Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Narcotics, Control of – Italy'

This dissertation traces the ferment of private ressentiment, public protest and political response to the Asian opium trade from the "Second Opium War (1856-60) to the first, multilateral anti-drug summit in human history, the International Opium Commission in Shanghai (1909). Rather than isolating single anti-opium movements and drug control policies by administration, the focus is on moments and dynamics of ideological proliferation, social mobilization and political lobbying across the borders of societies in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Europe and North America.
History

This research is focused on evaluation of National Strategy Against Narcotics (NSAN) enacted in 2012 in Kosovo. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of NSAN through visualizing data and gaining deeper insight from experiences of antidrug experts. Convergent parallel mixed methods were used to answer the main research questions. The central research questions examined the impact of strategy implementation in juvenile drug arrest reduction, and its effectiveness on Kosovo criminal justice system. Markwood's comprehensive theory of substance abuse prevention (CTSAP) was used to assess and explore the NSAN. Deidentified juvenile arrest rates taken from Kosovo official police records, were visualized though a scatterplot to show the impact of arrest rates from 2009 to 2015. On qualitative part, 11 antidrug officers who handled juvenile drug arrest cases were in-depth interviewed. Visualized data showed that NSAN did not decrease juvenile drug arrest rates after its implementation, as the juvenile drug arrest rates increased after its implementation. However, participants in this study perceived NSAN as positive, with positive impact in increasing cooperation between other agencies, thus resulting in more arrests. Interview answers received from participants of the study confirmed Markwood's CTSAP. Overall, mixed results came out of this study, and further research is needed with wider scope of data analysis to fully evaluate the effects of this strategy. NSAN itself did not have desired impact in reducing juvenile drug arrests in Kosovo, but analysis of this strategy brought attention of increasing juvenile drug issues in Kosovo.

Laboratory, semi-field and field experiments were conducted with the aim of identifying biological and integrated control strategies to be applied against Frankliniella occidentalis. We studied the spatial and temporal distribution of the main thrips pests in greenhouses and potential antagonists in some greenhouses characterized by a different level of lateral openings and a rose garden in the open. The second experiment was planned to show that opening greenhouse structures are not automatically related to an increase in thrips problems on ornamental crops. The third experimental study has been undertaken with the aim of evaluating the impact of some biological control agents (BCAs) on Frankliniella occidentalis population. In the fourth experiment, the effect of a fungal strain of Beauveria bassiana on F. occidentalis reached the highest levels when residual and topical exposures were combined
Sono stati condotti esperimenti di laboratorio, semi-campo e campo (serra) volti a individuare strategie di lotta biologica ed integrata da applicare contro Frankliniella occidentalis. E’ stata studiata la distribuzione spazio-temporale dei principali tripidi fitofagi delle serre e dei potenziali antagonisti in alcune serre caratterizzate da un diverso livello di aperture laterali e in un roseto a cielo aperto. La seconda ricerca sperimentale è stata intrapresa con lo scopo di dimostrare che il grado di apertura delle serre verso l'ambiente esterno non implica un maggiore incremento delle problematiche correlate ai tripidi su colture ornamentali. Il terzo studio è stato condotto con l'obbiettivo di valutare l'impatto di alcuni agenti di controllo biologico su F. occidentalis. Nel quarto esperimento, l'effetto di un ceppo fungino di Beauveria bassiana su F. occidentalis ha raggiunto i livelli più elevati quando l’esposizione topica è stata combinata con quella residuale

Many invasive pests are arthropods that every year reach, colonize and spread into new areas from their native countries. Invasive species are the second largest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss as they compete with natives for food and spaces. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumuta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) -spotted wing drosophila (SWD)- a hazardous quarantine pest native to Eastern and southeastern Asia infested simultaneously during 2008, for the first time in the European continent, Italy and Spain. Huge monetary losses, due to direct damage costs, market loss, management techniques, and rejection of exports for altered processing practices were immediately associated to D. suzukii arrival in Italy. As oviposition of D. suzukii begins at ripening very close to harvest, finding the most promising natural enemy, alternative to chemicals, is an important tool in the control of this fruit fly. The aim of the present research was to deepen the knowledge on pest-parasitoid relationship in Lombardy inventoring the natural native enemies present in the area in association to the new pest. Six parasitoids have been found in association to drosophilids in Lombardy: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) and Spalangia erythromera Forster, 1850 (Hym.: Pteromalidae), Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton and Kelner-Pillaut, 1979) and Leptopilina heterotoma (Thomson, 1862) (Hym.: Figitidae), Trichopria drosophilae (Perkins, 1910) (Hym.: Diapriidae) and Asobara tabida Nees von Esenbeck, 1834 (Hym.: Braconidae). Among the six parasitoids found in field monitoring, the attention was focused on the pupal parasitoid T. drosophilae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Laboratory tests were made and information on the performances of T. drosophilae in relation to host prey (D. suzukii vs D. melanogaster) and to D. suzukii was acquired. T. drosophilae revealed to be a good candidate for mass rearing and biological control methods. Information on the coexinstence of D. suzukii with other exotic drosophilids were also acquired. The presence in Lombardy of two other exotic drosophilids was ascertained: Chymomyza amoena (Loew, 1862) and Zaprionus tuberculatus (Malloch, 1932). This was the first report for Lombardy region as C. amoena was first detected in Italy in Veneto in 1999 (Bächli et al. 1999) and Z. tuberculatus was first detected in Trentino in 2013 (Raspi et al. 2014). In the present study, the population, seasonal activity, favorable habitat and hosts of these two exotic pests were also studied.

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguilar_VeronikaKarolinaMosqueira_M.pdf: 1102216 bytes, checksum: 9e3bffcc818028a2a6c615c7ce234f3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Com o final da Guerra fria, e com o processo da globalização manifestam-se profundas mudanças no mundo ocidental que vêm definindo novas estratégias políticas. No plano da segurança a nova agenda concentra-se nos problemas interestatais, entre os que se destaca o narcotráfico. Na procura de alternativas de solução na região andina, se deu a XV Reunião do Conselho Presidencial Andino (Quito, Julho 2004) onde foram aprovadas as linhas gerais da segurança externa comum, autorizando a prevenção e o enfrentamento de ameaças à segurança. O combate ao problema do narcotráfico se da mediante as Políticas Antidrogas direcionadas pelos Estados Unidos, centradas na redução da produção de pasta básica de cocaína, nos países produtores, Colômbia, Peru e Bolívia. Os programas com esse intuito são o Plano Colômbia, e a Iniciativa Regional Andina. Ditas estratégias poderiam pôr em ameaça a segurança desses países. É assim que o objetivo da pesquisa é mostrar um panorama sobre os impactos das políticas antidrogas na segurança dos países andinos no plano econômico, social e político e aprofundar no caso peruano, como è tratado o problema coca-cocaína no congresso e os possíveis interesses trás a continuidade da atual política antidroga. Considera-se relevante promover a avaliação de novas estratégias antidrogas que se ajustem ao conceito de segurança da região e a sua realidade. Usa-se a metodologia de análise documentaria de relatórios mundiais de instituições que combatem o narcotráfico, discursos de representantes dos agricultores cocaleros, e os projetos leis apresentados no congresso peruano, á vez que textos de autores especialistas entre outros
Abstract: With the end of the Cold War and the process of globalization, profound changes have occurred in the western world, these changes are defining new policies. In the plan of security, new security agendas are focused on the interstate problems, among highlights the drug trafficking. In the search for alternative solutions in the Andean region was where the XIA approved the outlines of the common external security by allowing the prevention and confrontation of security threats. Combating drug trafficking through the current anti-drug policies directed by Estates Unites, focusing on reducing the production of basic paste of cocaine, these politics are o Plan Colombia, and Andean Regional Initiative, Might be threatening the security of these countries. Though, the aim of this study is to show a picture of the economics, social and political impacts of current drug policies of the security of Andean countries. Is relevant a new evaluation promote anti-drug strategies to adapt to conceit of security to the reality of the region. Use data analysis methodology is a documentary of world report of institutions that combated or drug trafficking, discourse from representatives cocaleras, e the projects leis presented in Peruvians congress, and the other texts
Mestrado
Relações Internacionais
Mestre em Ciência Política

