizenship in the context of contemporary social cultural problems of British society, migration policy and the formation of national identity.
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Torreggiani, Valerio. "CORPORATISM AND THE BRITISH CONSTITUTIONAL HERITAGE: EVIDENCES FROM THE HISTORY OF IDEAS." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 31, no. 64 (August 2018): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942018000200003.
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Abstract This article challenges a historiographical understanding of corporatism as an appendix of fascist ideology by examining the elaboration and diffusion of corporatist cultures in Britain during the first half of the 20th century. The case study seeks, on the one hand, to highlight the changing nature of corporatism by showing the different forms - fascist and non-fascist - that it took in Britain in the given time period. On the other hand, the article connects British corporatism with the European corporatist movement, as well as with the British constitutional heritage, underlining the close entangling of national and transnational issues.
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Atapin, Evgenii. "Evolution of British Euroscepticism in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.13.
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Introduction. The United Kingdom is the most prominent example of a Eurosceptic country in the EU. For many years the United Kingdom did not feel a part of Europe. Great Britain was geographically separated from continental Europe and psychologically distant from the European integration movement established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The British Eurosceptic tradition rested on these geographic and psychological characteristics. Eurosceptic traditions included political, economic, linguistic, cultural and historical aspects that made it difficult for the United Kingdom to accept European integration. Methods and materials. The research methodology is based on narrative and comparative methods. The materials of the study incorporate statements of certain British politicians about attitudes towards European integration, works devoted to the analysis of Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom and manifestos of some far-right political parties. Analysis. A study of the attitude to European integration of the two main political forces of Great Britain, namely the Conservative and the Labour Parties, in the second half of the 20th century is carried out. Results. The study results in the creation of a periodization of British Euroscepticism in the second half of the 20th century. Three stages of evolution of British Euroscepticism in the period under study are distinguished: 1) the stage preceding the entry of Great Britain into the European Communities, conventionally called “Labour”; 2) the stage of the United Kingdom’s participation in the “common market”, conventionally called “Conservative”; 3) the stage of Britain’s participation in the European Union, conventionally called “Right-wing populist”. Their chronological framework is established and their main characteristics are given.
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Heyck, Thomas William. "Myths and Meanings of Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century British National Identity." Journal of British Studies 37, no. 2 (April 1998): 192–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386158.
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As Stefan Collini remarks in a recent paper comparing twentieth-century French and British intellectuals, the sense that Britain has had no intellectuals has been a significant element in British national identity. Collini rightly observes, “Any discussion in contemporary Britain of the topic of ‘intellectuals’ is sooner or later touched by the cliché that the reality of the phenomenon, like the origins of the term, is located in Continental Europe, and that British society, whether for reasons of history, culture or national psychology, is marked by the absence of ‘intellectuals.’” One might add that a closely related assumption has been equally significant: namely, that while the British may have had some intellectuals, they have paid little attention to them. As Denis Brogan once said, in a typical observation on British culture, “We British don't take our intellectuals too seriously.”The purpose of this article is to suggest an explanation for this feature of British national identity. As the recent literature on national identity tells us, a society's sense of national characteristics is culturally constructed; thus we should be skeptical about any assertions concerning either the absence of intellectuals or the lack of influence by intellectuals in British culture.
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.
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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Vershinina, D. B. "NATIONALISM, CATOLICISM, FEMINISM? GENDER DIMENSION OF THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE IN IRELAND OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-186-197.
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The author analyzes the evolution of the national movement in Ireland in the first half of the 20th century through the prism of women's participation and gender equality issues. It is argued that the Irish nationalists' choice of patriarchal Catholic ideology has not been predetermined since the revival of Irish nationalism, and although the Catholic faith played a significant role in the anti-British activities of the Irish national movement, there were many Protestants among its activists, as well as women who shared feminist values and played an important role in organizing the political and military struggle of the Irish for independence. The article focuses on the various methods of women's participation in the Irish national movement, including the creation of separate women's organizations, and membership in key societies and groups, as well as participation in constructing barricades and in fighting during the Easter Rising. It was more difficult to take part in the specifically women's struggle to grant Irish women the right to vote, which was associated with the activities of London organizations, the Women's Socio-Political Union specifically. It is argued that it was the anti-British orientation of the Irish political struggle that made it impossible (or difficult) to associate Irish feminists with the goals of the women's movement in the United Kingdom, which led to the victory of the social doctrine of Catholics and the “enslavement” of Irish women after the Irish Free State was created. The article analyzes not only sources of personal origin, telling about the participation of Irish women in the national movement, but also official documents of the young Irish state, demonstrating the evolution of its ideology in social and gender issues towards a patriarchal approach to the role of women in society, the fight against which has become the task of feminists of the second wave starting in the 1970s.
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Köpeczi-Bócz, Tamás, and Mónika Lőrincz. "The characteristics of the resource needs of innovative businesses." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1800.
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Every university was funded in different historical periods with particular feature, particular political system, particular proprietory structure and particular economic background, which characterised the particular era. The historical antecedents considerably influenced the situation and role of the institutions as well as the course of their development. Although they had common features but their spatial projections are very dissimilar. In the 19th and 20th century Hungarian history – in the periods of economic integration with the modification of political system and transformation of the social background – the economic and social functions of tertiary education underwent considerable changes, which started to accomplish by the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. To moderate regional disparities, European and Hungarian regional development policy considers particular importance to the economic structure of the regions and their potential to be reformed, which is one of the corner stones of compatibility. Considering the more and more diversifying functions of universities, the question is, which factor is more significant; tertiary education or the relation between the sectors of national economy. The possible correlations we presented through the economic structure and the transformation of tertiary education functions of the integration periods.
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Sadova, Lyudmila. "Propaganda Activities of the Norwegian Authorities in the Crisis Situation of the Early 20th Century: Fridtjof Nansen and Sven Hedin." ISTORIYA 12, no. 7 (105) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016481-8.
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This article examines the process of including representatives of the scientific and academic circles of Norway and Sweden — famous travelers and researchers Fridtjof Nansen and Sven Hedin — in the political struggle and propaganda activities. In the 19th — early 20th centuries, the scientist became a media personality, whose international and national authority gives him a new status of a national hero, includes him in the political struggle. The status and fame of the Swedish and Norwegian travelers were almost equal, as well as their weight in the international scientific community. Thats why their figures were used by the authorities of Sweden and Norway in a polemical discussion on the pages of the British press in 1905, defending their own positions in the Swedish-Norwegian conflict. The main source is the publications of F. Nansen and S. Hedin in “The Times”. The purpose of this work is to analyze their articles, identify the main discussion topics and the argumentation used. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the publication activity of F. Nansen in the British press was essentially an unofficial diplomacy, the main task of which was to enlist the support of the British public and the authorities, to bring the Swedish-Norwegian contradictions from the status of a “private matter” to the international arena. Swedish propaganda, in fact, was defensive and exculpatory in nature, the main “trump card” of which was the factor of the “Russian threat”.
