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Journal articles on the topic 'Nation – Belize'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Ramsey, Nicole. "Marketing Culture and the Belizean Nation: Blackness, Indigeneity, and Multicultural Performance." Callaloo 41, no. 5 (2018): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2018.a927541.

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Abstract: This article examines how the Belizean nation and national belonging are constructed in the representational politics of Belizean Belikin Beer campaign advertisements. In 2012, Belikin Beer released a series of commercials showcasing the “culture of Belize,” while addressing themes related to Belizean national identity, labor, heritage, and commemoration. Contrary to national constructions of Belize as a multicultural and plural society, the Belizean identity performed in Belikin’s campaign located Belize within an ambiguous regional geography, portraying it as a unique site within Central America and the broader Circum-Caribbean that provides the space for the reconciliation of diasporic and transnational Black and Indigenous identities. Belize provides a complex framework for the examination of Central American Caribbean identities and the utilization of Blackness and Indigeneity by the tourism industry. In tourism industry-driven cultural projects, competing ideals of Belizean identity, Belizean Blackness(es) and Indigeneities are heightened in new media and cultural productions that draw on the peculiarities of Belizean ethnic relations and ideology of national identity.

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2

Anderson, Thomas P., and O. Nigel Bollandd. "Belize: A New Nation in Central America." American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1987): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862984.

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3

Clegern, Wayne, and O. Nigel Bolland. "Belize: A New Nation in Central America." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 1 (February 1987): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515235.

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4

A Pitts, Candice. "Belize — A Nation (Still) in the Making." Wasafiri 31, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2016.1182346.

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5

Clegern, Wayne. "Belize: A New Nation in Central America." Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-67.1.175.

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6

Ricketts, Shannon. "Belmopan: a New Capital for a New Country." Brasilis, no. 43 (2010): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/43.a.smv82dgu.

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As the British colony of British Honduras prepared for independence, it adopted two important symbols of its emerging identity; the name of Belize was chosen for the new country and a new capital was planned from which this emerging nation would be governed. That new capital was called Belmopan and was to be established inland from the old coastal capital of Belize City. Designed by the British planning and architectural firm of Norman and Dawbarn, this new city followed in the tradition of British Garden City planning, making discrete references to the Mayan heritage of the region, while using the modernist architectural vocabulary typical of so much of the infrastructural development taking place at this time in various nations emerging from colonial status.

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7

Pisani, Michael J., and Jana S. Pisani. "The economic returns to language in Belize: evidence from the 2000 census." Economía y Administración (E&A) 15, no. 2 (December 11, 2023): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/eya.v15i2.17194.

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English is the official language of Belize used in the conduct of official government business and as the standard in public education. However, English is not the primary language spoken in Belizean households nor in the conduct of local business transactions. Belize is a polyglot nation inclusive of European-based languages, native languages, and creole languages. In this paper, we demonstrate the economic returns to language acquisition and usage in Belize using census 2000 data. Our results indicate that Belize primarily rewards the ability to communicate in English and Spanish. Other language skills are also important, such as the ability to speak German, to speak Maya and English or Spanish, and the ability to speak in combination Creole-Spanish-English. There is a severe wage penalty associated with the speaking of Maya and Garifuna. Other non-language endogenous and exogenous variables are also explored.

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8

Hoffmann, Odile. "Políticas Territoriales Y Exclusiones Étnicas En Belice: Un Siglo De Transformaciones En Tierras Maya." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2015): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21057/repam.v9i3.17965.

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Resumen:El artículo analiza las formas en que las políticas territoriales coloniales ignoraron o tomaron en cuenta la presencia de los grupos maya de Belice, territorio disputado entre los imperios españoles y británicos durante varios siglos, colonia británcia desde 1862 y país independiente desde 1981. Buscamos entender cómo se forjan territorialidades diferenciadas en la articulación entre la construcción de un territorio-nación (primero colonia británica, luego nación independiente) y las formas de apropiación del espacio por parte de los grupos étnicos que lo habitan. Para esto, proponemos un análisis diacrónico, con base en una reconstrucción de los relatos territoriales en el caso de los maya de Belice.Palabras claves: Políticas agrarias, erritorio étnico, territorialidad, multiculturalsimo ***Abstract:Territorial policies and ethnic exclusion in Belize : a century of tranformations in maya land The article analyzes the ways in which colonial land policies ignored or took into account the presence of Mayan groups in Belize, a territory disputed between the Spanish and British empires for centuries, british colony since 1862 and independent country since 1981. We seek to understand how different territorialities are being forged in the articulation between the construction of a territory-nation (former British colony, then an independent nation), and the forms of spatial appropriation by the ethnic groups who inhabit it. For this, we propose a diachronic analysis, with the reconstruction of the territorial narratives in the case of the Maya of Belize.Keywords: Land policy, ethnic territories, territoriality, multiculturalism. ***Resumo:O artigo analisa as formas que as políticas territoriais coloniais ignoraram ou tomaram em conta a presença dos grupos maia de Belize, território disputado entre os impérios espanhóis e britânicos durante vários séculos, colônia britânica desde 1862 e país independente desde 1981. Buscamos entender como se forjam territorialidades diferenciadas na articulação entre a construção de un território-nação (primeiro colônia britânica, depois nação independente) e as formas de apropriação do espaço por parte dos grupos étnicos que o habita. Para isto, propomos uma análise diacrónica, com base em uma reconstrução dos relatos territoriais no caso dos maias de Belize.Palavras chaves: Políticas agrárias, território étnico, territorialidade, multiculturalismo

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9

Scarborough, Vernon L., and Fred Valdez. "An Alternative Order: The Dualistic Economies of the Ancient Maya." Latin American Antiquity 20, no. 1 (March 2009): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1045663500002583.

