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Journal articles on the topic 'Narcotics – Statistics – United States'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Svirskii, Dmitrii A., Eduard E. Antipin, Konstantin V. Paromov, and Eduard V. Nedashkovsky. "The role of an anesthesiologist in the pandemic of uncontrolled use of psychotropic drugs." Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain Management 15, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1993-6508-2021-15-2-107-117.

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In the modern world, the number of people using various psychotropic drugs increases every day. The situation that has been described in recent decades associated with the use of narcotic and not criminalized substances in international literature as the OPIOID + (plus) crisis. According to statistics, over the past few years, officially registered deaths from drug overdose have exceeded 70,000 in the United States. Leading causes were synthetic opioids, psychostimulants, and cocaine. This includes prescription opioids, opiates, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants. All aforementioned drugs are used in combination with each other, with alcohol or psychotropic marijuana. For humans, biological, social, and psychological factors are cause the initiation of psychoactive drugs. Due to the lack of a well-functioning medical care system for patients with chronic pain, doctors of all specialties treat pain. In this article, we consider the current situation with mind-altering drugs and apply the role of the anesthesiologist in reducing the growth rate of the opioid pandemic.

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2

Perl, Raphael F. "United States International Drug Policy: Recent Developments and Issues." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32, no. 4 (1990): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166117.

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In a Nationally televised speech on 5 September 1989, President Bush outlined a comprehensive anti-drug program with both domestic and international dimensions. The objectives of this strategy, which was refined and submitted to the Congress on 25 January 1990, are to reduce the amount of cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and other dangerous drugs estimated to be entering the United States (a) by 15% within 2 years and (b) by 60% within 10 years.The strategy includes a number of international components which differ greatly from policies of previous years. New to the strategy are provisions which: (1) provide — for the first time — support for limited economic assistance to major cocaineproducing countries; (2) concentrate more on disrupting the activities of the trafficking organizations [i.e. on seizing processing labs, chemicals and assets] and less on disrupting the activities of farmers [i.e., crop eradication]; (3) encourage increased levels of Andean nation military involvement in counter-narcotics operations; and (4) provide for enhanced US military support to host nation counter-narcotics forces.

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3

Kinder, Douglas Clark. "Shutting Out the Evil: Nativism and Narcotics Control in the United States." Journal of Policy History 3, no. 4 (October 1991): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007454.

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The general public in the United States has been inundated during the 1980s and early 1990s with information about narcotics abuse, trafficking, and control. From journalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and the medical community, the American populace ascertained that illicit drug use and trading have recently become among the nation's most intractable problems. Repeatedly, those sources reported that the consumption of cocaine, especially “crack”, had reached epidemic proportions, that drug-related violence overran the country's major cities, that youths should (according to First Lady Nancy Reagan) “just say no” to the purveyors of addictive substances, and that Presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush had declared war on drugs. Americans learned too that only partial gains had been made against narcotics abuse and trafficking. Such a realization proved difficult for them to fathom following the 1988 presidential election campaign with its antidrug rhetoric, after the enactment by Congress of the Omnibus Drug Act of 1988 (which created a cabinet level “drug czar”—the director of the office of National Drug Control Policy in the Executive Office of the President), and given the stormy two-year tenure of William Bennett in that post. Of greater concern by 1991, evaluations of the nation's antinarcotics endeavors by the press, government authorities, and other informed observers indicated that the fundamental strategy of drug control was in dispute. Notwithstanding compelling arguments which insisted that the narcotics problem would continue until the domestic demand for drugs ended, federal government efforts have generally sought to eliminate foreign narcotics production and the smuggling of those substances into the United States.

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4

van Wert, James M. "The US State Department's Narcotics Control Policy in the Americas." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30, no. 2-3 (1988): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165977.