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Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pavlo. "UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION AND STATE FORMATION: ON ISSUE OF THE PERIODIZATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 1 (2018): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.1.412.
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The controversial issue of periodization of the political history of Ukraine at the beginning of the 20th century, including the period of the National liberation struggle and Ukrainian State entities during 1917–1922 is considered. Scientists and experts have not yet reached a consensus not only on determining the place, role and character of the Hetmanate in 1918 in the latest Ukrainian past, but also about the periodization of the Ukrainian political history of the 20th century, defi nition of the term and chronological boundaries of the Ukrainian Revolution and Ukrainian statehood, etc. The issute of the periodization of the National liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people from the beginning of the 20th century, the aspiration and purpose of which was to gain and assert its own statehood, had several main schemes, models and periodizations in the national historiography. However, disputes over defi nitions not only of the chronological framework of this historical path, but also of the interpretations and characteristics of its individual days, periods, and stages are still ongoing in the scientifi c community. It is up to me, that the times from 1917 to 1922 should be defi ned as one of the days of the Ukrainian political history of the 20th century, namely: The Day “National Liberation Struggle and Ukrainian State Formation (1917–1922 biennium)”. This title was due to historical processes and components, that took place in the specifi ed chronological period, the logic of interrelated events, factors and circumstances, objective signs of fl uidity, similarity and diversity of periods, the identity of the causal eff ects of both internal and external circumstances and infl uences, interconnectedness of cultural, social, ideological and political, and state-evolutionary factors of nation-wide signifi cance, the regularity of the beginning and end of the national-political breakdown, holding otvorchyh eff orts and organized struggle for their own rights to self-determination of Nation-Ukrainian people. It is the author’s conception of the periodization of this era, that would be discussed in this essay
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Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
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Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
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Tantivejakul, Napawan. "Nineteenth century public relations: Siam's campaign to defend national sovereignty." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 25, no. 4 (July 26, 2020): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-11-2019-0134.
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PurposeThis research aims to identify the use of the public relations (PR) methods implemented by King Rama V and his administration to counter the threat to Siam of imperialism in the late 19th century. It also seeks to demonstrate the interplay of the communication strategies used in international diplomacy to enhance Siam's visibility among major European nations.Design/methodology/approachThis is a historical study using both primary and secondary sources. It is a development of the national PR history methodology using a descriptive, fact-based and event-oriented approach.FindingsThe main findings are that (1) a PR strategy drove international diplomacy under the administration of Siam's monarch incorporating strategies such as governmental press relations activities; (2) the strategy in building Siam's image as a civilized country was successfully communicated through the personality of King Rama V during his first trip to Europe; (3) with a close observation of the public and press sentiments, the outcome of the integrated PR and diplomatic campaigns was that Siam defended its sovereignty against British and French imperialists’ pressures and was therefore never colonized.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adds to the body of knowledge of global PR history by demonstrating that PR evolved before the 20th century in different countries and cultures with different historical paths and sociocultural, political and economic contexts.Originality/valueThis study from an Asian nation demonstrates that PR was being practiced in the late 19th century outside the Western context, prior to the advent of the term. It is a rare example of PR being developed as a part of an anti-colonization strategy.
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Armstrong, David. "Clinical prediction and the idea of a population." Social Studies of Science 47, no. 2 (January 20, 2017): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312716685926.
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Using an analysis of the British Medical Journal over the past 170 years, this article describes how changes in the idea of a population have informed new technologies of medical prediction. These approaches have largely replaced older ideas of clinical prognosis based on understanding the natural histories of the underlying pathologies. The 19th-century idea of a population, which provided a denominator for medical events such as births and deaths, was constrained in its predictive power by its method of enumerating individual bodies. During the 20th century, populations were increasingly constructed through inferential techniques based on patient groups and samples seen to possess variable characteristics. The emergence of these new virtual populations created the conditions for the emergence of predictive algorithms that are used to foretell our medical futures.
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Vo, Nhon Van. "TRANSLATED LITERATURE IN COCHINCHINA IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY AND IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i1.2099.
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Being colonized by France, Cocochina (the South of Vietnam) was the region where Western literature was introduced into earlier than the North. Truong Minh Ky was considered the first translator of Western literature in Vietnam. His earliest works of translation appeared in 1884. By the early 20th century, introduced to Vietnamese readers were Western literary works not only of French origin but also of British, American and Russian origins; not only poetry, prose but also drama. In the late 19th century, many writers such as Truong Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua were interested in Chinese literature. In the first decade of the 20th century, a wide variety of Chinese novels were translated into Vietnamese, forming a strong movement of translating "truyen Tau” (Chinese fictions). The remarkable characteristics of the translation of Western literature in Cochinchina were as follows - The newspapers and magazines in “Quoc Ngu” (Vietnamese language written in Latin characters) where the first works of translation were published played very important role. - The translators were greatly diverse, coming from different social and cultural backgrounds. - More translation was made on prose. Novels of martial arts, historical stories, novels of heroic deeds attracted the attention of the translators and the publishers. Therefore, they were translated much more than romance novels were, because of their compatibility with popular audience. - By translating the works of Western literature, the writers tried to express new concepts of humanism, such as women rights, or gender issues. Translated literature in Cocochina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflects a paradox: Western influences started to leave their marks but the Chinese influence was still strongly engraved. However, this was a remarkable step in the journey of modernization of national literature. Through these early translated works, new literary genres were introduced and Vietnamese readers gradually became familiar with them. Translation experiences were the first steps for Cocochina writers to achieve thorough understanding, to learn Western writing techniques and styles, which helped them become the pioneers of new literature in Vietnam.
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Buechling, Arne, and William L. Baker. "A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-012.
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Historical fire patterns in a subalpine forest of Rocky Mountain National Park were quantified from an analysis of forest stand ages and fire-scarred trees. A comparatively detailed sample of 3461 tree cores and 212 fire scars was collected from a 9200-ha study area north of Estes Park, Colorado. A total of 41 fire events were identified in the record. Annually precise fire dates, beginning in 1533, include 22 high-severity crown fires, 7 low-severity surface fires, and 8 mixed-severity events with both surface and crown fire components. Fire rotation was estimated for both surface fires (7587 years) and crown fires (346 years). Fire rotation did not appear to vary with fuel characteristics associated with topographical differences in the study area. Fires larger than 300 ha were few, but they determined a large proportion of the area burned since 1700 and were significantly correlated with a reconstructed index of summer drought. Low fire activity in the 20th century was associated with decreased severity and frequency of drought episodes. Long fire rotations preclude definitive conclusions regarding the effects of fire suppression in the 20th century, but relationships between high-severity fires, fuels, and drought suggest that climatic variability remains the primary influence on fire cycles in high-elevation ecosystems of the southern Rocky Mountains.
