Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Narcotics, Control of – Europe'
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Rimner, Steffen. "The Asian Origins of Global Narcotics Control, c. 1860-1909." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11587.
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This dissertation traces the ferment of private ressentiment, public protest and political response to the Asian opium trade from the "Second Opium War (1856-60) to the first, multilateral anti-drug summit in human history, the International Opium Commission in Shanghai (1909). Rather than isolating single anti-opium movements and drug control policies by administration, the focus is on moments and dynamics of ideological proliferation, social mobilization and political lobbying across the borders of societies in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Europe and North America.History
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Taylor, Clinton Watson. "International narcotics control : norms, systems and regimes /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Malloy, Meghan Mary. "United States-Colombian Negotiations on Narcotics Control 1975-1980." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625531.
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Ng, Kwok-cheung. "An analysis of the anti-narcotics strategy in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38598231.
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Au-yeung, Ho-lok Luke. "An evaluation of the role of the Customs and Excise Department in drug enforcement." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12816942.
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Primlani, Monisha. "Drugs, crime and law enforcement : the economic connection." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30643.
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Azemi, Ferid. "National Strategy Against Narcotics, Drug Control Policy, and Law Enforcement Experiences in Kosovo." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6517.
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This research is focused on evaluation of National Strategy Against Narcotics (NSAN) enacted in 2012 in Kosovo. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of NSAN through visualizing data and gaining deeper insight from experiences of antidrug experts. Convergent parallel mixed methods were used to answer the main research questions. The central research questions examined the impact of strategy implementation in juvenile drug arrest reduction, and its effectiveness on Kosovo criminal justice system. Markwood's comprehensive theory of substance abuse prevention (CTSAP) was used to assess and explore the NSAN. Deidentified juvenile arrest rates taken from Kosovo official police records, were visualized though a scatterplot to show the impact of arrest rates from 2009 to 2015. On qualitative part, 11 antidrug officers who handled juvenile drug arrest cases were in-depth interviewed. Visualized data showed that NSAN did not decrease juvenile drug arrest rates after its implementation, as the juvenile drug arrest rates increased after its implementation. However, participants in this study perceived NSAN as positive, with positive impact in increasing cooperation between other agencies, thus resulting in more arrests. Interview answers received from participants of the study confirmed Markwood's CTSAP. Overall, mixed results came out of this study, and further research is needed with wider scope of data analysis to fully evaluate the effects of this strategy. NSAN itself did not have desired impact in reducing juvenile drug arrests in Kosovo, but analysis of this strategy brought attention of increasing juvenile drug issues in Kosovo.
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Ng, Kwok-cheung, and 吳國璋. "An analysis of the anti-narcotics strategy in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38598231.
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Padwa, Howard Philip. "Narcotics vs. the nation the culture and politics of opiate control in Britain and France, 1821-1926 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1610056031&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Tong, Guanqun. "Ownership, control and firm performance in Europe." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7003.
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This study is motivated by one of the most prevalent properties of modern corporations: separation of ownership and control. Ownership concentration has been one of the corporate governance mechanisms to solve the agency problem between shareholders and management. Existing literature is mainly concerned with the impact of managerial ownership on firm performance. Little evidence is provided on the impact of general ownership concentration, including multiple large shareholders, on firm performance. This study aims to examine the efficiency of ownership concentration as a corporate governance mechanism, and to explore relevant policy implications to improve firm performance. Based on the company ownership data across a sample of 1291 European companies in the year of 2004, this study shows that European companies' ownership are highly concentrated with the largest three shareholders own more than 60% ownership of company. Industrial companies hold direct controls of European non-subsidiary companies, while private shareholders turn out to be the ultimate owners. On average, there is more than one large shareholder who owns more than 10% of the shares in a European company. A further sample of 655 European companies is used to investigate the relationship between ownership, control and firm performance. A significant non-linear impact of ownership concentration on firm performance with multiple turning points is confirmed. Specifically, Tobin's Q is highest when the Herfindahl index, which incorporates the degree of dispersion of shareholdings other than the largest one, reaches a value of 0.08. The largest shareholding of 10% might also be able to deliver relatively strong performance. Restructuring owner identities could be another efficient governance approach. Direct control from founder owners, ultimate control from insurance companies, and management ownership are beneficial for firm performance, while government, financial institutions except insurance companies and ultimate control of non-financial corporate owners are found to be detrimental for firm performance. Firm performance can also be improved by strengthening the contestability of the controlling coalition's power. The impacts of ownership and control on firm performance are found conditioned by country and industry. Therefore policies should be adjusted according to the companies' institutional environments. Although the endogeneity of ownership concentration and current firm performance is rejected in this study, past firm performance seems to affect current ownership concentration level. Higher accounting rates of return four years ago could result in lower current ownership concentration, while higher last year's Tobin's Q could result in higher current ownership concentration. Capital structure is found to be a significant substitute mechanism for ownership. These elements should be taken into account when the ownership governance mechanism is implemented.
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Benfield, Kenneth Michael. "Injustice in planning in Europe." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/424.
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Land is a natural resource. The way it is used is important for us all. Decisions over its use impact on all aspects of society, locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. Moreover these impacts affect future as well as present generations. Those holding power over land-use decisions, those able to direct and control its use, those able to convert its nature by changing it from one use to another and those who develop or withhold it from development, exert great influence over society. They carry heavy responsibility for shaping places, for influencing economic activity, for the quality of life and for caring for our environment at every scale and across every dimension. In so doing they should exercise a duty of care, consideration and competence to the rest of creation. Addressing one small aspect of this task, for centuries governments have been concerned to balance a variety of interests in land and to ensure that land-use decisions were equitable between these. More particularly, since around the middle of the last century a range of instruments to 'plan' land-use and to direct its development equitably have been devised and implemented. Specifically, in what may have been varying notions of 'the public interest', they have attempted to constrain presumptions of unrestricted land-use conveyed by constitutionally held rights to land ownership, however limited. Embodying liberal-democratic principles, the regulations which emerged provided for certainty in land and related rights to be protected by local plans. On the continent these were often given legal status along with other codified 'rules' but, from roughly the middle of this century, the United Kingdom departed from this model. Architect and Engineer planners were joined by lawyers, economists, geographers, sociologists, demographers and the like in creating a new, distinctive, 'planning' profession. Rather than planning for 'conformance', they now planned for 'performance'. What mattered was not the plan, per se, but development outputs and how they impacted on society. 'Equity' became a matter not for pre-determined certainty, but for the exercise of professional judgement and discretion through the control of development on a case by case basis. Such changes did not seem to occur in the mainland European countries considered here and, with the advent of the European Union, UK land and property development professionals increasingly looked to the continent for ideas and inspiration. Many admired, even longed for, the well ordered, clearly planned, certainty which they thought they saw there. But, how certain was this planning and, if it did exist, to what extent were mainland systems able to deliver 'equity' in their outputs? Testing the hypothesis that Continental planning and development control is influenced more by politics and markets than formal 'rules', this thesis considers the proposition that decisions to permit major private developments in continental countries are neither transparent nor equitable. To do so it reviews the theory of both planning and development processes as the background for a series of 21 case study investigations of mainland application and permit decision practices. These are compared with 11 English cases, obtained from a pilot study used to test and improve the research method and objectives. Summarising each case study to illustrate discussion of the research findings, these are sieved through 4 stages of analysis as in-depth detail is converted to knowledge. With field assumptions being verified by the testimony of expert witnesses, cross case and cross country comparisons are used to validate findings. These are then consolidated to enable further analysis and theorisation to address various of the needs for an improved understanding of mainland practices and other questions raised in the Introduction. The thesis concludes that European Development Control practices are converging, but at the expense of the due process and protections theoretically embodied within regulatory systems. Seized upon by contemporary politicians to further the aims of economic competition, it suggests that these 'rules' are now managed with an inherent disregard for the principles of due process. This obfuscates both practices and intent, overrides concerns for justice, faimess and impartiality at the level of local, historic interests in place, and threatens wider problems for society. Relating these conclusions to the current literature, emergent theory is compared with the research results and several potential areas for further research identified which might help clarify planning philosophy, principles, professionalism and practices for service in the 21" Century.
