Academic literature on the topic 'Nasa people'

Visit NASA online to find out about its videotape series, called NASA Connect, that began last year. Each program year offers seven 30- minute, fast-paced, entertaining videotapes that were filmed at various space centers and show how mathematics is used every day by NASA scientists and engineers. The shows are hosted by two young people and include spots by celebrity guests whom students will recognize.

Abstract:NASA has put people in unique and extreme environments for over six decades. Supporting these individuals with a comprehensive health-care system has evolved over this period. As the Apollo program ended and NASA began to contemplate a space shuttle and space station program, societal pressures in the late 1960s and early 1970s caused federal agencies such as NASA to reconsider how to link the needs of the space program with a growing pressure to address societal needs by forging interagency partnerships. The Space Technology Applied to the Rural Papago Health Care (STARPAHC) project provides an example of how NASA sought to balance these two imperatives in an age of diminishing federal support. This project can provide lessons for today’s uncertain budgetary future for agencies such as NASA, which are once again being asked to find creative and innovative ways to support their missions while demonstrating their larger value to society.

The nutritional recovery of indigenous nasa children under five age of the territory of Caldono, Cauca.Nasa luuҫx le’ҫxkwesatx pa’yatx ҫxhaҫxcha ijpehnxi yuwe. Resumen A pesar del reconocimiento de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia, a los niños y niñas indígenas del grupo étnico Nasa se les sigue vulnerando derechos fundamentales como la nutrición, esta situación ha llevado a que se presenten continuos casos de desnutrición, que se vienen atendiendo bajos directrices nacionales que no reconocen, ni respetan la diversidad étnica y cultural. Este articulo presenta resultados de una investigación etnográfica con familias y sabedores tradicionales del pueblo Nasa de los resguardos de Caldono, que con el método inductivo y la utilización de técnicas como la entrevista y construcción de relatos se lograron identificar los factores socioculturales que inciden en los procesos de recuperación de niños y niñas indígenas; los cuales no se están teniendo en cuenta al momento de abordar la intervención con estrategias nutricionales del Estado. Palabras claves: Nutrición, cultura, niños, intervención, familia. Abstract Despite the recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples in Colombia, children and girls indigenous ethnic group Nasa is still violating them fundamental rights such as nutrition, this situation has led to continuous cases of malnutrition, which are are attending national guidelines bass that do not recognize or respect the ethnic and cultural diversity that arise. This article presents the results of an ethnographic research with families and knowing the Nasa people of guards of Caldono, than traditional with the inductive method and the use of techniques such as interview and stories were achieved identify socio-cultural factors influencing the processes of recovery of indigenous children; which is not are taken into account when dealing with nutritional strategies of State intervention Keywords: Nutrition, culture, children, intervention, family. Yuwe kaaja’nxi Wagaswe’sx ûste eҫ nejwe’sxyu’ wala zxiҫxkwe we’wena ûsa’ luuҫx le’ҫxtxis peygahn nwe’wna puuҫna wẽtwêth fxi’zewajas nawa pagaҫxyuhwa txtey txtey nxu’ҫmeta’ txaa pa’ga nasa wala fxi’zenxisu thegna u’jete wala pxtha wên, âҫan uun ҫxa fxizen uhn ûsta. naa yuwesa’ uswa’l ҫxhabsu the’sawe’sxtxi txaw zxiҫxkwe, paapejxna, ksxabuҫxa twêejin, atxahn, kajiyu’n skhew txaapagathaw naa yuwes ew âte nvxitu’. Ta’sx nxisame yuwe: U’kanxisxisa, nasa uus, luucx, ptxhidenxi, nwe’sx.

Objetivo: Descrever as condições do estilo de vida e riscos à saúde de um grupo de adolescentes e jovens participantes de um Núcleo de Atenção à Saúde do Adolescente (NASA). Métodos: Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa realizado com 13 adolescentes e jovens cadastrados no NASA de um município da Baixada Litorânea do estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de questionários padronizados autoaplicáveis. Resultados: Foram identificados hábitos alimentares inadequados; precocidade das relações sexuais e uso irregular de preservativo; ausência de atividade física e situações constrangedoras vivenciadas na escola. Conclusão: O estudo aponta situações de riscos à saúde que demandam estratégias preventivas, sobretudo de promoção da saúde. Faz-se necessário a implementação de ações intersetoriais locais voltadas para a redução de vulnerabilidades com ênfase nos eixos temáticas de alimentação, sexualidade, atividade física, prevenção da violência e cultura da paz.

El presente artículo sobre el buen vivir, que se ha convertido en un paradigma de los pueblos originarios que ofrece una salida al desarrollismo racional, hace un recorrido por la visión general del concepto, se detiene en las concepciones indígenas de Bolivia con énfasis en los aymara y los quechuas, de Ecuador con el pueblo kichwa y los pueblos amazónicos, de Paraguay con el pueblo guaraní y de Colombia con el pueblo nasa. Abstract The present article about Buen vivir (good living), which has become a paradigm of the original people as a way out of rational developmentalism, takes a tour through the general vision of the concept, stopping in the indigenous conceptions of Bolivia with the Aymara and the Quechuas, from Ecuador with the Kichwa and the Amazonian people, from Paraguay with the Guaraní people and from Colombia with the Nasa people. It afterwards extends in postures such as those of the pluriverse and the cosmo-community, and in general of the anti-systemic and ecological social movements, to arrive at an approach from political culture found in Ecuador and Bolivia constitutions to its maximum expression, and in several studies that propose it as the exit to visions of development, progress and the capitalist world system, as well as a different political option to capitalism and socialism.