Negli ultimi decenni, e in particolar modo a partire dagli anni ottanta del 1900, i flussi migratori nella regione Mediterranea sono aumentati considerevolmente. Paesi come l’Italia e la Spagna hanno dovuto adeguarsi a questa nuova tendenza trasformandosi da paesi di emigrazione in paesi di transito e destinazione per molti migranti che utilizzano la rotta marittima con risposte non sempre rapide ed efficaci. Considerando la loro posizione geografica e il loro ruolo di “porte” d’accesso all’UE, il controllo delle frontiere e i sistemi d'accoglienza nazionali sono diventati uno tra gli argomenti chiave nel dibattito politico e sociale.

The subject of this study is the policing of the drug problem during the period between the nationalization of the police force in 1965 and the introduction of imprisonment as a penalty for drug consumption in 1993. The influence of four key factors are discussed: legislation, organization, the conception of and the attention paid to the drug problem. Qualitative and quantitative data from police archives, the prosecutor general, parliamentary publications, a public TV newsroom and various statistics from other sources are combined. The analysis shows four important stages in the process towards a substantially increased drug control: By the end of the 1960s, all data indicate increased attention to the drug problem. The penal law on narcotics was passed in 1968. It laid the foundation for subsequent policing activities. The police was also given increased possibilities to use telephone-tapping to combat serious crimes. By the end of the 1970s, the creation of a special narcotics police organization at the medium level of police hierarchy institutionalized, emphasized and assigned manpower to combat serious crimes. Since the beginning of the 1980s new target groups have been added. The "street dealer" is a new direct target. With the strengthening of the preventive role of the police new indirect target groups emerged: the police also emphasized their work against recruitment of new drug users. The main objective of the new penal law on narcotics of 1968 was to help drug addicts recover and merge back in society again. Addiction was seen as a disease. Drug dealing by the addicts was reprehensible but not a priority matter to the police. Over time, this attitude changed and in 1989 the police saw distinct actions against street dealers as the most important element in the repressive policy.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho problematiza um tipo específico de racionalidade que emergiu nos fins do século XIX e avançou no século XX, implicando na constituição de uma política mundial destinada à regulamentação de determinadas substâncias psicoativas. Tais práticas foram possíveis em virtude de uma produção discursiva cujos enunciados médico-sanitários reivindicavam a intervenção dos Estados Nacionais em assegurar a saúde coletiva. No caso do uso de psicoativos, tais discursos fizeram emergir uma série de tratados internacionais, leis nacionais, normas e regulações que modificaram o comércio e os hábitos de consumo de tais substâncias, criminalizando qualquer uso que não estivesse de acordo com a legislação vigente. O recorte que esta dissertação procura fazer tem por foco analisar como esse processo se deu no Brasil, mais especificamente a partir da criação da Comissão Nacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE, organização esta de caráter governamental, que após sua criação passou a centralizar as políticas sociais sobre drogas no país. A CNFE foi constituída por meio do Decreto-Lei n 780em 28 de abril de 1936, vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores em conjunto com o Departamento Nacional de Saúde, através do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional. Neste caso, utilizando a documentação encontrada no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, na Biblioteca de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, dentre outras. Procurei delimitar esta pesquisa nos primeiros dez anos de atuação da Comissão, isto é, entre 1936 e 1946, para tanto, utilizo como instrumento de análise teórico-metodológico duas noções que serviram às reflexões do pensador francês Michel Foucault; biopolítica e governamentalidade. Desta forma, procuro acionar tais noções para localizar as estratégias de poder que culminaram na governamentalização do Estado voltadas para a gestão da vida das populações, tendo como pano de fundo os interditos das políticas sociais sobre drogas.
This research aims to put in doubt a specific sort of rationality that began and made progress between the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, implying a world-wide policy for some psychoactive substances regulation. That was possible due to discursive production composed by medical and sanitary statements that claimed the action of National States in order to ensure collective health. In terms of psychoactive drugs, that discourse has resulted in a series of international treaties, national laws, rules and regulations that changed the sale and use of those substances and criminalized any use that was not according to the current legislation. At this point, the dissertation focus on the study of this process in Brazil, more specifically from the creation of ComissãoNacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE (National Narcotic Control Commission), a governmental organization that concentrates social policies about drugs in the country. CNFE was set up by decree law 780 on April 28, 1936, linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs together with National Department of Health, through Professional Exercise Supervision Service. In this case, using documents found in Itamaraty Historical Archives, in Public Health Library of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and in Center for Research and Documentation of Getulio Vargas Foundation , among others, I have attempted to focus this research in the first ten years following the Commission creation, between 1936 and 1946. Therefore, I have used, as theoretical and methodological analysis tool, two concepts that helped French philosopher Michel Foulcault thoughts; biopolitics and governmentality. Thus, I try to use those concepts in order to find the power strategies that have led up to the Governmentalization of the State and have been directed to the management of peoples life, all this against the background of interdiction from social policies about drugs.

The thesis focuses on the structural analysis of several sets of fractures present in carbonate grainstones, at different stages of fault development. After characterizing the genesis and timing through detailed field observations, their spacing and length values has been measured to evidence different scaling distribution laws related to each set. Due to tar infilling in the fractures, the data, were used for geo-statistical analysis carried out to evidence which fracture characteristics determined hydrocarbon occurrence, and to evaluate the flow properties in this typology of reservoir.