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Governments, Like People, Function in ways that enhance their perceived self-interest. Effective narcotics control is in the best interest of the United States for at least three reasons.First, reducing the available supply of illicit narcotics (potentially) can reduce the incidence and prevalence of abuse by US citizens. For example, by making drugs relatively hard to find and expensive to use, supply-reduction efforts might successfully discourage potential users from experimenting with drugs and risking future chronic, intensive involvement. Moreover, it can be argued that control measures may be an important deterrent in motivating current drug users to seek treatment and find gainful employment (Moore, 1988).Second, reducing the supply of illicit narcotics may reduce the level of organized crime and lawlessness in the United States. An effective supply reduction program presumably can bring success in stopping trafficking organizations from supplying illegal goods and services; seizing their ill-gotten wealth; punishing their acts; prosecuting them for corrupt practices; and weakening or eliminating these groups as threatening criminal enterprises.

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5

Kumah-Abiwu, Felix. "The Quest for Global Narcotics Policy Change: Does the United States Matter?" International Journal of Public Administration 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2013.809592.

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6

Foster, Anne L. "The Philippines, the United States, and the Origins of Global Narcotics Prohibition." Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 33, no. 1 (March 2019): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/702691.

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7

Seon Choung, Rok, Nilay Shah, Patrick Meek, G. Richard Locke, and Nicholas Talley. "Increasing Use of Narcotics and Functional Bowel Disorders in the United States." American Journal of Gastroenterology 103 (September 2008): S470. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200809001-01203.

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8

Perl, Raphael Francis. "Congress, International Narcotics Policy, and the Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30, no. 2-3 (1988): 19–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165978.

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The Congress of The United States exerts greater influence over foreign policy than do its counterparts in other nations. This influence extends to formulation of US policy regarding control of the international narcotics trade, a subject on which the Congress has chosen to assume a leading role. The formal policymaking role of the Congress in this area is embodied in legislation on international narcotics (including appropriation of funds) and in oversight. The Congress also exercises its influence in an informal way through consultation, unofficial advice, public education, and legislative prodding in the drafting and conduct of that policy.The congressional role in narcotics policymaking is notably affected by its committee structure, in which numerous committees may exercise some degree of jurisdiction over narcotics-related issues. As a result, not only has there been widespread involvement of the Congress in formulating narcotics policy, but there has also been considerable fragmentation of that policy as congressional initiatives have been compartmentalized within the jurisdictional domains of various committees.

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9

Malone, Chuck. "Education Statistics of the United States." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 3 (May 2000): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(00)00168-4.

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10

Gullett, Matt. "Business Statistics of the United States." Journal of Government Information 24, no. 1 (January 1997): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(97)85487-1.

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11

Brent, Brian O. "Education Statistics of the United States;." Economics of Education Review 19, no. 4 (October 2000): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7757(99)00063-1.

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12

Nicholas, Phil, and Andrew Churchill. "The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the States, and the Origins of Modern Drug Enforcement in the United States, 1950–1962." Contemporary Drug Problems 39, no. 4 (December 2012): 595–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145091203900402.

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Over one million drug arrests occur in the United States each year, the vast majority of which are made at the state and local levels. This study examines the time period when state and local governments began to aggressively police illegal drugs, and we seek to determine the extent Harry Anslinger, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics Commissioner, actively encouraged these governments to expand drug enforcement and adopt more punitive sentences. The study found that although Anslinger and his agency worked to influence state and local drug policy in the United States, they enjoyed varying levels of success from state to state. By the mid-1950s, a new intergovernmental enforcement regime had emerged where the federal, state, and local governments adopted punitive drug laws and invested resources in policing drugs. Drug enforcement remains the dominant policy approach in the United States.

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13

Yahya, Ayesha, Christian C. Hall, Andrew Wilhelm, and Chelsea Bush. "A Prospective Evaluation of Opioid Utilization Following Ankle Fracture Surgery." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s01010.