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El-Neklawy, Shaimaa Esmail, and Esther Möller. "Between Traditions of Aid and Political Ambitions: Endowments and Humanitarian Associations in Egypt, Late 19th-mid 20th Century." Endowment Studies 6, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2022): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-06010007.
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Abstract The article investigates the emergence and transformation of humanitarian associations in Egypt from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. It argues that on the one hand these associations were new institutions echoing the foundation of new charitable organisations worldwide and in Egypt. The colonial domination of Egypt and its refusal by the Egyptians thereby played a prominent role. On the other hand, the humanitarian associations have to be seen in the continuity of long-established practices and discourses of charity, performed in particular by religious endowments (awqāf). Based on the example of the Egyptian Red Crescent, which is explored through a wide range of un explorer Egyptian, British and Swiss archives as well as a broad historiography in European and Arabic languages, this article emphasises the interconnections between international, regional, national and local institutions in Egypt in the field of philanthropy.
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Lamm, Mariya A. "The development of Belarusian literature in a multicultural context." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2020): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.6.04.
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Sinkova L. D. Between text and discourse: Russian literature of the XX-XXI century: history, comparative studies and criticism (lit. - crit. articles, conversations). - Minsk: Parkus plus, 2013. - 296 P. The main characteristics of the Belarusian literature development in the contest of 20th-21th century are demonstrated throughout the review. The key patterns of the poetics progression in Belarusian literature are revealed, alongside with the most noticeable algorithms of the national aesthetics establishment and the specifics of mythopoetic perception. Meaningful characteristics of Belarusian literature during Soviet period are examined particularly, especially the literature about Second World War. The national aspects of literary comprehension of the experience of German-fascist occupation in Belarusian literature during Soviet period are revealed. The important characteristic of the modern Belarusian literature after the Chernobyl disaster that has started in 1986, is emphasized upon.
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Zhukov, D. S., and V. V. Kanishchev. "Cluster Analysis as a Means of Identifying Types of Demographic Characteristics (Russian Rural Population, European Part of Russia, Early 20th to Early 21st Century)." Modern History of Russia 12, no. 2 (2022): 454–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2022.212.
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The object of study is the demographic characteristics of the Russian rural population of the European part of Russia (at the level of individual governorates, regions, and republics) from the beginning of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. These data are analyzed in the context of general demographic trends. The goal is to identify regions with similar demographic indicators during several chronological periods (1902, 1940, 2002, 2020) and to observe the transformation of demographic characteristics in different periods of history and in different regions of European Russia. This provides the necessary material for making assumptions about the connection between demographic types and natural-geographical, economic-geographical, and ethnogeographical factors. The principal research method, multivariate cluster analysis, is a tool for identifying stable groups of typologically homogeneous objects. The clustering of regions was carried out on the basis of three key demographic indicators: fertility, mortality, and natural growth. The authors came to the conclusion that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth century, Russian agrarian society was already at different demographic stages, evolving from a traditional to a modernized society. In the middle of the century, discrepancies in the rates of demographic transition became noticeable, manifested in some conventional “dividing” lines such as the ones between Russian oblasts and some national republics; the ones between agro-industrial and industrial-agrarian regions; the ones between southern and northern territories; and, finally, the ones between the regions and republics close to and distant from Moscow. The entwinement of these lines gave rise to various cluster groupings and, apparently, led to some consequent variability in the types of demographic characteristics in different regions, which is also recorded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The authors also pay attention to types of “demographic responses” of different regions to the coronavirus pandemic.
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Orr, Leah. "John Bull and the American Revolution: The Transatlantic Afterlives of Arbuthnot's Character." Journal of British Studies 56, no. 1 (January 2017): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2016.118.
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AbstractHow did the character John Bull come to be so widely recognized as a stand-in for the British government or people? John Arbuthnot created the character in 1712 in a series of five pamphlets criticizing the British role in the War of the Spanish Succession, and for fifty years the character was mentioned only in references to Arbuthnot. In the late eighteenth century, John Bull began to appear in newspaper articles relating to other political contexts, eventually appearing in satires on all manner of British policies and characteristics, from taxes and the economy to xenophobia and imperialism. This essay argues that the American colonists adapted the character to their own purposes. This analysis contributes to the understanding of the content, political engagement, and spread of the press in eighteenth-century Britain and America. It also reveals one way that writers about British national identity and its symbolism accounted for an increasingly diverse global empire that could not be represented adequately by a single figurehead.
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Lewisohn, Jane. "Flowers of Persian Song and Music: Davud Pirniā and the Genesis of the Golhā Programs." Journal of Persianate Studies 1, no. 1 (2008): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187471608784772742.
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AbstractThis article examines the 'Flowers of Persian Song and Music' (golhā) radio programs broadcast during the third quarter of the 20th century on the Iran National Radio. These programs—some 1,400 of which the author has collected and deposited in the British Library—constitute an unrivalled encyclopaedia of classical Persian music and poetry. The golhā programs introduced to the general public over 250 poets from the ancients to the moderns, and it preserved Persian classical music and fostered its future development. The seminal role played by Dāvud Pirniā in founding and producing these programs is examined and explored, while highlighting the various artists, poets, musicians, vocalists and scholars who performed in them.
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Aleksandrovna Portnyagina, Natalia, and Dmitry Igorevich Portnyagin. "THE TERROR OF THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF BRITISH DIPLOMATS (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE BRITISH NATIONAL ARCHIVE)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 5 (October 30, 2019): 888–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.75115.
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Purpose of the study: To explore in detail the terror of the period of the first Russian revolution in the assessment of British diplomats during the revolution of 1905-1907.
Methodology: The research is based on archival documents, most of which are introduced into scientific discourse for the first time, as well as periodical press materials of that time. The research draws from the documents of the British National Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive (fund: 1276 - Office of the Council of Ministers). The article employs chronological, historical-typological, historical-genetic, comparative and illustrative research methods, as well as systematic analysis and synthesis.
Main Findings: The research suggests that in 1905-1907 terror affected not only Russian but also British citizens. British reaction to terror in Russia slowed down the signing of a foreign policy agreement between the countries.
Applications of this study: The study may be used by historians and everyone interested in the questions of the First Russian Revolution as well as the history of diplomatic relations with Britain. The results of the study can be used in universities to study the history of Russia and the history of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Many historians focus on terror in Russia during the revolution of 1905-1907. However, the reflections on revolutionary terror by British diplomats did not become a subject of research in Russian or foreign historiography.