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Potts, Donald Joseph. "Development of a curriculum for a 24-hour advanced officer narcotics course." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1323.
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Giard, Timothée M. "The control of state aid to airlines by the European Commission /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78215.
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The airline industry has undergone an unprecedented crisis in the aftermath of the events of September 11th, 2001 in the United States. At that time, the U.S. federal government rapidly moved to create and implement an important rescue package to ensure the sustainability of the U.S. airlines. Contrarily, the European Commission decided to keep the existing legislations and policies regarding state aid, allowing limited support from the Member States to their national carriers. For the Commission, the U.S. state-involvement in the air industry, as well as similar developments in other countries, was bound to create distortions of competition. This situation led the EU to submit a proposal to the Council and the European Parliament for a Regulation with aims to protect the Community airlines from the unfair pricing practices of state-aided non-Community air carriers. The text, modeled after the legislation applicable in the field of trade of goods, would fill a "legal void" and be a new efficient legislative tool for the Commission. Questions did arise, however, about its political legitimacy as well as its legal basis.
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Wong, Chung Shiu-wah Wendy. "The development of the methadone treatment programme in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975641.
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Horn, Stefan. "Takeover Regulation in Europe An Emerging Market for Corporate Control? /." St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02607869001/$FILE/02607869001.pdf.
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Shaw, Richard Hamilton. "Classical Biological Control of Weeds in Europe : Principles and Practice." Thesis, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498358.
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Song, Seung-Jong. "Conventional arms control in Europe : the evaluation of MBFR and CFE /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9717151.
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Polser, Brian G. "Theater nuclear weapons in Europe : the contemporary debate /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sep%5FPolser.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2004.Thesis Advisor(s): Jeffrey Knopf, Peter Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-117). Also available online.
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Ralph, Gary Denis. "A nation in arms the provision of arms to Englishmen in Europe and North America /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.23Mb, 1266 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3181863.
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Jurski, Robert. "The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty and its contribution to Euro-Atlantic security after 1990." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FJurski.pdf.
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Aguilar, Verónika Karolina Mosqueira. "As políticas antidrogas dos Estados Unidos na região andina = o caso peruano." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279402.
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Orientador: Shiguenoli MiyamotoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguilar_VeronikaKarolinaMosqueira_M.pdf: 1102216 bytes, checksum: 9e3bffcc818028a2a6c615c7ce234f3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Com o final da Guerra fria, e com o processo da globalização manifestam-se profundas mudanças no mundo ocidental que vêm definindo novas estratégias políticas. No plano da segurança a nova agenda concentra-se nos problemas interestatais, entre os que se destaca o narcotráfico. Na procura de alternativas de solução na região andina, se deu a XV Reunião do Conselho Presidencial Andino (Quito, Julho 2004) onde foram aprovadas as linhas gerais da segurança externa comum, autorizando a prevenção e o enfrentamento de ameaças à segurança. O combate ao problema do narcotráfico se da mediante as Políticas Antidrogas direcionadas pelos Estados Unidos, centradas na redução da produção de pasta básica de cocaína, nos países produtores, Colômbia, Peru e Bolívia. Os programas com esse intuito são o Plano Colômbia, e a Iniciativa Regional Andina. Ditas estratégias poderiam pôr em ameaça a segurança desses países. É assim que o objetivo da pesquisa é mostrar um panorama sobre os impactos das políticas antidrogas na segurança dos países andinos no plano econômico, social e político e aprofundar no caso peruano, como è tratado o problema coca-cocaína no congresso e os possíveis interesses trás a continuidade da atual política antidroga. Considera-se relevante promover a avaliação de novas estratégias antidrogas que se ajustem ao conceito de segurança da região e a sua realidade. Usa-se a metodologia de análise documentaria de relatórios mundiais de instituições que combatem o narcotráfico, discursos de representantes dos agricultores cocaleros, e os projetos leis apresentados no congresso peruano, á vez que textos de autores especialistas entre outros
Abstract: With the end of the Cold War and the process of globalization, profound changes have occurred in the western world, these changes are defining new policies. In the plan of security, new security agendas are focused on the interstate problems, among highlights the drug trafficking. In the search for alternative solutions in the Andean region was where the XIA approved the outlines of the common external security by allowing the prevention and confrontation of security threats. Combating drug trafficking through the current anti-drug policies directed by Estates Unites, focusing on reducing the production of basic paste of cocaine, these politics are o Plan Colombia, and Andean Regional Initiative, Might be threatening the security of these countries. Though, the aim of this study is to show a picture of the economics, social and political impacts of current drug policies of the security of Andean countries. Is relevant a new evaluation promote anti-drug strategies to adapt to conceit of security to the reality of the region. Use data analysis methodology is a documentary of world report of institutions that combated or drug trafficking, discourse from representatives cocaleras, e the projects leis presented in Peruvians congress, and the other texts
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Wolff, Johannes. "Enhanced rationalisation, control or coordination? : impact assessments in the European Union." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/522/.
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Impact assessment (IA) has attracted considerable attention in the worlds of research and practice. IA is discussed extensively and promoted widely as a means to enhance the rationalisation, control and coordination of policy-making. However, at the same time, there has also been disagreement based on whether IL is seen to reflect one single, or multiple rationales. This has, in turn, led to debates about whether particular IA experiences reflect one or a mixture of motives. This thesis therefore explores whether the different ambitions or logics that IA intends to promote can be seen as complementary, whether one dominates, or whether they are contradictory. By looking at the European Union’s IA system — through an in-depth study of five IAS — this thesis finds that while the logic of enhanced control plays a dominant role throughout the policy-making process — particularly during the later policy-making stages — the ambitions or logics of enhanced rationalisation and coordination also play distinct roles. This thesis thereby contributes to the debates about the use of 'meta-instruments' to address the three policy challenges of how to choose the 'best' policy option; how to steer public administrations; and how to coordinate policies across institutional sub-units. In doing so, the thesis departs from earlier studies on IA two significant ways. First, it examines IA as a set of procedural rules, therefore moving away from a focus on the role of the IA report in advancing (or failing to advance) the ambitions of enhanced control, rationalisation or coordination. Second, instead of examining each IA ambition or logic in isolation, this thesis acknowledges a multiplicity of ambitions. This multiplicity is not an aspect of diffusion across jurisdictions or because of policy 'context'; rather, it is a feature of the motives and ambitions of actors interacting and changing at different stages in the policy-making process.
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Schmid, Thomas 1969. "Slot allocation at European airports." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30326.
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International air transport has grown at a staggering rate over the last 50 years and the industry which supports it, now bears little resemblance to that which existed even twenty-five years ago. As the number of operators and the size of their respective fleets have increased, so too have the pressures on the infrastructure which support them. Particularly affected are the major airports where runway, apron and terminal capacity are limited. Unlike other elements of the aviation infrastructure, airport capacity is physically constrained and therefore capacity increases can only be obtained through further development or through more efficient uses of existing resources. As the first option is politically controversial and the latter only provides for incremental increases, the air transport industry, through IATA, has developed an allocation mechanism to distribute available capacity based on historic precedence. This thesis reviews the main issues surrounding the current regime. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Medel, Vera Carlos Pablo. "Seismic probabilistic safety assessment and risk control of nuclear power plants in Northwest Europe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/seismic-probabilistic-safety-assessment-and-risk-control-of-nuclear-power-plants-in-northwest-europe(c51a155a-289b-40c0-a642-644cb527939b).html.