Orientador: Francisco José Teixeira Neto
Banca: Antonio José de Araújo Aguiar
Banca: Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
Resumo: Poucos estudos vem sendo reportados com uso da metadona em pequenos animais. Neste estudo os efeitos sedativos, cardiorrespiratórios e comportamentais da metadona e da morfina foram comparados em seis cães conscientes sem raça definida. No dia do estudo, os cães (16,4 ± 2,8 kg) foram instrumentados para monitorização hemodinâmica com isoflurano, e após 60 minutos do término da anestesia inalatória foi iniciada a coleta de dados. Morfina, (1 mg/kg) ou duas doses de metadona (0,5 mg/kg [MET0,5] ou 1,0 mg/kg [MET1]) foram administradas pela via intravenosa durante um minuto em um delineamento aleatório cruzado, aguardando-se um intervalo mínimo de 1 semana entre cada tratamento. As variáveis foram registradas antes (basal) e por 120 minutos após a administração dos fármacos, adotando como nível de significância p< 0,05. Devido a um marcado aumento (356%) do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica (dinas•seg/cm5/m2) após cinco minutos da administração de morfina, um animal apresentou resultado positivo para o teste de detecção de outlier (teste de Grubb) não sendo incluso na análise estatística das variáveis hemodinâmicas. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos nos parâmetros basais. A morfina reduziu a FC (bpm), comparado aos valores basais, dos 30-120 minutos (valores mínimos: 86±11 aos 120 minutos), contudo o IC (L/min/m2) reduziu-se aos 120 minutos (4,40±1,07). Comparado com a com a morfina, MET 1 causou maior e mais prolongada redução destes parâmetros (valores mínimos: 63±16 e 2,95±1,06 para FC e IC respectivamente); reducões intermediárias foram observadas com MET 0,5 (valores mínimos: 78±9 e 3,72±0,81 para FC e IC respectivamente). O IRVS aumentou apenas após a administração de metadona, sendo a MET 1 produziu maior aumento que MET 0,5 (valores máximos: 3192±882 e 2178±588 para MET 1 e MET 0,5 respectivamente) A morfina aumento a POAP (mmHg) após cinco minutos (12±4) enquanto ...
Abstract: Few controlled studies have been reported on the use methadone in small animals. In this study, the cardio-respiratory effects of methadone and morphine were compared in six conscious mongrel dogs. On the study day, the dogs (16.4±2.8 kg) were instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring under isoflurane anesthesia, allowing at least 60 min from termination of inhalant anesthesia before commencing data collection. Morphine (1 mg/kg) or two different doses of methadone (0.5 mg/kg [MET0.5] or 1.0 mg/kg [MET1]) were administered intravenously over 1 min in a randomized crossover design (minimum washout period: 1-week). Variables were recorded before (baseline), and for 120 min after drug administration. A split plot design model compared cardiopulmonary data (mean±SD) (p<0.05). Because of marked increases in SVRI (dynes•seg/cm5/m2) after morphine (353% increase from baseline at 5 min, one animal tested positive for an outlier detection test (Grubbs' test) and was not included in the statistical analysis for hemodynamic data. Baseline variables did not differ among treatments. Morphine reduced HR (beats/min) compared to baseline from 30-120 min (lowest value: 8611 at 120 min), while CI (L/min/m2) was reduced from baseline at 120 min (4.40±1.07). Compared to morphine, MET1 caused greater and more prolonged reductions in these parameters (lowest values: 63±16 and 2.95±1.06 for HR and CI, respectively), while intermediate reductions in HR and CI were observed after MET0.5 (lowest values: 78±9 and 3.72±0.81 for HR and CI, respectively). The SVRI was increased after methadone only, with MET1 producing a higher SVRI than MET0.5 (highest values: 3192±882 and 2178±588 for MET1 and MET0.5, respectively). Morphine increased PAOP (mm Hg) from baseline at 5 min (12±4), while this parameter remained increased from baseline for 90 and 120 min after MET0.5 (maximum increase: 163) and MET1.0 (maximum increase: 173), respectively.
Mestre

In the municipalities of Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi and Ferrera Erbognone (Pavia, Italy), an oil refinery is operating since 1963; the private company running the plant was authorised to set up a new facility on the condition of sponsoring an epidemiological study. For this reason, the University of Pavia developed the CONSAL Project (Conoscenza e Salute). The present thesis focuses on the ante-operam phase of Study 1. Its specific aim was to investigate the health impacts of the emissions from the refinery on the adult population, mutually adjusting the estimates for additional information collected through a survey. The study was designed as a case-control. Cases were the subjects admitted to hospital between 2002 and 2014 due to acute conditions of respiratory, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal systems; controls were selected among the subjects that were not hospitalised. Cases and controls, with a ratio of 3:1, had to be alive, aged 20-64 years in the reference timespan, and were balanced for age, gender and municipality. Data were extracted from the databases of the local Health Protection Agency; personal information were also checked with the Municipal Registries. 1046 subjects (257 cases, 789 controls) were enrolled and received a mailed survey; 15 were later excluded because of death or unavailability. Respondents were 563 (54.6%), with a significant difference by municipality and no difference by age, gender or case/control status. 22 subjects declared to live elsewhere, so 541 were included in the analyses. The fallout of refinery’s emissions was predicted by the AERMOD model; PM10 was chosen as a tracer pollutant. Individual exposure was assigned on the basis of the home address and then recoded in 2, 3 or 4 clusters by using K-means models. The 2-clustered PM10 exposure came out to coincide with the two municipalities. An excess of “risk” with the increase in clustered PM10 level was found; however, none of the effect estimates was statistically significant. The Odds Ratios (ORs), between 1.40 and 1.60, were similar with municipality (2-clustered exposure) and 3- or 4-clustered exposures. Logistic regression analyses disclosed similar (and still non-significant) estimates while adjusting for age, gender, lifetime cigarette smoking and for being diagnosed or treated for other diseases that could be ascribed to the definition of case. A comparative analysis of informativity showed that the best model is the one using municipality instead of 3- or 4-clustered exposures. A secondary analysis, evaluating the influence of several factors on self-perceived health, disclosed that living further from the refinery was reducing the “risk” of a negative self-perception of health (OR=0.859), albeit the effect was not statistically significant. The results described above are consistent with toxicological and epidemiological evidence. However, they might have been affected by various biases. First, the definition of cases and controls might have been influenced by the use of administrative databases. Moreover, restricting to hospitalised cases might have excluded those with a less severe condition while, at the same time, restricting to those who were alive at the time of assessment might have excluded the most-severe ones. In addition, the unexpectedly strong association between predicted PM10 concentrations and municipality, and the fact that the enrolment of cases and controls was balanced by municipality, may have led to an underestimation of the effects of environmental exposure. It should also be considered that those factors are measured in the present, while the outcome occurred in the past. Finally, the response rate was lower than expected, so that study power was reduced. Concluding, the results indicate a non-conclusive evidence supporting a possible excess of hospitalisation risk among people living in Sannazzaro de’ Burgondi, in comparison with those from Ferrera Erbognone.