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AbstractHarkening back to the debates associated with “dualistic economies” in addressing emerging nation states, we examine aspects of the ancient economy of the lowland Maya. Resource-specialized communities were knit together in a network of interdependencies that allowed high degrees of self-sustaining separation from the large monumental centers about which we know most. The social and biophysical environs of the ancient Maya permitted multiple economic spheres that influenced their political organization and affected their lack of developed hegemonic controls. Evidence is presented from the present-day ecological set aside of the Programme for Belize in northwestern Belize.

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10

Parks, Shoshaunna. "Winning Title to Land but Not to Its Past: The Toledo Maya and Sites of pre-Hispanic Heritage." International Journal of Cultural Property 18, no. 1 (February 2011): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739111000063.

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AbstractThe struggle for indigenous rights to pre-Hispanic cultural heritage parallels the struggle for indigenous land rights in Belize. By Belizean law, material objects and sites of activity older than 100 years in age are the property of the state. Similarly, land inhabited by indigenous communities in southern Belize is held in trust by the government. In 2007 the community of Santa Cruz in southern Belize won customary land tenure over their lands for the first time from the Belizean government. This change in land ownership presents new challenges to the definition of ownership of ancient places in Maya territory. In particular, the transfer of land rights to the community has potential implications for the ownership and management of the local pre-Hispanic site of Uxbenká that may ultimately serve as a paradigm for the future relationship between Maya peoples and ancestral remains throughout the nation.

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11

Stone, Michael C. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry:Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry." American Anthropologist 100, no. 2 (June 1998): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.2.539.

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12

Garzon, Francesco, Rachel T. Graham, Ivy Baremore, Dan Castellanos, Hilmar Salazar, Cynthia Xiu, Zeddy Seymour, Matthew J. Witt, and Lucy A. Hawkes. "Nation-wide assessment of the distribution and population size of the data-deficient nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): e0256532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256532.

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The study presents the first national assessment of a nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) population, conducted using a combination of transect surveys and baited remote underwater videos (BRUVs). Density of nurse sharks in Belize was found to be higher in reefs than in lagoons, and in the atolls furthest away from the mainland and human settlements. Only large and old protected areas were found to have a positive impact on nurse shark abundance. Absolute abundance of nurse sharks was estimated using distance sampling analysis, giving a total nurse shark population in the range of 3,858 to 14,375 sharks. Thanks to a vast area of suitable habitat for nurse sharks in the country and legislation already in place for the safeguard of the species, Belize could represent an important hotspot for nurse sharks in the Western Atlantic. The data presented here hence offers a baseline for the long-term monitoring of the Belizean nurse shark population and improves our understanding of nurse shark abundance and distribution in the wider Caribbean basin.

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13

Cunin, Elisabeth, and Odile Hoffmann. "Belize: políticas públicas e gestão da pluralidade étnica." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 8, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21057/repam.v8i1.11448.

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Belize, país anglófono da América Central, é descrito,normalmente, em termos da sua diversidade cultural e da multiplicidade dos grupos étnicos que o compõem. Contudo, essa diversidade não é uma característica estável, não é gerida nem interpretada de uma única forma. Suas populações suscetíveis de serem reconhecidas como afrodescendentes têm origens múltiplas, populações essas que foram conformadas ou que chegaram a Belize em circunstâncias históricas muito diversas: alguns escravizados, outros livres, urbanos ou rurais, agricultores ou assalariados, anglófonos ou não, etc. Diante dessa complexidade de articulações, o artigo busca interpretar as práticas políticas observadas em matéria de “gestão da diversidade” (a colonial de “divide and rule”, a neoliberal, a multicultural...) em dois aspectos que determinam o campo da autonomia – ideológica ou territorial – do país e que elaboram as condiciones de existência da Nação e dos grupos que a compõem: políticas culturais e regulamentação das terras. A análise mostra que as variações nas políticas implementadas referem-se menos a composição étnica da população que ao posicionamento dos grupos sociais e governos frente às forças exógenas (o império colonial, as arenas transnacionais, a globalização dos direitos autóctones) e endógenas (o paradigma desenvolvimentista, a construção da Nação). Essas forças desenham em cada período o campo de opções políticas possíveis.Palavras-Chaves: Etnicidade, América Central, políticas públicas.---Belice: políticas públicas y la gestión del pluralismo étnicoBelice, país anglófono de América central, es descrito a menudo en términos de la diversidad cultural y de multiplicidad de los grupos étnicos que lo componen. Sin embargo, esta diversidad no es una « característica » estabilizada, ella no es gestionada ni interpretada de una sola manera. Sus poblaciones susceptibles de reconocerse como afrodescendientes tienen orígenes múltiples, constituidas o llegadas a Belice en circunstancias históricas muy diversas: esclavizados algunos, otros libres, urbanos o rurales, agricultores o asalariados, anglófonos o no, etc. Ante estas complejidades articuladas, el articulo busca interpretar las prácticas políticas observadas en materia de « gestión de la diversidad » (la colonial de « divide and rule », la neoliberal, la multicultural….) en dos aspectos que determinan los campos de autonomía – ideológica o territorial – del país y plantean las condiciones de existencia de la Nación y de los grupos que la componen: las políticas culturales y las regulaciones de tierras. El análisis muestra que las variaciones en las políticas implementadas se refieren menos a la composición étnica de la población que al posicionamiento de grupos sociales y gobiernos frente a fuerzas exógenas (el imperio colonial, las arenas transnacionales, la globalización de derechos autóctonos) y endógenas (el paradigma desarrollista, la construcción de la Nación). Estas fuerzas diseñan en cada periodo, el campo de opciones políticas posibles.Palabras-clave: etnicidad, America Central, politicas públicas.---Belize: public policies and management of ethnic pluralismBelize, an English-speaking country in Central America, is usually described in terms of its cultural diversity and in the multiplicity of their ethnic groups. However, this diversity is not a stable characteristic; it is not managed or interpreted in one single way. Their populations most susceptible to being recognized as African descent have multiple origins. These populations either have been assimilated completely or came to Belize in very different historical circumstances: some enslaved, some free, urban or rural, farmers or wage earner, Anglophone or not, etc. Given this complexity, the article seeks to interpret the political practices observed in the field of "diversity management" (the colonial "divide and rule", neoliberal, multicultural) on two aspects that determine the field of autonomy - territorial or ideological - of the country and that prepare the conditions of existence for the nation and for the groups that comprise it: cultural policies and regulations of the land. The analysis shows that changes in implemented policies refer less to the ethnic composition of the population than to the position of the social groups and Governments in the face of exogenous forces (colonial empire, transnational arenas, and the globalization of indigenous rights) and endogenous forces (the development paradigm, the construction of the Nation). In each period, these forces point out the field of possible policies.Key words: ethnicity, Central America, public policies.

