Academic literature on the topic 'National Academies (U.S.)'

Jerome E. Dobson, professor emeritus, University of Kansas; president of the American Geographical Society; and recipient of the 2014 James R. Anderson Medal of Honor in Applied Geography, discusses his career in the context of America's academic purge of geography. Highlights include his time as a Jefferson Science Fellow with the National Academies and U. S. Department of State. Dobson has been recognized with two lifetime achievement awards for his pioneering work in geographic information systems (GIS) and as Alumnus of 2013 at Reinhardt University. His contributions include the paradigm of automated geography, his instrumental role in originating the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and his leadership of the LandScan Global Population Database, the de facto world standard for estimating populations at risk. His recent research includes testing a new system for mapping minefields; designing and promulgating the current world standard for cartographic representation of landmines, minefields, and mine actions; and leading six AGS Bowman Expeditions.

<p>A quarter century ago the landmark report from the U. S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine entitled <em>“</em><em>Emerging Infections, Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” </em>was released. This classic study captured the societal changes then underway in our rapidly growing world: The growth of the world’s population and changing human behavior; the advances and globalization of technology and industry; the changes in economic development and land use; the dramatic increase in speed and frequency of international travel and commerce; the adaptation of microbes and the appearance of never before seen pathogens; and the breakdown of traditional public health measures. This societal evolution has only increased and the growing frequency of outbreaks foretold in the report has come to pass. Each new disaster has precipitated changes and adaptations in our global response to infectious diseases designed to reduce risks and avoid future outbreaks. We discuss these past events and how each led to change in an effort to mitigate future threats. We also look to the future to consider what challenges might lay ahead.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Major outbreaks over the past quarter century validated the concept of emerging infectious diseases and led to improvements in global policies and national public health programs; however, there will likely always be new diseases and the threat of reemergence of diseases once thought controlled leading to a constant need for vigilance in public health preparedness.</p>