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Dittero: Tefritide), chiamata anche mosca mediterranea o mosca della frutta, è un insetto estremamente polifago e polivoltino originario delle aree tropicali e subtropicali. Si presume originaria dell’Africa diffusa successivamente in numerosi areali tra cui il bacino del Mediterraneo, parte del centro-sud America e Australia. Le femmine fecondate ovidepongono nell’epicarpo del frutto in via di maturazione e le larve, con la loro attività trofica, provocano il disfacimento della polpa causando una perdita commerciale del prodotto. Le larve a maturità fuoriescono dal frutto, si lasciano cadere a terra e si impupano nel suolo dove successivamente sfarfalleranno i nuovi adulti. La sua presenza è stata registrata per la prima volta in Italia nel 1863 e successivamente si è gradualmente spostata verso nord colonizzando la maggior parte delle piante coltivate nelle zone a clima temperato. Nelle regioni meridionali questo insetto è in grado di compiere fino a sette generazioni all’anno; questo numero decresce gradualmente mano a mano che la specie si trova a vivere in aree più a nord. In bibliografia, il limite settentrionale della sua distribuzione è indicato attorno al 41° parallelo. La sua presenza al di sopra di esso è imputabile ad infestazioni occasionali, data dal trasporto e commercializzazione di frutta infestata, in quanto è stata valutata incapace di superare l’inverno al di sopra di queste latitudini. La presenza di C. capitata in Trentino è stata registrata per la prima volta nel 1990, ma solo a partire dal 2010 sono stati individuati numerosi danni su frutta in via di maturazione su vasta superficie coltivata a melo. A partire da questo momento la mosca mediterranea si è riproposta costantemente sul territorio trentino richiamando l’attenzione di ricercatori e istituzioni locali per svolgere studi di comportamento e biologia su questo Tefritide in relazione alle condizioni ambientali ed al sistema melicolo di produzione della regione Trentino (nord Italia). I principali obiettivi di questo lavoro erano infatti: • individuare la miglior tipologia di trappola in grado di implementare un efficacie piano di monitoraggio; • valutare la sensibilità varietale alle ovideposizioni e allo sviluppo larvale in relazione al valore di alcuni parametri fisico-chimici delle mele al momento della maturità commerciale; • monitorare l’attività di volo di questo insetto a livello locale; • validare il modello gradi giorno di Tassan (Tassan et al., 1982) per stimare la durata del ciclo vitale e il numero delle potenziali generazioni di mosca mediterranea in Trentino: • valutare la capacità di svernamento della popolazione durante il periodo invernale; • valutare l’efficacia di diversi insetticidi per il controllo di infestazioni localizzate di C. capitata; Quattro tipi diversi di trappole commerciali, caricate con attrattivi diversi (cromotropiche, para-feromonale, attrattivi alimentari) sono state comparate in appezzamenti trentini di melo. Decis® Trap caricata con attrattivo alimentare, in grado di catturare sia maschi che femmine, è risultata essere la più adatta per il monitoraggio di questo insetto. In Trentino, il volo degli adulti di C. capitata inizia durante la prima settimana di luglio ma l’intensità delle catture (numero di catture per trappola) rimane a livelli molto bassi fino ad agosto quando incrementa producendo un picco di catture durante il mese di settembre. Nel mese di ottobre l’attività degli adulti decresce fermandosi completamente alla fine di novembre. Confermando le nostre osservazioni, eseguite in campo e in condizioni climatiche controllate, questo insetto riesce a superare l’inverno allo stadio di larva in mela caduta a terra in campo. L’applicazione del modello gradi giorno di Tessan, basato sulle temperature registrate durante tutta la stagione, è in grado di fornire una buona stima sullo sviluppo della prima generazione (da uovo ad adulto 325,2 °DD e 44 °D per il periodo di pre-ovideposizione) nell’area in cui sono state fatte osservazioni dirette sul comportamento di questo insetto. La suscettibilità varietale è stata valutata mettendo in relazione i parametri qualitativi (durezza, acidità, succosità e amido) delle principali varietà di mela coltivate in Trentino (Gala, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Kanzi, Morgen and Fuji) con la preferenza di ovideposizione e la fitness larvale di due diversi ceppi di C. capitata in condizioni di laboratorio e di campo. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che la suscettibilità all’ovideposizione incrementa quando in frutti con un alto contento di zucchero e bassa resistenza alla penetrazione come nel caso delle varierà Gala, Golden Delicious, Kanzi and Fuji. Al contrario, le varietà Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen hanno mostrato una bassa sensibilità per il basso contenuto zuccherino ed elevata durezza della buccia e polpa. Per quanto riguarda la fitness larvale, i risultati suggeriscono che le varietà testate influenzano in modo considerevole vari aspetti della biologia degli stadi pre-immaginali e degli adulti come la sopravvivenza larvale nei frutti, la durata del ciclo di sviluppo (da uovo ad adulto) e la dimensione delle pupe. Golden Delicious, Gala, Kanzi and Fuji sono risultate essere le più favorevoli delle sette varietà messe in prova. Granny Smith, Red Delicious e Morgen invece, non hanno premesso un adeguato sviluppo delle larve e degli adulti. Due diverse popolazioni di mosca mediterranea, una originaria del Trentino e una Spagnola (Girona) sono state utilizzate per testare l’efficacia di cinque insetticidi commerciali, ognuno con un principio attivo diverso quali: Etofenprox, Cyazypir, Beta-Cyfluthryn, Spinosad and Thiacloprid. Dagli studi di efficacia insetticidi è risultato che Spinosad e Beta-Cyfluthryn a dosi sub-letali causano elevata mortalità in adulti della popolazione spagnola. Inoltre, Beta-Cyfluthryn, Etofenprox e Spinosad, alla dose raccomandata di campo, riducono i danni da ovideposizione su frutta. Sulla popolazione trentina, alla dose raccomandata di campo Spinosad ha provocato una mortalità elevata negli adulti, mentre Cyazypyr ed Etofenprox non hanno funzionato a sufficienza per prevenire i danni di ovideposizione su frutta, sul numero di uova e sullo sviluppo larvale nei frutti. Tutti i formulate insetticidi utilizzati alla dose di etichetta sono comunque risultati repellenti per l’ovideposizione da parte delle femmine in entrambe le popolazioni testate infatti i danni su frutta sono risultati significativamente ridotti su frutta trattata. Le osservazioni comportamentali e i risultati sperimentali ottenuti nell'ambito di questo lavoro di tesi consentono di comprendere meglio la bio-etologia di C. capitata in una regione frutticola settentrionale come il Trentino. Queste informazioni sono fondamentali per consulenti tecnici e agricoltori al fine di ottimizzare le attuali strategie di gestione del fitofago. Nelle prospettive future, molti di questi risultati saranno di grande importanza per lo sviluppo di tattiche di controllo innovative e più sostenibili.
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera Tephritidae), is a ubiquitous pest in subtropical and tropical regions worldwide. The gravid female deposits eggs inside the fruit and the newly emerged larvae feed on fruit pulp, causing fruit decay. The mature larvae leave the fruit and pupate in the soil, where new adults emerge. C. capitata is a highly polyphagous, multivoltine pest species and it is one of the world’s most economically important fruit pests. From its supposed origin in Africa, it has spread to a number of countries, including the Mediterranean, parts of South and Central America and Australia. It was first detected in southern Italy in 1863, from where it gradually spread northward and it now infests all major temperate fruit crops, including the apple, throughout the country. C. capitata is reported to complete up to seven generations per year in the most southerly regions and this number gradually decreases as the pest spreads northward. The northern limit of its distribution has been indicated to be around the 41st parallel north and its presence above this is considered to be occasional, mainly due to infested fruit trading, as this species is reported to be unable to overwinter above this latitude. The presence of C. capitata was first reported in a limited area of Trentino in 1990. After this initial report, it was not observed until 2010, when severe apple damage caused by C. capitata was reported in a much larger area. From this year on, Mediterranean fruit fly infestation regularly appeared in the warmest apple growing areas of Trentino, claiming the attention of local research institutes and demanding in-depth study of the bio-ethology of this Tephritid pest in relation to environmental conditions and the apple production system in this northern Italian region. The main objectives of this project were: • to select the most effective trap in order to implement an efficient monitoring plan; • to evaluate the susceptibility of apple varieties to oviposition and larval development in relation to physical-chemical parameter values at harvest time; • to monitor the flight activity of the fly at area-wide level; • to validate Tassan’s degree-day model (Tassan et al., 1982) for estimation of the length of life-cycles and number of potential Medfly generations in Trentino; • to assess the survival of overwintering populations; • to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides in controlling Medfly fruit infestation. Four types of differently baited commercial traps (chromotropic, pheromone and food attractant) were compared in an apple orchard. A Decis® trap baited with a food attractant and catching both males and females was shown to be the most suitable for monitoring pests. In Trentino, adult Medfly flight starts during the first week of July, but the intensity (number of captures) remains at a very low level until August, when it begins to increase, peaking during September. After this, adult activity decreases in October and stops by the end of November. According to our observations, performed both in the open field and under controlled conditions, C. capitata overwinters at the larval stage in infested apples falling to the ground in orchards. The application of Tassan’s degree-day model based on temperature records provided a good estimate of first generation development (325.2 °DD from eggs to adult and 44 °DD for the adult preoviposition period) in the area where direct behavioural observations were carried out. To evaluate apple susceptibility, qualitative parameters (e.g. hardness, acidity, sugar and starch) of the main apple varieties cultivated in Trentino (Gala, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Kanzi, Morgen and Fuji) were measured and correlated with the oviposition preference and larval survival of two Medfly strains in laboratory and field tests. The results showed that susceptibility to C. capitata oviposition increased when fruits had a high sugar content and a low penetrating resistance, as in the case of Golden Delicious, Kanzi and Fuji. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen showed low susceptibility, due to their lower sugar content and higher peel and pulp hardness. As regards larval fitness, the results suggested that the tested varieties considerably affected various aspects of the biology of both immature and adult stages such as larval survival, duration of larval and adult developmental stage and size of the pupae. Golden Delicious, Gala, Kanzi and Fuji were the most favourable environments among the seven tested varieties. In contrast, Granny Smith, Red Delicious and Morgen were shown not to be favourable for larval and adult development. Two Medfly strains, one from Trentino and one from Spain, were used to assess the efficacy of five commercial insecticides containing the following active ingredients: Etofenprox, Cyazypir, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Spinosad and Thiacloprid. Sublethal doses of Spinosad and Beta-Cyfluthrin caused high mortality in Spanish strains. Moreover, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Etofenprox and Spinosad also reduced damage by females to apples at the recommended field rate. When used against the Trentino strain, Spinosad caused high adult mortality at the recommended field dose, while Cyazypyr and Etofenprox did not work sufficiently to prevent puncture, egg laying and larval development in fruit. Recommended field rates of all the selected insecticide formulations were repellent for egg-laying females of both strains, so both oviposition and fruit damage were significantly reduced on treated ripening fruits. The behavioural observations and experimental results obtained in this thesis allow a better understanding of the bio-ethology of C. capitata in a northern fruit growing region such as Trentino, providing fundamental information for advisors and growers to optimise the current pest management strategy. In the future, some of the results obtained in this study will be of great relevance for developing innovative and more sustainable control tactics.