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Category: Trauma; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: There has been significant scrutiny of physicians' opioid prescribing patterns for both operative and non- operative patients. Orthopaedic surgeons are the third highest group of opioid prescribers among physicians in the United States. The wide scope of orthopaedic procedures lends to the variability and difficulty in setting forth prescribing guidelines. Recent orthopedic literature has highlighted that orthopaedic surgeons are prescribing excess narcotic medication than is needed in common orthopaedic procedures. Ankle fractures make up about 9% of all fractures, which correlates to about 400,000 per year. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of post-operative pain medication being prescribed and how much of that medication was being consumed in patients who underwent an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of an ankle fracture. Methods: We identified all patients that underwent a unilateral ORIF of a closed ankle fracture. We prospectively collected data on patients at the time of surgery. Patients were identified and enrolled in the study prior to their surgical procedure, where they were instructed to bring their pain medication bottle with them to their first post-operative visit. Patients were asked about the quantity of opioids consumed. At the twelve-week post-op, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) was completed by the patient. We recorded the number, dosage, and formulation of opioid medication prescribed up to 90 days after surgery using the Pennsylvania Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) website. Using opioid equianalgesic charts, we converted dosages of opioid to a morphine milligram equivalent (MEq) to standardize prescription amounts across all patients. Descriptive statistics were calculated and reported. Categorical data were compared using chi-square tests and quantitative data were compared using independent sample t-tests. Results: 75 patients were included in our study, 45 of which were female. The mean age of the patient was 46.7 years old with a range from 17-77 years old. On average, 400MEq were prescribed to the patient after surgery. Patients consumed an average of 258 MEq within the 2 weeks following surgery, which accounted for about 65% of the initial prescription. Thirty (13.3%) patients consumed their entire first prescription. Patients who consumed the full opioid prescription were 8.7 times more likely (95% CI 2.6, 29.3, X2(1)=14.1, p<0.001) to have other scripts filled in the PDMP. After adjusting for inequal variances, an independent samples t-test found that subjects that did not consume the full prescription also had statistically significantly higher functionality scores (82 vs. 70) than patients that consumed the full prescribed amount (p=0.001). Conclusion: We found the average patient consumes the equivalent of 34 pills of 5mg oxycodone after undergoing an open reduction internal fixation of an ankle fracture. Our providers over prescribed, on average, by 21 total pills. 9.3% of patients were still requiring narcotic pain medication ninety days post-operatively. Those patients who did not consume their first narcotic prescription were found to have statistically better functional outcome scores compared to those who did. Further studies should continue to assess patient characteristics, surgeon techniques, and prescribing habits to further improve post-operative pain control in patients undergoing open reduction internal fixation of ankle fractures.

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14

Kleiner, Juergen. "Diplomacy with Fundamentalists: The United States and the Taliban." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 1, no. 3 (2006): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119006x149553.

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AbstractAfter the Taliban had become a permanent factor in Afghan politics at the beginning of 1995, the US administration started talking to them, mainly through the American Embassy in Islamabad. Declassified documents about the administration's dealings with the Taliban, which were obtained and published by the National Security Archive, give insight into the relationship between the two unlikely partners. The Americans discussed various issues with the Taliban, such as peace in Afghanistan, the fight against narcotics, human rights, the proposed Unocal gas pipeline from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan, and terrorism. The Taliban demanded recognition as Afghanistan's legitimate government and wanted access to additional revenue. American talks with the Taliban survived the deterioration of the relationship from original friendliness to opposition to the promotion of sanctions and finally to threats. Since the end of summer 1998, a solution to the issue of Osama Bin Laden has been the US administration's top issue. The Americans asked the Taliban with urgency to take Bin Laden into custody or to expel him. The US administration, however, did not offer the Taliban anything in return. Persuasion was not enough to achieve the desired result and the administration's strategy was self-defeating.

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15

Stolley, Kathy S. "Statistics on Adoption in the United States." Future of Children 3, no. 1 (1993): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1602400.

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16

Nenno, Claudia, and Robert Abel. "Cornea Transplant Statistics in the United States." Journal of Refractive Surgery 7, no. 6 (November 1991): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1081-597x-19911101-23.

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17

Lofquist, William S. "United States statistics on exports and imports." Publishing Research Quarterly 8, no. 3 (September 1992): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02678613.

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18

Walker, David W., and David E. Lorey. "United States-Mexico Border Statistics Since 1900." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 1 (February 1992): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2515982.

