Relevant bibliographies by topics / National and international agricultural research centres

Academic literature on the topic 'National and international agricultural research centres'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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Pain, Adam. "Agricultural Research in Sri Lanka: An Historical Account." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013718.

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An underlying premise of much of the comment on developing countries' agricultural research organizations and capabilities, has been that they are weak, and have been unsuccessful in generating new technologies and meeting farmers' needs. Indeed, one of the very justifications for the setting up of the series of international research institutes, such as the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was that national research programmes were seen to lack sufficient strength and organization to be able to respond to the urgent needs of food production that were identified in the 1960s. It was argued that a primary role of the International Centres would be to support and develop such national research programmes both through training and the provision of new plant varieties and technologies, and that the building up of local research capability in developing countries would come only after the International Research Centres had developed and transferred the new technologies.
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DE JANVRY, A., and A. H. KASSAM. "TOWARDS A REGIONAL APPROACH TO RESEARCH FOR THE CGIAR AND ITS PARTNERS." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 2 (April 2004): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479703001637.

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At its International Centres Week in October 2000 (ICW2000), the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) adopted a new Vision and Strategy. This paper is about Plank 4 of the CGIAR's Vision and Strategy which calls for the adoption, in collaboration with national and regional partners, of a regional approach to research planning, priority setting and implementation. Given the poverty and impact focus of international public goods research, both national agricultural research systems (NARS) and the CGIAR have advantages in pursuing a regional approach as a component of their respective activities. For the NARS in the region, this means seeking advantages at the regional level that they could not derive solely from a national-level approach. For the CGIAR, this means seeking complementary gains that it could not achieve exclusively through a global or ecoregional approach. These mutual advantages open the door for partnerships in regional research between NARS and their regional organizations, and the CGIAR. The paper highlights the advantages as well as risks and limitations of a regional approach to research. Since ICW2000, all regional and sub-regional organizations and CGIAR Centres have taken action to facilitate consultation processes that could eventually lead to the establishment of a regional approach to research for the CGIAR and NARS. The paper notes some emerging lessons, and takes a forward look.
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Maass, Brigitte L., and Bruce C. Pengelly. "Tropical and subtropical forage germplasm conservation and science on their deathbed! 1. A journey to crisis." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 3 (September 2019): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019867961.

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While interest in the potential of tropical and subtropical forage (TSTF) germplasm for improved livestock production commenced earlier, it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that plant collecting and research on diversity and utilization of grasses and legumes reached significant global momentum. The subsequent engagement in pasture and forage research by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centres, such as the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA; 1974–1995)/International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI; since 1995) from the 1970s onwards, built on the advances made by national centres in Australia, the United States of America, Kenya and elsewhere. By 1990–2000, TSTFs were recognized for contributing to a range of commercial and smallholder livestock production systems in Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa. However, their use, the value of further research and the need to maintain the very large and diverse collections held in international and national genebanks were challenged by this time because of perceived environmental risks, questions about whether or not past achievements could be bettered and the high costs of maintaining genebanks. Since then, the decline in investment and the quality of conservation and curation has been a relatively rapid process and reached the crisis point of today in just 20–25 years. This article traces 70 years of expansion and then decline of plant collecting, conservation, research and commercialization of TSTFs as a new commodity and examines the reasons for the sharp changes that have taken place. In a second article (this issue), the argument is made for swift and drastic action to prevent critical germplasm from being lost, to enable genebanks to play their crucial and unique role in underpinning improving production and productivity in livestock systems and to provide key germplasm tools to achieve environmental benefits.
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Freeland, G. "Setting donor research agendas." BSAP Occasional Publication 21 (1998): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032018.

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This paper uses the United Kingdom (UK) government's Department for International Development (DFID) centrally funded renewable natural resources research strategy (RNRRS) programme as an example to answer the key questions of: (i) what research; (ii) why conduct research; and (iii) why set an agenda?Donor research organizations may fund research through various channels. DFID funds research through its multilateral programmes (e.g. to the system of International Agricultural Research Centres which constitute the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research); as components of its bilateral development programmes with individual countries (e.g. assistance to the development of the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the Kenyan National Agricultural Research Programme) and sometimes through projects with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as part of the Joint Funding Scheme. Research funded through these avenues is, however, part of a larger agenda to which the DFID has agreed but not necessarily set. In the interests of pursuing strategic and wider research objectives, the outputs of which may later be applied through development programmes, DFID also has a centrally controlled fund for research, which is not specific to any one country or organization. The part of that research programme relevant to natural resources is called the RNRRS (Research Task Group, 1994). Other donors have similar centrally funded research programmes and it is these to which the title refers and for which it is appropriate that the donor organization sets its own agenda.
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Wiyono, S., Suwardi, and A. M. Syakir. "International Conference on Modern and Sustainable Agriculture (ICOMSA): Building Future Agriculture for Better World." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1133, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1133/1/011001.