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Kahlenberg, Caroline. "New Arab Maids: Female Domestic Work, “New Arab Women,” and National Memory in British Mandate Palestine." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000379.
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AbstractThe “new Arab woman” of the early 20th century has received much recent scholarly attention. According to the middle- and upper-class ideal, this woman was expected to strengthen the nation by efficiently managing her household, educating her children, and contributing to social causes. Yet, we cannot fully understand the “new Arab woman” without studying the domestic workers who allowed this class to exist. Domestic workers carried out much of the physical labor that let their mistresses pursue new standards of domesticity, social engagement, and participation in nationalist organizations. This article examines relationships between Arab housewives and female domestic workers in British Mandate Palestine (1920–1948) through an analysis of domestic reform articles and memoirs. Arab domestic reformers argued that elite housewives, in order to become truly modern women, had to treat maids with greater respect and adjust to the major socioeconomic changes that peasants were experiencing, yet still maintain a clear hierarchy in the home. Palestinian memoirists, meanwhile, often imagine their pre-1948 homes as a site of Palestinian national solidarity. Their memories of intimate relationships that developed between elite families and peasant maids have crucially shaped nationalist narratives that celebrate the Palestinian peasantry.
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Zafeiris, Konstantinos N., and Stamatina Kaklamani. "COMPLETED FERTILITY DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: AN EXAMPLE FROM SIX SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHERN GREECE." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932018000019.
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SummaryThis study aimed to delineate temporal trends and differentials of completed fertility and their relationship with some characteristics of the marriage system in specific anthropological populations of northern Greece. The analysis was based on the life history of quinquennial and decennial birth cohorts of married women born in the 20th century who reproduced solely within the settlements studied. The variables studied were: children ever born, mean age of mother at first marriage, mean age of mother at first child (live birth), mean age of mother at last child and reproductive span. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the demographic characteristics of marriage and that there was an ongoing fertility transition in the 20th century in the populations studied. The mechanism of fertility decline was connected with the gradual reduction of the mean age of the mother at last child, the parallel decrease in the mean age at childbearing and a shortening of the reproductive span. Fertility levels at all times maintained a dynamic character imposed by local cultural, economic and social structures, which, in turn, were part of broader national and international structures, in all the populations studied. A strong trend of convergence of fertility levels was observed among the populations studied.
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van der Wateren, Jan. "National Library Provision for Art in the United Kingdom: The Role of the National Art Library." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 6, no. 3 (December 1994): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574909400600303.
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From its beginnings in 1836 as the library of the Government School of Design, the National Art Library (NAL) in the UK was intended to have an impact on design in the country. After the Great Exhibition of 1851 it former part of what was to become known as the Victoria and Albert Museum (V & A). By the 1850s it had already adopted the title of National Art Library, although it was called the V & A Museum Library between 1908 and 1985. By 1853 collections aimed to cover the arts and trades comprehensively, and by 1869 the NAL aimed also at comprehensive access to individual objects created in the course of history. By 1852, the library was open to all, although a charge was made at first. Various forms of subject indexing have been used; from 1877 to 1895 subject lists were prepared for internal use and sold to the public, and from 1869 to 1889 a remarkable Universal catalogue of books on art was produced. The present mission statement of the NAL focuses on collecting, documenting and making available information on the history and practice of art, craft and design, and the library aims its services at both the national and international community. However, its great 19th century contribution to published subject control of art materials has been almost completely absent in the 20th century. During 1994 the NAL will contribute records to the British Library (BL) Conspectus database, though there is little formal cooperation between the two libraries. As a specialist library it can organize its collections and index them in ways that are impossible for a comprehensive library such as the BL, and it therefore has an important part to play in the national library scene.
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Stricker, Yann. "“International Migration” between empire and nation. The statistical construction of an ambiguous global category in the International Labour Office in the 1920s." Ethnicities 19, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796819833431.
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This article inquires into the historical conditions of the global category of “international migration” by analysing quantification processes in the International Labour Organization in the 1920s. Based on a history of knowledge perspective, it analyses how and why the categories of immigration and emigration were reduced to the single category of “international migration”. The paper interprets this epistemological change with a shift from an imperial to an international point of view that occurred in the 1920s. This argument is based on an analysis of negotiations between international administrators and functionaries of the British Empire that arose, when international categorisation and quantification of people on the move began. Drawing on sources from the British National Archives and the International Labour Organization, this article highlights the historical importance of debates about the categories of “nation” and “race”, in the making of what was stabilized only later in the 20th century as the category of “international migration”.
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Haas, Allison. "Two 1916s: Sebastian Barry’s A Long Long Way." Humanities 8, no. 1 (March 23, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010060.
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As Paul Fussell has shown, the First World War was a watershed moment for 20th century British history and culture. While the role of the 36th (Ulster) Division in the Battle of the Somme has become a part of unionist iconography in what is now Northern Ireland, the experience of southern or nationalist Irish soldiers in the war remains underrepresented. Sebastian Barry’s 2005 novel, A Long Long Way is one attempt to correct this historical imbalance. This article will examine how Barry represents the relationship between the First World War and the 1916 Easter Rising through the eyes of his politically-conflicted protagonist, Willie Dunne. While the novel at first seems to present a common war experience as a means of healing political divisions between Ireland and Britain, this solution ultimately proves untenable. By the end of the novel, Willie’s hybrid English–Irish identity makes him an outcast in both places, even as he increasingly begins to identify with the Irish nationalist cause. Unlike some of Barry’s other novels, A Long Long Way does not present a disillusioned version of the early 20th century Irish nationalism. Instead, Willie sympathizes with the rebels, and Barry ultimately argues for a more inclusive Irish national identity.
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McKay, Alex, and Dorji Wangchuk. "Traditional Medicine in Bhutan." Asian Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 16, 2005): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342105777996737.
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The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is an independent state situated between China and India. It emerged as a unified polity in the early 17th century under the rule of an exiled Tibetan religious leader and much of its elite culture, including its medical traditions, were brought from Tibet during this period. The Bhutanese Traditional Medical system subsequently evolved distinct characteristics that enable it to be viewed as a separate part of the Himalayan tradition of Sowa Rigpa (̒the science of healing̓), which includes what is now known as Tibetan Medicine. After coming under the influence of the British imperial Government of India at the beginning of the 20th century, Bhutan was occasionally visited by British Medical Officers from the Indian Medical Service, who accompanied British Political Officers on diplomatic missions there. But when the British withdrew from South Asia in 1947 there were no permanent biomedical structures or even fully qualified Bhutanese biomedical doctors in Bhutan. Since 194 7, Bhutan has evolved a state medical system in which their Traditional Medicine is an integral part and patients have the choice of treatment under traditional or biomedical practitioners. With particular reference to the role of The Institute of Traditional Medicine Services in Thimphu this paper discusses the history, structures and practices of traditional medicine in Bhutan, including its interaction with biomedicine.