Aedes albopictus is considered one of the most invasive mosquito species in the world. It has proved capacity for local transmission of Chikungunya and Dengue within Europe. This research evaluated public costs related to the implementation of the plan for Ae. albopictus control and Chikungunya and Dengue prevention set up in Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy), where a Chikungunya epidemic outbreak occurred in 2007, with 217 confirmed cases. The management plan started in 2008 by involving more than 280 municipalities and 4.3 million inhabitants within the region, and its activities mainly target the ecological conditions for the multiplication of infestation hotspots in urban areas, to reduce the probability of rapid and uncontrolled disease spreading in case of outbreaks. The study accessed to data on the expenditures supported by all the public institutions involved in the implementation of the management plan. During the 8 year’s life of the management plan, the public authorities of the region spent at least € 37.7 million for the Ae. albopictus control, although the yearly expenditure declined since the € 7.6 million of 2008 to the € 3.1 million of 2015. The assessment of this expenditure revealed a high level of variability of its costs in the various municipalities included in the plan, not easily explainable only by the territorial and environmental differences among the urban areas. The cost for the treatment of a single road drain varied in a range from ≈ € 0.04 to ≈ € 6.1 among the municipalities in the years of existence of the plan. The research also attempted a first evaluation of the expenditures incurred by households to protect themselves from mosquito bites. During the pilot phase of a dedicated project, 57 interviews were realized to a random sample, and the mean expenditure € 18.25 per household.

Aedes albopictus is considered one of the most invasive mosquito species in the world. It has proved capacity for local transmission of Chikungunya and Dengue within Europe. This research evaluated public costs related to the implementation of the plan for Ae. albopictus control and Chikungunya and Dengue prevention set up in Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy), where a Chikungunya epidemic outbreak occurred in 2007, with 217 confirmed cases. The management plan started in 2008 by involving more than 280 municipalities and 4.3 million inhabitants within the region, and its activities mainly target the ecological conditions for the multiplication of infestation hotspots in urban areas, to reduce the probability of rapid and uncontrolled disease spreading in case of outbreaks. The study accessed to data on the expenditures supported by all the public institutions involved in the implementation of the management plan. During the 8 year’s life of the management plan, the public authorities of the region spent at least € 37.7 million for the Ae. albopictus control, although the yearly expenditure declined since the € 7.6 million of 2008 to the € 3.1 million of 2015. The assessment of this expenditure revealed a high level of variability of its costs in the various municipalities included in the plan, not easily explainable only by the territorial and environmental differences among the urban areas. The cost for the treatment of a single road drain varied in a range from ≈ € 0.04 to ≈ € 6.1 among the municipalities in the years of existence of the plan. The research also attempted a first evaluation of the expenditures incurred by households to protect themselves from mosquito bites. During the pilot phase of a dedicated project, 57 interviews were realized to a random sample, and the mean expenditure € 18.25 per household.

Sedimentation in the upstream reaches of incised valleys is predominantly fluvial and mostly out from any relative sea level fluctuations. Here, the dynamics of facies distribution respond to an interaction of tectonics and climate. Tectonics can directly influence fluvial aggradation and degradation through local changes in gradient, both longitudinal and transverse to the valley slope. This paper deals with a –Pliocene – Pleistocene fluvial valley fill developed in the northeastern shoulder of the Siena Basin (Northern Apennines, Italy). Valley fill aggradation resulted from the interaction of autogenic dynamics and extensional tectonics manifested by normal and oblique-slip faults parallel and near orthogonal to the valley axis, which generated rises of local fluvial base level. This thesis coupled a classical field approach, which aims at analysing the interaction between longitudinal and lateral alluvial plain tectonic tilting and fluvial sedimentation, and numerical modelling, which focuses on the temporal and spatial validation of tectonic forcing on the studied valley fill and on the effects of uplift rate on variable-discharge systems. Longitudinal tilting was generated by a transverse, upstream-dipping normal fault that controlled aggradation of fining-upward strata-sets both upstream and downstream of the fault zone. Aggradation in the upstream sector occurred as a backfilling process and predated that in the downstream one, where sediment was stored as a downfilling. Lateral tilting, spacing out the aggradations, was governed by the interaction between fault-generated subsidence and the topographic confinement of progradational, flank-sourced alluvial fans. Both longitudinal and lateral tilting anomalies are easily recorded in sedimentary succession generated by high-discharge system disturbed by high uplift rates.
Nel tratto prossimale di un sistema di valle incisa la sedimentazione fluviale risulta indipendente dalle variazioni eustatiche; pertanto la distribuzione delle diverse facies sedimentarie rispecchia principalmente l’interazione tra tettonica e clima. Una tettonica sindeposizionale può portare ad aggradazione o degradazione di depositi fluviali a causa di variazioni locali di gradiente sia longitudinale che trasversale dello slope della valle. Questo lavoro focalizza sulla successione di riempimento Plio-Pleistocenico di una valle sviluppatasi sul margine N-E del Bacino di Siena (Appennino Settentrionale, Italia). L’aggradazione di questa successione è il risultato dell’interazione tra dinamiche autogeniche ed allogeniche, manifestate da faglie normali con componente obliqua che presentano un’orientazione variabile da parallela ad ortogonale alla direzione dell’asse della valle e sono causa di un sollevamento localizzato rispetto al livello di base fluviale. La tesi integra un tradizionale approccio di campagna, finalizzato all’analisi dell’interazione tra il tilting longitudinale e laterale della piana alluvionale e la sedimentazione fluviale, con un’analisi basata su modellizzazione numerica, che risulta volta a convalidare il controllo spazio-temporale della tettonica sulla sedimentazione e ad analizzare gli effetti del diverso tasso di sollevamento su sistemi fluviali a diversa portata. Il tilting longitudinale della piana alluvionale è generato da una faglia normale immergente sopracorrente, la cui attività induce l’aggradazione di depositi con trend granulometrico tipo fining-upward sia sopracorrente che sottocorrente rispetto alla zona di faglia. A monte della zona di faglia, l’aggradazione avviene principalmente tramite un processo di backfilling e precede l’accumulo nelle aree sottocorrente, che si verifica secondo un processo di downfilling. Il tilting laterale è causato da subsidenza localizzata ed induce lo spostamento laterale del principale sistema di drenaggio, che risulta anche influenzato da apporti provenienti dai fianchi della valle.