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14

Bolland, O. Nigel, and Mark Moberg. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry." Hispanic American Historical Review 78, no. 3 (August 1998): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2518355.

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15

Bolland, O. Nigel. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry." Hispanic American Historical Review 78, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-78.3.520.

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16

Johnson, Melissa A. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry." American Ethnologist 26, no. 2 (May 1999): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1999.26.2.512.

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17

Medina, Laurie Kroshus. "Defining difference, forging unity: The co‐construction of race, ethnicity and nation in Belize." Ethnic and Racial Studies 20, no. 4 (October 1997): 757–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1997.9993988.

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18

Baker, Aaron J., David F. Whitacre, Oscar A. Aguirre-Barrera, and Clayton M. White. "The Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus in Mesoamerica: a vulnerable, disjunct population?" Bird Conservation International 10, no. 1 (March 2000): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000034.

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The Orange-breasted Falcon Falco deiroleucus, among the world's most poorly known falcons, is sparsely distributed in Neotropical forests from south-east Mexico or Guatemala to Paraguay and northern Argentina. Details of distribution and population size are poorly known throughout the species's range. From 1992 to 1997 we studied this species at 19 nest sites in Guatemala and Belize. Occupancy and productivity rates remained stable for this northernmost population over this six-year period. Sparse data on historical distribution preclude a full assessment of possible changes in population status in the Mesoamerican portion of the species's range. Today the species appears restricted to forested areas in conjunction with large nesting cliffs. No breeding record is known for any Mesoamerican nation except Belize and Guatemala. Mean number of fledglings per successful nesting was significantly higher in areas of predominantly forested mosaic habitat (2.11, n = 18) than at sites with uninterrupted mature forest (1.36, n = 11); proportion of sites occupied and of pairs fledging young did not differ between these two habitats. Based on historical and current distribution records and distribution of potential nesting habitat, we conclude that the Guatemala/Belize opulation of Orange-breasted Falcons is disjunct from the species's main range in South America, is perhaps the only local population (at best one of a small number) in Mesoamerica, and is tightly linked to the existence of suitable nesting cliffs combined with large forested areas.

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19

Cunin, Elisabeth. "Entre l’autre et le même." Hors-thème 40, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038643ar.

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Le Territoire de Quintana Roo, au sud-est du Mexique et à la frontière avec le Belize, naît en 1902. Dans cette région périphérique, le peuplement constitue un enjeu stratégique d’affirmation de la souveraineté et de l’identité nationales. Cette recherche mène une anthropologie historique portant à la fois sur la racialisation des politiques migratoires, l’instauration de mesures d’intégration et de développement de la région et les négociations entre administrations du centre (México) et de la capitale du Territoire (Payo Obispo, Chetumal). En s’intéressant à l’émergence d’une nouvelle entité politico-administrative à la marge de la nation et en inscrivant le Mexique au sein des sociétés post-esclavagistes marquées par les migrations de travailleurs afrodescendants, il s’agit ainsi d’introduire une altérité autre qu’indienne dans les réflexions sur la nation, le métissage et la race, à partir du cas de l’étranger noir.

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20

del Moral, S. "From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912-1982." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2008-033.

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21

Mitchell, Stephanie. "From Colony to Nation: women activists and the gendering of politics in Belize, 1912–1982." Women's History Review 18, no. 3 (July 2009): 508–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612020902944601.

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22

Nolan, Julene D., Kevin J. Filter, and Daniel Houlihan. "Preliminary report: An application of the Good Behavior Game in the developing nation of Belize." School Psychology International 35, no. 4 (August 18, 2013): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034313498958.

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23

Stone, Michael. "From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912 – 1982." Hispanic American Historical Review 89, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2008-067.

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24

Zárate Fernández, Marcela Patricia. "Trilogía postcolonial." Diálogos Latinoamericanos 19, no. 27 (December 20, 2018): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dl.v19i27.111648.