The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity operated on Mars from 2004 until it was disabled by a dust storm in 2018. Its demise was declared in February 2019 after months of unsuccessful recontact attempts by scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This announcement sparked a global outpouring of grief that demonstrated people understood and related to the robot in a notably human-like manner. In short, it had been given a collectively understood persona. This paper presents a study of 100 digital postcards created by users on a NASA website that demonstrate the ways in which people expressed love, grief, hope, and thanks for Opportunity’s fourteen years of operation on another planet. In presenting this case study, the paper argues that certain personas are collective achievements. This is especially likely to occur for robots and other inanimate objects which have no centrally controlled or developed persona. The paper is situated within existing persona studies literature to extend and stretch the definition of persona studies and therefore expand the field in productive ways to incorporate the study of non-human personas.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemetaan dan rancangan intervensi untuk beban kerja mental overload pada Dosen IAIN Palangka Raya. Jumlah subjek pada penelitian ini adalah 31 orang yang terdiri dari Dosen PNS dan Non PNS yang memiliki beban kerja dalam melaksanakan Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi minimal dalam satu Tahun Ajaran terakhir (Ganjil 2018/2019 atau Genap 2018/2019) lebih dari 16 Satuan Kredit Semester. Pengukuran beban kerja secara mental atau psikologis dapat diukur salah satunya dengan metode NASA-TLX. Metode NASA-TLX ialah suatu alat ukur yang digunakan dalam mengukur beban kerja mental secara subjektif. Hasil pemetaan beban kerja mental yaitu didapatkan skor rata-rata beban kerja mental sebesar 82 (delapan puluh dua) yang berada pada kategori berat. This study aims to determine the mapping and intervention design for mental overload workloads at IAIN Palangka Raya lecturers. The number of subjects in this study was 31 people consisting of PNS and Non-PNS lecturers who had a workload in implementing the Tri Dharma of Higher Education in the last one academic year (Odd 2018/2019 or Even 2018/2019) more than 16 Semester Credit Units. One of the mental or psychological measurements of workload is the NASA-TLX method. A NASA-TLX method is a measuring tool used in measuring mental workload subjectively. The mental workload mapping result is that the mental workload average score is 82 (eighty-two), which is in the heavy category.

Purpose This paper aims to review national aeronautics and space administration (NASA’s) broad investments in electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP). NASA investments are guided by an assessment of potential market impacts, technical key performance parameters, and technology readiness attained through a combination of studies, enabling fundamental research and flight research. Design/methodology/approach The impact of EAP varies by market and NASA is considering three markets as follows: national/international, on-demand mobility and short-haul regional air transport. Technical advances in key areas have been made that indicate EAP is a viable technology. Flight research is underway to demonstrate integrated solutions and inform standards and certification processes. Findings A key finding is that sufficient technical advances in key areas have been made, which indicate EAP is a viable technology for aircraft. Significant progress has been made to reduce EAP adoption barriers and further work is needed to transition the technology to a commercial product and improve the technology, so it is applicable to large transonic aircraft. Practical implications Significant progress has been made to reduce EAP adoption barriers and further work is needed to transition the technology to a commercial product and improve the technology, so it is applicable to large transonic aircraft. Originality/value This paper will review the activities of the hybrid gas-electric subproject of the Advanced Air Transport Technology Project, the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology Project and the X-57 Flight Demonstration Project, and discuss the potential EAP benefits for commercial and military applications. This paper focuses on the vehicle-related activities, however, there are related NASA activities in air space management and vehicle autonomy activities, as well as a breakthrough technology project called the Convergent Aeronautics Solutions Project. The target audience is people interested in EAP.

The province of Maluku, otherwise known as the Moluccas, is divided into three main regions: the predominantly Muslim north, the mainly Christian central area, and the predominantly Christian southeast (see Map 1). The central region contains the “mother island” (nasa ina) of Seram which Maluku people believe to be the original source of Maluku culture. In some relatively isolated parts of this large island the original inhabitants such as the Nuaulu and the Huaulu ethnic groups (known in colonial times as the Alifuru people) still practise their ancestral rituals including music and dance.

Le contexte de recherche de cette thèse est le développement d'outils informatiques dans un cadre interculturel. La thèse prend comme cas d'étude le peuple nasa, aborigène de Colombie conservant d'importantes caractéristiques culturelles. La problématique de recherche est née à partir des différences culturelles entre ce peuple rural et la société productrice des dispositifs informatiques. Les processus d'adaptation culturelle se concentrent en général sur la traduction textuelle et sur des éléments faciles à étudier. Cependant, la culture est implicite dans une large gamme d'aspects de la conception et utilisation d'un système informatique. Par exemple, la métaphore du bureau est basée sur des éléments typiques d'un environnement de travail urbain. Toutefois, les dossiers, fichiers et autres composants de l'interface sont moins courants dans le contexte nasa. Cette thèse réalise deux contributions majeures. Premièrement, un modèle culturel qui aide à l'étude de caractéristiques socioculturelles importantes dans le développement d'outils informatiques (la langue, l'environnement et la technologie, l'organisation sociale, la structuration de l'espace, et les signes non-linguistiques). Deuxièmement, une méthode de description de conception intégrant les caractéristiques culturelles à des patrons de conception. Ceux-ci rendent possible la représentation de l'influence de la culture sur la production d'un outil. Ces contributions ont été appliquées dans le contexte nasa et deux outils ont été mis en oeuvre dans deux écoles en suivant une méthode de conception participative. Un catalogue initial de patrons décrit la résolution de différents problèmes de conception.
The research context of this thesis is the inter-cultural development of computer tools. The thesis considers as case study the Nasa people, a Colombian native society, which preserves different traditions and cultural particularities. The research questioning emerges from the sociocultural differences between a rural society, such as the Nasa, and the computer-producing societies. In general, cultural adaptation processes focus on the linguistic translation and factors easy to study. However, the developer¿s culture is implicit in a wide range of aspects of the production of interactive systems. For example, the office metaphor, commonly used in personal computers, is based on everyday objects found in a urban work context. Nevertheless, desktops, files, folders are less familiar in the Nasa environment, resulting in a misunderstood analogy. This thesis accomplish two main contributions. First, a cultural model for the study of important sociocultural characteristics in the development of computer tools (language, environment and technology, social organization, spatial structures and non-verbal signs. ) Second, a design description method that integrates the cultural characteristics identified by the model into design patterns. These contributions have been applied in the Nasa context, where two different tools have been developed following a participative method. These tools were designed and evaluated with students and teachers of two schools. An initial catalog of patterns describes how the design issues found have been resolved