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Abstract The development of modern agriculture is inseparable from efforts to optimize agricultural land resources and increase sectoral competitiveness based on dynamic innovation following the challenges. Modern agriculture is characterized by applying technology and innovation that can be adapted to the conditions and needs of productive activities in the agricultural sector. Agricultural innovations can include technological and agricultural institutions' innovations that are in line with the times. Sustainable agriculture plays an essential role in sustaining natural resources for future generations. Sustainable agriculture emphasizes the need for the stability of natural ecosystems, including biological living systems and materials. This includes the maintenance of biological diversity, genetic resources, soil, water, and agro-climate resources, as well as environmental health and comfort. Moreover, the world is facing the challenge of global warming (the greenhouse effect). Modern and sustainable agriculture is essential for various problems in agriculture. Both are currently the focus of various stakeholders, such as farmers, researchers, and policymakers worldwide. Both are expected to become sustainable solutions to meet food and energy needs and minimize the impact of more significant environmental damage. International Conference on Modern Sustainable Agriculture was virtually-held in collaboration between the Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University with The International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS) Indonesian Chapter and Indonesian Society for Agronomy (PERAGI). Prof. Arif Satria, Rector of IPB University, Indonesia and Dr. Suwardi, M.Agr., President of International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS) Indonesian Chapter had given their speech as the keynote speakers for this conference. This conference also had 8 notable invited speakers from various international universities and research centers who delivered their expertise in modern and sustainable agriculture: Prof. Abdul Rashid Muhamed Shariff from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Prof. Makoto Yokohari from The University of Tokyo, Japan, Prof. Salmah Yaakop, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Prof. Masayoshi Shigyo from Yamaguchi University, Japan, Prof. Byoung Ryong Jeong from Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea, Prof. Greta Formaglio from National Institute for Agricultural Research, France, Prof. Anas D Susila from IPB University, Indonesia, and Prof. Hadi Susilo Arifin from IPB University, Indonesia had given their speech as invited speakers for this conference. List of Summary of Conference, Committee are available in this pdf.
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Ayuk-Takem, J. A., S. N. Lyonga, and J. M. Ngeve. "COLLABORATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS, INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTERS, AND FUNDING AGENCIES FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER: THE CASE OF THE CAMEROON NATIONAL ROOT CROPS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 380 (November 1994): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.380.7.

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Biggs, Stephen D. "Evaluation in national agricultural research Edited by Douglas Daniels International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, 1987, 162 pp. (paperback)." Public Administration and Development 9, no. 4 (September 1989): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230090418.

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Ryan, John, Habib Ibrahim, Afif Dakermanji, and Abdoul Aziz Niane. "Training and Capacity Building: An Essential Strategy for Development at an International Research Center." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 2 (July 5, 2012): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n2p57.

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In order to be meaningful, agricultural research has to provide solutions to problems, especially in the international agricultural research system which is designed to contribute to enhanced food production and improved rural livelihoods in the lesser-developed world. Training and human resource development, whether at the technical support or research scientists/managerial level, is fundamental to an effective agricultural research and technology transfer system. By comparison with the developed world, the national agricultural research systems (NARS) in developing countries are weak, often with ineffective extension programs, as typified by the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) region, which is served by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Despite the potential benefits of enhancing human skills, training and human resource development activities are often under-valued and under-funded in international research centers that serve developing countries. By highlighting training at ICARDA and its mandate countries, we sought to give renewed focus on this important component of the mission of the Consultative Group on Agricultural Research (CGIAR). In this article, we considered ICARDA’s philosophy and concepts on training, collaborating institutions, educational materials, categories of training, development of training courses, significant outcomes of training, shifting paradigms, and future directions. ICARDA’s innovative collaborative approach is a model to be emulated not only by the Centers but by other international institutions involved in agricultural and rural development in the developing countries. At this crucial time of restructuring of the CGIAR, renewed emphasis on training has never been more urgent.
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von Kaufmann, R. R., and H. A. Fitzhugh. "Technical constraints to ruminant livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031025.

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AbstractConstraints do not only occur in production systems. They also limit the support available from research and extension and they have serious consequences for human welfare in Africa and for the whole community of nations.The agricultural research agendas in sub-Saharan Africa are indicating more concern for appropriate technology and interest in collaboration but support for research is declining when it is most urgently needed. Food production in sub-Saharan Africa is not keeping pace with demand and this is a cause of instability that will constrain all other attempts at development.The effect of the constraints is most evident on the deteriorating environment which is evident in each agro-ecological zone despite the different potentials and pressures. Animal productivity is low but has the potential for substantial improvement. Misconceptions and a lack of faith in the potential for improvement are themselves constraints in the sense that they discourage donor support for research to alleviate the real problems. Opportunities for improvement have been identified in each agro-ecological zone.There are three major categories of research institutions: national agricultural research systems, international agricultural research centres and developed country research centres. Each has its own comparative advantages and a vital rôle to play in collaboration with the others. With the limitation in research resources there is an urgent need to develop appropriate research methods and techniques that can be applied sufficiently to have impact across the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. These are particularly required in regard to food production. Research opportunities are identified in plant genotypes, animal health, animal genotypes and extension and input supply.
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Pengelly, Bruce C., and Brigitte L. Maass. "Tropical and subtropical forage germplasm conservation and science on their deathbed! 2. Genebanks, FAO and donors must take urgent steps to overcome the crisis." Outlook on Agriculture 48, no. 3 (September 2019): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727019867955.