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The literature of Latin America informs and captivates lectors through a myriad of sociocultural, political and economic contexts, thus validating it as an artistic expression representative of those postcolonial communities that authors wish to engage. In the case of postcolonial literature, both contemporary and historical events play a significant role in the development of a nation’s distinct identity and facilitate an incipient society’s recognition as an independent region. In this article, I illustrate how the three-part series of books Journey On, Aba Wama, and Gariganus’ Exile by Belizean author Nelita Doherty contribute significantly to the creation of postcolonial Belize through the establishment, struggles, and survival of the Afro-indigenous Garifuna community. This work critically analyzes themes such as emancipation, the concept of “nation”, a feminist perspective of protecting the nation, cultural heritage and remembrance, and subalternity viewed through the lenses of macrohistories and microhistories.

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25

Moberg, Mark. "Anne S. Macpherson.From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912–1982.:From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912–1982.(Engendering Latin America.)." American Historical Review 113, no. 2 (April 2008): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.2.546.

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26

Luisa Hernández-Angueira. "From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912-1982 (review)." Caribbean Studies 37, no. 2 (2010): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2010.0008.

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27

Cunin, Elisabeth, and Odile Hoffmann. "Description ou prescription ? Les catégories ethnico-raciales comme outils de construction de la nation. Les recensements au Belize, xixe-." Cahiers des Amériques latines 2011/2, no. 67 (August 31, 2011): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cal.341.

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28

Bulmer-Thomas, Barbara. "O. Nigel Bolland: Belize: a New Nation in Central America (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986, cloth, £27.50). Pp. xiv + 157." Journal of Latin American Studies 19, no. 2 (November 1987): 470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00020423.

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29

Cunin, Elisabeth, and Odile Hoffmann. "From Colonial Domination to the Making of the Nation: Ethno-Racial Categories in Censuses and Reports and their Political Uses in Belize, 19th-20th Centuries." Caribbean Studies 41, no. 2 (2013): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2013.0026.

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30

Sutherland, Anne. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry, by Mark Moberg, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. Reviewed by Anne Sutherland." Journal of Political Ecology 6, no. 1 (December 1, 1999): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v6i1.21508.

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31

Khan, Aisha. "Mark Moberg, Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. xi + 218 pp. $38.00 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 55 (April 1999): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754799943323x.

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32

Kroshus Medina, Laurie. "Book ReviewsMyths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry. By Mark Moberg. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. Pp. xxxvi+218. $38.00." American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 6 (May 1998): 1718–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/231408.

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33

MEDINA, LAURIE KROSHUS. "Anne S. Macpherson, From Colony to Nation: Women Activists and the Gendering of Politics in Belize, 1912–1982 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007), pp. xviii+385, £30.00, hb." Journal of Latin American Studies 41, no. 4 (November 2009): 824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x09990757.

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34

Schmidt, Arthur. "Myths of Ethnicity and Nation: Immigration, Work, and Identity in the Belize Banana Industry. By Mark Moberg. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. Pp. 218. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $38.00.)." Americas 55, no. 3 (January 1999): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007672.

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35

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1990): 149–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002021.

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-Mohammed F. Khayum, Michael B. Connolly ,The economics of the Caribbean Basin. New York: Praeger, 1985. xxiii + 355 pp., John McDermott (eds)-Susan F. Hirsch, Herome Wendell Lurry-Wright, Custom and conflict on a Bahamian out-island. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1987. xxii + 188 pp.-Evelyne Trouillot-Ménard, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, 1,000 proverbes créoles de la Caraïbe francophone. Paris: Editions Caribéennes, 1987. 114 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Amon Saba Saakana, The colonial legacy in Caribbean literature. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. 1987. 128 pp.-Andrew Sanders, Cees Koelewijn, Oral literature of the Trio Indians of Surinam. In collaboration with Peter Riviére. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1987. (Caribbean Series 6, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics anbd Anthropology). xiv + 312 pp.-Janette Forte, Nancie L. Gonzalez, Sojouners of the Caribbean: ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1988. xi + 253 pp.-Nancie L. Gonzalez, Neil L. Whitehead, Lords of the Tiger Spirit: a history of the Caribs in colonial Venezuela and Guyana 1498-1820. Dordrecht and Providence: Foris Publications, 1988. (Caribbean Series 10, KITLV/Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology.) x + 250 pp.-N.L. Whitehead, Andrew Sanders, The powerless people. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1987. iv + 220 pp.-Russell Parry Scott, Kenneth F. Kiple, The African exchange: toward a biological history of black people. Durham: Duke University Press, 1987. vi + 280 pp.-Colin Clarke, David Dabydeen ,India in the Caribbean. London: Hansib Publishing Ltd., 1987. 326 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Juris Silenieks, Edouard Glissant, Caribbean discourse: selected essays. Translated and with an introduction by J. Michael Dash. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1989. xlvii + 272 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, J. Michael Dash, Haiti and the United States: national stereotypes and the literary imagination. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. xv + 152 pp.-Evelyne Huber, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: state against nation: the origins and legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. 282 pp.-Leon-Francois Hoffman, Alfred N. Hunt, Hiati's influence on Antebellum America: slumbering volcano of the Caribbean. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. xvi + 196 pp.-Brenda Gayle Plummer, David Healy, Drive to hegemony: the United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xi + 370 pp.-Anthony J. Payne, Jorge Heine ,The Caribbean and world politics: cross currents and cleavages. New York and London: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1988. ix + 385 pp., Leslie Manigat (eds)-Anthony P. Maingot, Jacqueline Anne Braveboy-Wagner, The Caribbean in world affairs: the foreign policies of the English-speaking states. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. vii + 244 pp.-Edward M. Dew, H.F. Munneke, De Surinaamse constitutionele orde. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Ars Aequi Libri, 1990. v + 120 pp.-Charles Rutheiser, O. Nigel Bolland, Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in historical sociology. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions / Institute of Social and Economic Research / Society for the Promotion of Education and Research, 1989. ix + 218 pp.-Ken I. Boodhoo, Selwyn Ryan, Trinidad and Tobago: the independence experience, 1962-1987. St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, 1988. xxiii + 599 pp.-Alan M. Klein, Jay Mandle ,Grass roots commitment: basketball and society in Trinidad and Tobago. Parkersburg, Iowa: Caribbean Books, 1988. ix + 75 pp., Joan Mandle (eds)-Maureen Warner-Lewis, Reinhard Sander, The Trinidad Awakening: West Indian literature of the nineteen-thirties. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988. 168 pp.