Nel corso degli ultimi cinquant’anni (1970-2020), le comunità indigene nasa del Dipartimento del Cauca (Colombia) si sono confrontate con processi necropolitici di segregazione territoriale e di violenza sistemica (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), alimentati dalla secolare problematica del mancato riconoscimento delle terre ancestrali, dal conflitto armato interno colombiano, dall’attività delle transnazionali estrattiviste che operano nella regione e dalla proliferazione della problematica del narcotraffico (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). Per fronteggiare questi radicati dispositivi di espropiazione, violenza e silenziamento etnico, la popolazione nasa ha progressivamente riconfigurato le strategie di difesa della propria autonomia culturale e politica (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). Nel quadro continentale del consolidamento organizzato delle rivendicazioni indigene, culminato nell’ultimo decennio del XX secolo nella cosiddetta emergencia indígena (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), le comunità nasa hanno plasmato modalità di resistenza multidimensionali, dove la tradizionale difesa pacifica dei confini territoriali è stata accompagnata da impulsi alla tutela dei propri spazi del sapere. Nel corso degli ultimi due decenni si sono strutturate strategie di salvaguardia dell’identità culturale comunitaria fondate sull’idea della custodia del “territorio dell’immaginario” (Almendra, 2017) dai dispositivi di invasione discorsiva e simbolica propri del necropotere (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): un meccanismo di protezione di epistemologie, cosmovisioni, lingua e spiritualità nasa, attuato a partire dalla delineazione di una nuova concezione autonoma della parola, tanto nell’esperienza dell’oralità come nelle sue espressioni scritte (Escobar, 2016). In questo contesto di studio, la tesi investiga un corpus di scritture realizzate da membri delle comunità indigene nasa in epoca contemporanea (1970-2020). La ricerca propone un’interpretazione della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, elaborata nell’ambito delle epistemologie nasa, come strumento ermeneutico centrale per la comprensione delle scritture analizzate e degli attuali immaginari di resistenza della popolazione caucana. La proposta del palabrandar si configura nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) della scrittrice di etnia nasa-misak Vilma Almendra Quiguanás come una modalità autonoma di riflessione sull’esercizio della parola, concepita in una relazione di interdipendenza ontologica con l’azione di beneficio per la comunità (Almendra, 2017). La ricerca è strutturata in due tappe. Nei primi due capitoli si propone uno sguardo di analisi diacronico del processo di costituzione del prisma epistemologico della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, a partire dallo studio della produzione scritta di due autori nasa: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) e Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). Gli scritti del sacerdote cattolico di etnia nasa Ulcué Chocué, parzialmente inediti, sono interpretati come antecedente fondamentale della concezione autonoma della parola configurata nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. Nel corso dell’analisi, si suggerisce una collocazione delle connotazioni epistemiche del palabrandar all’interno di una cartografia gnoseologica dei saperi indigeni dell’Abiayala, intesa qui nella sua integralità di pluriverso di enunciazione ed espressione delle conoscenze ancestrali in una dimensione di futuralità (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). Nella seconda parte della tesi si elabora un’analisi orientata a delineare le forme semantiche e simboliche attraverso cui la nozione del palabrandar si traduce in pratica di scrittura. Si propone uno studio delle produzione scritte di alcuni membri della comunità nasa, interpretate nella loro dimensione di testualità oralettegrafiche (Rocha Vivas, 2017), ovvero scritture conformate da codici multidimensionali che possono trovare la loro espressione finale in un libro o in altri spazi di trasmissione del sapere nasa, come le pietre o le pareti (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In questa prospettiva, il corpus di analisi si compone di alcuni passaggi testuali del volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanás e di una serie di scritture (graffiti) realizzate da membri della comunità nasa nello spazio pubblico del territorio di Toribío, decodificato attraverso la contestualizzazione alle epistemologie nasa degli strumenti teorico-metodologici forniti dagli studi sul Paesaggio linguistico in aree di tensione sociale (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). La traiettoria esegetica elaborata si struttura metodologicamente a partire dall’inquadramento delle scritture contemporanee del popolo nasa in uno spazio ontologico del sapere autonomo, inserito in un processo di dialogo con alcune proposte delle scienze sociali e umane che riproduce la dimensione interculturale delle attuali dinamiche di negoziazione del sapere nelle comunità nasa (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Categorie come ‘scrittura’, ‘resistenza’ e ‘territorio’ si interpretano quindi a partire dalle significazioni assunte nell’universo epistemologico nasa (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). Il percorso ermeneutico adottato è sostentato da un lavoro sul campo presso diverse comunità nasa del settore nordorientale del Cauca, realizzato attraverso cinque viaggi nel territorio tra il settembre del 2018 e il settembre del 2020. Oltre alla realizzazione di una ricerca di archivio presso la Biblioteca Parrocchiale di Toribío, il lavoro sul campo è consistito in conversazioni, interviste e intercambi con membri della comunità nasa, partecipazione in assemblee e rituali, nell’intento di dialogare con gli spazi del sapere indigeno caucano in ogni sua dimensione di espressione: l’oralità, la ritualità, l’incontro collettivo e la scrittura (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).
In the last fifty years (1970-2020), indigenous Nasa communities in the Cauca Department (Colombia) have faced necropolitical processes of territorial segregation and systemic violence (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), fomented by the century-old problem of the failure to acknowledge their ancestral homelands, by the internal Colombian armed conflict, by the activity of the transnational extractive industries operating in the region, and by the proliferation of narcotraffic (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). To face these entrenched devices of expropriation, violence, and ethnic silencing, Nasa people have progressively reconfigured the strategies in defence of their cultural and political autonomy (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). In the framework of the organised strengthening of indigenous claims in the continent, culminating in the so-called emergencia indígena in the last decade of the 20th century (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), Nasa communities have forged multidimensional modalities of resistance, in which the traditional pacific conservation of territorial boundaries combines with the need to safeguard their own knowledge space. In the last two decades, Nasa communities have developed strategies to safeguard their communal cultural identity. These strategies are based on the idea of the defence of the “territory of the imagination” (Almendra, 2017) from the devices of discursive and symbolic invasion typical of necropower (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): a protective mechanism of Nasa epistemologies, cosmovisions, language, and spirituality, whose starting point is represented by the outline of a new autonomous conception of the word, in both the oral experience and its written expressions (Escobar, 2016). In this context, the present thesis investigates a corpus of writings realized by members of the indigenous Nasa communities in contemporary times (1970-2020). The research proposes an interpretation of the know-how of palabrandar, conceptualised in Nasa epistemologies, as the central hermeneutic tool for an understanding of the selected writings and of the actual images of resistance of the Cauca people. The proposal of palabrandar is defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) by the Nasa-Misak writer Vilma Almendra Quiguanás as an autonomous modality of reflection on the word, which is understood in a relationship of ontological interdependence with the action of benefit for the community (Almendra, 2017). The research is structured in two phases. The first two chapters propose a diachronic analysis of the founding process of the epistemological prism of the know-how of palabrandar, starting from an investigation of the written production of two Nasa authors: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) and Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). The writings, some of them unpublished, of the Catholic priest of Nasa ethnicity Ulcué Chocué are interpreted as a fundamental antecedent to the word’s autonomous conception as defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. The analysis seeks to discuss a positioning of the epistemic connotations of palabrandar within a gnosiological cartography of the indigenous knowledge of Abiayala, interpreted in its integrality of pluriverse of enunciation and expression of ancestral knowledge in a futural dimension (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). The second part of the thesis aims to outline the semantic and symbolic forms through which the notion of palabrandar translates into written expressions. The writings of some members of the Nasa community are discussed taking into account their dimension of oralitegraphic textualities (Rocha Vivas, 2017), that is textual productions shaped by the confluence of multidimensional codes, which can be expressed through books or other spaces where Nasa knowledge is transmitted, such as stones or walls (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In this perspective, the analysed corpus consists of some textual passages from the volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanás and of a series of written productions (graffiti) realised by members of the Nasa community in the public space of the Toribío territory. The latter has been decoded by contextualising and applying to Nasa epistemologies the theoretical-methodological tools of linguistic landscape research in areas of social tension (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). The exegetic trajectory developed in the thesis is structured methodologically by inserting the contemporary Nasa written productions in an ontological space of autonomous knowledge, which dialogues with proposals from the social and human sciences. This dialogical process reproduces the intercultural dimension of the actual dynamics of the negotiation of knowledge in Nasa communities (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Consequently, categories such as ‘writing’, ‘resistance’, and ‘territory’ are interpreted according to the signification they possess in the epistemological Nasa universe (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). The adopted hermeneutic path is supported by fieldwork in different Nasa communities in the North-East Cauca region, and in particular by five research trips between September 2018 and September 2020. Fieldwork has consisted of archival research at the Parish Library in Toribío, conversations, interviews and interchanges with members of the Nasa community, the participation in meetings and rituals in the attempt to dialogue with the spaces of Cauca indigenous knowledge in every dimension of its expression: orality, rituality, collective gathering, and writing (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-155). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Criado pelo Governo Federal, em 2008, o Projovem Adolescente Serviço Socioeducativo vem sendo executado de forma descentralizada e através de parcerias que envolvem o Governo Federal e governos de administrações locais. De natureza socioeducativa, compreendemos o Projovem Adolescente como uma iniciativa pública que propõe adensar e diversificar os processos de socialização secundária e ampliar os suportes de determinados segmentos da juventude brasileira, mediante (re)inserção do jovem no sistema escolar e o oferecimento de atividades de educação não formal. A partir de inquietações profissionais da pesquisadora, o estudo visou (1) compreender os processos de implantação e implementação da versão do Projovem Adolescente Serviço socioeducativo, num território específico da cidade de Ribeirão Preto; (2) verificar os interesses e as opiniões dos sujeitos que interagiram com as atividades socioeducativas e ainda; (3) levantar as contribuições daquela iniciativa pública aos jovens homens e mulheres que tiveram interesse em acessar e fruir das ações educativas de natureza não formal ou não escolar sob a perspectiva da socialização secundária e dos suportes. O estudo é de natureza qualitativa, no qual realizamos levantamento e leitura de obras pertinentes às temáticas centrais da pesquisa, formulamos e aplicamos questionário estruturado com 47 jovens que participaram das atividades socioeducativas do Projovem nos anos de 2008 a 2012, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro (4) profissionais representantes da geração adulta que interagiram com aqueles jovens; e investimos em atividades de observação. O conjunto dos dados obtidos por meio dos procedimentos mencionados foi analisado, a partir de referências situadas nos domínios das Ciências Sociais. Os resultados indicaram que as etapas de implantação e desenvolvimento dos Coletivos socioeducativos do Projovem Adolescente em diferentes bairros de Ribeirão Preto, especialmente no bairro Quintino II, foram marcadas por problemas de diferentes ordens: estruturais, de recursos humanos, e dificuldades dos responsáveis diretos em estabelecer parcerias com os setores municipais e demais instituições, em especial com os gestores das unidades escolares. Já os resultados da aplicação dos questionários, da observação e das interações com os sujeitos jovens, demonstraram que o poder público local não proporcionou espaços e condições adequadas para os jovens viverem a condição juvenil com qualidade. Ao ingressar nas atividades socioeducativas da Estação do Alto, no bairro Quintino II, os jovens buscavam ampliar as opções de socialização secundária, principalmente aquelas direcionadas à capacitação para a inserção no trabalho formal, de acesso às atividades culturais, de lazer e ocupação do tempo livre e adensar a rede de amizades. Para os jovens que permaneceram nas atividades socioeducativas da Estação do Alto, eles tiveram suas experiências juvenis mais diversificadas, pois puderam expandir os quadros socializadores e contar com o suporte possibilitado pelas interações intergeracionais e o grupo de pares. Por outro lado, os jovens que não permaneceram nas atividades do Projeto, relataram que se desinteressaram pelas atividades educativas em virtude de sua fragilidade, por que não viram suas necessidades ou demandas contempladas, por que encontraram na esfera do trabalho, no matrimônio, na maternidade ou no mundo do ilícito outras referências significativas e socializadoras.
Created by the Federal Government in 2008, the Projovem Adolescente Socio-educational Service project has been carried out in a decentralized manner and through partnerships which involve the Federal Government and local administration governments. Socio-educational in its nature, we understand the Projovem Adolescente project as a public initiative which aims to intensify and diversify the secondary socialization processes and amplify support to certain layers of the Brazilian youth, through (re)insertion of the young subjects into the educational system and the provision of non-formal educational activities. Based on professional observations and inquiries from the researcher, this study aimed to (1) understand the processes of implantation and implementation of the version of the Projovem Adolescente Socio-educational Service project, in a specific territory of the city of Ribeirão Preto; (2) verify the interests and opinions of the subjects that interacted with the projects socio-educational activities and; (3) bring up the contributions of this public initiative to young people men and women who were interested in taking part and enjoying the non-formal educational actions under the perspective of support and the secondary socialization. The study has a qualitative nature, and in it we reviewed and studied the literature concerning the core themes of the research, formulated and applied a structured questionnaire with 47 young people who participed in the socio-educacional activities of Projovem between the years 2008 and 2012, we conducted semi-structured interviews with four (4) professionals representatives of the adult generation who interacted with the young people, and we invested in observation activities. The data collected by means of the aforementioned procedures were analyzed from references placed in the domain of the Social Sciences. The results indicated who that the stages of implementation and development of the socio-educational Collectives of the Projovem Adolescente project in different neighborhoods of Ribeirão Preto, specially Quintino II, showed important problems of different natures: structure, human resources, and difficulties of those directly in charge in establishing partnerships with city offices and other institutions, specially school unit principals. On the other hand, the results of the questionnaires, the observations and the interactions with the young subjects demonstrated that local government did not provide adequate space and conditions for young people to live juvenile condition with quality. Entering in the socio-educational activities of the Estação do Alto, in the Quintino II neighborhood, young people made an effort to broaden their options of secondary socialization, especially those aimed at the preparation for work-market inclusion, cultural activity and leisure access, free time activities, and friendship network improvement. For young people who remained in socio-educational activities at the Estação do Alto, they had more diverse youth experiences, because they were able to broaden their socializing scenes and count on the support provided by the intergenerational group of peers. On the other hand, young people who did not remain in the project activities stated lack of interest for the educational activities due to their weakness, because they didnt see their needs or demands satisfied, or because they found in the work environment, in matrimony, in maternity or in the sphere of illegality other significant and socializing references.