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Nuclear power plays a crucial role in energy supply in the world: around 15% of the electricity generated worldwide is provided from nuclear stations avoiding around 2.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. As of January 2016, 442 reactors that generated 380+ GW were in operation and 66 new reactors were under construction. The seismic design of new nuclear power plants (NPPs) has gained much interest after the high-profile Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. In the UK, a tectonically stable continental region that possesses medium-to-low seismic activity, strong earthquakes capable of jeopardising the structural integrity of NPPs, although infrequent, can still occur. Despite that no NPP has been built in Great Britain after 1995, a New Build Programme intended to build 16 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 is currently under way. This PhD project provides a state-of-the-art framework for seismic probabilistic safety assessment and risk control of NPPs in Northwest Europe with particular application to the British Isles. It includes three progressive levels: (i) seismic input, (ii) seismic risk analysis, and (iii) seismic risk control. For seismic input, a suitable model to rationally define inputs in the context of risk assessments is proposed. Such a model is based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms that are compatible with seismic scenarios defined by magnitude 4 < Mw < 6.5, epicentral distance 10 km < Repi < 100 km, and different types of soil (rock, stiff soil and soft soil). It was found to be a rational approach that streamlines the simulation of accelerograms to conduct nonlinear dynamic analyses for safety assessments. The model is a function of a few variables customarily known in structural engineering projects. In terms of PGA, PGV and spectral accelerations, the simulated accelerograms were validated by GMPEs calibrated for the UK, Europe and the Middle East, and other stable continental regions. For seismic risk analysis, a straightforward and logical approach to probabilistically assess the risk of NPPs based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms is studied. It effectively simplifies traditional approaches: for seismic inputs, it avoids the use of selecting/scaling procedures and GMPEs; for structural outputs, it does not use Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate the damage state. However, it demands more expensive computational resources as a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses are needed. For seismic risk control, strategies to control the risk using seismic protection systems are analysed. This is based on recent experience reported elsewhere of seismically protected nuclear reactor buildings in other areas of medium-to-low seismic activity. Finally, a scenario-based incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is proposed aimed at the generation of surfaces for unacceptable performance of NPPs as function of earthquake magnitude and distance. It was found that viscous-based devices are more efficient than hysteretic-based devices in controlling the seismic risk of NPPs in the UK. Finally, using the proposed scenario-based IDA, it was found that when considering all controlling scenarios for a representative UK nuclear site, the risk is significantly reduced ranging from 3 to 5 orders of magnitude when using viscous-based devices.
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Schwerhoff, Gerd. "Olli Matikainen, Satu Lidman (Eds.), Morality, Crime and Social Control in Europe 1500–1900." De Gruyter, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71347.
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Die in dem Band veröffentlichten Aufsätze entstammen in der Mehrzahl der Feder finnischer Historikerinnen und Historiker und kreisen tatsächlich meist um „crime“ bzw. um kleinere Devianzen. Konzeptuell stellt die knappe Einleitung der Herausgeber ganz auf „soziale Kontrolle“ ab: Entlang der Forschungsgeschichte wird einer engeren Fassung, die soziale Kontrolle als von staatlichen Instanzen ausgehende „planned responses to crime and deviance“ versteht, eine weitere Fassung des Konzeptes gegenübergestellt, bei der alle denkbaren gesellschaftlichen Akteure Kontrollfunktionen wahrnehmen können. Jedoch entfaltet die Einleitung kaum programmatische Ausstahlungskraft für die folgenden Beiträge. So bietet der Band einen bunten Strauß sehr verschiedenartiger Beiträge von unterschiedlicher empirischer Tiefe und konzeptueller Durcharbeitung. Eher der Vollständigkeit halber genannt seien die Aufsätze zur Bedeutung von Spitznamen im ländlichen Finnland im 19. und 20.Jh. (Sofia Kotilainen), über einen spektakulären Serienmörder in Finnland Mitte des 19.Jahrhunderts (Teemu Keskiarja), über einen Kirchstuhlstreit in der westfinnischen Pfarrei Kokemäki Mitte des 18.Jahrhunderts (Ella Viitaniemi), über Vaganten und Einsperrungsinstitutionen in Finnland im 19.Jahrhundert (Päivi Pukero) und zu den Begnadigungen des finnischen Präsidenten gegenüber Staatsbediensteten nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs (Virpi Anttonen).
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Mitler, E. A. "Legal and administrative problems in the control of legalised casino gambling : A comparative study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234388.
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Kassman, Anders. "Polisen och narkotikaproblemet : från nationella aktioner mot narkotikaprofitörer till lokala insatser för att störa missbruket." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62836.
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The subject of this study is the policing of the drug problem during the period between the nationalization of the police force in 1965 and the introduction of imprisonment as a penalty for drug consumption in 1993. The influence of four key factors are discussed: legislation, organization, the conception of and the attention paid to the drug problem. Qualitative and quantitative data from police archives, the prosecutor general, parliamentary publications, a public TV newsroom and various statistics from other sources are combined. The analysis shows four important stages in the process towards a substantially increased drug control: By the end of the 1960s, all data indicate increased attention to the drug problem. The penal law on narcotics was passed in 1968. It laid the foundation for subsequent policing activities. The police was also given increased possibilities to use telephone-tapping to combat serious crimes. By the end of the 1970s, the creation of a special narcotics police organization at the medium level of police hierarchy institutionalized, emphasized and assigned manpower to combat serious crimes. Since the beginning of the 1980s new target groups have been added. The "street dealer" is a new direct target. With the strengthening of the preventive role of the police new indirect target groups emerged: the police also emphasized their work against recruitment of new drug users. The main objective of the new penal law on narcotics of 1968 was to help drug addicts recover and merge back in society again. Addiction was seen as a disease. Drug dealing by the addicts was reprehensible but not a priority matter to the police. Over time, this attitude changed and in 1989 the police saw distinct actions against street dealers as the most important element in the repressive policy.
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Molodilo, Diana. "The impact of civilian control on contemporary defense planning systems challenges for South East Europe." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5769.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Defense planning has always been one of the most sensitive issues in promoting civilian control of the armed forces. Ensuring democratic control of defense policy is a challenging task, and Southeastern Europe's (SEE) experience to date has inevitably been mixed. At this phase of the reform process, some countries from the region do not possess the necessary civilian knowledge to replace the dominance of the armed forces in the defense planning process. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of efforts to establish civilian democratic control over defense planning in three SEE countries. Its purpose is to contribute to a better understanding of the importance and the role of civilians, especially elected leaders in defense planning, and search for models of defense planning systems that are most appropriate for countries with very limited defense capabilities. This thesis argues that the use of a defense planning system with the necessary civilian control may result in the establishment of a modern, effective military. Focus is mainly on the experience of three countries: Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. It looks at achievements and major challenges these countries still face to establish greater professional civil-military cooperation and effective civilian control over defense planning.