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WRIGHT, PAMELA. "Bellze: A New Nation in Central America. O. NIGEL BOLLAND." American Ethnologist 15, no. 3 (August 1988): 587–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1988.15.3.02a00280.

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Khayatovna Niyazova, Mokhichekhra. "ENGLISH AND UZBEK BLESSINGS WHICH FORMED BY THE BELIEF OF MAGIC WORDS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/3/6.

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Background. The article dealt with some common features of English and Uzbek folk blessing. First of all, it addresses the issue of the genesis of the word blessings in English and Uzbek literature. At the same time, analyzed the blessings which formed by the belief in the magic of words and compare the similarities and differences of their place in folklore and entry into the written literature. Methods. It addresses created by human intellect and preserving the attention and attitude of ancient people to the realities of life, traditions, rules of morality, which is common in the folklore of the English and Uzbek people, as well as in other nations of the world. Interestingly, despite the fact that these people live in different geographical conditions and speak different systematic languages, have different religious beliefs, there are some typological features among their blessings. In particular, blessings draw attention to the fact that no matter what nation it belongs to, first of all, it has the power to influence the emotions of people spiritually. Results.

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JONES, STEPHANIE. "A novel genre: polylingualism and magical realism in Amitav Ghosh's The circle of reason." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 66, no. 3 (October 2003): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x03000302.

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This paper traces how Amitav Ghosh's novel The circle of reason (1986) inscribes what might be termed a ‘magical real’ sensibility of quotidian extreme, wild coincidence and tangential, picaresque epic against bounded ideas of language, history and genre. The perception of a linear shift from the British Empire into a postcolonial world of discrete nations is challenged by Ghosh's portrayal of a teeming world of transverse histories. This diffusion of ‘big history’ into the long movements and strange moments of diaspora is most crucially drawn out through Ghosh's heightened, sometimes perplexed and at other times enchanted, exploration of what might be described—using the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari—as the ‘polylingualism’ of language. Ghosh portrays a world in which the smaller terms of community belie the ideologies of nation impressed by the ‘traditional’ realist novel form—and the apparently organic, rooted terms of ‘community’ are themselves collapsed into a recognition that all people can be traced back to histories of displacement and migration.

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Ifield, Jacqueline D., and Chia-Han Yang. "Arranged Marriages in Multilateral Partnerships—Investigating Sustainable Human Development Financing of Belize in the World Bank Group: A Brand Relationship Theory Approach." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040197.

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The structure of multilateral financial partnerships has many relationship challenges, which need to be solved to positively impact sustainable human development. There is a lack of understanding in the development relationship between the so-called developed and developing countries, and development economics theories and research, which guide policies, knowledge, and funding to nations in need. Amid widespread pleas for change to the structure, Belize is a country, which remains in an economic development crisis 41 years after joining the World Bank Group. This original paper, uniquely positions “World Bank” as a brand, and adds to missing empirical research on Belize and development economics with a mixed-methods, brand relationship approach. The researchers perform a survey of 20 years of Belize government personnel dialogues about the Bank, and apply Fournier’s (1998) brand relationship theories as tools to measure their perceptions of the Bank as well as get a deeper understanding of the relationship. This investigative research finds that Belize perceives it has an “arranged marriage” type brand relationship with the Bank: it is not a sustainable development partner. This brand relationship also negatively affects the way government personnel see themselves and their abilities. The World Bank Group must innovate its development economics methods and practices, assert its social mission, and meet the development needs of its members by first building genuine brand bonds with them. Debtor member countries must re-define their worth, join together, and design their own paths to sustainable development. All countries are developing.

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40

Anderson-Fye, Eileen. "The Role of Subjective Motivation in Girls' Secondary Schooling: The Case of Avoidance of Abuse in Belize." Harvard Educational Review 80, no. 2 (June 23, 2010): 174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.80.2.h3101883751724p8.

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As in other Latin American and Caribbean nations, young women in Belize have made remarkable strides in enrollment in and completion of secondary schooling. In fact, adolescent girls did so well during the 1990s that the usual explanations of increased access to schooling and governmental policy aimed at increasing girls'education did not appear to fully explain girls' success at the time. Here, Eileen Anderson-Fye argues that secondary schoolgirls' subjective motivations played a key role in their educational experiences during the late 1990s. Based on data collected from a longitudinal study conducted between 1996 and 2001, Anderson-Fye suggests that many of the young women in this study saw education as a route to independence or as a way to avoid gender-based maltreatment for themselves and their future children. She asserts this "push" factor, combined with the "pull" factors of increased economic opportunities for young women with high school diplomas, led to increased educational outcomes for girls at this time. Through this case study of one cohort of girls in San Andrés, Belize, Anderson-Fye provides several important insights for educational researchers and practitioners working with young women today.