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Tropical and subtropical forage (TSTF) germplasm collections in the international centres of International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and in many national centres of developed and developing countries are under threat due to reduced financial support. Subsequent lack of skills in taxonomy, diversity assessment and adaptation would preclude them playing their crucial role in underpinning forage research for tropical and subtropical farming systems, to meet the growing global demand for livestock products together with reducing their environmental footprint. Also due to well-meant legal changes of biodiversity ownership as well as a current political culture of ‘us versus them’, germplasm collecting and sharing has become challenging. As a result, most centres have become inward-looking, have few links to other members of the global TSTF research community, including other TSTF genebanks, and are struggling to do the basics of conserving their current holdings. Undoubtedly, valuable germplasm has already been lost, and most genebanks lack the skills and knowledge to add value to research programs to develop new forages or select the best options for new environmental uses. This decline has been a relatively rapid process and reached the crisis point of today in just 20–25 years. This article proposes a four-pronged strategy based on improved efficiency, effectiveness, awareness and collaboration that should be adopted urgently. Swift and drastic action is required of international agencies, national governments, researchers and industry bodies. Much of the germplasm was collected from regions that have since undergone massive development or other changes in land use. Failure to act now will, consequently, result in further loss of genetic material forever and associated passport and descriptive information.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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Salahuddin, Ahmad. "Values in agricultural research and development management for pro-poor impact: the case of PETRRA Project, Bangladesh." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/65934.

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In spite of many years of quality agricultural research and overall agricultural and economic growth, there has been slow progress in the reduction of rural poverty in many developing countries. There is agreement that technology alone is unable to solve the problem of poverty. There are many other issues that need to be considered - some are agroecological and some are social-economic-cultural-institutional-infrastructural. There has recently been fruitful discussion on poverty-focused agricultural research within national and international agricultural research systems. But the actual application of these new ideas and discussions in research has been limited. Although all agree that there is a need to discover ways to achieve greater impact on poverty from research that has been conducted, there is as yet no clear evidence of achievement based on practical experiences. There is little or no real discussion in the literature that demonstrates whether the approach to research affects poverty status. This thesis revisits different interventions and identifies gaps in the literature in understanding approaches to agricultural research. It examines whether working directly with poor men and women farmers in partnership with organisations can contribute to poverty reduction. It also explores a range of values, asking whether they can make pro-poor research and development more effective and, more importantly, whether a value-based research management approach can significantly contribute to poverty elimination. The experience of a recently completed IRRI-managed and DFID-funded project, the Poverty Elimination Through Rice Research Assistance (PETRRA) project, which claimed to have used a value-based approach to agricultural research management, was used as a case study to learn about the effectiveness of such an approach. The project was implemented in Bangladesh for 5 years with more than 50 national and international partners and in close collaboration with the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI). A qualitative research methodology was used to explore the effectiveness of the value-based research management approach utilised by the project. The values included working with the poor men and women farmers on their demands and priorities, conducting research that ensures participation of men and women farmers, working with partners who work with the poor farmers, and developing networks and linkages to sustain technologies and innovations and communicate results to a large number of poor farmers for impact. Under PETRRA, a competitive research commissioning approach was used in the selection of partners. The research method involved interviewing the research partners that led research and development subprojects 4 years on from the completion of the project. This group represents the intermediary group that made the link between two large groups: i) the national-international agricultural research and development system and ii) the users, the poor men and women farmers or the farmer groups. During the interviews, the partners of PETRRA evaluated their experience with the value-based approach that was adopted by PETRRA and analysed its effectiveness. The research revealed that the experience of engaging with values and the value-based management approach was mostly positive. The scientists from national and international research centres and development professionals from government, non-government, and private organizations were successful in linking agricultural research, values, and the need for a management approach to achieve the objective of poverty reduction. They were able to see the strengths of the values when they were used in combination to complement each other. They observed the superior effectiveness in poverty reduction of research outputs in the form of technologies and other innovations that were developed through a value-based approach. They also identified the need for and effectiveness of the contribution of continuous capacity-building efforts on the part of the project management unit in support of a value-based approach. There was clear evidence of capacity-building impact on individual partners and their respective organizations as many of these individuals and organizations sustained the learning after the project ended. Many technologies and innovations, networks, and tools that were developed in the respective subprojects were successfully used by poor farmers, some were replicated by other organizations, and some were mainstreamed and internalised within the organizations that developed them. Many partner organizations involved were substantially changed. Those who had no previous agricultural programme became champions in agriculture, and those who had never worked with resource-poor men-women farmers became leader organizations in conducting such programmes. Many individuals and organizations became advocates and became known nationally. All such evidence indicates the effectiveness of the value-based agricultural research management approach. The thesis concludes that pro-poor agricultural research and development is possible, even within a traditional setting. The challenge is to create a management approach around research and development activities that is value-based and that can facilitate a learning environment where all actors can contribute, play their due role, and get credit for it.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2011
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Books on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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E, Evenson Robert. The international agricultural research centers: Their impact on spending for national agricultural research and extension. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1987.