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Carvalho, Jonatas Carlos de. "Regulamentação e criminalização das drogas: a Comissão Nacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes e a internalização do proibicionismo no Brasil (1936-1946)." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7837.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEste trabalho problematiza um tipo específico de racionalidade que emergiu nos fins do século XIX e avançou no século XX, implicando na constituição de uma política mundial destinada à regulamentação de determinadas substâncias psicoativas. Tais práticas foram possíveis em virtude de uma produção discursiva cujos enunciados médico-sanitários reivindicavam a intervenção dos Estados Nacionais em assegurar a saúde coletiva. No caso do uso de psicoativos, tais discursos fizeram emergir uma série de tratados internacionais, leis nacionais, normas e regulações que modificaram o comércio e os hábitos de consumo de tais substâncias, criminalizando qualquer uso que não estivesse de acordo com a legislação vigente. O recorte que esta dissertação procura fazer tem por foco analisar como esse processo se deu no Brasil, mais especificamente a partir da criação da Comissão Nacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE, organização esta de caráter governamental, que após sua criação passou a centralizar as políticas sociais sobre drogas no país. A CNFE foi constituída por meio do Decreto-Lei n 780em 28 de abril de 1936, vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores em conjunto com o Departamento Nacional de Saúde, através do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional. Neste caso, utilizando a documentação encontrada no Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, na Biblioteca de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, dentre outras. Procurei delimitar esta pesquisa nos primeiros dez anos de atuação da Comissão, isto é, entre 1936 e 1946, para tanto, utilizo como instrumento de análise teórico-metodológico duas noções que serviram às reflexões do pensador francês Michel Foucault; biopolítica e governamentalidade. Desta forma, procuro acionar tais noções para localizar as estratégias de poder que culminaram na governamentalização do Estado voltadas para a gestão da vida das populações, tendo como pano de fundo os interditos das políticas sociais sobre drogas.
This research aims to put in doubt a specific sort of rationality that began and made progress between the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, implying a world-wide policy for some psychoactive substances regulation. That was possible due to discursive production composed by medical and sanitary statements that claimed the action of National States in order to ensure collective health. In terms of psychoactive drugs, that discourse has resulted in a series of international treaties, national laws, rules and regulations that changed the sale and use of those substances and criminalized any use that was not according to the current legislation. At this point, the dissertation focus on the study of this process in Brazil, more specifically from the creation of ComissãoNacional de Fiscalização de Entorpecentes CNFE (National Narcotic Control Commission), a governmental organization that concentrates social policies about drugs in the country. CNFE was set up by decree law 780 on April 28, 1936, linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs together with National Department of Health, through Professional Exercise Supervision Service. In this case, using documents found in Itamaraty Historical Archives, in Public Health Library of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and in Center for Research and Documentation of Getulio Vargas Foundation , among others, I have attempted to focus this research in the first ten years following the Commission creation, between 1936 and 1946. Therefore, I have used, as theoretical and methodological analysis tool, two concepts that helped French philosopher Michel Foulcault thoughts; biopolitics and governmentality. Thus, I try to use those concepts in order to find the power strategies that have led up to the Governmentalization of the State and have been directed to the management of peoples life, all this against the background of interdiction from social policies about drugs.
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ʻIzz, al-ʻArab ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz. "European control and Egypt's traditional elites : a case study in elite economic nationalism /." Lewiston (N.Y.) : Edwin Mellen Press, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392521551.
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Texte remanié de: Diss. Ph. D.--Institute of Islamic Studies--McGill University, 2000. Titre de soutenance : Nineteenth century expressions of economic nationalism in Egypt.Bibliogr. p. 213-224. Index.
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Gustafsson, Fredrik, and Fredrik Trygg. "Outsourcing : En analys av transportplaneringsprocessen vid BT - Europe." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-532.
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Syftet med den här undersökningen är att beskriva och analysera vilka fördelar och nackdelar det finns med att utkontraktera en transportplaneringsprocess till en extern part. Undersökningen genomfördes på uppdrag av BT-Europe i Mjölby på avdelningen som ansvarar för distribution av produkter och reservdelar. BT är i grunden ett svenskt företag som startade sin verksamhet 1946 och är idag världsledande tillverkare av eldrivna lagertruckar. År 2000 förvärvades BT av Toyota och detta skapade en världsledande konstellation inom truckbranschen.
Bakgrunden till undersökningens syfte är att arbetet med att effektivisera och förbättra transportplaneringsprocessen inom BT har blivit eftersatt på grund av den kraftiga produktionsökningen de senaste 5 åren. Detta har lett till stigande kostnader för distribution av färdiga produkter och reservdelar.
I dagsläget finns inget centralt kontrollorgan över transportplaneringsprocessen på BT utan all transportplanering av produkter och reservdelar till truckar, sker lokalt på varje marknadsbolag i Västeuropa. I en framtid har BT som förhoppning att bedriva transportplaneringsprocessen på central nivå, antingen inom koncernen eller genom att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen till en extern part, det vill säga till ett fjärdepartslogistikföretag.
Vid beslut om transportplaneringsprocessen ska genomföras centralt internt eller utföras externt med hjälp av en fjärdepartslogistiker finns en rad viktiga faktorer att ta i beaktning. De faktorer som valts att studera i denna undersökning är kärnverksamhet, processens mognad, flexibilitet, kontroll, beroende och transaktionskostnader. Dessa faktorer studeras genom att undersöka inom vilka områden BT anser sig att besitta kärnkompetens idag och i en framtid, samt hur BT ser på faktorer som flexibilitet, beroende och kontroll vid en eventuell outsourcing. Genom att ställa detta mot vad fjärdepartlogistikföretag erbjuder för lösningar till sina kunder och hur de hantera faktorer som flexibilitet, kontroll och beroende, kan för- och nackdelar med en utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen definieras.
En fördel med att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen uppnås genom att ingå ett samarbete med en fjärdepartslogistiker och därigenom kan BT få tillgång till spetskompetens och tillgång till större distributionsnätverk.
En annan fördel med ett nära samarbete med en leverantör av fjärdepartslogistiska tjänster är att det kan skapa ökad flexibilitet för BT. Detta genom att BT i ett samarbete kan tillgå skräddarsydda lösningar för företagsunika behov samtidigt som möjligheten att byta transportleverantörer ökar, då fjärdepartsaktörer vanligen arbeter med korttidskontrakt emot transportföretagen
Nackdelar som kan uppkomma med utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen är att denna process kan komma att ses som betydande för framtida verksamhet. Det kan då vara förenat med risk att tappa kompetens inom området.
En nackdel är även att outsourcing av transportplaneringsprocessen kan innebär en beroendeställning för BT gentemot en tilltänkt fjärdepartsleverantör. Kontrollen av processen som koordinerar försörjningen av färdiga produkter och reservdelar från BT till företagets kunder eller marknadsbolag överlämnas därmed till en extern part.
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Gao, Ni. "Stratégie et organisation des entreprises chinoises en Europe." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU2020/document.
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Cette thèse a pour objet d’effectuer une étude approfondie des IDE chinois et d’analyser la stratégie et l’organisation des entreprises chinoises en France. Pour cela, nous étudions les principales motivations d’investissement des entreprises chinoises en France, leurs modes d’entrée sur le marché français ainsi que les différentes façons de contrôler leurs filiales en France. Nous utilisons la méthodologie qualitative pour cette recherche. Au total, nous avons interviewé dix-sept entreprises chinoises ayant réalisé des IDE en France. Nos résultats montrent que la recherche de marchés et d’actifs stratégiques sont les principales motivations des IDE chinois en France. Le gouvernement chinois joue un rôle de promoteur dans le processus d’internationalisation des entreprises chinoises en France. Les entreprises chinoises préfèrent entrer en France par une filiale en propriété exclusive. Les cadres locaux jouent un rôle clé dans la gestion des filiales des entreprises chinoises en FranceThis thesis aims to carry out an in-depth study on Chinese FDI, to analyse the strategy and organization of Chinese companies in France. For this, we study the main investment motivations for Chinese companies in France, their entry modes into the French market, and the different ways of controlling their subsidiaries in France. We used a qualitative methodology for this research. In total, we interviewed seventeen Chinese companies that carried out FDI in France. Our empirical findings indicate that market-seeking and strategic assets seeking are the main motivations for Chinese FDI in France. The Chinese government plays a role of promoter in the process of internationalization of Chinese companies in France. Chinese companies prefer to enter into France through wholly owned subsidiaries. Local managers play a key role in the management of the subsidiaries of Chinese firms in France
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Bluth, Christoph. "Shadows of War: Arms Control and the Military Confrontation in Central Europe during the Cold War." Xlibris, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18213.