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Briggs-Gonzalez, Venetia, Nathan Schwartz, Rebecca G. Harvey, and Frank J. Mazzotti. "Biology of the Hicatee: A Critically Endangered River Turtle of Belize." EDIS 2015, no. 9 (December 1, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-uw404-2015.

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The hicatee (Dermatemys mawii) is a Central American river turtle and one of the 25 most endangered turtle species in the world. Over-hunting for meat, eggs, and shells is driving the turtles toward extinction. This 3-page fact sheet about the hicatee includes its natural history, reproductive habits, and ecology and describes the international conservation efforts to save the fascinating but fast-disappearing turtle. Written by Venetia Briggs-Gonzalez, Nathan Schwartz, Rebecca G. Harvey, and Frank J. Mazzotti and published in November 2015 by the Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department.

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42

KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 72, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1998): 305–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002597.

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-Lennox Honychurch, Robert L. Paquette ,The lesser Antilles in the age of European expansion. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. xii + 383 pp., Stanley L. Engerman (eds)-Kevin A. Yelvington, Gert Oostindie, Ethnicity in the Caribbean: Essays in honor of Harry Hoetink. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xvi + 239 pp.-Aisha Khan, David Dabydeen ,Across the dark waters: Ethnicity and Indian identity in the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1996. xi + 222 pp., Brinsley Samaroo (eds)-Tracey Skelton, Ralph R. Premdas, Ethnic conflict and development: The case of Guyana. Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1995. xi + 205 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Basdeo Mangru, A history of East Indian resistance on the Guyana sugar estates, 1869-1948. Lewiston NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996. xiv + 370 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Clem Seecharan, 'Tiger in the stars': The anatomy of Indian achievement in British Guiana 1919-29. London: Macmillan, 1997. xxviii + 401 pp.-Brian Stoddart, Frank Birbalsingh, The rise of Westindian cricket: From colony to nation. St. John's, Antigua: Hansib Publishing (Caribbean), 1996. 274 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Peter van Koningsbruggen, Trinidad Carnival: A quest for national identity. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1997. ix + 293 pp.-Peter van Koningsbruggen, John Cowley, Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. xv + 293 pp.-Olwyn M. Blouet, George Gmelch ,The Parish behind God's back : The changing culture of rural Barbados. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. xii + 240 pp., Sharon Bohn Gmelch (eds)-George Gmelch, Mary Chamberlain, Narratives of exile and return. London: Macmillan, 1997. xii + 236 pp.-Michèle Baj Strobel, Christiane Bougerol, Une ethnographie des conflits aux Antilles: Jalousie, commérages, sorcellerie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. 161 pp.-Abdollah Dashti, Randy Martin, Socialist ensembles: Theater and state in Cuba and Nicaragua. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. xii + 261 pp.-Winthrop R. Wright, Jay Kinsbruner, Not of pure blood: The free people of color and racial prejudice in nineteenth-century Puerto Rico. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1996. xiv + 176 pp.-Gage Averill, Deborah Pacini Hernandez, Bachata: A social history of a Dominican popular music. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1995. xxiii + 267 pp.-Vera M. Kutzinski, Lorna Valerie Williams, The representation of slavery in Cuban fiction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994. viii + 220 pp.-Peter Mason, Elmer Kolfin, Van de slavenzweep en de muze: Twee eeuwen verbeelding van slavernij in Suriname. Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1997. 184 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Jean-Pol Madou, Édouard Glissant: De mémoire d'arbes. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. 114 pp.-Ransford W. Palmer, Jay R. Mandle, Persistent underdevelopment: Change and economic modernization in the West Indies. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1996. xii + 190 pp.-Ramón Grossfoguel, Juan E. Hernández Cruz, Corrientes migratorias en Puerto Rico/Migratory trends in Puerto Rico. Edición Bilingüe/Bilingual Edition. San Germán: Caribbean Institute and Study Center for Latin America, Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, 1994. 195 pp.-Gert Oostindie, René V. Rosalia, Tambú: De legale en kerkelijke repressie van Afro-Curacaose volksuitingen. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 1997. 338 pp.-John M. Lipski, Armin J. Schwegler, 'Chi ma nkongo': Lengua y rito ancestrales en El Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia). Frankfurt: Vervuert, 1996. 2 vols., xxiv + 823 pp.-Umberto Ansaldo, Geneviève Escure, Creole and dialect continua: Standard acquisition processes in Belize and China (PRC). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997. ix + 307 pp.

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43

Wong, Wayne, James Dickerson, Martha Habet, Margaret Bernard, Lorna Kelly, John Lattin, Philip Garrity, Franklin Huang, and Ramon Yacab. "Abstract 87: Time From Symptom Development to Care Milestones at the Only Public Oncology Clinic in Belize." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 6_Supplement (June 1, 2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.asgcr23-abstract-87.