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Okigbo, Bede. Development of sustainable agricultural production systems in Africa: Roles of international agricultural research centers and national agricultual research systems. [Ibadan, Nigeria]: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 1991.

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Stewart, Rigoberto. Costa Rica and the CGIAR centers: A study of their collaboration in agricultural research. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1985.

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Barton, John H. Material transfer agreements in genetic resources exchange-: The case of the International Agricultural Research Centres. Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1994.

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1952-, Kirschke Dieter, and Lagemann Johannes 1948-, eds. The impact of agricultural research in tropical Africa: A study of the collaboration between the international and national research systems. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1987.

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International Service for National Agricultural Research. Institutions matter: Let knowledge make the difference : road map 2002-2006. The Hague, The Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research, 2002.

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Hague), International Workshop on Agricultural Research Management (1989 The. Organization and structure of national agricultural research systems: Selected papers from the 1989 International Agricultural Research Management Workshop, The Hague, 5-10 November 1989. The Hague, Netherlands: International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1990.

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Strengthening the Role of Universities in the National Agricultural Research Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (1997 Cotonou, Benin). Strengthening the role of universities in the national agricultural research systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cotonou, Benin 17-21 November 1997. The Hague: ISNAR, 1998.

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International Meeting of National Agricultural Research Systems (1st 1986 Brasília, Brazil). The Impact of research on national agricultural development: Report on the First International Meeting of National Agricultural Research Systems and the Second IFARD Global Convention, Brasilia, 6-11 October 1986. The Hague, Netherlands: IFARD, International Federation of Agricultural Research Systems for Development, 1987.

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International Service for National Agricultural Research., ed. Organization and structure of national agricultural research systems: Selected papers from the 1989 International Agricultural Research Management Workshop, the Hague, 5-10 November 1989. Hague, Netherlands: ISNAR, International Service for National Agricultural Research, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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García-Álvarez, David, Francisco José Jurado Pérez, and Javier Lara Hinojosa. "Supra-National Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 443–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_22.

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AbstractSupra-national thematic Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets are not very common. While there are several general datasets mapping all the land uses or covers in different supra-national areas across the world, LUC datasets with a similar extent that focus on the mapping of specific land covers in greater thematic detail are scarce. In this chapter, we review six different supra-national thematic LUC datasets. Three others were also found in the literature, but are not fully available for download, namely the TREES Vegetation Map of Tropical South America, the Central Africa—Vegetation map and FACET. The Circumpolar Arctic Region Vegetation dataset was also excluded from this review because of its specificity and coarse scale (1:7,500,000). Europe is the continent with the most relevant, most updated and most detailed LUC thematic datasets at supra-national scales. This is due to the work being done by the European Commission through its Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Copernicus Land Monitoring Programme. The High-Resolution Layers (HRL) provide very detailed information, both thematically and spatially (from 10 m), for five different themes: imperviousness, tree cover, grasslands, water and wet covers, and small woody features. The European Settlement Map also provides information on built-up areas at very detailed scales (from 2.5 m). HRL and ESM are recently launched datasets which, therefore, do not provide a long series of historical data. In addition, ESM is an experimental dataset produced within the framework of a research project funded by the European Commission and no updates are expected. The datasets reviewed in this chapter for other parts of the world focus on vegetation covers of tropical forests and other relevant areas in terms of biodiversity and environmental studies. These datasets were produced within projects funded by the European Commission and the United States Agency for International Development. Unlike the previous datasets for Europe, they are already outdated and are usually produced at coarser spatial resolutions: Insular Southeast Asia—Forest Cover Map (1 km, 1998/00); Continental Southeast Asia—Forest Cover Map (1 km, 1998/02). For its part, the Congo Basin Monitoring dataset, although outdated, provides information at a higher resolution (57 m) for two different dates: 1990, 2000. The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission also produced an African cropland mask as a source of information for policy-makers. Of all the datasets reviewed in this chapter, it is the only one to focus on agricultural covers. It was obtained from data fusion at 250 m. Consequently, it does not show the cropland areas of Africa for a specific date across the whole continent.
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Ten Berge, H. F. M. "Building capacity for systems research at national agricultural research centres: SARP’s experience." In Systems approaches for agricultural development, 515–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2840-7_32.