The government is attempting to obtain the access of Early Childhood Education pro- grams providing educational assistance. Unfortunately, the government has spent funds to calculate the unit costs that should not occur in the real world of education. In consequence, the aims of this study are to (1) calculate the amount of operational unit costs for Early Childhood Education pro- grams, and (2) enumerate variations and projections of the amount of the operational unit costs in Early Childhood Education programs by region category. This study uses quantitative data with pop- ulation of all Early Childhood Education institutions in Indonesia. The unit of analysis of this re- search is Early Childhood Education institutions consisting of kindergarten, Playgroup, Daycare, and ECCD units. The findings are that the highest operating unit cost is in TPA because there is a full day of service. Next is a Kindergarten institution because at this institution already has a special curriculum to prepare the child proceed to the level of basic education. Then the unit cost is the highest area in the eastern region. Recommendation in determining the amount of financial assistance it is necessary to consider the amount of operational unit costs so that the purpose of providing fi- nancial assistance is to improve access and quality can be achieved. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Operational Unit Cost, Fund Aid Reference Afmansyah, T. H. (2019). Efektifitas Dan Efisiensi Pembiayaan Pendidikan. INA-Rxiv Paper. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/5ysw4 Akdon. (2015). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2013). K–12 CLASS SIZE REDUCTIONS AND STUDENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE AND BENEFIT–COST ANALYSIS. Washington State Institute for Public Policy, (13), 1–12. Azhari, U. L., & Kurniady, D. A. (2016). Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan, Fasilitas Pembelajaran, Dan Mutu Sekolah. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan, 23(2). Belsky, J., Steinberg, L., & Draper, P. (1991). Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development, 62(4), 647. Bijanto. (2018). Mengakreditasi PAUD dan PNF. Retrieved from https://banpaudpnf.kemdikbud.go.id/berita/mengakreditasi-paud-dan-pnf Brinkman, S. A., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Nakajima, N., & Pradhan, M. (2017). The role of preschool quality in promoting child development: evidence from rural Indonesia*. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 25(4), 483–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2017.1331062 Campbell-Barr, V. (2019). Interpretations of child centred practice in early childhood education and care. Compare, 49(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1401452 Chandrawaty, Ndari, S. S., Mujtaba, I., & Ananto, M. C. (2019). Children’s Outdoor Activities and Parenting Style in Children’s Social Skill. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 13(November), 217–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.132.02 Chrystiana, N., & Alip, M. (2014). Komponen Biaya Dan Biaya Satuan Operasi Pendidikan Taman Kanak-Kanak (Studi Kasus Di 3 Taman Kanak-Kanak). Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.21831/amp.v2i1.2410 Denboba, A., Hasan, A., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia. In World Bank http://ideas.repec.org/b/wbk/wbpubs/22376.html Publications. Retrieved from Firdaus, N. M., & Ansori, A. (2019). Optimizing Management of Early Childhood Education in Community Empowerment. Journal of Nonformal Education, 5(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v5i1.18532 Harris, D. N. (2009). Toward policy-relevant benchmarks for interpreting effect sizes: Combining effects with costs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373708327524 Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., Nakajima, N., & Pradhan, M. (2019). Built to Last Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Savelyev, P. A., & Yavitz, A. (2010). The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program. Journal of Public Economics, 94(1–2), 114– 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001 Hollands, F., Bowden, A. B., Belfield, C., Levin, H. M., Cheng, H., Shand, R., ... Hanisch-Cerda, B. (2014). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Interventions to Improve High School Completion. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 36(3), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373713511850 Howard, S. J., & Melhuish, E. (2017). An Early Years Toolbox for Assessing Early Executive Function, Language, Self-Regulation, and Social Development: Validity, Reliability, and Preliminary Norms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 35(3), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916633009 Institute of Medicine (Author), National Research Council (Author), Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (Author), and Families Board on Children, Youth (Author), C. on S. B.-C. M. for the E. of E. C. I. (Author). (2009). Strengthening Benefit-Cost Analysis for Early Childhood Interventions: Workshop Summary (A. Beatty, Ed.). Washington DC: National Academies Press. Keith, R. s. (2018). The Cost of Inequality: The Importance Of Investing In High Quality Early Childhood Education Programs (University of Colorado Springs; V ol. 53). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Lamy, C. E. (2014). American Children in Chronic Poverty: Complex Risks, Benefit-Cost Analyses, and Untangling the Knot. United Kingdom: Lexington Books; Reprint edition. Levin, by H. M., McEwan, P. J., Belfield, C. R., Bowden, A. B., & Shand, R. D. (2017). Economic Evaluation in Education: Cost-Effectiveness and Benefit-Cost Analysis (Third Edit). California: Sage Publication. Levin, H. (2001). Waiting for godot: Cost-effectiveness analysis in education. New Directions for Evaluation, 2001(90), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/ev.12 Lovchinov, V. A., Mädge, H., & Christensen, A. N. (1984). On the thermodynamic properties of Vnx. In Materials Letters (Vol. 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-577X(84)90080-6 Mujahidun. (2016). Pmerataan Pendidikan Anak Bangsa: Pendidikan Gratis Versus Kapitalisme Pendidikan. Tarbiyatuna, 7(1), 38–52. Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Brinkman, S., Pradhan, M., & Angela Kinnel. (2016). Investing in school readiness : an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia. World Bank Research Working Paper, (September), 1–45. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/656521474904442550/Investing-in-school- readiness-an-analysis-of-the-cost-effectiveness-of-early-childhood-education-pathways-in- rural-Indonesia Pidarta, M. (2013). Landasan Kependidikan Stimulus Ilmu Pendidikan Bercorak Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. SISDIKNAS, U. (2003). Undang-undang Sisdiknas No 20 Tahun 2003. (1). Suyadi, S. (2017). Perencanaan dan Asesmen Perkembangan Pada Anak Usia Dini. Golden Age: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini, 1(1), 65–74. Retrieved from http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/tarbiyah/index.php/goldenage/article/view/1251 Tedjawati, J. M. (2013). Pendanaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 19(3), 346. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v19i3.294 UNESCO. (2013). Why every child deserves a quality education. 1–16. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000223826 West, A., & Noden, P. (2019). ‘Nationalising’ and Transforming the Public Funding of Early Years Education (and care) in England 1996–2017. British Journal of Educational Studies, 67(2), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2018.1478058 West, A., Roberts, J., & Noden, P. (2010). Funding Early Years Education And Care: Can A Mixed Economy Of Providers Deliver Universal High Quality Provision? British Journal of Educational Studies, 58(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071000903520850