This doctoral thesis explores the entanglement of religion and identity politics in the Indo-Burma borderlands and the indigenisation of Christianity there through grassroots processes of cultural revivalism. The ethnographic focus is on the Sumi Naga from the state of Nagaland in Northeast India. While the Sumi started converting to Baptist Christianity at the beginning of the twentieth century, conversion rates accelerated especially in the 1950s and again in the 1970s when two evangelical revivals swept across the lands of the Sumi and resulted in their conversion en masse. Significantly, these Great Revivals coincided in time with the most turbulent political history of this borderland region, as the Sumi, alongside all other Naga, were waging an armed struggle against the Indian nation-state for their right to self-determination and independence. While this struggle is now largely being fought with political rather than military means, it remains ideologically motivated by Naga perceptions of their distinct ethnic identity, history and culture compared to the rest of India. Baptist Christianity has played a central role in shaping and sustaining these perceptions. Over the past several decades following the Second Great Revival in the 1970s there has been a movement from within Sumi society to reconstruct and redefine their identity by drawing heavily on both their contemporary religion (Baptist Christianity) and their 'good' pre-Christian culture, which had been demonised and rejected in the course of earlier conversions. Discourses have been circulating in public space on the urgent need to reconceptualise collective Sumi identity by reviving, or preserving, those aspects of pre-Christian Sumi culture that are perceived as 'good' and constitutive of Sumi-ness but are currently 'under threat' of being gradually lost to modernity and foreign influences. These discourses are directly linked to processes of cultural revivalism across Nagaland, which have been motivated by a sense of the perceived loss of 'good' cultural heritage and cultural roots. This thesis is an ethnographic study of these processes of identity (re)construction within a Sumi Naga community. It sets out to examine the ways in which Baptist Christianity is central to everyday life in a Sumi village and how it plays an important role in forging group cohesion and solidarity through ritual practice and various forms of fellowship. The thesis then proceeds to study the phenomenon of cultural revivalism in both its discursive and practical manifestations. The thesis argues that the cultural revival has not reduced the centrality of Baptist Christianity to Sumi self-ascriptions and perceptions of identity, but is rather thought to have enriched it and given it a stronger cultural foundation. Hence, a Sumi Naga Christianity is being created which is perceived as unique, indigenous and distinct in its own right. The thesis attempts to explore the essence of this vernacular Christianity against the backdrop of its specific historical, economic, political and spiritual context and the all-encompassing Naga struggle against the Indian nation-state. In pursuing these issues, the thesis locates itself within debates on the intersection between religion and identity politics, which prevail in many contemporary contributions to the anthropology of Christianity.