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Ioannou, Stella, David Hunt, and Maciej Henneberg. "Five Cases of Dental Anomalies Attributable to Congenital Syphilis from Early 20th Century American Anatomical Collections." Dental Anthropology Journal 30, no. 1 (June 7, 2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v30i1.24.
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Specific dental abnormalities are considered pathognomonic of congenital syphilis (CS); however, European physicians recognized their variation during the late 19th to mid 20th centuries. Observations of syphi-lis-related dental abnormalities in American individuals from similar time periods are made to determine types of variation among the American population.From a survey of the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History anatomical human skeletal collection, five individuals demonstrated dental characteristics consistent with CS (P00011R, P219398, P000707, P000679, and P000161). Hutchinson’s three categories of dental anomalies were used to describe variations among syphilitic individuals.Previously identified pathological dental characteristics related to CS were present in the analyzed individuals. P00011R, 24-year-old Black female, has a maxillary right Moon’s molar. P219398, approximately 20-year-old Black female, has Hutchinson’s incisors and Fournier’s molars. P000707, 26-year-old Black male, displays severe hypoplasia on all incisors, canines and maxillary first molars. P000679, 33-year-old Black female has “screw-driver” shaped maxillary central incisors, altered occlusal morphology of first maxillary molars and hypoplasia. P000161, 45-year-old Black female, demonstrates severe hypoplasia on incisors and canines (molars lost).“Classic” dental characteristics of CS are not ubiquitous to all identified cases. This study exemplifies that den-tal anomalies associated with CS do not all have to be present for diagnosis. Although other causes for some of these anomalies are possible, observations in these five cases are most consistent with CS.
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Kim, Sanghun. "Politics in Literature―Yugoslav Literature at the End of the 20th Century and Nationalism." Society for International Cultural Institute 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34223/jic.2022.15.1.1.
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The causes of the collapse of the Yugoslav Federation can be found in many ways, but ‘nationalism’ is the most decisive. However, the issue of “should only the Serbian people be held responsible for the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the civil war?” is a very sensitive issue, and looking at the history of nationalism that existed before the formation of Yugoslavia shows that Serbia and other republics cannot be completely free from that responsibility. In this paper, we examine the historical development and characteristics of ‘nationalism’ in Yugoslavia, particularly in Serbia and Croatia, and based on this, the relationship between ‘literature’ and ‘nationalism’ in Serbia and Croatia around the 1990s. The Serbian and Croatian literary circles have clearly differentiated their position over the dissolution of Yugoslavia since 1991, while the Croatian literary community, which sought to gain independence from Yugoslavia, sought to find its national identity in literature and to make it as distinct as possible. Based on the overall position of Serbian and Croatian literary circles, we examine representative Serbian and Croatian writers who worked on literature around the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Bosnian civil war at the end of the 20th century.
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Yuriy M., Goncharov, and Dmitrieva Lidiya M. "Family Life of Poles in Western Siberia in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 6 (December 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-81-90.
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The article is devoted to the family life of the Poles in Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The relevance of the research topic is due to the weak study of the history of family life of the Poles in pre-revolutionary Siberia, as well as the importance of the family institution in society. The Poles in Siberia were a specific national-confessional group. Their family life was greatly influenced by the formation of the Polish community in the region, as well as local social and demographic characteristics. The aim of this work is to examine the features of formation of family building and family life of poles in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early of the 20th century, given the social circumstances in the region. The methodological basis of the research is the concept of frontier existence of cultures and the theory of modernization. Exiles who came to Siberia for many years tried to live a full life: they got married, children were born and brought up. The difficulties of life in the harsh region, especially significant for exiles, forced them to look for support, first, in family members and relatives, since family cooperation helped them survive. The demographic characteristics of Polish families during this period were significantly specific in contrast to other national groups. The prevalence of mixed marriages of the Poles with representatives of other Christian denominations in post-reform Siberia indicates the intensity of ethno-cultural interactions. In the resulting ethnic-mixed families, in most cases, a combination of elements of the spiritual culture of various peoples of the region was found. At the same time, religious issues usually receded into the background. Children raised in such families perceived a respectful attitude to their parents’ past, to their origin, and national and religious tolerance was developed in family life. Keywords: Siberia, family, the Poles, community, diaspora, demography, everyday life
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Turpin, John. "Researching Irish art in its educational context." Art Libraries Journal 43, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2018.16.
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Documentary sources for Irish art are widely scattered and vulnerable. The art library of the Royal Hibernian Academy of Arts was destroyed by bombardment during the Rising of 1916 against British rule. The absence of degree courses in art history delayed the development of art libraries until the 1960s when art history degrees were established at University College Dublin, and Trinity College Dublin. In the 1970s the state founded the Regional Technical Colleges all over Ireland with their art and design courses. Modern approaches to art education had transformed the education of artists and designers with a new emphasis on concept rather than skill acquisition. This led to theoretical teaching and the growth of art sections in the college libraries. Well qualified graduates and staff led the way in the universities and colleges to a greater emphasis on research. Archive centres of documentation on Irish art opened at the National Gallery of Ireland, Trinity College and the Irish Architectural Archive. At NCAD the National Irish Visual Arts Archive (NIVAL) became the main depository for documentation on 20th century Irish art and design. Many other libraries exist with holdings of relevance to the history of Irish art, notably the National Library of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Dublin Society, the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland and the National Archives.
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WATSON, GEORGE. "Take back the past." European Review 10, no. 4 (October 2002): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798702000376.
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The surprising fact about the 20th century was the return of the liberal free market, circling back to where it began. It was helped because liberalism, unlike socialism, was never a theory of history and could not be falsified by events. But, socialist historians still control the past, and it is still widely believed that the welfare state was created by socialism and that genocide is right-wing. In fact, socialist leaders, fearful of preserving capitalism, opposed the welfare state, which in Britain was the creation of Asquith. Between the wars, Labour had no national health plans, and it was the last of the British parties to accept the Beveridge report. Repetition and suppression have entrenched the myth, which is widely accepted, that welfare equals socialism. The first history of socialism, by a French radical, Alfred Sudre, was opposed to socialism as a conservative idea; Marx and Engels, Ruskin and Morris were openly conservative and the Bolsheviks proudly elitist.
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Goldin, Vladislav I., and Elena V. Alekseeva. "BRITISH RESEARCHER OF RUSSIAN HISTORY: THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF PROFESSOR PAUL DUKES." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-189-198.