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ten Berge, H. F. M. "Building capacity for systems research at national agricultural research centres: SARP’s experience." In Systems approaches for agricultural development, 515–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2842-1_32.

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Gajbhiye, Hemchandra, and Don F. Hadwiger. "Political Support for National and International Public Research." In Public Policy and Agricultural Technology, 67–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09520-9_5.

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Goldsworthy, P. R., P. B. Eyzaguirre, and S. W. Duiker. "Collaboration between national, international, and advanced research institutes for eco-regional research." In Systems Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development, 283–303. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0121-9_15.

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Heine, Joachim. "The Role of Public Authorities at the National and International Level." In European Agricultural Research in the 21st Century, 60–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03692-1_10.

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Tapsoba, Tebkieta Alexandra, and Dabiré Bonayi Hubert. "International Remittances and Development in West Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso." In IMISCOE Research Series, 169–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_9.

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AbstractRemittances are one of the precious spin-offs of international migration in developing countries. They have been fast growing for the last decade, but like any other income, they fluctuate with economic conditions which are affected by several shocks, such as the ongoing covid 19 pandemic. Nevertheless, these transfers sometimes exceed Official Development Aid (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in some parts of the World such as Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating their importance for promoting socio-economic development. This chapter focuses on Burkina Faso, a West African country where more than 80% of the population practice subsistence agriculture, and bear heavily the consequences of poor climatic conditions, exacerbated by the ongoing climate change. The country also has a great history of migration mainly written by its colonial past. Using data from several sources such as the World Bank indicators and national surveys, this chapter aims firstly to understand the trends of remittances flows in the country for the last decade. Secondly, using a national survey on migration conducted in the country, we found that receiving international remittances increases the probability of setting up a non-agricultural business. This result suggests that remittances can help households to set up businesses and be less dependent on climatic conditions.
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Kienzle, Josef, Brian Sims, and Weldone Mutai. "Sustainable agricultural mechanization and commercialization for widespread adoption of conservation agriculture systems in Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 382–401. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0024.

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Abstract To confront the situations of climate crisis, natural resource degradation and rising populations, farmers need access to modern sustainable agricultural technologies, especially Conservation Agriculture (CA) and sustainable agricultural mechanization (SAM). Without such access, the UN's SDGs will not be met in their entirety. The implications of mechanizing CA are discussed for both smallholder and larger-scale farmers. Constraints, issues and options are reviewed and the need for commercial, private sector, CA mechanization service provision for smallholders is identified. The Framework for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization for Africa (SAMA) is a key pillar for achieving Aspiration 1 (a prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development) of the African Union's (AU) Agenda 2063; and SDG 2 (ending hunger and achieving food security). The move towards commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Africa is seen as an inevitable reality in the medium term. It is also a necessary prerequisite for the adoption of SAM, which is being actively promoted in Africa, both at the level of the AU and by national governments, research centres, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and private-sector agricultural machinery companies. The policy dimensions of promoting SAM are discussed from the public and private-sector perspectives. A forward look identifies novel business models for sustainable mechanization services, an increasing application of information technology (IT) and the (longer term) potential for drones and robotics. The conclusion is that CA and SAM are essential ways forward to answer Africa's needs for sustainable food production while engaging young entrepreneurs in the provision of mechanization services using IT, digital tools and precision equipment.
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Bebbington, Anthony J., Jorge Uquillas, and Sam Fujisaka. "16. Federations and food systems: organizations for enhancing rural livelihoods; Institutional biases: who sets the research and extension agenda in Amazonia?; Will farmer participatory research survive in the International Agricultural Research Centres?" In Beyond Farmer First, 220–34. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442372.017.

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Bertin, Patrícia Rocha Bello, Cynthia Parr, Debora Pignatari Drucker, and Imma Subirats. "The Research Data Alliance Interest Group on Agricultural Data: Supporting a Global Community of Practice." In Towards Responsible Plant Data Linkage: Data Challenges for Agricultural Research and Development, 289–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13276-6_15.

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AbstractEfforts to address equity and inclusion in agricultural data infrastructures face numerous challenges. People and networks are widely distributed geographically. This means some solutions to data problems may arise regionally and independently, yet many people are not easily able to engage with their distant colleagues to learn about them or collaborate. In general, constraints on funding for such projects are often national rather than international, and travel funding is not equally distributed. Finally, the breadth of activity means interdisciplinary communication is important but difficult and hard to sustain. Addressing these challenges, the Research Data Alliance (RDA) has been a home for the Interest Group on Agricultural Data (IGAD) since 2013. In 2021, IGAD became the first example of a new type of RDA group – a Community of Practice. A future goal is to use this community of practice to put good regional or national work into practice via inclusive collaborations. This chapter reflects on the lessons learnt from the IGAD community of practice in its attempts to include new voices around the world.
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Conference papers on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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Tomsikova, Katerina, Karel Tomsik, and Karel Nemejc. "Secondary School as a Partner in Community-Led Local Development." In 15th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2022.15.020.