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This paper presents the main aspects of Game Theory, showing its application as an analytical tool in People Management with respect to the variable salary. It considers the organization and worker as general concepts, without identifying the sector, business field, legal classification according to their revenue, total employees or market share of the organization. Likewise the concept worker receives no identification on the business field where they work, function, salary or professional training. The organization is any structure that generates goods and services for society and the worker is every element that employs its workforce in the production of goods and services. The objectives set for this study are: to identify the possibilities of application of Game Theory in People Management considering the variable salary as an element of conflict between the organization and the worker; to show whether the extensive form representation is more appropriate or not to analyze the clash scenario in the decision to hire or not the worker or pay more or pay less and the existence of Nash Equilibrium. The qualitative methodology with bibliographic and documentary support features this qualitative research according to the research methodology. Qualitative methods help to interpret the everyday phenomena, which may be composed of symbolic data located in a particular context. The documentary research is an important contribution to the study of the proposed topic, since qualitative research is not a rigidly structured proposal and this allows the researcher to use imagination and creativity to achieve the goal. The results obtained by the research point out that it is possible the application of Game Theory in People Management considering the clash between the players (the worker and the organization) about the salary, as can be seen in chapter 4 in the matrix representations of payoff of a strategic game and pictures 9, 10, 11, and 16. The representation in extensive form, is another goal, indicating the payoffs between two central decisions represented by X = flexibility with waiver of rights by workers and Y = flexibility / adaptation / negotiation, as shown in picture 16. By analyzing the picture, the personnel manager realizes existing strategies for organization and worker for decision making, while assessing the present situation and doing simulations for new proposals. Finally the Nash Equilibrium for application in People Management is discussed in section 4.1.3, making it possible to verify that both the worker and the organization can reach a favorable decision for both and keep their originally intended purposes. In picture 17, this balance is shown after the decision is made by the worker in face of the proposal made by the organization in the wake O2 and the worker got the sequence branch T2 with the value of 20 coins. The potentiality of Game Theory in People Management arises from the fact that those who work in an organization share good or bad results obtained by the choices of others, individual choices and the choices built collectively. When the worker decides to produce less, the company suffers a loss of income generated by the slower pace of work.
Esta dissertação apresenta os principais aspectos da Teoria dos Jogos, mostrando sua aplicação como instrumento analítico na Gestão de Pessoas no que diz respeito à variável salário. Considera a organização e o trabalhador como conceitos gerais, sem identificar o setor de atuação, ramo de atividade, classificação jurídica em função do seu faturamento, total de empregados ou participação de mercado dessa organização. Da mesma forma o conceito trabalhador não recebe qualquer identificação em relação ao setor de atividade onde trabalha, função, salário ou formação profissional. A organização é toda estrutura que gera bens e serviços para a sociedade e o trabalhador é todo elemento que emprega sua força de trabalho na produção de bens e serviços. Os objetivos estabelecidos para este estudo são: identificar as possibilidades de aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos na Gestão de Pessoas considerando a variável salário como elemento de conflito entre a organização e o trabalhador; mostrar se a forma de representação extensiva é mais apropriada ou não para analisar o cenário de embate na decisão de contratar ou não o trabalhador ou pagar mais ou menos salário e a existência do Equilíbrio de Nash. A metodologia qualitativa com apoio bibliográfico e documental caracteriza esta pesquisa qualitativa quanto a metodologia de pesquisa. Os métodos qualitativos contribuem para interpretar fenômenos do cotidiano, podendo ser composto por dados simbólicos situados em determinado contexto. A pesquisa documental é uma contribuição importante ao estudo do tema proposto, já que a pesquisa qualitativa não é uma proposta rigidamente estruturada e isto permite que o pesquisador use a imaginação e criatividade para atingir o objetivo. Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa dão conta de que é possível a aplicação da Teoria dos Jogos na Gestão de Pessoas considerando o embate entre os jogadores (o trabalhador e a organização) em torno do salário, discutido no capítulo 4 nas representações da matriz de payoff de um jogo estratégico e nas figuras 9,10,11,e 16. A representação na forma extensiva, outro objetivo, indicando os payoffs entre duas decisões centrais representadas por X = flexibilização com renúncia dos direitos pelos trabalhadores e Y = flexibilização/adaptação/negociação, conforme figura 16. O gestor de pessoas percebe as estratégias existentes para a organização e trabalhador para a tomada de decisão, ao mesmo tempo em que pode avaliar a situação que esteja vivendo e fazer simulações em busca de novas propostas. Por fim, o Equilíbrio de Nash para a aplicação na Gestão de Pessoas é discutido no item 4.1.3, sendo possível verificar que tanto o trabalhador como a organização podem chegar a uma decisão favorável para ambos e manter seus objetivos pretendidos inicialmente. Na figura 17, esse equilíbrio é apresentado depois da tomada de decisão do trabalhador pela proposta feita pela organização na sequência O2 e o trabalhador ficou com o ramo de sequência T2 com o valor de 20 moedas. A potencialidade da Teoria dos Jogos na Gestão de Pessoas está no fato de que quem atua em uma organização compartilha resultados bons ou ruins obtidos pelas escolhas alheias, individuais e construídas coletivamente.