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The article is devoted to the representation of the scientific legacy of Paul Dukes (1934–2021) — a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Professor of the University of Aberdeen, a prominent British historian, whose study focused on relations between Russia and the West. Based on the analysis of his works, the authors define the scope of his research interests and provide their characteristics. They present some results of his understanding of the key problems of Russian history, the place and role of our country in Europe and in the world. His books on the history of the Russian Empire, the relationship between Russia and Europe, Russia and the United States, and the problems of the Russian revolutions at the beginning of the 20th century are marked as milestones in the evolution on the research path of a professional historian. The theme of Russia’s revolutions, the assessment of the global legacy of the 1917 Russian Revolution in a comparative perspective, was one of the main subjects in the scientific work of Professor P. Dukes. The conviction in the need for a comparative approach to the study of revolutions was reflected in his analysis of revolutions and reforms in Russia in a global context. It is emphasized that P. Dukes was interested in the role of personality in history in various aspects: in the context of Russia’s international relations (for example, relations between the Stuarts and the Romanovs), the revolutionary movement (leaders of the Russian revolutionary process), in war conditions (the relations between the leaders of the Big Three in the years of the Second World war). Particular attention is paid to the development of P. Dukes’ interest in the Russian regions, fruitful contacts with Ural historians, and his priority in creating a monograph on the history of the Urals in English. The significance of the historian’s addressing to the topic of the Anthropocene is also noted.
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Pérez-de-la-Cruz, Francisco-Javier, Arturo Trapote-Jaume, Joaquín Melgarejo-Moreno, and Jesús Chazarra-Zapata. "A Century of Water Supply Companies and Their Influence on the Development of Spanish Society (1842–1942)." Water 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092634.
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During a certain period in the history of Spain, in the years of the Second Industrial Revolution, water companies played a very important role in managing a public service as necessary and complex as the supply of drinking water to the population. This article describes the emergence of these companies in the economic framework of the second half of the 19th century, as well as their expansion and territorial distribution, their evolution towards large companies that unified and monopolised the sector and their progressive decline in the 20th century, characterised by an increase in municipal control and influenced by different national and international war conflicts. The data collected in the different statistical yearbooks allows us to study these companies, and identify the characteristics of the modern drinking water system in Spain, together with the importance of foreign investment and the influence of these companies on the economic development of the time.
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Brown, Colin. "Sport, modernity and nation building: The Indonesian National Games of 1951 and 1953." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 164, no. 4 (2008): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003650.
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The study of sport – its social, political, cultural and economic aspects – is a well-established academic field, scholars widely acknowledging its significance in understanding how a society is organized and understood. As Perkin (1992:211) puts it: The history of societies is reflected more vividly in the way they spend their leisure than in their politics or their work […] the history of sport gives a unique insight into the way a society changes and impacts on other societies it comes into contact with and, conversely, the way those societies react back to it. Sport has a particular resonance in considerations of the emergence of modern nation-states out of colonialism, given the connections between the diffusion of modern sports around the world and the colonial experience. Although virtually all societies played games of various kinds, competitive, rule-based sports are essentially modern, western phenomena, dating back no further than the nineteenth century. Their spread through the world coincided with, and in many respects was an inherent part of, the expansion of western colonialism. In the British Empire in particular, sport was seen as reflecting the essential values and characteristics of the British race which justified the existence of colonialism. Wherever the British went, they took their sports with them, together with the social mores they represented.
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Bland, Yana. "The Economics of Imperialism and Health: Malta's Experience." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 549–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7jx4-57vv-622v-jbpf.
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The thesis of this article is that the prevalence of disease and premature death depends more on national, class, and gender relationships than on medical and biological factors. The political and economic realities of life in the British Colony of Malta revealed here clearly determined the severity of both infant mortality rates and the attacks of brucellosis. A brief history sets the background for an in-depth study of the interaction between socioeconomic conditions and disease in the first half of the 20th century. Britain's adherence to imperialist “free” trade policies and refusal to consider Malta's economy beyond its use as a military base had resulted in the “underdevelopment” of Malta's traditional cotton agroindustry and the erosion of household economic stability. Persistently high infant mortality rates and the absence of preventive disease measures were a clear manifestation of continuing exploitative imperialist policies. In this scenario, the devastation of the Second World War became a catalyst for change.
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Mabika, Hines. "Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud." Gesnerus 72, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07201008.
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It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.
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Sharapova, Elena V. "CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FORM AND STYLE OF BELARUSIAN NARRATIVE SHORT STORY OF THE 20–30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 1 (2022): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-1-81-95.
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The paper deals with the Belarusian narrative short story of the 20–30s of the 20th century based on the works by Symon Baranavykh, Andrei Mryi, Lukash Kaliuga. It is shown that the mentioned period is marked by radical changes in the content and form components of the national literature. The socio-political and cultural situation of that time offers writers a wide range of new themes and plots. The writers thereby quite often use traditional genres and genre modifications. As a result, new genre forms with specific form-building and style-forming features appear. The analysis of these forms is carried out using the categorical apparatus of narratology (narrative theory). The paper studies such a genre modification of a short story as a “narrative short story” as well as its varieties, for example, a tale, which are common in Belarusian literature. The tale is a productive form of the named genre modification; it is particularly popular during the period of social upheavals, as evidenced by Russian and Belarusian literature examples. It is noted that the narrator, often non-personalized, is the form-building center of the narrative short story; the features of his presence in the text are described and the importance of the recipient for understanding the text is determined. It is also indicated that the main style-forming component of the narrative short history of the above period is the interference between the texts of narrators and characters.
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McElroy, Ruth. "Mediating home in an age of austerity: The values of British property television." European Journal of Cultural Studies 20, no. 5 (April 29, 2017): 525–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549417701758.
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Lifestyle television provides a dramatic space in popular culture where the values of neoliberalism are articulated, enacted and sometimes contested. The ideological reliance of this consumer-driven form of television on financial markets and economic growth has posed a significant challenge for programme-makers in the post-crisis recessionary era. This article explores the myriad ways in which British property television has responded to the global financial crisis, particularly as it has been framed discursively as a new age of austerity. Austerity is understood here as an ideological formation that mobilises a selective version of 20th-century British history in order to establish continuity of national values of thrift, poverty and collective stoicism that are seen to characterise a cohesive, British response to a crisis that emerges from external forces. The article charts the contradictions that become evident when the financial and ideological system upon which the property TV genre is reliant are being undermined. Although UK consumers’ access to mortgages has been a casualty of the crisis, the aspiration to home-ownership in Britain has survived relatively unscathed. This article illustrates how these contradictions are played out on-screen in diverse iterations of the property TV genre transmitted by British public service broadcasters, including new domestic craft series presented by property gurus. It argues that the genre, as a cultural and industrial artefact, is remarkably adaptable to new economic and ideological circumstances.