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19

Walker, David W. "United States-Mexico Border Statistics Since 1900." Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-72.1.143.

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20

Mason, Thomas J., L. W. Pickle, M. Mungiole, G. K. Jones, and A. A. White. "Atlas of United States Mortality." Journal of the American Statistical Association 93, no. 443 (September 1998): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2669865.

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21

Hansen, Helena, Caroline Parker, and Jules Netherland. "Race as a Ghost Variable in (White) Opioid Research." Science, Technology, & Human Values 45, no. 5 (March 30, 2020): 848–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243920912812.

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This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to “context-free” neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid “crisis,” therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation.

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22

Khanal, Saugat, Saurav Khanal, and Stephen Christian. "Cannabis Legalization and Potential Impacts on Nepali Economy and Public Health." Global Journal of Agricultural and Allied Sciences 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35251/gjaas.2021.004.

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After sustained pressure from the United States and the United Nations, Nepal enacted the Narcotics Drugs (Control) Act of 1976, banning licensing of cannabis dealers and farmers, and declaring cultivation of cannabis unconstitutional. The United States has now legalized cannabis for recreational use in 15 states and two territories, while >40 countries have legalized cannabis for medical use. Nevertheless, Nepal still legally bans cannabis, which has symbolic cultural value as well as economic and medical benefits. Farmers would likely benefit from its legalization. Employment opportunities, tourism, and government revenue would increase. The trade deficit of the country can be reduced by exporting cannabis. The rising public support for the legalization of cannabis has resulted in the recent submission of a bill for its consideration in the Nepal parliament. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the status of cannabis in Nepal, including its history and potential positive impacts if it is made legal.

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23

Heffer, Jean. "Historical Statistics of the United States: Millenial Edition." Histoire & mesure XXIII, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/histoiremesure.3573.

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24

Coates, Martha, Patricia Shewokis, and Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili. "TRENDS IN ADVERSE DRUG EVENT ADMISSIONS AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1619.

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Abstract Older adults experience adverse drug events (ADEs) putting them at risk for increased morbidity and mortality. Utilizing the 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s National Inpatient Sample, we identified the prevalence of ADE admissions among adults 65 and older and examined the differences in characteristics and discharge outcomes in those with and without a primary diagnosis of an ADE (n=2,647,673). ADEs accounted for 7.4% of discharges and had higher odds of needing post-discharge care including transfer to a skilled nursing facility (OR=1.08, 95% CI [1.07, 1.09]) and home-health care (OR=1.1, 95% CI [1.09,1.1]). In the ADE group, hospital charges were higher ($39,609 vs. $38,649, p< .01) and length of stay (6+ days) longer (OR=1.53, 95% CI [1.52,1.55]). Opiates, diabetic agents, benzodiazepines and narcotics were frequently associated with ADEs. Older adults discharged after an ADE have increased healthcare utilization. Education on medication self-management is needed to prevent ADEs in older adults.

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25

Anglin, M. Douglas. "The Efficacy of Civil Commitment in Treating Narcotics Addiction." Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800403.

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The California Civil Addict Program (CAP) was established by the state legislature in 1961 to control and rehabilitate narcotics addicts. In the first two years of the program, a number of legal and procedural errors occurred which produced a situation wherein a natural experiment could be conducted to evaluate the program. This article describes the CAP and presents information that substantiates its effectiveness. The outcome effects of civil commitment, alone and in combination with methadone maintenance (for a subsample of CAP admissions), are presented. In the 1970s, civil commitment in California was supplanted by other legal coercion efforts involving the emerging system of community drug treatment programs. The impact of this social policy change on the behavior of California narcotics addicts is assessed and the implications for further policy development are discussed. The reader is referred to other articles in this issue for discussion of the implementation history and results of alternate civil commitment programs in the United States.

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26

RECIO, GABRIELA. "Drugs and Alcohol: US Prohibition and the Origins of the Drug Trade in Mexico, 1910–1930." Journal of Latin American Studies 34, no. 1 (February 2002): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x01006289.