Collaboration with emerging space programs is one topic in this chapter, examples being Israel, Brazil, and Ukraine. Another is NASA’s 1990s efforts to ameliorate damage from the post–Cold War “peace dividend” by sharing the costs of space exploration with industry and academia and re-examining the possibility of space as a manufacturing locus. There was consideration of returning NASA’s status to something like its early-mid-1900s standing as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), an agency for doing research needed for private industry to move the nation forward. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) status was a strong candidate as late as 2003 but various factors, including George W. Bush’s Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), derailed that plan. This chapter also covers the demise of the space centrifuge, considered to be a chief reason for doing life sciences research in orbit, and with it the accompanying ISS Centrifuge Accommodation Module (CAM).

Jonathan Coopersmith underscores the two major challenges of doing history—finding and preserving archival material, challenges particularly acute for subjects traditionally not collected by archives, such as minority movements. To prevent such future losses and expand archival access, Coopersmith explores how historians, archivists, and other stakeholders can utilize public history tools including oral histories and the digital humanities to encourage the creation and preservation of the widest possible range of appropriate records and histories, especially for historically underrepresented and under-researched areas and people in space exploration and exploitation.

For safe and efficient human-machine interactions, the amount of mental resources required by the task should not exceed available capacity of the person. Therefore, determination of mental workload has critical importance in the fields of human factors and ergonomics. Because of its temporal dependability, EEG data has become widely used in assessing and measuring mental workload in recent years. Accordingly, motivation of the study was to examine the role of brain-related data in discriminating mental workload levels. The current paper presented a statistically analysis of whether pre-determined task difficulty levels led to the intended mental workload manipulation. It was aimed to investigate the relationship between EEG features, task difficulty levels, subjective self-assessment (NASA-TLX) scores and performance measures (accuracy rate and latency). N-back tasks have been commonly used in the literature. In this study, n-back memory tests were performed at four different difficulty levels. As the number of n increases, so does the difficulty of the task. Tests were conducted on 25 (13 male, 12 female) healthy undergraduate students. The statistical analysis was performed for two sets of data. The first dataset, which included 300 session-based samples, was conducted in order to examine the possible relationship between task difficulty levels, performance criteria, and subjective assessments of mental workload. The second dataset, on the other hand, was analyzed on the basis of stimulus and consisted of seventy EEG features (5 frequency band power for 14 channels) corresponding to recording samples. The categorical variable reflecting the difficulty level of n-back memory was selected as dependent variable. It was demonstrated how the band power varies in various regions of the brain depending on the degree of task difficulty. Significant differences between the genders were noted in terms of all variables considered. As the task difficulty level increased, both the workload perceived by the participants (rho > 0.7, p < 0.01) and the latency in response time (rho > 0.6, p < 0.01) significantly increased. Otherwise, the correct answer rate decreased as the task became more difficult (rho > 0.6, p < 0.01). The number of hits (correct answers by detecting the match) was found to be more correlated with the task difficulty level compared to number of correct rejects (correct answers by detecting the non-match). The workload and its sub-dimensions perceived by the participants and performance variables are also related to each other. In tests with longer response times, participants reported that they felt more workload (rho > 0.6, p < 0.01). Conversely, the number of correct answers decreased (rho > 0.6, p < 0.01). It was also found that there was a significant difference between all difficulty levels compared in pairs, in terms of almost all variables (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between men and women in terms of performance measures. However, men were found to report higher NASA-TLX scores than women, especially on difficult tasks. As a result, significant relationships between data obtained through different methods encourage the use of these methods together for reliable analysis in future studies.

The Research Center for Optical Physics (RCOP) held its inaugural forum on September 22-23, 1993. More than 100 people from industry, universities and federal agencies attended. Mr. Paul Holloway, Director of NASA Langley Research Center gave the keynote address and Dr. William Harvey, President of Hampton University gave the Welcome Address. Invited technical talks were given by Dr. Anthony Johnson from AT&T Bell Laboratories on Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy ; Dr. Peter Delfyett from Bellcore on Photonic Networks and Dr. Donald Lyons from Hampton University on Fiber Optic Sensors.

In order to make civilian supersonic flight over land possible, the resulting sonic boom must be acceptable to the people exposed. In order to determine the impact on people, determining the behavior of a sonic boom in a large city is critical. A combined ray tracing radiosity method was developed to propagate sonic booms into urban canyons. A variety of environmental parameters were changed to determine their effect on the resulting sound field. The arrival angles of the boom, the height of the canyons, the width of the canyons, and the amount of diffusion were all varied. It was shown that the resulting sound levels from most of these parameters was highly dependent on the combination of the parameters rather than a single parameter. Diffusion was the only parameter that showed a consistent trend in the amplitude of the sound field. [Work funded by NASA and the FAA’s PARTNER Center of Excellence.]