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The main goal of vocational secondary schools is to pass on to students both theoretical information and information needed for current and future practice. The Europe 2020 strategy confirms this goal as it puts emphasis on the environment, innovations and education, primarily regarding schools specializing in agriculture. The aim of this paper is to assess what position vocational agriculture schools have within the system of secondary schools in the Czech Republic, and whether they can contribute to becoming so-called community centres in the given municipality, or whether they possibly already implement certain activities leading to the community function. The survey included primary and secondary research; in primary research qualitative approach was used in the form of in-depth individual interviews with members of the management of selected vocational agriculture schools. In secondary research, selected strategic documents on transnational and national level and expert articles focused on community education were analysed. It is evident that vocational agriculture schools strive to use all potential ways to increase their attractiveness and want to participate in local life. However, they are burdened with paperwork and problems that hinder the implementation of other attractive activities undertaken by schools.
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Vasilieva, Darya, Velta Parsova, Alexsandr Vlasov, and Vladimir Tarbaev. "Monitoring of land use and land abandonment at the municipal level: example of Samara region." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.029.

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The article discusses modern legal regulation of land monitoring and necessary changes in appropriate legislation. Land monitoring is divided into monitoring of land use and monitoring of land quality. The problem of land abandonment or non-use of land resources on the example of Samara region, where more than 75 % of territory is agricultural land has been studied. Inverse relationship between remoteness of local municipality from centre of the Samara-Togliatti agglomeration and area of unfarmed agricultural land has been analysed. Since the start of land reform, large areas of abandoned land have appeared in Samara region. The information on unfarmed agricultural land on municipal level of Samara region has been presented and the changes in their quality conditions are characterized. At federal level the program for prevention and elimination of land abandonment has been developed and implemented, the results of this program have been analysed. However, there are significant problems in monitoring of land conditions. It is proved that absence of single authority for land management on national level and fragmentation of this function across different federal ministries leads to uncoordinated actions and lack of reliable information about land quality. As result, land quality continues to deteriorate, degradation processes are going on. At municipal level there are no possibilities and necessary investigation materials for land management and monitoring. The following measures are proposed as main recommendations for solving land use and land abandonment problems: creation of single authority for land stock management, implementation of comprehensive inventory of land on municipal level, improvement of cadastral valuation system according updated materials and technologies, as well as certification of agricultural land for soil quality and properties. The purpose of the research was the study of results of land monitoring in Samara region for analysis of dynamics of land stock and identification of main reasons for formation of unused (abandoned) agricultural land in the region. It is proved that land stock of Samara region mainly consists of agricultural lands, and most part of them (60 %) are owned by citizens. Significant problem of land use is the availability of unused arable land, which is 8 % on average in the region, but in local municipalities it ranges from 0 % to 29 %. The highest proportion of unused arable land is located in areas closer to Samara-Togliatti agglomeration, where most of the land has been privatized by individuals for conversion to other land categories and further resale, as well as problems with uncontrolled urbanization there have been observed.
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Chang, Sun. "The international competitiveness research of china’s agricultural products." In 2016 National Convention on Sports Science of China, edited by Z. Henan and J. Y. Beijing. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ncssc/201701006.

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Geng, Duanyang, Daolin Zhang, Chunyan Jiang, and Pengxiang Meng. "Exploration of National Quality course for Agricultural Mechanics." In 3rd International Conference on Science and Social Research (ICSSR 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssr-14.2014.20.

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Kovacova Svecova, Zuzana, Milena Lipnicka, and Dagmara Smalley. "COMPLEMENTARY SCHOOLS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN WITH A FOCUS ON SLOVAK EDUCATIONAL CENTRES." In 14th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2021.1715.

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Arzhanova, I. V., V. M. Zhurakovsky, and A. I. Ulianova. "The national project “Education”: National research universities as centres of innovative development of the engineering education in Russia." In 2013 International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icl.2013.6644552.

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Prime, Thomas. "Relocatable Tide Prediction and Storm Surge Forecasting." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77926.