Abstract Background Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be an important bacterial pathogen associated with invasive (e.g. bacteraemia, meningitis) and non-invasive (e.g. community-acquired respiratory tract) infections worldwide. Surveillance studies conducted nationally and globally assist in determining trends over geographical areas and allow comparisons between countries. Objectives To characterize invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae in terms of their serotype, antimicrobial resistance, genotype and virulence and to use the serotype data to determine the level of coverage by different generations of pneumococcal vaccines. Methods SAVE (Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility: Assessment for Vaccine Efficacy in Canada) is an ongoing, annual, national collaborative study between the Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARE) and the National Microbiology Laboratory, focused on characterizing invasive isolates of S. pneumoniae obtained across Canada. Clinical isolates from normally sterile sites were forwarded by participating hospital public health laboratories to the Public Health Agency of Canada—National Microbiology Laboratory and CARE for centralized phenotypic and genotypic investigation. Results The four articles in this Supplement provide a comprehensive examination of the changing patterns of antimicrobial resistance and MDR, serotype distribution, genotypic relatedness and virulence of invasive S. pneumoniae obtained across Canada over a 10 year period (2011–2020). Conclusions The data highlight the evolution of S. pneumoniae under pressure by vaccination and antimicrobial usage, as well as vaccine coverage, allowing both clinicians and researchers nationally and globally to view the current status of invasive pneumococcal infections in Canada.