User-centered design (UCD) methods for human-machine interfaces (HMI) have been a key to develop safe and user-friendly interaction for years. Especially in safety-critical domains like transportation, humans need to have clear instructions and feedback loops to safely interact with the vehicle. With the shift towards more automation on the streets, human-machine interaction needs to be predictable to ensure safe road interaction. Understanding human behavior and prior user needs in crucial situation can be significant in a multitude of complex interactions for in-vehicle passengers, pedestrians and other traffic participants.While research mostly focused on addressing user behavior and user needs, the inclusion of users has often been limited to study participants with behavioral inputs or interviewees prompted for opinions. Although users do not have the knowledge and experience as professional designers and experts to create a product for others alone, unbiased insights into the future target groups’ mental models are a valuable and necessary asset. Hence, with stronger user participation and appropriate tools for users to design prototypes, the design process may deeper involve all type of stakeholders helping to provide insights into their mental models to understand user need and expectation.To extend current UCD practices in the development of automotive HMIs, our work introduces a user-interactive approach, based on the principles of participatory design (PD), to enable users to actively create and work within design process. A within-subject study was conducted based on evaluating users’ trust within an interaction with an AV and subsequently configuring the corresponding HMI. The scenario focuses on the interaction between a pedestrian (user’s point of view) deciding to cross path with an automated vehicle (AV, SAE L4). The AV would show its intention via a 360° light band HMI on its roof. The interactive simulation offered users hands-on options to iteratively experience, evaluate and improve HMI elements within changeable environmental settings (i.e., weather, daytime) until they were satisfied with the result. The addition of participation was provided by an interface using common visual user interface elements, i.e. sliders and buttons, giving users a range of variety for real-time HMI configuring.A first prototype of this interactive simulation was tested for the safety-critical use-case in a usability study (N=29). Results from questionnaires and interviews show high usability acceptance of the interactive simulation among participants as assessed by the system usability scale. Overall usability was rated high (System Usability Scale) and frustration low (NASA-TLX raw). Moreover, the interactive simulation was rated to have above average user experience (User Experience Questionnaire). Appended feedback interviews gave valuable insights on improving the simulation user interface, offering different design opportunities within the simulation and a wider parameter space. The short design session time shows the limit of customizability options within this study but needs to be further investigated to determine optimal range for longer evaluation and design sessions. Based on the study results, further requirements for PD simulative environments to assess limits for parameter spaces in virtual environments are derived.

Drill templates are used frequently in the fabrication and assembly of scientific spacecraft at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). They are used to provide precision location of a hole pattern for mating parts and assemblies, from small parts to multi-million dollar space telescopes. Typically these interfaces are one of a kind and crucial to the success of the space mission. Although proper geometric dimensioning and tolerancing for CNC machining can often be relied upon, there are many situations where either it is too difficult to achieve the required tolerances, too difficult to inspect, or too uncertain. Once the decision is made to use a drill template at a critical interface, there are several key design considerations including how to hold the piece to be drilled, how to properly and repeatably align the template to the part, and how to step through the drilling process. In addition to these considerations, there are a remarkable number of tips and techniques used by the people on the shop floor to make the process work well. This paper includes many of these tips gathered from technicians and engineers from around NASA GSFC.

There have been many studies on improving intellectual concentration. Concentration on intellectual work tends to decrease over time, and this needs to be prevented to improve intellectual concentration. In conventional office work, for example, a 10-minute break was taken every hour, but in this case, concentration drops by the next break. Therefore, there is a possibility of suppressing the decline in intellectual concentration by interspersing short breaks of a few seconds to a few tens of seconds in a shorter cycle than this. In this study, we named this break "micro-refresh" and aimed to show its effect on improving intellectual concentration by experiments, and then to study the environmental control method to present it appropriately in the actual working environment. The "micro-refresh" in this study differs from the conventional "microbreak" in that it effectively encourages office workers to refresh themselves in a short period of time. In other words, this research aims to actively encourage office workers to refresh themselves through some kind of action, such as controlling the indoor environment.Therefore, as a basis for this study, it was firstly confirmed that the effect of micro-refresh can be measured quantitatively. Short breaks of a few seconds to tens of seconds were forcibly given to the office workers during the cognitive task, and the difference in intellectual concentration was confirmed using objective indicators. In addition, the difference in subjective perception of fatigue and workload was also confirmed by several questionnaires.In this experiment, a comparison problem developed by Ueda et al1). was used as a cognitive task. As a simulated micro-refresh, a system, in which the screen changes to gray when an arbitrary time elapses and the answer to the problem being solved at that time is completed, was implemented. The interval between the screen changing was set to 7 minutes and 30 seconds, and the time until the changed screen returned to normal was set to 20 seconds. Participants performed a 25-minute cognitive task with and without the simulated micro-refresh. Their intellectual concentration was measured as an index, “CTR (Concentration Time Ratio)”, which expresses concentration time ratio among total working time and was calculated from response time data of the cognitive task. In addition, this experiment measured participants’ fatigue and workload through several questionnaires; (1) Progress questionnaire asking about subjective level of concentration and fatigue (2) NASA-TLX asking about workload (3) Subjective symptom screening capturing changes in fatigue status over time.At this point, the experiment is not yet completed, but it will be completed by the time the full paper is submitted. From the data obtained, it will be shown that the response time data, CTR, and participants’ fatigue and workload are able to be measured and it will be discussed that whether simulated micro-break prevent CTR from decreasing or reduce participants’ fatigue and workload.1) Kimi Ueda, Hiroshi Shimoda, Hirotake Ishii, Fumiaki Obayashi, Kazuhiro Taniguchi: Development of a New Cognitive Task to Measure Intellectual Concentration Affected by Room Environment, The Fifth International Conference on Human-Environment System, 2016.

Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) is an attractive system for stand-alone electrification in remote areas. The hydrokinetic power avoids all the disadvantages of hydropower, unlike dams that have obstructed the natural water flow and ended up displacing animals and people. The main objective of this research work is to provide a feasibility study of using SMART MONOFLOAT hydrokinetic power in hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/HKT/diesel/battery system to satisfy the electrical energy needs for the selected rural households in Naga Hammadi, Egypt in this study. The SMART MONOFLOAT hydrokinetic turbine has been used as it was developed to produce a maximum amount of electrical power with the kinetic energy of flowing water. The well-known Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER) software is used as a software tool in this study. The 22-year average monthly solar radiation data for the selected rural households in Naga Hammadi, located at latitude of 26.013 and longitude of 32.32 was obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) database. The average monthly current velocity data of the Nile River used in this study was collected for a single year during 1991 after construction of the Aswan Dam in 1904. According to the simulation results in this work, it was found that the optimum HRES consisting of; 90 kW PV panels, 90 kW HKTs, 22 kW diesel generators, 60 kW power converters and 225 batteries. In addition to that, a great reduction in greenhouse gases (GHG) emission during the project lifetime could be achieved by using the optimum system.