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Abstract Purpose: Belize is a middle-income Caribbean country with a fragmented healthcare system. In 2018, the first and only public medical oncology clinic was opened through a capacity building partnership with the Ministry of Health. Little is known about the country’s referral infrastructure for cancer. Here we report on the stage at presentation to the clinic, and the time from symptom development to various care milestones (biopsy, oncology clinic visit, chemo, upfront surgery), referred to as time-to-care, to establish a base timeline. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of available data at the Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital (KHMH) oncology clinic from 2018 - 2022, gathering cancer type, stage, and the dates of care milestones (biopsy, initial clinic visit, chemo, upfront surgery). Date of symptom development was consistently documented by the treating physician (RY). Results: The most common presenting malignancies (n=465) were breast (28%), cervical (12%), hematologic (8%), and colorectal (7%). For staged patients (n=352), the most common presentations were stage III (28%) and IV (40%). For time-to-care, patients with available data (n=208) were seen for an initial oncology clinic visit a median of 180 days (IQR 87-382) after self-reported symptom development. For time-to-chemo at any site (ex. Belize, Mexico, Guatemala), the median was 189 days (IQR 108-404). For upfront surgery at any site the median was 188 days (IQR 60-352). In contrast to these long lead times, once established at the KHMH clinic, the time from the initial oncology clinic visit to a biopsy (if not done previously) was 22 days (IQR 11-47, n=42), 18 days (IQR 5-60, n=115) to begin chemo, and 40 days (IQR 24-72, n=22) to surgery. Conclusion: Patients were seen at the KHMH oncology clinic with predominantly late stage disease around six months after symptoms started. This is a higher fraction of stage III/IV disease than previously reported in Central America. Understanding drivers of these delays will allow for the creation of targeted public health interventions. As a marker that building infrastructure in Belize is possible, the partnership between the Belizean government and hospital administration has netted time-to-care intervals comparable to high-income nations. Citation Format: Wayne Wong, James Dickerson, Martha Habet, Margaret Bernard, Lorna Kelly, John Lattin, Philip Garrity, Franklin Huang, Ramon Yacab. Time From Symptom Development to Care Milestones at the Only Public Oncology Clinic in Belize [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 87.

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Prianto, Robi. "Tradisi Pemberian Kanaan dan Pemilihan dalam Kepercayaan Israel." TE DEUM (Jurnal Teologi dan Pengembangan Pelayanan) 4, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51828/td.v4i2.65.

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Tradition of awarding Canaan and elections in Israel confidence occur simultaneously. When the Israelites were brought out of the land of Egypt to the land of Canaan, at that time the people of Israel was born into humanity of God. Canaan for the Israelites is a testament to the inclusion and the presence of a God over them, so no matter the people of Israel kept the land claim and maintain Canaan as their inheritance.Therefore Israelities were failed to become humanity of God, so is God to give status humanity of God to every body without to seeing is ethnic nation, provided they to belive to Jesus Christ as God and savior.

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45

Alcalá, Rita Cano. "From Chingada to Chingona." Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 26, no. 2 (2001): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2001.26.2.33.

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By reinserting Doria Marina’s forgotten daughter Maria Jaramillo into the Mexicano/Chicano myth of mestizaje, this essay offers a reinterpretation of La Malinche/Doña Marina/Malinalli/ Malintzin as a sister and a daughter. While this gesture in no way pees her into unfettered age.ncy, the paradigmatic narrative of a sister forsaken in the interest of her brother provides, paradoxically, some liberatory potential for La Malinche’s iconography, namely through a recuperation of the goddess Malinakochitl, also known as Malintzin. Thejuxtaposition of the two Malintzins exposes indigenous and Spanish colonial historiographies that belie the patriarchal, sexist, and in the latter case, racist constructions of the proto nation.

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Mohamed, Saira. "The United Nations Declaration on the RIGHTS of Indigenous Peoples and Cal v. Attorney General, Supreme Court of Belize." International Legal Materials 46, no. 6 (November 2007): 1008–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900032253.

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Mitiku, Misgana, and Yesuf Eshete. "MANAGEMENT OF POTATO LATE BLIGHT THROUGH HOST PLANT RESISTANCE AND FUNGICIDE USE IN SOUTH OMO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1866.

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The study was carried out in April 2015 at South Ari district, Senmamer kebele of South Omo Zone Southern Nation Nationality People Regional State to test and demonstrate the effects of integrating host resistance and fungicide application for management of potato late blight disease. In this experiment one relatively late blight resistance improved Irish potato variety (Belete) was collected from Holleta Seed producer Association and susceptible local control potato varieties were used. RCBD with four replications (farmers as replication) were used. A recommended rate of CurzateR R WP fungicide was applied while susceptible local variety developed the first blight symptom. GLM procedures were followed to analyze yield, disease incidence and severity. LSD (P<0.01) values were used to separate treatments mean. Total weight of tubers per plot (kg) was show significant difference (P<0.01) among treatments. The highest total weight of tubers per plot (kg) was given by treated belete (T1) (22.625) followed by untreated belete (T3), untreated local (T4) and treated local (T2) (18.525, 11.875and 10.125) respectively (Table 2). Local potato variety also gave the highest unmarketable tubers weight per plot. The result indicated that there were a significant difference (P<0.01) and (P<0.05) among treatments on late blight incidence and severity respectively. Untreated local variety (T4) showed highest late blight incidence and severity as compare to treated belete variety (T1). The experiment result suggested that application CurzateR R WP fungicide twice on variety belete results in significant reduction on late blight progress, with a corresponding increased tubers yield.

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Edelman, Marc. "Transnational Peasant Politics in Central America." Latin American Research Review 33, no. 3 (1998): 49–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038425.

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Since the late 1980s, peasants throughout Central America have begun to coordinate political and economic strategy. Agriculturalists from the five republics that constituted “la patria grande” of Spanish Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) as well as representatives from Panama and Belize have founded regional organizations that meet to compare experiences with free-market policies, share new technologies, develop sources of finance, and create channels for marketing their products abroad. They have also established a presence in the increasingly distant arenas where decisions are made that affect their livelihood. Small-farmer organizations now lobby at the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, and regional summit meetings. Central American campesinos have attended numerous regional gatherings of agriculture ministers and presidents, as well as events like the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the 1995 Western Hemisphere Presidents' Summit in Miami, the 1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, and the 1996 Food Security Summit in Rome.