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The marine environment represents a large and important resource for communities around the world. However, the marine environment increasingly presents hazards that can have a large negative impact. One important marine hazard results from storms and their accompanying surges. This can lead to coastal flooding, particularly when surge and astronomical high tides align, with resultant impacts such as destruction of property, saline degradation of agricultural land and coastal erosion. Where tide and storm surge information are provided and accessed in a timely, accurate and understandable way, the data can provide: 1. Evidence for planning: Statistics of past conditions such as the probability of extreme event occurrence can be used to help plan improvements to coastal infrastructure that are able to withstand and mitigate the hazard from a given extreme event. 2. Early warning systems: Short term forecasts of storm surge allow provide early warnings to coastal communities enabling them to take actions to allow them to withstand extreme events, e.g. deploy flood prevention measures or mobilise emergency response measures. Data regarding sea level height can be provided from various in-situ observations such as tide gauges and remote observations such as satellite altimetry. However, to provide a forecast at high spatial and temporal resolution a dynamic ocean model is used. Over recent decades the National Oceanography Centre has been a world leading in developing coastal ocean models. This paper will present our progress on a current project to develop an information system for the Madagascan Met Office. The project, C-RISC, being executed in partnership with Sea Level Research Ltd, is translating the current modelling capability of NOC in storm surge forecasting and tidal prediction into a system that will provide information that can be easily transferred to other regions and is scalable to include other hazard types The outcome, an operational high-resolution storm surge warning system that is easy to relocate, will directly benefit coastal communities, giving them information they need to make effective decisions before and during extreme storm surge events.
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Sun, Wei, Lei Wu, and Xinning Hao. "Agricultural research front detection and national cooperative performance analysis based on ESI." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsai.2016.7811114.

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Zhang, Dehua. "Research on the Influence of Farmers' Wage Income in Heilongjiang from National Agricultural Investment." In International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-16.2016.43.

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Jankova, Liga, Andrejs Lazdins, Madara Dobele, and Aina Dobele. "Topicality of crafts in the development of Jelgava old town quarter." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.019.

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The development of small towns in Latvia is strongly affected by the growth of the tourism industry. New tourism products and sightseeing objects are created to develop local tourism and increase the number of visitors to cities/regions owing to municipal support. It has been found that in artisanal quarters, product sales and educational masterclasses create a new added value for tourism, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the area. The first part of the research explained the role of crafts and artisans in urban development. The second part of the research performed a comparison of the operational patterns of current houses and centres of crafts, conducted an expert survey of administrators of the houses and centres of crafts and identified the demand for artisan products by the population and their interests in the development of the Jelgava Old Town street quarter. The research has concluded that in order for crafts to survive, national and local government support is needed for creating houses, centres, quarters and streets of crafts, improving the infrastructure for artisans to work and for tourists to visit them. Municipalities need to develop and implement a policy and a programme for craft development. Crafts have transformed into the cultural industry and in many autonomous communities, the craft competences have merged with tourism and contributed to a broad supply of products and have become important for the development of the area. Overall, the number of visitors to some Jelgava city tourism facilities increased in 2018, yet the total number of visitors decreased. This indicates that the city needs new local tourism facilities. Four operational patterns of houses and centres of crafts were identified in Latvia. Crafts as an important and supportive activity to be developed are incorporated in a number of European, national, Zemgale planning region, Jelgava city and region development strategies and programmes, thereby emphasizing the support needed for traditional artisan activities. Respondents highly rated the need for a house of crafts in the Jelgava Old Town street quarter – 45% expressed very convincing opinions, while 42% rated it as average. The main benefits in the context of craft functions pertain to the cultural and historical heritage and social value. Further research studies are needed to analyse the economic and creative/innovative functions of crafts.
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Reports on the topic "National and international agricultural research centres"

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Sumberg, James. Youth and the Rural Economy in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.043.

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How do young people across Africa engage with the rural economy? And what are the implications for how they build livelihoods and futures for themselves, and for rural areas and policy? These questions are closely linked to the broader debate about Africa’s employment crisis, and specifically youth employment, which has received ever-increasing policy and public attention over the past two decades. Indeed, employment and the idea of ‘decent work for all’ is central to the Sustainable Development Goals to which national governments and development partners across sub-Saharan Africa have publicly subscribed. It is in this context that between 2017 and 2020, a consortium led by the Institute of Development Studies, with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development, undertook research on young people’s engagement with the rural economy in SSA.
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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.
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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.
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Cabrita, Maria Teresa, Ana David, and Gonçalo Vieira. Portuguese Polar Program Annual Report 2020. Centro de Estudos Geográficos, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33787/ceg20210001.

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The Portuguese Polar Program - PROPOLAR is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ( based at Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território ( of the University of Lisbon ( The coordination of PROPOLAR is led by the Centro de Estudos Geográficos from Instituto de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território University of Lisbon (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA), under a Coordinating Committee that includes members from 4 other research centres, namely the Centro de Ciências do Mar University of Algarve (CCMAR UALG), the Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente University of Coimbra (MARE UC), the Centro de Química Estrutural from Instituto Superior Técnico University of Lisboa (CQE/IST ULISBOA), and the Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental University of Oporto (CIIMAR U PORTO) Gonçalo Vieira (CEG/IGOT ULISBOA) is the Head of the program The remarkable effort and commitment of the Portuguese Polar scientists, within the framework of the International Polar Year ( 2007 08 were key to promote awareness of the importance of Polar science and research for Portugal A strategic plan encompassing three main objectives was then set out to i creating a Portuguese Polar Program focused on polar research and innovation and supporting the young generation of Polar scientists,scientists,( signing the Antarctic Treaty, and ( implementing a national Polar education and outreach program With the support of the FCT, PROPOLAR started in 2007 Portugal ratified the Antarctic Treaty in 2010 and the Madrid Protocol in 2014 and has established liaisons with major international Polar scientific and management organisations and networks PROPOLAR in close connection with the FCT, has ensured consolidation and sustainability of the development of Portuguese Polar science
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Gruson-Daniel, Célya, and Maya Anderson-González. Étude exploratoire sur la « recherche sur la recherche » : acteurs et approches. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/24.