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Alekseev, Оleksii. "Rural memoirs of Southern Ukraine of the 20th century : prosopographic approach." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 4, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26210402.
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The aim : to consider the application of prosopographic approaches in the study of biographies of authors of peasant memoirs in order to identify common features that laid the conditions for the emergence of memoir practices among the peasants of the Southern Ukraine in the 20th century; to analyze the potential of prosopography for researching general processes. The article considers the application of the prosopographic method to the study of biographies of authors of peasant memoirs in order to identify common features that created conditions for the emergence of memoir practices among the peasants of southern Ukraine in the twentieth century. Modern historical science suggests that individuals having their own little life stories are present behind all processes and events. New directions and principles of historical research are becoming increasingly important. The prosopographic method is one of them. Under prosopography we understand the scientific method of studying individual biographies of authors of historical sources in order to create a “collective biography” of a certain social group on their basis. Methods: analytical, historical, comparative, system-structural. The article author uses methods of specific scientific activity, empirical research and general logic. Practical meaning: recommended for use by scholars for historical research; provides opportunities for the use of this issue in theoretical and methodological and source studies. Originality: research, in particular on the choice of research source base and methodology of its analysis. Scientific novelty: creation of a collective portrait of a peasant author of a memoir source. Conclusions: on the basis of the analysis with the involvement of prosopographic research methods we have the opportunity to create a conditional collective portrait of a peasant of the Southern Ukraine of the twentieth century, the author of the memoir. When creating a “biography” of a peasant author, the following features are distinguished: common social origin, primary education, teaching and educational skills, psychological characteristics, propensity for creative activity, external influences. The materials collected by the researchers from the Zaporizhzhia branch of the NASU Institute of Ukrainian Archaeography and Source Studies named after M. S. Hrushevsky and the History Faculty of the Zaporizhzhia National University and published as a part of collections titled “Sources on the History of the Southern Ukraine”, “Antiquities of the Southern Ukraine” and “Ascension Antiquities”, are used as sources in the analysis. The purpose of the current investigation is to identify the causes and conditions that prompted particular peasants of the Southern Ukraine to create their own historical narrative – memoirs. Another goal is to create a “collective portrait” of an average author using prosopographic methods. The article investigates through the analysis of biographies the background of peasant authors, which singled them out from the general mass of peasants. It also highlights an “average author” as a “historical figure” and analyzes his attribution to a particular era, place, social group and culture. The use of prosopographic methods in the study of biographies of Southern Ukrainian peasants, who distinguished themselves by creating their own memoirs, allows to determine those aspects of the era and the position of the little man who chose to create their own historical excursions contrary to general trends and understanding the risks of totalitarian system. The creation of prosopographical (collective biographies) portraits of peasant authors is a very important component of the reproduction of general processes that created the conditions for the emergence of peasant narrative sources. The author tries to highlight the modern era in all its aspects through the prism of individual biographies and works of peasant authors. Type of article: scientific and theoretical.
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Shavlokhov, Georgy K. "The National Liberation Struggle and the Declaration of Independence of South Ossetia in the Late 80s - Early 90s. 20th Century." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-1-76-83.
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The article deals with issues related to the history of the creation of the statehood of the Republic of South Ossetia from the time of the beginning of the destruction of the Soviet Union until its complete collapse. The relevance of the article is due to the growing interest in the historical conditions for the construction of statehood in South Ossetia, its features and characteristics. In addition, the events of this important stage in the recent history of the South Ossetian people are still insufficiently covered in the domestic scientific literature. Particular attention is paid to the political processes of the late 80s - early 90s. of the last century, which radically changed the situation in South Ossetia. It is noted that the invasion of the Georgian armed formations into the territory of South Ossetia, as well as the facts of the genocide carried out against them by the Georgian Mensheviks in the summer of 1920, preserved in the historical memory of the South Ossetian people, predetermined the impossibility of further being part of the Georgian state, aggressively disposed against national minorities. Accordingly, the population of South Ossetia came to the full realization of the need to declare independence, as the only way to save themselves from physical destruction by Georgian nationalists. Great importance in the work was given to the consideration of a set of issues related to the political, legal and historical justifications for the declaration of independence of the Republic of South Ossetia. In particular, it is stated that the implementation of the strategic course towards full independence and sovereignty of the republic, self-determination of the South Ossetian people was carried out in accordance with the union legislation in force at that time. As a result, the people of South Ossetia, who suffered heavy human losses and destruction during the national liberation struggle, retained their historical lands, the article emphasizes.
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Berladyn, Olha. "The Importance of British Teaching Experience (Late 20th – Early 21st Century) for Modern Training of Ukrainian Primary School Teachers in Rural Areas." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0012.
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AbstractThe article deals with peculiarities of primary schools teachers’ professional training in the UK (late 20th – early 21st century) in terms of European integration, analyses development priorities, substantiates the possibilities to use the ideas of the British experience in the training of local primary schools teachers in rural areas. The ideas which have been determined as leading are: development of unified system of standards and teachers training in the context of general integrated requirements for its competence; teachers’ skills to manage their teaching and training activities; modernizing the content of professional training; ensuring continuity of professional training for primary school teachers and their close cooperation with universities, schools and local education system, etc. The results of theoretical research confirm that the development of primary schools in Great Britain has always being and remains a leading factor in the modernization of teacher training. Teacher Education in UK has considerable experience in combining traditional and modern innovation in the time of reforms in that sector, updating the organizational and semantic principles taking into account the European dimension of education. The experience of Great Britain as an active member of formation processes in common European education space, with a rich history, cultural traditions and innovative achievements in terms of professional training of primary school teachers will provide an opportunity to identify and use positive ideas to upgrade the pedagogical education in Ukraine and present its achievements in the European education space. The UK has implemented its own national approach to the modernization of primary school teachers’ professional training on the basis of common European integration processes and changes.
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Павліч, Міхал. "Сучасна русиньска література по роцї 1989 на Словакії." Rocznik Ruskiej Bursy 15 (December 30, 2019): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/rrb.15.2019.15.06.
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Contemporary Rusyn Literature in Slovakia after 1989
The turbulent history of European nations in the 20th century culminates in 1989, the year of the Velvet Revolution, which has resulted in many positive changes for big as well as for small nations on the continent. In the history of Rusyn literature this period is called the Literature of the Third National Revival as it sees a significant increase in the number of writers, literary works and various publishing activities. The first part of the paper presents the socio-cultural situation of Rusyns in this period and possibilities of publishing literary texts in their language. The second part contains thematic and genre characteristics of the Rusyn literature in Slovakia after 1989. The last part is an interpretation of a poetry collection by Daniela Kapraľová which belongs to the most interesting works in the contemporary Rusyn literature in Slovakia.