Orientador: Paulo José dos Reis Pereira
Banca: Rafael Antônio Duarte Villa
Banca: Tomaz Oliveira Paoliello
Resumo: O tráfico internacional de drogas é uma das principais ameaças de segurança para os países da América do Sul, em especial o Brasil e a Bolívia. O país andino é o terceiro maior produtor mundial de cocaína e o território brasileiro se constitui como uma das principais rotas de trânsito para as drogas enviadas à Europa, bem como, é considerado o principal mercado consumidor para a cocaína boliviana. Na literatura ainda são poucos os trabalhos que abordam a relação entre os dois países no que concerne essa temática. Assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa foi analisar o tipo de cooperação desenvolvida entre o Brasil e a Bolívia para o policiamento do combate ao tráfico de drogas. Nosso período de análise foi desde novembro de 2008, quando, após décadas de influência e ingerência norte-americana nas políticas antidrogas da Bolívia, a Drug Enforcement Admnistration (DEA) foi expulsa do território boliviano, o que gerou uma aproximação entre os governos brasileiro e boliviano, até o final de janeiro de 2012, quando foi estabelecido um acordo trilateral entre Bolívia, Brasil e Estados Unidos. Acordo que marcou o retorno da parceria entre o país andino e a superpotência, no que se refere o combate ao tráfico de drogas. Trabalhamos na pesquisa com o conceito de cooperação para o policiamento, pois observamos as operações realizadas não são somente pelas agências policiais, mas, inclusive, aquelas desenvolvidas entre as Forças Armadas. Analisamos algumas questões presentes no processo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: International drug trafficking is one of the main security threats to the countries of South America, especially Brazil and Bolivia. The Andean country is the third largest cocaine producer in the world and the Brazilian territory is one of the main transit routes for drugs sent to Europe, as well as being considered the main consumer market for Bolivian cocaine. In the literature there are still few studies that deal with the relationship between the two countries concerning this issue. So, the main objective of this research was to analyze the type of cooperation developed between Brazil and Bolivia for policing the fight against drug trafficking. Our period of analysis has been since November 2008, when, after decades of US influence and interference in Bolivia's anti-drug policies, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was expelled from Bolivian territory, which led to an approximation between the Brazilian and Bolivian governments, until the end of January 2012, when a trilateral agreement was signed between Bolivia, Brazil and the United States. This agreement marked the return of the partnership between the Andean country and the superpower, as it relates to combating drug trafficking. We work in the research with the concept of cooperation for policing, because we observe the operations carried out not only by the police agencies, but also those developed among the Armed Forces. We analyzed some issues in the policing process, such as the expansion of actors involved in drug control and repression activities, their autonomy in the development of cooperation and the asymmetry of power between the bilateral relationship, which have helped our central objective. We concluded that, unlike Bolivia-US cooperation, Brazil and Bolivia established, over the years 2008-2012, a bilateral cooperation for policing, with respect for territorial sovereignty and respect of each country's anti-drug policies.
Mestre

La thèse traite de l'émigration organisée italienne vers la Belgique pendant la première décennie du deuxième après-guerre (1946-1956) et, notamment, des "aspects politiques" du recrutement des travailleurs et du "contrôle politique" de leurs activités dans le pays de destination. Malgré l’origine principalement économique de ce phénomène migratoire, on s’est proposé de centrer le travail de recherche sur les questions d’ordre politique qui caractérisèrent l’administration de ce flux migratoire, liées soit aux deux contextes nationaux de départ et arrivée, soit à la conjoncture internationale de la Guerre froide. Les buts de la recherche ont donc été la reconsidération de l’entrecroisement de facteurs économiques et politiques dans la gestion de cet exode de travail, l’analyse des stratégies et des divergents intérêts politiques de l’Italie et de la Belgique, ainsi que l’examen de l’incidence concrète de ces questions politiques sur la vie des migrants. L’étude a été structurée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, on a analysé le système de recrutement des travailleurs en Italie et les opérations de sélection des candidats à l’émigration mises en œuvre par la Mission belge et par les autres fonctionnaires belges installés auprès du Centre d’émigration à Milan. Dans la deuxième partie, d’un côté on a analysé l’encadrement politique des migrants italiens en Belgique – au niveau de l’assistance et des services sociaux, du syndicalisme et de la presse destinée à la communauté italienne – et de l’autre côté, face à l’interdiction aux étrangers de faire de la politique, on a pris en considération la surveillance policière et les expulsions des Italiens du territoire belge
The thesis deals with the post-war Italian assisted migration to Belgium (1946-1956) and it is particularly focused on the "political aspects" of the selection of migrant workers and on the "political control" of their activities in the receiving country. Despite the economic origins of this migration flow, my intention was in fact to study all the political issues concerning the management of the phenomenon, with reference both to the two national contexts of departure and arrival, and to international political circumstances, marked by the Cold War. The principal aims of my research were, therefore, to reconsider the interconnection between economic and political factors; to delve into the divergent strategies and political interests of the two countries involved in organising such working exodus; and to examine the real implications of political questions on migrants’ lives. The dissertation is composed of two main parts. In the first part, I have examined the recruitment system implemented in Italy, as well as the selection of candidates carried out by the Belgian Commission and by other Belgian officials at the Migration Centre in Milan. In the second part, instead, I have studied the political control over Italian migrants with respect to associations, social care and services, trade unions and newspapers on the one hand, and on the other hand, I have taken into account police surveillance and expulsion measures related to the Belgian ban on foreigners getting into politics
La tesi tratta dell'emigrazione assistita italiana verso il Belgio nel primo decennio del secondo dopoguerra (1946-1956) e, in particolare, degli "aspetti politici" del reclutamento dei lavoratori migranti e del "controllo politico" delle loro attività nel Paese di destinazione. Nonostante la matrice essenzialmente economica dell’esodo lavorativo in esame, mi sono proposta di incentrare lo studio sulle questioni di natura politica che caratterizzarono l’amministrazione del flusso migratorio, legate tanto ai due contesti nazionali di partenza e di arrivo, quanto al contesto internazionale della Guerra fredda. La ricerca intendeva insomma riconsiderare l’intreccio tra fattori politici ed economici nell’organizzazione dell’emigrazione organizzata postbellica verso il Belgio, esaminare le strategie e gli interessi politici dei due Paesi coinvolti, nonché indagare il concreto impatto di tali questioni politiche sulle vite dei migranti. La trattazione si articola quindi in due parti. Nella prima parte ho analizzato il sistema di reclutamento dei lavoratori sul territorio italiano, oltre che le operazioni di selezione dei candidati all’emigrazione effettuate dalla Commissione belga e dai vari funzionari belgi presso il Centro di emigrazione di Milano. Nella seconda parte invece sono state prese in esame, da un lato, le strategie di "contenimento politico" della collettività italiana nel Royaume – nell’ambito dell’assistenza, dell’associazionismo, del sindacalismo e della stampa – dall’altro lato, la sorveglianza da parte della polizia belga e le espulsioni di immigrati italiani per motivi di ordine politico