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Waites, Matthew. "Decolonizing the boomerang effect in global queer politics: A new critical framework for sociological analysis of human rights contestation." International Sociology 34, no. 4 (July 2019): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580919851425.

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This article proposes a new critical framework for analysing transnational human rights-claiming and contestation: a ‘critical model of the boomerang effect’, that can embody sociological understanding and insights from decolonizing analyses. The article develops a critique of Keck and Sikkink’s well-known model of the ‘boomerang effect’, from politics and international relations. The new critical model is needed to analyse contestations including global queer politics, particularly to examine where and how actors in formerly or currently colonized states from the Global South can draw on the United Nations human rights system. The new model requires analysis of four themes, with a decolonizing enquiry applied to each: (1) articulation of human rights; (2) social structures and resources; (3) socio-cultural contexts; and (4) subjectivation. These themes are examined to illuminate two pivotal cases claiming decriminalization of same-sex sexual acts: Caleb Orozco in Belize, and Jason Jones in relation to Trinidad and Tobago – generating a new research agenda.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2001): 123–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002561.

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-Virginia R. Dominguez, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., On becoming Cuban: Identity, nationality, and culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xiv + 579 pp.-Solimar Otero, Kali Argyriadis, La religión à la Havane: Actualités des représentations et des pratiques culturelles havanaises. Paris: Éditions des Archives Contemporaines,1999. 373 pp.-Jane Desmond, Jane Blocker, Where is Ana Mendieta?: Identity, performativity, and exile. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1999. xvi + 166 pp.-Richard Handler, Amílcar A. Barreto, Language, elites, and the state: Nationalism in Puerto Rico and Quebec. Westport CT: Praeger, 1998. x + 165 pp.-Juan Flores, Lillian Guerra, Popular expression and national identity in Puerto Rico: The struggle for self, community, and nation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. xi + 332 pp.-Eileen J. Findlay, Rafael L. Ramírez, What it means to be a man: Reflections on Puerto Rican masculinity. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. xv + 139 pp.-Arlene Torres, Eileen J. Suárez Findlay, Imposing decency: The politics of sexuality and race in Puerto Rico, 1870-1920. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1999. xii + 316 pp.-Rita Giacalone, Humberto García Muñiz ,Fronteras en conflicto: Guerra contra las drogas, militarización y democracia en el Caribe, Puerto Rico y Vieques. San Juan: Red Caribeña de Geopolítica, Seguridad Regional y Relaciones Internacionales, afiliada al Proyecto AT-LANTEA, 1999. 211 pp., Jorge Rodríguez Beruff (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, q , Polly Pattullo, Fire from the mountain: The tragedy of Monserrat and the betrayal of its people. London: Constable, 2000. xvii + 217 pp.-Aisha Khan, Gillon Aitken, Between father and son: Family letters. V.S. Naipaul. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. xi + 297 pp.-J. Michael Dash, Marie-Hélène Laforest, Diasporic encounters: Remapping the Caribbean. Naples Liguori, 2000. 271 pp.-Jeanne Garane, Renée Larrier, Francophone women writers of Africa and the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ix + 156 pp.-Julian Gerstin, Brenda F. Berrian, Awakening spaces: French Caribbean popular songs, music, and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. xvi + 287 pp.-Halbert Barton, Steven Loza, Tito Puente and the making of Latin music. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999. xvi + 258 pp.-Mark Moberg, Anne Sutherland, The making of Belize: Globalization in the margins. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1998. x + 203 pp.-Daniel A. Segal, Kevin K. Birth, 'Any time is Trinidad time' : Social meanings and temporal consciousness. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xiv + 190 pp.-Samuel Martínez, Michele Wucker, Why the cocks fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the struggle for Hispaniola. New York: Hill and Wang, 1999. xxi + 281 pp.-Paul E. Brodwin, Terry Rey, Our lady of class struggle: The cult of the virgin Mary in Haiti. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 1999. x + 362 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., Elizabeth D. Gibbons, Sanctions in Haiti: Human rights and democracy under assault. Westport CT: Praeger, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 1999. xviii + 138 pp.-Robert Fatton, Jr., David M. Malone, Decision-making in the UN security council: The case of Haiti, 1990-1997. Oxford: Clarendon, 1998. xxi + 322 pp.-James Sanders, César J. Ayala, American sugar kingdom: The plantation economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xii + 321 pp.-James Sanders, Alan Dye, Cuban sugar in the age of mass production: Technology and the economics of the sugar central, 1899-1929. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. xiii + 343 pp.-Linden Lewis, Richard Hart, Towards decolonisation: Political, labour and economic developments in Jamaica 1938-1945. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1999. xxii + 329 pp.-John Smolenski, John W. Pulis, Moving on: Black loyalists in the Afro-Atlantic world. New York: Garland, 1999. xxiv + 224 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Clem Seecharan, Bechu: 'Bound coolie' Radical in British Guiana 1894-1901. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1999. x + 315 pp.-Bonno Thoden van Velzen, C.N. Dubelaar ,Het Afakaschrift van de Tapanahoni Rivier in Suriname. Utrecht: Thela Thesis, 1999. 183 pp., André R.M. Pakosie (eds)-Bonno Thoden van Velzen, André R.M. Pakosie, Gazon Matodja: Surinaams stamhoofd aan het einde van een tijdperk. Utrecht: Stichting Sabanapeti, 1999. 172 pp.-Geneviève Escure, Peter L. Patrick, Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. xx + 331 pp.

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