Experimental, analytical, and numerical investigations have been done in the field of gas lubrication, but few people focused on details of fluid flow between the sliding surfaces. In this work the entire pressurized wave bearing is analyzed in detail. The numerical study using a three-dimensional commercial code and a two-dimensional finite difference code gives information about the flow at many levels. The numerically computed flow rates using the commercial code are compared with experimental results determined at NASA Glenn Research Center on an experimental rig. The calculated discharge coefficient is used in the finite difference code which solves the Reynolds equation. The holes effect is considered as a source term, instead of applying hybrid type boundary conditions on the holes contours. Data from experimental tests, commercial three-dimensional code, and two-dimensional code are reported and compared to each other. Good agreement was found between numerical study and experiment.

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) has evolved remarkably since its inception 25 years ago. Despite these advances, the design of complex engineered systems remains a challenge, and many large-scale engineering projects are routinely plagued by exorbitant cost overruns and delays. To gain insight into these challenges, 48 people gathered from industry, academia, and government agencies to examine MDO’s current and future role in designing complex engineered systems. This paper summarizes the views of five distinguished speakers on the “state of the research” along with the discussions from an industry panel of representatives from Boeing, Caterpillar, Ford, NASA Glenn Research Center, and United Technologies Research Center on the “state of the practice”. This paper also summarizes the future research topics identified by breakout groups in five key areas: (1) modeling and the design space; (2) metrics, objectives, and requirements; (3) coupling in complex engineered systems; (4) dealing with uncertainty; and (5) people and workflow. Finally, five over-arching themes are offered to advance MDO. First, we need to engage more disciplines outside of engineering and look for opportunities to use MDO outside of its traditional areas. Second, MDO problem formulations must evolve to encompass a wider range of design criteria. Third, we need effective strategies for putting designers “back in the loop” during MDO. Fourth, we need to do a better job of publicizing the successful examples of MDO so that we can improve the “buy in” that is needed to advance MDO in academia, industry, and government agencies. Fifth, we need to better educate our students and practitioners on systems design, optimization, and MDO along with their benefits and drawbacks.

This work is intended to systematically study an inventory of the anthropogenic heat produced. This research strives to present a better estimate of the energy generated by humans and human activities, and compare this estimate to the significant energy quantity with respect to climate change. Because the Top of Atmosphere (TOA) net energy flux was found to be 0.85±0.15 W/m2 the planet is out of energy balance, as studied by the group from NASA in 2005. The Earth is estimated to gain 431 TW from this energy imbalance. This number is the significant heat quantity to consider when studying global climate change, and not the 78,300 TW, the absorbed part of the primary solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, as commonly cited and used at present in the literature. Based on energy supplied to the boilers (in the Rankine cycle) of at least 13 TW, body energy dissipated by 7 billion people and their domestic animals, the value of the total world anthropogenic heat production rate is 15.26 TW or 3.5% of the energy gain by the Earth. Based on world energy consumption and the energy dissipated by 7 billion people and their domestic animals, the value of the total world anthropogenic heat production rate is 19.7 TW or about 5% of the energy gain by the Earth. These numbers are significantly different from 13 TW. More importantly, the figures are 3.5 to 5% of the net energy gained by the Earth, and hence significant. The quantity is not 0.017% of the absorbed part of the main solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface and negligible.

Review question / Objective: For Chinese children, to explore whether air pollution increases the incidence of allergic rhinitis in children. Condition being studied: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disease in the upper airways, causing nasal congestion, itching, runny nose, and sneezing. It has serious impacts on people's quality of lives, and affects economic growth indirectly. Epidemiological studies revealed that 10% to 40% of the population were suffering from AR worldwide. In addition, children are more likely to develop allergic rhinitis than adults. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children is 25% worldwide, and 4% ~ 31% in China. Eligibility criteria: (1) Trials in which children were AR, and the diagnosis of "AR" was in line with the international guidelines. (2) Children’s age was limited of 0-18 years, and they were born and lived in China and at least one year of exposure to air pollution.(3) Air pollutant concentration in the test was derived from the mean value of data provided by ambient air detectors. (Include NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5) (4) Literatures only include cross-sectional studies, cohort and case-control studies. (5) All of these articles provide data that allows us to calculate 95% confidence interval (CI) of the influence of air pollutants on AR. (6) Trials published in English only.

This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.

This report presents an analysis of the threat posed by active volcanoes in Canada and outlines directives to bring Canadian volcano monitoring and research into alignment with global best practices. We analyse 28 Canadian volcanoes in terms of their relative threat to people, aviation and infrastructure. The methodology we apply to assess volcanic threat was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the 2005 National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS). Each volcano is scored on a number of hazard and exposure factors, producing an overall threat score. The overall threat scores are then assigned to five threat categories ranging from Very Low to Very High. We adjusted the methodology slightly to better suit Canadian volcano conditions by adding an additional knowledge uncertainty score; this does not affect the threat scoring or ranking. Our threat assessment places two volcanoes into the Very High threat category (Mt. Meager and Mt. Garibaldi). Three Canadian volcanoes score in the High threat category (Mt. Cayley, Mt. Price and Mt. Edziza) and two volcanoes score in the Moderate threat category (the Nass River group and Mt. Silverthrone). We compare the ranked Canadian volcanoes to similarly scored volcanoes in the USA and assess the current levels of volcano monitoring against internationally recognised monitoring strategies. We find that even the most thoroughly-studied volcano in Canada (Mt. Meager) falls significantly short of the recommended monitoring level (Mt. Meager is currently monitored at a level commensurate with a Very Low threat edifice, according to NVEWS recommendations). All other Canadian volcanoes are unmonitored (other than falling within a regional seismic network emplaced to monitor tectonic earthquakes). Based on the relative threat and scientific uncertainty surrounding some Canadian volcanoes, we outline five strategies to improve volcano monitoring in Canada and lower the uncertainty about eruption style and frequency: installation of real-time seismic stations at all Very High and High threat volcanoes, comprehensive lithofacies studies at Mt. Garibaldi in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding the frequency and style of volcanism, hazard mapping at Mt. Garibaldi and Mt. Cayley and publication of existing hazard analyses and mapping for Mt. Meager as a comprehensive hazard map, regular satellite-based ground deformation monitoring at all Very High to Moderate threat edifices, and, finally, installation of a landslide detection and alerting system at Mt. Meager.