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WHATMORE, RICHARD. "ETIENNE DUMONT, THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION, AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION." Historical Journal 50, no. 1 (February 13, 2007): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005905.
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Etienne Dumont became famous in the early nineteenth century for taking Jeremy Bentham's incoherent manuscripts and editing them into readable books which he translated into French. This article focuses on Dumont's earlier life, and specifically his Genevan background, to explain his work for Mirabeau in the first years of the French Revolution and his ultimate sense of the importance of Bentham's system of legislation. The article explains why Dumont's Genevan origins caused him to promote reforms in France intended to establish domestic stability and international peace. Dumont believed that states across Europe needed to combine free government with moral reform, in order to stifle the growth of democracy. The extent of the danger posed by popular government to modern societies was, in Dumont's view, the major lesson of the French Revolution. An alternative reform project to democracy was necessary, but one that did not entail a return to monarchical or aristocratic despotism. The characteristics of Dumont's planned reform became clear by adopting a comparative perspective on events in France. In developing a comparative perspective, Dumont argued that the history of Britain since 1688 needed to be in the foreground. He was perplexed by the French rejection of Britain's political and constitutional model, and explained many major developments at Paris in 1789 by reference to what he considered to be this peculiar fact. After the Terror, Dumont lost his faith in experiments in constitution building as a means of securing the independence of free states like Geneva. Bentham's great achievement was to have provided an alternative system of legislation that would transform national character gradually, making reform politics compatible with domestic and international peace. For Dumont, Bentham established a bulwark against the enthusiasm and democratic excess, and this was the key to utilitarianism as a moral reform project.
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Aleshina, Ekaterina Yuryevna. "Political Discourse as Sliding Mode Manifestations." International Journal of Applied Research in Bioinformatics 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijarb.2022010102.
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The article considers the problem of political discourse transformation as exemplified by European (British&Russian) political rhetoric of the 20th century. Considered is the complex nature of political discourse comprising both its variable and invariable aspects reflecting discursive constancy and change which are regarded as manifestations of the sliding mode usually applicable to exact sciences phenomena. The major factors of transformation depend on social change caused by dramatic events in history, namely political conflicts. The invariable part of political discourse is concentrated around the text structure with dicteme as the main information and structure unit of the text and discourse. The variable part is determined by factors of speech regulation including target content of the utterance, status of the speaker and the listener, pre-supposition and post-supposition. Genre and register specificity of political discourse as its constant characteristics reflect the change. Conclusions offer some generalizations Virtual Learning offer for Biologic Informatics aspects
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Kyrgys, Kira. "From the history of collecting Tuvan folk songs: Yrlar and Kozhamyks." Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades 7, no. 33 (September 26, 2022): e210944. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/rgn.v7i33.944.
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The ancient history and culture of the inhabited tribes of Tuva attracted the attention of travelers, linguists, ethnographers, and musicians, especially in recent decades. The primary recordings of yrlar (tuvan songs) and kozhamyk (ditties) in the writing sources of scientists contained samples of ancient musical poetry, including one-thousand-year history images, plots, motifs, and archaic vocabulary. Owing to ethnocultural values and beliefs of Tuvan people in Southern-Central Siberia it preserved features of relict cultures in music traditions. Based on field works conducted in the late 20th century, via ethnographic, historical, and typological principles of systematic approaches to folklore music genres, all songs were divided into occasional rituals and non-occasional songs, according to musical stylistic characteristics folk songs were classified into long songs ʽuzun yrlarʼ, short songs ʽkyska yrlarʼ and traditional ditties ʽkozhamykʼ. Tuvan culture is rich with musical traditions, it includes various song types, melodic recitations, instrumental creativity, calendar, and ritual songs, epic genres, etc. The author considers the development of song art as the most mobile layer, which absorbs all from the surrounding sound world. Songwriting reflects the spiritual experience and national character of the Tuvan ethnos.
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Kazak, Oleg. "Aggravation of interfaith relations in the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (late 19th – early 20th century) in the light of archival documents." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 2 (45) (December 25, 2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.2(45).2021.247221.
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The article analyzes various aspects of the relationship between the largest confessional groups of the Belarusian provinces of the Russian Empire (Orthodox and Catholics) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the context of the implementation of the models of self-identification «our – other» and «our – alien». Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the activities of Catholic clergy and fanatical parishioners to incite interfaith hostility (insults to representatives of another confession, unfounded calls for conversion to Catholicism, erroneous interpretation of the Decree «On strengthening the principles of religious tolerance» and the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, and etc.). The authority that Catholic priests had among the parishioners often caused the latter to be hostile to their neighbors of other faiths. The article provides many examples of the fact that the appearance of fanatical priests in a certain area often disrupted the peaceful, conflict-free course of religious life. At the same time, there were cases when the erroneous actions of Orthodox priests and ordinary parishioners became a catalyst for the exacerbation of interfaith relations. The article provides factual evidence of the propaganda activities of Catholic priests in the Polish national spirit, analyzes the reaction of the authorities to it. The most resonant conflict between Catholics and Orthodox at the beginning of the twentieth century is described in detail – an episode in the town of Zelva, Volkovysk district, Grodno province. The basis of the source base of the article was made up of documents of the National Historical Archives of Belarus and the National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno. This article can be useful for specialists in history, students, everyone interested in the problems of religious and national relations in European countries. We see prospects for further research in this area in a comparative analysis of the situation in Belarus and other regions of Central and Eastern Europe of the 20th – 21th centuries, mixed in confessional and ethnic terms.
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Ganie, Zahied Rehman, and Shanti Dev Sisodia. "The Unsung Heroines of India's Freedom Struggle." American International Journal of Social Science Research 5, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v5i2.515.
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The history of Indian Freedom Struggle would be incomplete without mentioning the contribution of women. The sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place. They fought with true spirit and undaunted courage and faced various tortures, exploitations and hardships to earn us freedom. When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward and took charge of the struggle. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one. Woman's participation in India's freedom struggle began as early as in1817. Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare. Many women including Rani Channama of Kittur, Rani Begum Hazrat Mahal of Avadh fought against British East India company in the 19th century; 30 years before the “First War of Independence 1857” The role played by women in the War of Independence (the Great Revolt) of 1857 was creditable and invited the admiration even leaders of the Revolt. Rani of Ramgarh, Rani Jindan Kaur, Rani Tace Bai, Baiza Bai, Chauhan Rani, Tapasvini Maharani daringly led their troops into the battlefield. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi whose heroism and superb leadership laid an outstanding example of real patriotism .Indian women who joined the national movement belonged to educated and liberal families, as well as those from the rural areas and from all walk of life, all castes, religions and communities. Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi, Vijayalakmi Pundit and Annie Besant in the 20th century are the names which are remembered even today for their singular contribution both in battlefield and in political field.