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NoThe military dimension of the Cold War was characterised by the strategic nuclear stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union as well as the large-scale regional military confrontation in Central Europe. As part of the process of East-West détente there was an effort to address the risks of war in Europe by means of an arms control process referred to as MBFR (Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions). The true purposes and intentions of both sides (NATO and the Warsaw Pact) in these negotiations has so far not been fully understood. This book is based on path-breaking archival research that clarifies the objectives and tactics of the parties to the negotiations and the reasons for why the negotiations ended without an agreement. It makes a major new contribution to the understanding of Cold War History.
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Olivas, Osuna José Javier. "Civilian control of the military in Portugal and Spain : a policy instruments approach." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/371/.
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Despite their economic, political and cultural similarities, Portugal and Spain experienced different trajectories of civil-military relations during the twentieth century. After having handed power over to a civilian dictator, Salazar, the Portuguese military eventually caused the downfall of his authoritarian Estado Novo regime and led the transition to democracy. In contrast, in Spain the military, which had helped Franco to defeat the Republic in 1939 remained loyal to the dictatorship’s principles and, after his death, obstructed the democratisation process. This research sheds light on these different patterns by comparing the policy instruments that governments used to control the military throughout Portuguese and Spanish dictatorships and transitions to democracy. First, it applies Christopher Hood’s (1983) ‘NATO’ (nodality, authority, treasure and organisation) framework for the study of tools of government in order to identify trajectories and establish comparisons across time and countries. These tools can be considered as the institutions that structure the relationship between the governments and the military. This thesis documents that the tools used in both counties differed considerably and evolved over time and that only from 1982 onwards a process of convergence can be observed. Second, this thesis contrasts two types of neo-institutional explanations for the evolution of tool choice and civil-military relations. One based on historical junctures and path-dependence (historical causes) and the other on the continuous impact of environmental factors (constant causes). is research demonstrates that both approaches are largely intertwined and to a great extent become complementary and necessary to capture complexity in tool choice. In sum, this thesis shows that dialogue and exchange between different analytical approaches contributes to a deeper understanding of multifaceted social phenomena. The utilisation of public policy analytical frameworks, such as the NATO scheme and neoinstitutionalism, provides a new angle on the evolution of civil-military relations in Portugal and Spain.
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Bosque, Prous Marina 1984. "Alcohol consumption in people aged 50 or older in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/523488.
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Hazardous drinking in the elderly has become an important public health problem due to the ageing of the population and the fact that alcohol-related consequences are magnified in this age group. However, to date, few studies examine hazardous drinking in people aged 50 years or older and the factors associated with alcohol use.
The aim of this thesis is to quantify hazardous drinking in people aged 50 years or older in Europe, according to gender and country, and to analyze the possible individual and contextual factors related to such consumption.
Throughout the thesis, the source of information was the European project SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe), which includes data from different European countries. This thesis consists of five articles that attempt to respond to the different specific objectives.
The results suggest that the prevalence of hazardous drinking in people aged 50 years or older is around 22%, with variations between countries. These variations can be explained by individual factors, such as age or gender, and various contextual factors, such as alcohol advertising restrictions and the unemployment rate. Finally, one of the contextual aspects that may have had more impact in recent years is the economic crisis. We found that, in people aged 50 to 64 years, the incidence of hazardous drinking was greater in those who lost their jobs. However, from 2006 to 2013 there has been a decrease in hazardous drinking and also in the average amount of alcohol consumed in people aged 50 to 64 years in Europe.El consum de risc d'alcohol en la gent gran s'ha convertit en un important problema de salut pública degut a l’envelliment de la població i al fet que les conseqüències adverses del consum es magnifiquen en aquest grup d'edat. No obstant això, són pocs els estudis que analitzen el consum de risc d'alcohol en persones majors de 50 anys i els factors que s'associen al consum de risc. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és quantificar el consum de risc d'alcohol en persones de 50 anys o més a Europa segons gènere i país i analitzar els possibles factors individuals i contextuals relacionats amb aquest consum. Per tota la tesi, la font d'informació van ser les enquestes del projecte europeu SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe), amb dades de diferents països d’Europa. La tesi consisteix en 5 articles que intenten respondre als diferents objectius específics. Els resultats suggereixen que la prevalença de consum de risc d'alcohol en les persones de 50 anys o més està al voltant del 22%, amb variacions entre països, que poden explicar-se per factors individuals, com el sexe o l’edat, i per diversos factors contextuals, com les restriccions en la publicitat de les begudes alcohòliques o la taxa d'atur. Finalment, un dels aspectes contextuals que pot haver tingut més impacte en els darrers anys és la crisi econòmica. El que hem vist és que en persones de 50 a 64 anys la incidència de consum de risc d’alcohol era major en aquells que havien perdut la feina. Tanmateix, durant el període de 2006 a 2013 s’ha produït una davallada en el consum de risc d’alcohol i en la mitjana de la quantitat consumida en persones de 50 a 64 anys a Europa.
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Kühn, Ulrich Thomas [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Brzoska. "Cooperative arms control in Europe (1973-2014) : a case of regime decay? / Ulrich Kühn. Betreuer: Michael Brzoska." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106404556/34.
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Maiante, Ariádine Augusta. "Efeitos sedativos e cardiorrespiratórios da metadona em cães : estudo comparativo com a morfina /." Botucatu, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88923.
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Orientador: Francisco José Teixeira NetoBanca: Antonio José de Araújo Aguiar
Banca: Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
Resumo: Poucos estudos vem sendo reportados com uso da metadona em pequenos animais. Neste estudo os efeitos sedativos, cardiorrespiratórios e comportamentais da metadona e da morfina foram comparados em seis cães conscientes sem raça definida. No dia do estudo, os cães (16,4 ± 2,8 kg) foram instrumentados para monitorização hemodinâmica com isoflurano, e após 60 minutos do término da anestesia inalatória foi iniciada a coleta de dados. Morfina, (1 mg/kg) ou duas doses de metadona (0,5 mg/kg [MET0,5] ou 1,0 mg/kg [MET1]) foram administradas pela via intravenosa durante um minuto em um delineamento aleatório cruzado, aguardando-se um intervalo mínimo de 1 semana entre cada tratamento. As variáveis foram registradas antes (basal) e por 120 minutos após a administração dos fármacos, adotando como nível de significância p< 0,05. Devido a um marcado aumento (356%) do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica (dinas•seg/cm5/m2) após cinco minutos da administração de morfina, um animal apresentou resultado positivo para o teste de detecção de outlier (teste de Grubb) não sendo incluso na análise estatística das variáveis hemodinâmicas. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos nos parâmetros basais. A morfina reduziu a FC (bpm), comparado aos valores basais, dos 30-120 minutos (valores mínimos: 86±11 aos 120 minutos), contudo o IC (L/min/m2) reduziu-se aos 120 minutos (4,40±1,07). Comparado com a com a morfina, MET 1 causou maior e mais prolongada redução destes parâmetros (valores mínimos: 63±16 e 2,95±1,06 para FC e IC respectivamente); reducões intermediárias foram observadas com MET 0,5 (valores mínimos: 78±9 e 3,72±0,81 para FC e IC respectivamente). O IRVS aumentou apenas após a administração de metadona, sendo a MET 1 produziu maior aumento que MET 0,5 (valores máximos: 3192±882 e 2178±588 para MET 1 e MET 0,5 respectivamente) A morfina aumento a POAP (mmHg) após cinco minutos (12±4) enquanto ...