Many studies have shown a link between being competent in early mathematics and achievement in school. Early math skills have the potential to be the best predictors of later performance in reading and mathematics. Movement and songs are activities that children like, making it easier for teachers to apply mathematical concepts through this method. This study aims to develop audio-visual learning media in the form of songs with a mixture of western and traditional musical idioms, accompanied by movements that represent some of the teaching of early mathematics concepts. The stages of developing the ADDIE model are the basis for launching new learning media products related to math and art, and also planting the nation's cultural arts from an early age. These instructional media products were analyzed by experts and tested for their effectiveness through experiments on five children aged 3-4 years. The qualitative data were analyzed using transcripts of field notes and observations and interpreted in a descriptive narrative. The quantitative data were analyzed using gain score statistics. The results showed that there was a significant increase in value for early mathematical understanding of the concepts of geometry, numbers and measurement through this learning medium. The results of the effectiveness test become the final basis of reference for revision and complement the shortcomings of this learning medium. Further research can be carried out to develop other mathematical concepts through motion and song learning media, and to create experiments with a wider sample. Keywords: Early Mathematical Skills, Movement and Song Idiom Traditional, Audio-visual Learning Media References An, S. A., & Tillman, D. A. (2015). Music activities as a meaningful context for teaching elementary students mathematics: a quasi-experiment time series design with random assigned control group. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15999 An, S., Capraro, M. M., & Tillman, D. A. (2013). Elementary Teachers Integrate Music Activities into Regular Mathematics Lessons: Effects on Students’ Mathematical Abilities. Journal for Learning through the Arts: A Research Journal on Arts Integration in Schools and Communities, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.21977/d99112867 Austin, A. M. B., Blevins-Knabe, B., Ota, C., Rowe, T., & Lindauer, S. L. K. (2011). Mediators of preschoolers’ early mathematics concepts. Early Child Development and Care, 181(9), 1181–1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2010.520711 Barrett, J. E., Cullen, C., Sarama, J., Miller, A. L., & Rumsey, C. (2011). Children ’ s unit concepts in measurement : a teaching experiment spanning grades 2 through 5. 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-011-0368-8 Basco, R. O. (2020). Effectiveness of Song, Drill and Game Strategy in Improving Mathematical Performance. 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Mathematics Learning in Early Chidhood Paths Toward Excellence and Equity. The National Academies Press. Geary, D. C. (2011). Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: A 5-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 47(6), 1539–1552. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025510 Geary, D. C. (2012). Learning Disabilities and Persistent Low Achievement in Mathematics. J Dev Behav Pediatr., 32(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e318209edef.Consequences Gejard, G., & Melander, H. (2018). Mathematizing in preschool : children ’ s participation in geometrical discourse. 1807. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1487143 Harususilo, Y. E. (2020). Skor PISA Terbaru Indonesia, Ini 5 PR Besar Pendidikan pada Era Nadiem Makarim. https://pusmenjar.kemdikbud.go.id/ Hsiao, T. (1999). Romanticism with Deep Affection: Selected Articles About the Music of Hsiao Tyzen (Hengzhe Lin (ed.)). Wang Chun Feng Wen Hua Fa Xing. Kasuya-Ueba, Y., Zhao, S., & Toichi, M. (2020). The Effect of Music Intervention on Attention in Children: Experimental Evidence. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14(July), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00757 Kołodziejski, M., Králová, P. D. E., & Hudáková, P. D. J. (2014). Music and Movement Activities and Their Impact on Musicality and Healthy Development of a Child. Journal of Educational Revies, 7(4). Kristanto, W. (2020). Javanese Traditional Songs for Early Childhood Character Education. 14(1), 169–184. Litkowski, E. C., Duncan, R. J., Logan, J. A. R., & Purpura, D. J. (2020). When do preschoolers learn specific mathematics skills? Mapping the development of early numeracy knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 195, 104846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104846 Logvinova, O. K. (2016). Socio-pedagogical approach to multicultural education at preschool. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233(May), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.203 Lopintsova, O., Paloniemi, K., & Wahlroos, K. (2012). Multicultural Education through Expressive Methods in Early Childhood Education. Ludwig, M. ., Marklein, M. ., & Song, M. (2016). Arts Integration: A Promising Approach to Improving Early Learning. American Institutes for Research. Macdonald, A., & Lowrie, T. (2011). Developing measurement concepts within context : Children ’ s representations of length. 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-011-0002-7 Mans, M. (2002). Playing The Music- Comparing Perfomance of Children’s Song and dance in Traditional and Contemporary Namibian Education. In The Arts in Children’s Live (pp. 71–86). Kluwer Academic Publishers. Maričić, S. M., & Stamatović, J. D. (2017). The Effect of Preschool Mathematics Education in Development of Geometry Concepts in Children. 8223(9), 6175–6187. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.01057a Missall, K., Hojnoski, R. L., Caskie, G. I. L., & Repasky, P. (2015). Home Numeracy Environments of Preschoolers: Examining Relations Among Mathematical Activities, Parent Mathematical Beliefs, and Early Mathematical Skills. Early Education and Development, 26(3), 356–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2015.968243 Moreno, S., Bialystok, E., Barac, R., Schellenberg, E. G., Cepeda, N. J., & Chau, T. (2011). Short-term music training enhances verbal intelligence and executive function. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611416999 Nketia, J. H. K. (1982). Developing Contemporary Idioms out of Traditional Music. Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 24, 81. https://doi.org/10.2307/902027 Nyota, S., & Mapara, J. (2008). Shona Traditional Children ’ s Games and Play : Songs as Indigenous Ways of Knowing. English, 2(4), 189–203. Östergren, R., & Träff, U. (2013). Early number knowledge and cognitive ability affect early arithmetic ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 115(3), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2013.03.007 Pantoja, N., Schaeffer, M. W., Rozek, C. S., Beilock, S. L., & Levine, S. C. (2020). Children’s Math Anxiety Predicts Their Math Achievement Over and Above a Key Foundational Math Skill. Journal of Cognition and Development, 00(00), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2020.1832098 Papadakis, Stamatios, Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2017). Improving Mathematics Teaching in Kindergarten with Realistic Mathematical Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(3), 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0768-4 Papadakis, Stamatios, Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2018). The effectiveness of computer and tablet assisted intervention in early childhood students’ understanding of numbers. An empirical study conducted in Greece. 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The War of 1812 brought daunting financial challenges to the national government of the United States. At the onset of war, policymakers were still in the process of sifting through a developing body of American economic thought while contemplating the practicalities of banking and public finance. The young nation's wartime experience encompassed the travails of incompetent and cautious leadership, the incautious optimism that stemmed from several previous years of economic growth, the inadequacies of the banking system, and, ultimately, the temporary deterioration of the financial position of the United States. While not equivalent to great tragedy, the war did force Americans to attend to the financial infrastructure of the country and reevaluate what kinds of institutions were truly necessary. This study of the financing of the War of 1812 provides a greater understanding of how the early American economy functioned and the sources of its economic progress during that era. Financial studies have typically not been a primary focus of historians, and certainly with regard to the War of 1812, it is easy to understand a preoccupation with political and military affairs. To a large degree, however, economic realities and financial infrastructure determine a nation's capacity for growth and change as well as national strength. The War of 1812 offers a prism through which to view the tensions of economic and financial policymaking during an emergency situation and reveals an important turning point in the development of distinctly American financial ideas and institutions.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Terezie Poláková Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Assessment of energy metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for lung disease with systemic consequences. Besides the respiratory symptoms there are also described changes in body metabolism, which could lead to the development of serious metabolic syndrome called cachexia. The main aim of this study was to compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrition substrate utilization in 12 patients with advanced form of COPD from the Czech Multicentre Research Database of COPD (5 females and 7 males, mean age 68 ± 6 years) and in 9 patients of control group without respiratory impairment (5 females and 4 males, 62 ± 4 years). Assessment of body metabolism was determined by method of indirect calorimetry. Measured REE was then compared with prediction based on Harris-Benedict equation. The utilization of main nutrition substrates was determined from the respiratory quotient and urea nitrogen loss in urine. We found that measured REE in COPD patients was about 20 % higher than in control group....