The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.

The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.

Defence date: 2 February 2004
Examining board: Prof. Martin Rhodes, IUE (directeur de thèse) ; Prof. Adrienne Héritier, IUE/RSCAS ; Prof. Henri Bergeron, CNRS (Paris), Observatoire européen des drogues et des toxicomanies (Lisbonne) ; Prof. Renaud Dorandeu, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Univ. R. Schuman (Strasbourg)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

碩士
淡江大學
國際事務與戰略研究所碩士在職專班
101
Till today (2012), Taiwan is still endangered by narcotic drugs, from opium, heroin, and amphetamines in earlier years to ecstasy, ketamine, and other emerging drugs in recent years. Due to their widespread in the Taiwanese society, in order to reduce the internal problem of drug abuse that has surfaced in Taiwan, drug-related hazard control has become the issue the relevant authorities have to face. In this study, with the policy and mechanism of narcotics hazard control as the basis, the document analysis method was adopted to explore the development of Taiwan’s drug prevention and the current implementation of the existing laws and regulations, as well as the condition of drug related crimes, with the hope of finding the most suitable drug prevention method,thereby effectively reducing the endangerment of drugs to our country. Through data collection and compilation, it was found that Taiwan’s overall anti-drug strategic goals have failed to combine the core of the policies and legal norms. On the other hand, despite the local units’ implementation of multiple anti-drug mechanisms over the past decades, the central government did not assign people in charge of drug clearance, nor did it set up special drug prevention units. On top of that, the implementation of the related policies failed to significantly reduce the dangers of drugs. Therefore, the purpose of the development of drug control policies and mechanisms is to reduce the endangerment of drugs to our country, while the integrity of the policies and the degree of implementation of the related mechanisms rely on whether or not the ruling party takes the severity of drug endangerment seriously. Only by engaging in compressive thinking of how to develop drug prevention policies and mechanisms and specific implementation can Taiwan be transformed into a “drug-free homeland.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (International Relations), 2017
The trafficking of illegal narcotics on the African continent and into West Africa has resulted in human insecurity and state insecurity in the region. Furthermore, it has helped facilitate shadow economies such as the illegal trade in fire arms and human trafficking within the region deteriorating law and order, judicial enforcement, and political institutions in these countries. The West African region serves as a transit point in the distribution of narcotics to Europe from Latin America and has increasingly become a destination in drug trafficking. Various national, regional, and international strategies have been undertaken in combating this perceived scourge. The African Union, European Union, United Nations, and West African states themselves have all provided frameworks in combating drug trafficking in Africa. Despite these various strategies drug trafficking still thrives in West Africa. This thesis will assess one of these strategies that being the West African Coast Initiative (WACI). This thesis attempts to outline the various reasons for the growing importance of West Africa in the regional and international drug trade whilst assessing the impact WACI has had in dealing with the drug trade in West Africa. The reason the paper seeks to assess the effectiveness of the West African Coast Initiative is to highlight the obstacles and challenges the strategy has faced over the last eight years of its existence, to make recommendations in this regard, and to identify specific shortcomings in African institutional efforts in engaging with threats that exist outside the state
XL2018

Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2005.
Thesis advisor: Timothy Rickard. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Studies." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-137). Also available via the World Wide Web.

In their tiny sizes, arthropod crawl or fly in huge numbers and diversity often unnoticed around us. How many of these little terrestrial companions have been splattered without us hearing a single desperate scream of agony would be forever unknown. However, not all of them go unnoticed, their lives being put under the microscope of science and curiosity. Unravelled by scientists, the connections between humans and some of this species could be deep and unfortunately at human disadvantage. Sometimes the discovery of an ecological or epidemiological link happens almost by chance and surrounded by incredulity. Take as an example the mosquito, at present known to be responsible for the transmission of deadly diseases such as Malaria or Yellow Fever, but initially few would have thought or investigate it as the vector of these dreadful health problems. Indeed, several species of mosquitoes feed on human and as unpleasant as it already is, it is even worse. These itchy bites are often the entry point for numerous pathogens and viruses as discovered by the remarkable work of pioneers such as Ross and many others. Their research and sacrifices ought to be never forgotten and are still strikingly relevant nowadays. The study of arthropod that are competent in transmitting zoonotic disease or that impacts human health is the research field of Medical Entomology, a fascinating discipline that unravels the darkest secrets and beautiful complexity of nature. This thesis aims to contribute in this field by advancing the current knowledge about the mosquito species Aedes albopictus, its distribution and its impact on public health also providing an assessment of the commonest control strategies employed against i