Abstract: Few controlled studies have been reported on the use methadone in small animals. In this study, the cardio-respiratory effects of methadone and morphine were compared in six conscious mongrel dogs. On the study day, the dogs (16.4±2.8 kg) were instrumented for hemodynamic monitoring under isoflurane anesthesia, allowing at least 60 min from termination of inhalant anesthesia before commencing data collection. Morphine (1 mg/kg) or two different doses of methadone (0.5 mg/kg [MET0.5] or 1.0 mg/kg [MET1]) were administered intravenously over 1 min in a randomized crossover design (minimum washout period: 1-week). Variables were recorded before (baseline), and for 120 min after drug administration. A split plot design model compared cardiopulmonary data (mean±SD) (p<0.05). Because of marked increases in SVRI (dynes•seg/cm5/m2) after morphine (353% increase from baseline at 5 min, one animal tested positive for an outlier detection test (Grubbs' test) and was not included in the statistical analysis for hemodynamic data. Baseline variables did not differ among treatments. Morphine reduced HR (beats/min) compared to baseline from 30-120 min (lowest value: 8611 at 120 min), while CI (L/min/m2) was reduced from baseline at 120 min (4.40±1.07). Compared to morphine, MET1 caused greater and more prolonged reductions in these parameters (lowest values: 63±16 and 2.95±1.06 for HR and CI, respectively), while intermediate reductions in HR and CI were observed after MET0.5 (lowest values: 78±9 and 3.72±0.81 for HR and CI, respectively). The SVRI was increased after methadone only, with MET1 producing a higher SVRI than MET0.5 (highest values: 3192±882 and 2178±588 for MET1 and MET0.5, respectively). Morphine increased PAOP (mm Hg) from baseline at 5 min (12±4), while this parameter remained increased from baseline for 90 and 120 min after MET0.5 (maximum increase: 163) and MET1.0 (maximum increase: 173), respectively.
Mestre
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Deidda, Elisabetta. "Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Migrant Hotspot at the Gates of Fortress Europe." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166686.
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This thesis is a qualitative study focusing on the situation that has evolved in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from the beginning of 2018, when migrants and refugees started entering the country in large numbers in the context of the so-called Balkan route. The approach adopted in the thesis is informed by critical studies emphasizing the asymmetries entailed in the emerging multilevel governance of migration. The European Union (EU), the BiH state, IOM, civil society, activists, and citizens, are inserted in a “situational map” presenting their inter-relations, and the potential of each to influence the situation of concern. This thesis analyses in details the role of the EU, which is implementing in BiH its security-informed approach to irregular migration through externalization and multilevelling strategies. Eight semi-structured interviews allow the investigation into the potential and challenges of a “governance from below”. The main argument of this thesis is that the EU, outsourcing its strategy to curb irregular migration to BiH, fails to address the humanitarian crisis that is developing there, besides mining the stability and democracy of the country.
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Holtz, Catarina. "Due process for industrial property : European patenting under human rights control." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Rättsvetenskap (RV), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1417.
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Benge, Guy Jack Jr. "Partners in Crime: Federal Crime Control Policy and the States, 1894 – 1938." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1162821110.
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Hawkins, Rebecca. "The planning and management of tourism in Europe : case studies of planning, management and control in the coastal zone." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 1992. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/400/.
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This study is an investigation of aspects of tourism planning and management in Europe. In particular it is an examination within three distinct and complementary case study areas in the European coastal zone, of factors that may contribute to tourist area success. The historical development and the current problems of the tourism industry at international and national levels are discussed and the framework of European Community and national government approaches to tourism planning are analysed. Based on studies of the planning and management framework and extensive field work undertaken in Weymouth, the Algarve and Malta the thesis provides an interpretation of the mechanisms of development and control in operation at destination areas. It considers the extent to which the aims presented in the planning documentation for the area have been met in terms of visitor, resident and business success, and explores the relationships between these factors. The study concludes that, in general, the planning mechanisms and support for tourism development have been implemented only as a reaction to market failure and that resort managers are ill-equipped to deal with many of the problems that are evident in the tourism system. In particular the study highlights the importance of information and monitoring within the process of planning and control, and argues for greater emphasis on the role of residents, businesses and the quality of the environment in the tourism planning process.
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Kusumoto, Minori. "Role of expatriates : the case study of a Japanese multinational in Europe." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/47a605ce-4bc1-22cb-54c0-5c60b34cd05e/9/.
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The aim of this thesis is to identify the key roles of expatriates in a major Japanese MNE and factors influencing formation of their roles. It also examines to what extent expatriates have discretion in forming their roles. The thesis uses empirical data from 109 interviews and 5 years of action research (44 advisory board meetings and 144 Human Resource Management (HRM) workshops, 19 research sites in 9 countries and 17 additional meetings on specific topics) that enabled the researcher to carry out insightful and in-depth analysis with cross-national and multi-layer perspectives. The study applies organisational design theory to unveil the mechanisms of role formation, significantly expanding the understanding of these issues in Japanese business and the international business literature. The findings suggest that the process of role formation of expatriates can be explained by combining contingency theory and strategic choice theory in a framework that argues that the roles of expatriates are the result of a political process of organisational design (Child, 1997). This includes adaptation to the environment (Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967) but also the relationship between organisational agents and the environment in the process of strategic choice (Child, 1997). The major contribution of this study is to provide evidence that expatriates are not merely agents of HQs in international business as traditionally understood, but that their role is more complex and multifaceted. The study empirically identifies five key roles of expatriates – two more than previously identified in the literature – and unveils six contingency factors and two strategic choice factors influencing role formation. The thesis demonstrates that expatriates strategically select their roles, although internal and external factors can act either as enhancers or obstacles to their making of choices and role formation.
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Brown, Peter M. J. "The spread of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: coccinellidae) in Europe and its effects on native ladybirds." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2010. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/268912/.
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Native to Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive non-native ladybird in Europe and North America, where it was widely introduced as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids. There were three main objectives of this study: firstly, to investigate the spread and distribution of H. axyridis in Europe from the start of the invasion process; secondly, to study its ecology in Great Britain; and thirdly, to examine its effects on native ladybirds in Britain. In Europe, collaborations with a network of scientists allowed the collation of H. axyridis occurrence data from across the continent. In Great Britain, a web-based public survey (www.harlequin-survey.org) was used, leading to the receipt of over 10,000 verified records of H. axyridis between 2004 and 2008. National land cover data enabled the habitats used by H. axyridis to be identified across Great Britain. These datasets were analysed in order to study the spread and ecology of H. axyridis in Europe and Britain. Fieldwork over a three year period (2006 to 2008) was carried out to examine changes in ladybird species assemblages during the invasion phase of H. axyridis in eastern England. Laboratory work was conducted to detect intraguild predation by H. axyridis, through PCR analyses of gut contents of field-collected ladybirds. In Europe, H. axyridis has spread since 2001 at the rate of approximately 200km yr-1. It has become established in at least 23 European countries. The established range extends from Norway in the north to southern France in the south, and from Ukraine in the east to Great Britain in the west. In the first five years of establishment H. axyridis spread north through Britain at the rate of 105km yr-1 and west at the rate of 145km yr-1. Evidence of the production of two generations per year was found, giving H. axyridis an advantage over most native ladybirds in Britain. Although H. axyridis was very common in urban habitats, it increasingly used semi-natural habitats. In addition, whilst the species was most common on deciduous trees, it was increasingly found on herbaceous plants. Aceraceae, Rosaceae and Malvaceae were the dominant plant families used by H. axyridis, especially for breeding. In eastern England H. axyridis increased from 0.1% to 40% of total ladybirds in three years, whilst native aphidophagous ladybirds declined from 84% to 41% of total ladybirds in the same period. Three species in particular experienced declines: Adalia 2-punctata, Coccinella 7-punctata and Propylea 14-punctata. Harmonia axyridis was the most abundant species by the end of the study. Detection of intraguild predation by one coccinellid on another, in the field in Europe, was shown for the first time using PCR techniques: A. 2-punctata DNA was detected in the gut of one of 112 field-collected H. axyridis. Harmonia axyridis has spread very quickly since 2001 and has become one of the most widely distributed coccinellids in Europe. Populations of native aphidophagous ladybirds were negatively affected by the arrival of H. axyridis, partly through intraguild predation.