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Magdaléna Doleželová Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Body composition parameters in dependence on the metabolism degrese in patiens with COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a very serious illness characterized by incompletely reversible airflow obstruction and lung emphysema. Contributes to its overall severity are extrapulmonary manifestations, especially cachexia and loss of lean tissue mass. Chronic inflammation of the respiratory airways and increased respiratory effort cause the hypermetabolic state to some patients with COPD. This thesis investigates the impact of increased metabolism on body composition in patients with COPD. Our study included 50 COPD patients (38 men, 12 women) who were examined by bioelectrical impedance. In this study, we compared the parameters of body composition of men with resting energy expenditure REE > 130% (hereinafter Men over 130%) (n = 9) and the group of men with REE < 130 % (hereinafter Men below 130 %) (n = 29). In the group of Men over 130 % we found a lower average value of body weight by 18 % compared to Men below 130 %. Total body and intracellular water were 12 %...

This dissertation thesis is focused on music performance within the bounds of Order of the Cross with Red Star in the 18th century. The history of the Knight's Order rises from the first half of the 13th century and concerns the only original Czech church order. In the 18th century Knights of the Cross belonged to the most significant patrons of Art in Czech lands. Church and monastery of St. František in Prague, the center of the Order, became the most influential culture center. The charity work of the Order of that time influenced the creation of the extraordinary institution - the Order's menza that had the significant importance for operating of organ lofts of St. František Church because it provided the sufficient amount of singers and musicians. The research is exclusively based on non-music materials deposited in the Cross paper fond (Nr.195) consigned in the 1st department of the National Archives in Prague. According the information of the inventory department, the fond contains altogether 2315 cartons of paper material and 3306 books. Until now, the researchers have been interested in these sources only marginally which was caused mostly by its disorderliness and most important discoveries have been realized mostly just by lucky coincidences. The main part of this work is devoted to St....

As part of the protection of the European Union budget, European legislation sets out corrective mechanisms in cases where the funds provided have not been used in accordance with the intended purpose and rules. At the national level, there are a number of ways, as well as a number of obstacles, to returning funds to which a financial correction has been applied back to the state budget. The institute of budgetary discipline breach plays a key function for the return of unjustly used funds to the state budget. There is a difference between the funds that have not been reimbursed from the European Union due to the application of the correction and the funds recovered at the national level, this difference is a burden for the state budget. This paper will describe the circumstances of this difference, its causes and possible solutions.

Jerome E. Dobson, professor emeritus, University of Kansas; president of the American Geographical Society; and recipient of the 2014 James R. Anderson Medal of Honor in Applied Geography, discusses his career in the context of America's academic purge of geography. Highlights include his time as a Jefferson Science Fellow with the National Academies and U. S. Department of State. Dobson has been recognized with two lifetime achievement awards for his pioneering work in geographic information systems (GIS) and as Alumnus of 2013 at Reinhardt University. His contributions include the paradigm of automated geography, his instrumental role in originating the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and his leadership of the LandScan Global Population Database, the de facto world standard for estimating populations at risk. His recent research includes testing a new system for mapping minefields; designing and promulgating the current world standard for cartographic representation of landmines, minefields, and mine actions; and leading six AGS Bowman Expeditions.

Abstract A descriptive analysis of the U.S. national innovation “system” is a gargantuan task, made all the more ambitious by our efforts to begin this discussion in the early twentieth century. We then examine the pre-World War II and postwar U.S. innovation “systems.” In the introductory and the concluding sections of the paper, we summarize some of the elements that appear to distinguish this national innovation system from those of other industrial and industrializing economies. Because of the dearth of reliable quantitative data for the pre-1953 era, most of our comparative assessments cover the postwar period or are largely qualitative. Moreover, the lack of data on other dimensions of the post-1953 U.S. innovation system (e.g., comprehensive statistics on the adoption of new technologies) means that our quantitative discussion of this period relies heavily on R&D investment data, with all of their limitations.