Os Estados-Membros europeus continuaram como destino principal para os imigrantes que fogem da África, Médio Oriente e outros países vizinhos. Desde 2011, o problema da chegada massiva à costa europeia aumentou de maneira inédita e descontrolada devido aos conflitos e distúrbios nos países mediterrâneos. A maior parte de quem tentara atravessar o Mediterrâneo morreu lá e outros foram vítimas de redes de crime organizado. No entanto, garantir e controlar as fronteiras continua a ser uma prioridade para a União Europeia e seus estados membros. A UE apoiou uma vasta gama de medidas políticas destinadas a reduzir o fluxo de imigrantes ilegais para dentro das suas fronteiras. Uma das principais políticas consiste no controlo das fronteiras externas, em especial o reforço dos controlos fronteiriços ao longo das fronteiras meridionais da UE, partilhando os encargos com os países de terceiro Estado. Os Estados-Membros realizam controlos conjuntos de fronteira e migração com países terceiros, o que levanta a questão da responsabilidade por possíveis violações dos direitos humanos. Especialmente, quando esse país terceiro não satisfaz as condições para ser um local seguro ou não tem um sistema desenvolvido de proteção de refugiados com recurso legal adequado. A falta de distinção entre refugiados, requerentes de asilo e outras categorias de migrantes e a ausência de uma política de asilo, significa que é efetivamente negado às pessoas o direito de procurar asilo, como resultado de movimentos migratórios mistos. O princípio de non-refoulement continua a ser a fonte mais importante de proteção para os migrantes que precisam de proteção internacional. Este documento discutirá o impacto de acordos bilaterais entre um Estado-Membro da União Europeia e um país terceiro, e a sua coerência com a lei internacional dos refugiados, o direito dos Direitos Humanos e o Direito Internacional, do ponto de vista da implementação do princípio de non-refoulement e da acessibilidade à proteção internacional. Concentra-se nos acordos entre a Itália e a Líbia como caso de estudo.
European Member States continued to be the selected destination for immigrants fleeing from Africa, Middle East and other neighborhood countries. Since 2011, the problem of massive arrivals to the European coasts has escalated in an unprecedented and uncontrolled way, due to the conflicts and unrest in the counterpart Mediterranean countries. Many who were trying to across the Mediterranean have died there, and others were victims of organized crime networks. Nonetheless, securing and controlling border remained a priority to the European Union and its member states. The EU had upheld a wide range of policy measures aiming to reduce the flow of irregular immigrants into the EU. One main policy was controlling the external borders, in particular, strengthening of border controls along the EU’s southern borders by sharing the burden with a third state countries. Member States are conducting joint border and migration controls with third countries, this raises the question of responsibility for possible human rights violations, especially, when that third country doesn’t satisfy the conditions to be safe place or doesn’t have a developed system of refugee protection with adequate legal remedy. The lack of distinction between refugees, asylum seekers and other categories of migrants and the absence of an asylum policy mean that people are effectively denied the right to seek asylum, as a result of mixed migratory movements. Substantially, the principle of non-refoulement remains the most important source of protection for migrants in need of international protection. This paper will discuss the impact of bilateral agreements between a Member State of the European Union and a third country, and its consistency with the international refugees’ law, human rights law and, substantially, from the angle of implementation of non -refoulement principle and the accessibility to the international protection, focusing on the Italian- Libyan agreements as study case.

The possibility to work for three months in Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan gave me the opportunity to develop practical skills in Palliative Care, which I felt I lacked. It also provided me the chance to work in a renowned institution, side by side with specialists with a vast experience in providing advanced holistic care to cancer patients. The opportunity was both appealing and challenging. My main goals were: to develop skills in the comprehensive assessment of pain and other symptoms from cancer and its treatment; to monitor patients for adequacy of symptom relief; to improve communication techniques mainly in illness understanding, prognosis and end of life; to learn more about clinical research in palliative care and if possible, to participate in clinical studies, and finally to integrate multidisciplinary teams in different settings of palliative care provision. During my 3 months’ internship in the Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, I’ve worked in the Outpatient Clinics, Day Hospital, Hospice, Inpatient Consultation Team and Home Care Team, and I have also developed research work within the Department. I value this experience as it changed my perception of Palliative Care, and reassured me that this subject of medicine is rigorous, based on robust evidence, and has a remarkable impact in quality of life and survival of patients living with advanced illness. I’ve worked dedicatedly to this final report in order to describe, in the most realistic way, what drives me, which are my goals, and how I’ve achieved them during this internship. The research project concerning palliative sedation resulted in an article published in the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. In the end, I feel that I’ve benefited immensely from this experience, gathering skills and competences to improve palliative care in my daily practice and to give my contribution to the delivery of top quality palliative care in my country.
A oportunidade de trabalhar no Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori em Milão teve origem na vontade de desenvolver competências em Cuidados Paliativos que sentia em falta, e a ideia de o fazer numa Unidade de renome, com especialistas experientes na prestação de cuidados avançados e holísticos a doentes oncológicos, foi para mim cativante e desafiante. Os principais objetivos por mim delineados foram: desenvolver competências na avaliação detalhada da dor e de outros sintomas derivados do cancro e das suas terapêuticas; monitorizar a adequação do alívio sintomático; melhorar técnicas de comunicação, nomeadamente no entendimento da doença, prognóstico e fim de vida; acompanhar e participar em projetos investigação clínica em cuidados paliativos; integrar as diferentes equipas multidisciplinares em diferentes contextos da prestação de cuidados paliativos. Durante o meu estágio de 3 meses na Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos, Controlo da Dor e Reabilitação, trabalhei na Consulta Externa, Hospital de Dia, Hospice, equipa intra-hospitalar e cuidados domiciliários, tendo ainda desenvolvido trabalho de investigação dentro deste Serviço. Valorizo esta experiência pelo modo como alterou a minha perceção dos Cuidados Paliativos, reafirmando o quanto esta área da medicina é rigorosa, baseada em evidência robusta e como a sua aplicação tem um impacto notável na qualidade de vida e sobrevivência da pessoa com doença avançada. Trabalhei dedicadamente na elaboração deste relatório, procurando descrever de modo realista o que me motiva, quais são os meus objetivos e como os alcancei durante este estágio. O trabalho de investigação desenvolvido no tema da sedação paliativa resultou num artigo publicado no Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. No final, sinto que aproveitei ao máximo esta experiência, reunindo aptidões e competências para a melhoria dos cuidados paliativos na minha prática diária, procurando assim contribuir para a prestação de cuidados paliativos de elevada qualidade no meu país.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging and echo color Doppler (ECD) scan techniques do not accurately assess the cerebral venous return. This generated considerable scientific controversy linked with the diagnosis of a vascular syndrome known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) characterized by restricted venous outflow from the brain. The purpose of this study was to assess the cerebral venous return in relation to the change in position by means of a novel cervical plethysmography method. METHODS: This was a single-center, cross-sectional, blinded case-control study conducted at the Vascular Diseases Center, University of Ferrara, Italy. The study involved 40 healthy controls (HCs; 18 women and 22 men) with a mean age of 41.5 +/- 14.4 years, and 44 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS; 25 women and 19 men) with a mean age of 41.0 +/- 12.1 years. All participants were previously scanned using ECD sonography, and further subset in HC (CCSVI negative at ECD) and CCSVI groups. Subjects blindly underwent cervical plethysmography, tipping them from the upright (90 degrees ) to supine position (0 degrees ) in a chair. Once the blood volume stabilized, they were returned to the upright position, allowing blood to drain from the neck. We measured venous volume (VV), filling time (FT), filling gradient (FG) required to achieve 90% of VV, residual volume (RV), emptying time (ET), and emptying gradient (EG) required to achieve 90% of emptying volume (EV) where EV = VV - RV, also analyzing the considered parameters by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and principal component mathematical analysis. RESULTS: The rate at which venous blood discharged in the vertical position (EG) was significantly faster in the controls (2.73 mL/second +/- 1.63) compared with the patients with CCSVI (1.73 mL/second +/- 0.94; P = .001). In addition, respectively, in controls and in patients with CCSVI, the following parameters were highly significantly different: FT 5.81 +/- 1.99 seconds vs 4.45 +/- 2.16 seconds (P = .003); FG 0.92 +/- 0.45 mL/second vs 1.50 +/- 0.85 mL/second (P < .001); RV 0.54 +/- 1.31 mL vs 1.37 +/- 1.34 mL (P = .005); ET 1.84 +/- 0.54 seconds vs 2.66 +/- 0.95 seconds (P < .001). Mathematical analysis demonstrated a higher variability of the dynamic process of cerebral venous return in CCSVI. Finally, ROC analysis demonstrated a good sensitivity of the proposed test with a percent concordant 83.8, discordant 16.0, tied 0.2 (C = 0.839). CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral venous return characteristics of the patients with CCSVI were markedly different from those of the controls. In addition, our results suggest that cervical plethysmography has great potential as an inexpensive screening device and as a postoperative monitoring tool.