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Even though Mexico has been an important player in the international drug trade, this country's history in such illegal ventures has been insufficiently studied. In an effort to begin to understand how and when the country began to be an active participant in such illicit markets, this article first analyses regulations introduced in the United States regarding drug and alcohol consumption, marketing and production and assesses their impact on the Mexican side. Secondly, it argues that Mexico's participation in the narcotics trade, the routes that have developed and the Mexican states involved in this traffic have roots that can be traced to the beginning of the twentieth century at least.

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27

Samuelson, Robert J., and Bureau of the Census U. S. Department of Commerce. "Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1988." Journal of the American Statistical Association 84, no. 406 (June 1989): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2289982.

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28

Perez, Lisandro, Frank D. Bean, and Marta Tienda. "The Hispanic Population of the United States." Journal of the American Statistical Association 85, no. 411 (September 1990): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2290037.

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29

Parke, Robert, and U. S. Bureau of the Census. "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1984." Journal of the American Statistical Association 80, no. 391 (September 1985): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2288500.

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30

Fienberg, Stephen E., and Robert Alan Johnson. "Religious Assortive Marriage in the United States." Journal of the American Statistical Association 82, no. 397 (March 1987): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2289191.

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31

Bellhouse, David R. "Karl Pearson's Influence in the United States." International Statistical Review 77, no. 1 (April 2009): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00066.x.

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32

Wethereil, Charles, and Susan Carter. "Contributions to the Historical Statistics of the United States." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 30, no. 2 (January 1, 1997): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615449709601176.

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Wetherell, Charles, and Susan Carter. "Contributions to the Historical Statistics of the United States." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 30, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615449709601179.

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34

&NA;. "Alarming Statistics for Preterm Births in the United States." Nurse Educator 37, no. 5 (2012): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nne.0b013e318262eb79.

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35

Rees, Daniel I., Laura M. Argys, and Dominic J. Brewer. "Tracking in the United States: Descriptive statistics from NELS." Economics of Education Review 15, no. 1 (February 1996): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(95)00025-9.

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36

Walker, William O. "The Foreign Narcotics Policy of the United States since 1980: An End to the War on Drugs?" International Journal 49, no. 1 (1993): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40202913.

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37

Walker, William O. "The Foreign Narcotics Policy of the United States since 1980: An End to the War on Drugs?" International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 49, no. 1 (March 1994): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209404900102.

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38

Kharroubi, Samer A. "Valuations of EQ-5D health states: could United Kingdom results be used as informative priors for the United States." Journal of Applied Statistics 45, no. 9 (October 8, 2017): 1579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2017.1386770.

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39

Lund, Robert, Lynne Seymour, and Karen Kafadar. "Temperature trends in the United States." Environmetrics 12, no. 7 (2001): 673–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.468.

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40

SEPKOWITZ, SAMUEL. "International Statistics—Incomparable." Pediatrics 92, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.4.637.

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Howell and Vert are hard-put to compare the incomparable: United States perinatal mortality rates from Michigan and French rates from Lorraine. How can you compare perinatal mortality rates meaningfully between two countries when the definitions of fetal deaths are dissimilar, when there are markedly different registration systems for vital events, and when the United States natality registration system has been in place since 1950 and a French system had to be set up just for this study? To make the data comparable, 34% of all Michigan deaths were eliminated, that is, all infants weighing <500 g. These deaths were concentrated in 0.47% of all births. How comparable the remaining birth and death events >500 g would be remains open to question.

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41

Kharroubi, Samer A., Anthony O'Hagan, and John E. Brazier. "A comparison of United States and United Kingdom EQ-5D health states valuations using a nonparametric Bayesian method." Statistics in Medicine 29, no. 15 (March 5, 2010): 1622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.3874.

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42

Sharpe, Kenneth E. "The Drug War: Going After Supply—A commentary." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 30, no. 2-3 (1988): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165980.