Abstract The first investment protection provisions in U.S. treaty practice were those guaranteeing certain absolute standards of treatment—typically “special protection” or “full and perfect protection”—to property owned by nationals of the other party.1 Relative standards, requiring MFN or national treatment with respect to investment, began to appear in the latter part of the nineteenth century. One early formulation guaranteed national treatment with respect to the right to “engage in all kinds of trade, manufacturers, and mining” and “all the privileges and concessions in these matters,” with the exception of the coasting trade. Thus, the right was not to national treatment with respect to the establishment and operation of investment generally, but to national treatment of investment related to trade, manufacturing, or mining. The interwar FCNs continued this pattern, but broadened the protections granted. They provided that property be afforded “the most constant protection and security” and added a guarantee of treatment no less than that required by international law. They also entitled nationals of each party to national and MFN treatment with respect to the right to “engage in scientific, religious, philanthropic, manufacturing, and commercial work of every kind” and “generally to do anything incidental to or necessary for the enjoyment of any of the foregoing privileges.”3 The interwar FCNs thus included MFN as well as national treatment and broadened the coverage to include nonprofit as well as commercial activities. The right of MFN and national treatment for investment, however, continued to apply only to the extent that the investment was incidental or necessary to engaging in these activities.

This paper will discuss the application of verification and validation (V&V) on both private and US government sponsored projects. Application of V&V for business and legal purposes is very tightly defined when executing a project compared to the open ended research of V&V performed in national laboratories and academia. Major purchases on the order of millions to hundreds of millions of dollars depend upon an accurate V&V if the calculation supporting the purchase involves a simulated solution or design. Examples of application will be given to illustrate the use of V&V within projects. The examples will motivate a discussion on the future needs and directions of the business industry from the larger V&V community. It is hoped that this discussion will promote greater interaction between the national labs, academia and business to help develop methodologies, consistencies and directions of effort that will support execution of the V&V process in the business sector.

In order to raise efficiency and quality, as well as strengthen the position of persons with disabilities, research and analysis were conducted in the current situation and recommendations for a more effective approach to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the labour market. The research systematizes an overview of the key recommendations in the area of institutional frameworks that ensure the implementation of the National Strategy for equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. In the field of education, the possibility of including persons with disabilities in adult education programmes for occupations for which there are needs in the labour market is important. Investing in the development of better conditions that contribute to facilitating integration into educational programmes for adults with disabilities has been identified as a key element in improving the position of people with disabilities. Following the above, their views on current measures and possible improvements in the conditions for more efficient and faster inclusion of persons with disabilities in the labour market were explored. In the research, a focus group was used in which people with disabilities participated, were registered in the CES records as unemployed, and were actively looking for work. Comprehensive information from the perspective of persons with disabilities and current measures within the Croatian Employment Service will contribute to the more efficient and faster integration of persons with disabilities into the labour market.

The support assembly of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) was modeled to determine the assembly’s response to a seismic excitation. The compliance of this structural component to established U. S. Department of Energy (USDOE) standards [1, 2] is evaluated.

Levels of electric and magnetic fields in the environment in the vicinity of double- circuit overhead power lines vary significantly depending on the selected phase arrangement. The permitted levels of electric and magnetic fields in the environment are determined by national regulations in the field of protection of the general public from non-ionizing radiation. The paper analyses the influence of transmission double-circuit overhead power lines phase arrangement on the levels of electric field strength and magnetic flux density which occur in their vicinity. Based on conducted analysis, the paper provides the proposal for optimal phasing for all analyzed power line configurations.

The program to develop the GT-MHR [1] and its coated particle fuel for disposal of excess Russian weapons plutonium is being carried out by Russian nuclear labs and industrial organizations shown in Table 1 with support from US specialists at General Atomics and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Rosatom of Russia and the U. S. National Nuclear Security Agency each provide 50% of the funds for the program.

The Allison Gas Turbine Division of General Motors Corporation (GMC) completed the Advanced Gas Turbine Technology Project under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center (LeRC) using funding received from the Heat Engine Propulsion Division, Office of Transportation Systems in the Conservation and Renewable Energy Group of the Department of Energy (DOE) in the summer of 1987. This advanced, high risk work was initiated in the fall of 1979 under charter from the U. S. Congress to promote an engine for transportation that would provide an alternative to reciprocating spark-ignition (SI) engines for the U. S. automotive industry and simultaneously establish the feasibility of advanced ceramic materials for hot section components to be used in an automotive gas turbine (AGT).