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• Introduction Dans le cadre du deuxième Plan National de la Science Ouverte, le Comité pour la science ouverte a souhaité mener une étude pour la préfiguration d’un Lab de la science ouverte (LabSO) afin de mieux comprendre le périmètre de la recherche sur la recherche (research on research) dans un contexte international. • Objectifs de l’étude : L’étude répond ainsi à trois objectifs : 1. repérer des grands courants de recherche sur la recherche (RoR) dans le paysage plus général de la recherche universitaire en Europe et outre-atlantique, en reconnaître les principaux acteurs institutionnels et différencier les approches mobilisées par les uns et les autres ; 2. proposer une méthodologie d’analyse dans une démarche de science ouverte (méthodes mixtes et cartographie numérique) pour faciliter l’appropriation de son contenu ; 3. émettre des recommandations pour faciliter le positionnement du LabSO et s’inspirer d’initiatives existantes. • Méthodologie Une série de treize entretiens et une collecte de données d’une sélection thématique de sites web ont permis de dresser un paysage d’acteurs et d’approches impliqués dans des recherches sur la recherche. Ce dernier s’est nourri d’une démarche de cartographie numérique pour repérer et visualiser les liens existants entre différentes communautés, mouvements, réseaux et initiatives (financeurs, projets, centres de recherche, fournisseurs de données, éditeurs, etc.). • Résultats Le rapport présente différents courants de « recherche sur la recherche » issus des traditions théoriques et méthodologiques de la sociologie, de l’économie, des sciences politiques, de la philosophie, des sciences de l’information et des mesures (biblio/scientométrie). Des courants plus récents sont aussi décrits. Ils s’inscrivent dans un contexte de politiques publiques favorables à la science ouverte et ont émergé dans le champ des sciences sociales computationnelles, des Big Data ou encore des domaines biomédicaux. Si certaines de ces approches s’appuient sur des courants académiques (STS, sciences des mesures) établis depuis de nombreuses décennies, d’autres comme ceux de la « métascience » ou de la « science de la science », se sont structurées plus récemment avec une visée prescriptive et de changement fondé sur des preuves (evidence-based) se basant sur un engagement normatif pour une science plus ouverte, inclusive et diverse. Bien loin d’un paysage statique, l’étude fait ressortir des recherches en mouvement, des débats tout autant que des mises en garde afin que certains courants « ne réinventent pas la roue » en faisant fit d’une longue tradition académique de l’étude des sciences et de la production scientifiques. De nouvelles alliances entre centres de recherche et laboratoires, institutions subventionnaires, décideurs politiques et fournisseurs de données ont été repérées. Elles participent à une dynamique actuelle d’équipement des politiques publiques par des outils d’évaluation et des protocoles de recherche pour guider les actions menées, on parle d’évidence-based policies. Un des exemples les plus récents étant laa seconde feuille de route du RoRI1 poussant notamment à la formation d’un réseau international d’instituts de recherche sur la recherche, fondé sur le partage et la mutualisation de données, de méthodes et d’outils. Outre la présentation de ces différents acteurs et courants, le rapport pointe le rôle joué par les infrastructures et les fournisseurs de données scientifiques (publications, données, métadonnées, citations, etc.) dans la structuration de ce paysage et les équilibres à trouver. • Recommandations 1. Accompagner la construction d’indicateurs et de métriques par le biais d’un regard critique et de discussions collectives pour mesurer leurs impacts sur les comportements des professionnels de la recherche (mésusages, gaming). 2. Porter attention aux étapes de diffusion des résultats scientifiques issus des « recherches sur la recherche » pour les adapter aux différents publics ciblés (chercheurs, responsables des politiques publiques de recherche, journalistes, etc.). 3. Articuler les travaux de « recherche sur la recherche » avec une démarche de science ouverte en questionnant notamment les choix faits concernant les fournisseurs de données, les infrastructures et outils d’évaluation, de découvrabilité et d’analyse de la production scientifique (gouvernance, utilisation des données, etc.). 4. Soutenir les approches thématiques et transversales plutôt que disciplinaire de manière collaborative entre les différents membres du Lab de la science ouverte et aider le dialogue entre les différentes approches et mouvements (STS, research on research, science of science, scientométrie, etc.)
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Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.
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