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The US Policymakers Working on the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act have clearly understood that going after the suppliers of narcotics is only part of the war on drugs; until US domestic demand is diminished, it will be difficult to bring this lucrative and illicit multinational business under control. There is, however, general agreement that something must be done about supply and that interdiction of drug shipments to the United States is only one means. The drug supply war's major focus is the growing, production, and shipment of narcotics within the Third World countries who are the suppliers, particularly in Latin America (Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia head the list).Although there have been occasional attempts to “Americanize” anti-drug operations in Latin America (with the US government assuming drug enforcement functions as it did in Bolivia with Operation Blast Furnace in 1986), the major US option is to support the build-up of the Latin American governments' own drug-fighting capabilities by supplying funds, training, and equipment.

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43

Gruber, Jonathan, and Jasjeet Singh Sekhon. "Fundamental health care reform for the United States." Significance 7, no. 3 (July 8, 2010): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2010.00439.x.

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44

Griego, Manuel García y. "International Migration Statistics in Mexico." International Migration Review 21, no. 4 (December 1987): 1245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100415.

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During the past decade Mexico has experienced both large-scale emigration, directed mostly to the United States, and the mass immigration of Central American refugees. The implementation of the United States Immigration and Control Act of 1986 and the possible escalation of armed conflicts in Central America may result in expanded inflows either of returning citizens or of new refugee waves. To develop appropriate policy responses, Mexico would need reliable information on international migration flows. This note reviews available sources of that information and evaluates their strengths and limitations.

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45

Desantis, Vito, and Jerome D. Schein. "Blindness Statistics (Part 2): Blindness Registers in the United States." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 80, no. 2 (February 1986): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8608000202.

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State commissions for the blind and visually impaired have long been associated with the use of registers to determine the size and characteristics of the blind populations of their states (Goldstein, 1973). In recent years, some states have abandoned their registers; others have reduced their investments in them. It is also true that some states have never established them. A recent accounting of the number of states that have registers has not been published, though the information is of interest to those concerned with statistics on the blind and visually impaired population. Accordingly, we sought to determine how many states now maintain registers and also to gather information about those that do. This paper presents the results of a state-by-state survey of state agencies serving blind and visually impaired individuals.

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46

Zhang, Y. H., S. D. Zhang, F. Yi, and Z. Y. Chen. "Statistics of lower tropospheric inversions over the continental United States." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-401-2011.

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Abstract. The basic structure parameters of lower tropospheric inversions (LTIs) have been derived from 10 years (1998–2007) of high vertical resolution (~50 m) radiosonde observations over 56 United States stations. Seasonal and longitudinal variability of these parameters are presented and the formation mechanisms of LTI are also discussed. It is found that LTI seems to be a common feature over the continental United States. The LTI occurrence rates (defined as the fraction of measurements with LTI, which is calculated from the number of LTI cases divided by the number of measurements of the whole 10 years) at these 56 stations vary from 3.7% to 14.5%; the averaged base heights of LTI have a range of 3–5 km above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.); the averaged thicknesses and temperature jump ranges from 420–465 m and 1.9–2.2 K, respectively. These parameters have an obvious seasonal variation. In winter, all the occurrence rates, thicknesses and temperature jumps of LTI have much larger values than those in summer. LTI occurrence rate shows an obvious west-east increasing trend in all 4 seasons. Detailed analyses reveal that dynamical instability induced by strong zonal wind shear is responsible for LTI in winter, spring and autumn; the frontal system tends to generate LTI in summer. Since the higher occurrence rate, larger temperature jump and larger thickness of LTI occur in winter, we believe strong zonal wind shear plays a more important role in the formation of LTI.

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Dugger, Karen. "Women in higher education in the United States: II statistics." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 21, no. 1/2 (February 2001): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330110789646.

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Flick, Reinhard E., Joseph F. Murray, and Lesley C. Ewing. "Trends in United States Tidal Datum Statistics and Tide Range." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 129, no. 4 (July 2003): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(2003)129:4(155).

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Martin, Joyce A. "United States vital statistics and the measurement of gestational age." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 21, s2 (September 2007): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00857.x.

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Burton, Donna L. "Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970." Government Information Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 1991): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-624x(91)90039-b.

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