The black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) is the most secretive of the secretive marsh birds and one of the least understood species in North America. On the east coast, eastern black rails historically bred in tidal and freshwater marshes along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts, south to Florida. Within the mid-Atlantic region suitable black rail habitat is concentrated in the high marsh along the upper elevational zone of salt marshes. This zone is dominated by salt meadow hay (Spartina patens), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and is often interspersed with shrubs such as marsh elder (Iva frutescens) or saltbush (Baccharis hamilifolia). North Carolina has been a stronghold for eastern black rails within the mid-Atlantic region, with the marsh complexes associated with the lower Pamlico sound supporting one of largest concentrations and highest densities of eastern black rails throughout their range. However, even within these marshes, eastern black rail populations have experienced declines marked by reductions in occupied sites and decline in numbers within historic strongholds. Evidenced by increasing confinement to the highest portions of the high marsh in recent years, sea-level rise and increased rates of high marsh inundation are likely a major contributing factor to declines. With the population of eastern black rails declining over 75% in the last 10-20 years, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service formally listed the eastern black rail as threatened under the endangered species act on 9 November 2020 (USFWS 2020). To fulfill the need for information to guide management decisions on projects at Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras National Seashores and to aide in (potential?) future designations of critical habitat, we conducted widespread, systematic surveys for black rails and other secretive marsh birds within the parks during the breeding seasons of 2022 and 2023. A total of 1,222 surveys were conducted at 431 points over the course of 2 years. In addition to recording detections of all focal species, we recorded detections of 6 eastern black rails on North Core Banks where they were not previously known to occur. The population of black rails occupying the high marsh habitat on North Core Banks could account for 5-10% of the North Carolina black rail population and increase the known sites occupied within the state.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program. The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identi?ed by SECN park managers, and monitoring is conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks? natural vegetation. 2021 marked the ?rst year of conducting this monitoring e?ort at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT). Thirty vegetation plots were established throughout the park from June through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-speci?c cover and constancy, species-speci?c woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in 2021. Data were strati?ed across two dominant broadly de?ned habitats within the park, including Piedmont Upland Forests and Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation and three land parcels: North?from Bowman?s Island to Abbotts Bridge, Middle?from Medlock Bridge to Gold Branch, and South?from Sope Creek to Palisades. Noteworthy ?ndings include: 299 vascular plant taxa were observed across 30 vegetation plots, including 29 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly de?ned habitat included: Piedmont Alluvial Wetland Vegetation: Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia var. rotundifolia), and smallspike false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Piedmont Upland Forests: tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera var. tulipifera), eastern poison ivy, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), cat greenbrier (Smilax glauca), muscadine, mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), and black edge sedge (Carex nigromarginta). Sixteen non-native species categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2023) were encountered during this monitoring e?ort, including two not previously detected within the park?miniature beefsteak plant (Mosla dianthera) and Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta). Chinese privet and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) were the most frequently encountered and abundant invasive plant within the park. One species of special concern listed for Georgia (GADNR 2024) was observed during this monitoring e?ort?large-fruited sanicle (Sanicula trifoliata). Tuliptree, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), boxelder (Acer negundo var. negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), and sweetgum were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands of Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area; white oak (Quercus alba), loblolly pine, tuliptree, and mockernut hickory were the most dominant species of Piedmont Upland Forests. Chinese privet was the most abundant species within the sapling and seedling strata of Piedmont Alluvial Wetlands. The mortality rate of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) within Piedmont Alluvial Wetland plots was high, and it is likely these trees succumbed to impacts from emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring pest of ash (Fraxinus sp.) and is native to Asia. Since its discovery in the U. S. in the early 2000s, the insect has been responsible for the death of tens of millions of ash trees in the eastern and midwestern parts of the country. At this time, it is not certain whether the declining health of ash within Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area is due to emerald ash borer, edaphic factors that are responsible for natural mortality and decline, or other factors. Other threats to native vegetation within the park are: (1) the high prevalence of non-native, invasive plant species; (2) ?re suppression within oak-hickory; and (3) impacts from heavy browse by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). All plots monitored during this sampling e?ort are scheduled to be resampled in 2024.