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Brown, Peter M. J. "The spread of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: coccinellidae) in Europe and its effects on native ladybirds." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2010. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/268912/6/Brown_2010.pdf.
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Native to Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive non-native ladybird in Europe and North America, where it was widely introduced as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids. There were three main objectives of this study: firstly, to investigate the spread and distribution of H. axyridis in Europe from the start of the invasion process; secondly, to study its ecology in Great Britain; and thirdly, to examine its effects on native ladybirds in Britain.
In Europe, collaborations with a network of scientists allowed the collation of H. axyridis occurrence data from across the continent. In Great Britain, a web-based public survey (www.harlequin-survey.org) was used, leading to the receipt of over 10,000 verified records of H. axyridis between 2004 and 2008. National land cover data enabled the habitats used by H. axyridis to be identified across Great Britain. These datasets were analysed in order to study the spread and ecology of H. axyridis in Europe and Britain. Fieldwork over a three year period (2006 to 2008) was carried out to examine changes in ladybird species assemblages during the invasion phase of H. axyridis in eastern England. Laboratory work was conducted to detect intraguild predation by H. axyridis, through PCR analyses of gut contents of field-collected ladybirds.
In Europe, H. axyridis has spread since 2001 at the rate of approximately 200km yr-1. It has become established in at least 23 European countries. The established range extends from Norway in the north to southern France in the south, and from Ukraine in the east to Great Britain in the west. In the first five years of establishment H. axyridis spread north through Britain at the rate of 105km yr-1 and west at the rate of 145km yr-1. Evidence of the production of two generations per year was found, giving H. axyridis an advantage over most native ladybirds in Britain. Although H. axyridis was very common in urban habitats, it increasingly used semi-natural habitats. In addition, whilst the species was most common on deciduous trees, it was increasingly found on herbaceous plants. Aceraceae, Rosaceae and Malvaceae were the dominant plant families used by H. axyridis, especially for breeding. In eastern England H. axyridis increased from 0.1% to 40% of total ladybirds in three years, whilst native aphidophagous ladybirds declined from 84% to 41% of total ladybirds in the same period. Three species in particular experienced declines: Adalia 2-punctata, Coccinella 7-punctata and Propylea 14-punctata. Harmonia axyridis was the most abundant species by the end of the study. Detection of intraguild predation by one coccinellid on another, in the field in Europe, was shown for the first time using PCR techniques: A. 2-punctata DNA was detected in the gut of one of 112 field-collected H. axyridis.
Harmonia axyridis has spread very quickly since 2001 and has become one of the most widely distributed coccinellids in Europe. Populations of native aphidophagous ladybirds were negatively affected by the arrival of H. axyridis, partly through intraguild predation.
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Vlachou, Charikleia. "La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en Europe (communications électroniques, énergie)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020055/document.
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La coopération entre les autorités de régulation en matière de communications électroniques et d’énergie s’inscrit dans le contexte de mutation de l’administration européenne qui est intervenue au fil des deux dernières décennies. Son architecture institutionnelle est marquée par la forte européanisation des autorités de régulation,laquelle est le résultat de l’harmonisation opérée par le droit de l’Union européenne et de la diffusion de meilleures pratiques. La coopération entre les autorités de régulation se fonde néanmoins sur des principes juridiques flous en droit primaire. Elle est de plus marquée par l’ambigüité de la délégation des pouvoirs à l’échelle de l’Union européenne. Dans les deux secteurs étudiés, elle traduit l’hybridation des modèles de gouvernance que sont les « agences de l’Union européenne » et les « réseaux d’autorités », car elle a donné naissance à une « agence en réseau » puissante dans le domaine de l’énergie - l’ACRE- et à un « réseau agenciarisé » faible en matière de communications électroniques– l’ORECE.Pour assurer l’effectivité de l’ « Union de droit », les actes de ces organismes de l’Unioneuropéenne sont contrôlés par le juge de l’Union européenne, dont la saisine par lesparticuliers reste malheureusement difficile. Dans ce contexte, le Médiateur européen présente un potentiel fort en tant qu’instance de contrôle complémentaire. Quant au prétendu déficit démocratique souligné par les détracteurs de l’Union européenne, il est ici démenti car le Parlement européen assure un contrôle démocratique efficace sur les organismes étudiés. Si ses moyens de contrôle politique sont largement informels et méritent d’être approfondis, le contrôle qu’il exerce dans le cadre de la procédure de décharge budgétaire peut, quant à lui, déboucher sur une transformation de l’architecture institutionnelle des organismes étudiésThe cooperation among regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications and energy takes place against the background of the transformation of the european administration in the last two decades. Its institutional design bears the mark of the europeanisation of regulators through the harmonisation brought about by EU law and the diffusion of best practices. The cooperation among regulatory authorities is formalised on the basis of a primary law that is vague. It is also marked by ambiguity with regard to the delegation of pouvoirs on a European level. In the sectors of energy and electronic communications, it reflects the « hybrisation » of two models of governance, European agencies and networks, giving birth to a powerful « network agency » in the field of energy-the ACER- and a weak « agenciarised network » in the field of electronic communications- the BEREC. The control of the acts of these two organisms in a « Union of law » is ensured by the Cour of justice of the European Union which is, however, difficult to accessfor individuals. In this context, the European Ombudsman demonstrates a real potential as a complementary forum of control. Against a priori hypotheses with respect to the democratic deficit of the European Union, the European Parliament effectively ensures the democratic control of ACER and BEREC. Even if its means of political control are largelyinformal and should be better defined, the control it exercices in the context of the budgetary discharge procedure is capable of transforming the institutional design of the above mentioned organisms
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Juhel, Amandine. "Dynamique des populations de méligèthes, Brassicogethes aeneus Fabr. (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) et de son principal parasitoïde, Tersilochus heterocerus Thomson (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) en fonction de l’hétérogénéité des paysages agricoles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA035/document.
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Une régulation biologique plus efficace des ravageurs des grandes cultures par leurs ennemis naturels nécessite une meilleure compréhension de la biologie de ces espèces et de leurs patrons de dispersion dans les paysages agricoles. L’objectif de ce travail est d’améliorer les connaissances sur la dynamique des populations de méligèthes et de leur parasitoïde principal. A l’aide de microsatellites, nous avons montré que la structuration génétique des populations de méligèthes était faible en Europe, celle de T. heterocerus est sensiblement plus forte. Avec des modèles statistiques appliqués aux abondances de méligèthes, nous avons montré qu’ils parcourent en moyenne 1,2 km après l’hivernation. Cette distance moyenne de dispersion est comparable à celle estimée à partir de résultats d’assignation de parentés génétique entre paires d’individus. Avec des relevés de terrain, nous avons quantifié et identifié les déterminants de la présence de méligèthes dans d’autres habitats que le colza. Au printemps, ils peuvent être observés dans des prairies, des friches et des bords de champs, où se trouvent des fleurs jaunes. En été, les méligèthes sont présents dans ces habitats, partout où il y a des fleurs, sans distinction de couleurs, surtout sur les adventices des cultures. Enfin, la présence de parasitoïdes semble plus fortement déterminée par la présence de méligèthes que par des éléments paysagers. Le paysage joue un rôle déterminant sur ce couple d’espèces. De plus, les estimations des paramètres démographiques réalisées pourront aider par la modélisation à dimensionner les actions à mener pour limiter les dégâts causés par les méligèthesMore effective biological regulation of field crop pests by their natural enemies requires a better understanding of the biology of these species and their patterns of dispersal in agricultural landscapes. The objective of this work is to increase knowledge on the dynamics of pollen beetles populations and their main parasitoid. Using an approach based on the analysis of microsatellites, we have shown that the genetic structuring of pollen beetle populations in Europe is weak. Populations of T. heterocerus are more structured. With statistical models applied to the abundance of pollen beetles, we have shown that they travel an average of 1.2 km, after overwintering. This average distance is comparable to that estimated from results of sibship analysis between pairs of individualsWith fieldwork, we quantified and identified the determinants of pollen beetles presence in habitats other than rapeseed. In spring, pollen beetles can be seen in grasslands, fallows and field edges with yellow flowers. In summer, pollen beetles are present in these habitats, wherever there are flowers, without distinction of colour, especially on the weeds of crops. Finally, the presence of parasitoids seems to be more strongly determined by the presence of pollen beetles than by landscape elements. The landscape plays a decisive role on this pair of species. Moreover, throught modelling, estimates of the demographic parameters carried out would help to shape the actions to be taken to limit the damage caused by pollen beetles
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Sala, Carole-Aline. "Contribution du modèle Age-Période-Cohorte à l’étude de l’épizootie d’Encéphalopathie Spongiforme Bovine en France et en Europe." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10280/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB) est une maladie neuro-dégénérative fatale affectant les bovins ; elle est également une zoonose à l’origine du variant de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Identifiée pour la première fois au Royaume-Uni en 1986, cette maladie s’est rapidement étendue en Europe, malgré la mise en place de mesures de contrôle. En raison des particularités épidémiologiques de l’ESB (longue période d’incubation, âge précoce à l’infection et diagnostic post-mortem possible uniquement en fin d’incubation), l’évolution temporelle de l’exposition des bovins à l’ESB ne peut être appréhendée qu’à partir de la modélisation. Nous avons utilisé le modèle Age-Période-Cohorte afin de (ré)évaluer, en relation avec les principales mesures de contrôle, l’évolution de l’épizootie d’ESB à la lumière des données de surveillance les plus récente, en France, et dans six autres pays européens : Allemagne, Irlande, Italie, Pays-Bas, Pologne et Royaume-UniBovine spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting cattle and transmissible to humans as the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BSE was first identified in 1986 in United Kingdom, before spreading to European countries despite the implementation of control measures. Due to BSE epidemiological characteristics (long incubation period, early age at infection and post-mortem diagnostic at end stage of incubation period), time trend of BSE cattle exposure can only be estimated by modeling. We used age-period-cohort model in order to (re)evaluate, in relation to the main control measures, the trend of BSE epidemic, using the most recent surveillance data in France and six other European countries: Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and United Kingdom
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Olson, Peter Millard. "An analysis of US/Soviet arms control : adding a subsystem perspective." PDXScholar, 1989. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4300.
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Analyses of US/Soviet arms control have usually focused on domestic variables to explain US/Soviet arms control behavior. Partly because the number of negotiating parties is only two, there is a propensity to focus on the bilateral relationship of the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective domestic political situations. Only superficial attention has usually been given to international systems variables that may well influence the domestic political situation and arms control policy.
This thesis broadens the explanatory scope of US/Soviet arms control by showing how the political environment of a trilateral relationship (a subsystem that includes the West European members of NATO as a single actor as well as the United States and the Soviet Union) is a primary motivator of US/Soviet arms control behavior.
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Rondy, Marc. "Efficacité post autorisation de mise sur le marché de la vaccination antigrippale saisonnière contre l’hospitalisation avec une grippe confirmée virologiquement chez l’adulte en Europe." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0684/document.
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Notre objectif était de mesurer chez les adultes en Europe l’efficacité des vaccins (EV) anti-grippaux saisonniers contre l’hospitalisation avec une grippe confirmée en laboratoire. Nous avons coordonné une étude cas-témoins multicentrique dans 29 hôpitaux de 12 pays entre 2011 et 2017. Nous avons fait une analyse des données groupées lors de chaque saison grippale. Entre 2011-12 et 2016-17, nous avons recruté 3436 cas de grippe et 5969 témoins. L’EV tous virus confondus était de 26% ; elle était de 40% chez les 18-64 ans, 25% chez les 65-79 ans et 23% chez les 80 ans et plus. Par saison, l’EV variait entre 15% en 2016-17 et 44% en 2013-14. L’EV était particulièrement basse chez les seniors lors des saisons grippales dominées par le sous-type de grippe A(H3N2), atteignant 10% en 2011-12 et 2016-17 chez les personnes âgées de 80 ans et plus. Nos résultats suggèrent une EV faible à modérée contre la grippe hospitalisée chez l’adulte. Le renforcement et l’évaluation de modes de prévention complémentaires, tels que l’usage prophylactique d’antiviraux, la vaccination du personnel soignant et les approches non-pharmaceutiques (masque, hygiène des mains) devraient être une prioritéOur objective was to measure seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalisation with laboratory-confirmed influenza in Europe among adults. Between 2011 and 2017, we coordinated a multicenter case-control study in 29 hospitals in 12 countries. We pooled and analysed the data after every season. Between 2011-12 and 2016-17, we recruited 3436 influenza cases and 5969 controls. Pooled across seasons, IVE against any influenza was 26%; 40% patients aged 18-64 yeas, 25% among those aged 65-79 years, and 23% among those aged ≥80 years. Season specific IVE ranged between 15% in 2016-17 and 44% in 2013-14. IVE was particularly low among elderly in seasons dominated by the A(H3N2) viruses; it was 10% in 2011-12 and 2016-17 in people aged ≥80 years. Our results suggest a low to moderate IVE against influenza hospitalisation in adults. Evaluating complementary prevention options, such as prophylactic antiviral use, vaccination of health care workers and non-pharmaceutical interventions should be a priority
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Mainwaring, Cetta. "Centring on the margins : migration control in Malta, Cyprus and the European Union." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4666c423-23eb-4ef6-99dc-f85f8c3f391a.
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Why does the European Union focus on controlling irregular immigration at the external border? The emphasis presents a paradox as most irregular migrants in the EU arrive through legal channels and subsequently overstay or violate the conditions of their visa. In order to explore this paradox, the thesis examines two case studies, Malta and Cyprus. As small island states on the Union’s southern periphery, the two are ostensibly unable to resist the transfer of migration controls and asylum responsibility to the EU’s external borders. Yet, employing nonmaterial power, namely by highlighting the perceived migration pressures they are under, the two states have successfully attracted significant financial and practical support from other member states. In doing so, they have influenced policymaking within EU migration governance, but have ultimately reinforced the emphasis on controlling irregular immigration at the external border by portraying the phenomenon as a crisis. This thesis not only sheds light on the interaction between the EU and the two states under investigation, but combines three levels of analysis – the regional, national, and local. The crisis narrative detrimentally affects the migrant and refugee populations as it encourages the adoption of restrictive and deterrent measures rather than ensuring access to rights and long-term integration. Nevertheless, this population is not without agency. It is their individual decisions to move across national borders without state authorisation that in the aggregate both compels states into dialogue about the issue and provides the basis for the dynamic between the EU and these two member states.