Journal articles on the topic 'Naples (Italy) – History – 15th century'
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Lehmann, L. Th. "Underwater archaeology in 15th and 16th-century Italy." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, no. 1 (February 1991): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00290.x.
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Borghese, A. "THE LIPIZZANER IN ITALY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 10 (April 1992): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003308.
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SUMMARYThe Lipizzaner is one of Europe's most ancient breeds; its history goes back to the early 16th century The original stock came from the North of Italy and Spain; six male lines introduced in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century, from Naples, the Austro-Hungarian empire, Denmark and Arabia upgraded the breed to its actual standard. The Italian national stud of Montemaggiore is perpetrating the Lipizzaner tradition. The horses are kept under extensive grazing conditions and all six “families” (Napolitano,Conversaro, Favory, Pluto, Maestoso and Siglavy) are present.
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CARRIÓ-INVERNIZZI, DIANA. "GIFT AND DIPLOMACY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SPANISH ITALY." Historical Journal 51, no. 4 (November 18, 2008): 881–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007115.
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ABSTRACTThis article explains how the concept and the practice of gift-making evolved in Spanish Italy in connection with power. Contemporary chronicles, avvisi (newsletters), and letters enable us to reflect upon how gifts were seen, given, and received in the period at the Spanish embassy in Rome and in the viceroyalty of Naples. It aims to establish how the exchange of presents affected the wielding of power and how it contributed to shaping the political culture of the Spanish in Italy. The seventeenth century and Italy were the time and place that witnessed the greatest experimentation in gift-making practices. This experimentation and the polysemic nature of gifts can also be explained as a result of the low level of professionalization that still characterized diplomacy in seventeenth-century Europe.
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Esposito, Salvatore. "From England to Italy: The Intriguing Story of Poli’s Engine for the King of Naples." Physics in Perspective 23, no. 2-3 (October 2021): 104–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00016-021-00277-1.
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AbstractAn interesting, yet unknown episode concerning the effective permeation of the scientific revolution in eighteenth-century Kingdom of Naples (and Italy more generally) is recounted. The intriguing story of James Watt’s steam engine, prepared to serve a Royal Estate of the King of Naples in Carditello, reveals a fascinating piece of the history of that kingdom, as well as an unknown step in the history of Watt’s steam engine, whose final entrepreneurial success for the celebrated Boulton & Watt company was a direct consequence. This story reveals that, contrary to what claimed in the literature, the first introduction in Italy of the most important technological innovation of the eighteenth century did not take place with the construction of the first steamship of the Mediterranean Sea, but rather thirty years before that, thanks to the incomparable work of Giuseppe Saverio Poli, a leading scholar and an influential figure in the Kingdom of Naples. The tragic epilogue of Poli’s engine accounts for its vanishing from historical memory.
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Dechert, Michael S. A. "The Military Architecture of Francesco di Giorgio in Southern Italy." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 49, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990475.
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The role of Francesco di Giorgio (1439-1501) in developing the forms of artillery fortification marking the transition from late medieval defenses to the mature bastioned forts of the 16th century is becoming clearer as additional research has enhanced our knowledge of the chronology of his interventions, the maturation of design elements, and the interlocking personal, institutional, and political factors in his work for the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples. These efforts by Francesco di Giorgio and his associates focused on Naples, Otranto, Gallipoli, Taranto, Manfredonia, Monte Sant'Angelo, Reggio Calabria, Ortona, Matera, and Brindisi. Archival sources, investigation of the sites, and surviving graphic materials contribute substantially to identifying this "school" of military architects and the evolution of design brought about by the technological challenge of gunpowder, firearms, and siege artillery.
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Britnell, R. H. "England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: the Economic Contrasts." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (December 1989): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678983.
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We know almost as much about the operations of big Italian companies in England as about those in Italy itself during the early fourteenth century. Tuscan trade here engaged some of Europe's most celebrated businesses, attracted by the kingdom's fine wool and the credit-worthiness of her crown and nobility. Historians have some-times drawn an analogy with international lending from richer to poorer countries in the modern world, both to create a point of contact with their readers and to meet the need for deep-lying explanations. The analogy usually carries the implication that Italy had a more advanced economy than England, and there are authors who say so explicitly. Some use terms designed to describe international economic growth during the last two hundred years, and represent medieval Italy as a pole of development, or a core economy. Others, borrowing the language of power, describe Italy as a dominant economy. Professor Cipolla uses a number of these ideas at once in his observation that ‘in the early years of the fourteenth century Florence represented a dominant and developed economy, while England and the kingdom of Naples were two decidedly underdeveloped countries: the periphery, to use Wallerstein's expression’.
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Proietti, Noemi, Graziella Roselli, Donatella Capitani, Claudio Pettinari, Stefania Pucciarelli, Sara Basileo, and Fabrizio Scognamiglio. "Characterization of Handmade Papers (13th–15th century) from Camerino and Fabriano (Marche, Italy)." Journal of Cultural Heritage 42 (March 2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.07.014.
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BORRELLI, ANTONIO. "CARTEGGIO DI DOMENICO COTUGNO." Nuncius 1, no. 2 (1986): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539186x00539.
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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>This short essay should be - event though not exaustive at all a view on the situation of the Cotugno papers. Domenico Cotugno (1736-1822) was one of the most eminent scientists among them who worked in Naples in the 18th and in the early 19th century. This essay is particularly centred upon the Cotugno papers founded in National Library of Naples (Carteggio Cotugno, mss. S. Martino, 394-401). Among these papers there are many letters written by scientists and learned people, from Italy and from abroad. This writing finally gives some indications about Cotugno's letters founded in other libraries, and a list of edited papers.
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Eamon, William. "Cannibalism and Contagion: Framing Syphilis in Counter-Reformation Italy*." Early Science and Medicine 3, no. 1 (1998): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338298x00013.
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AbstractThe outbreak of syphilis in Europe elicited a variety of responses concerning the disease's origins and cure. In this essay, I examine the theory of the origins of syphilis advanced by the 16th-century Italian surgeon Leonardo Fioravanti. According to Fioravanti, syphilis was not new but had always existed, although it was unknown to the ancients. The syphilis epidemic, he argued, was caused by cannibalism among the French and Italian armies during the siege of Naples in 1494. Fioravanti's strange and novel theory is connected with his view of disease as corruption of the body caused by eating improper foods. His theory of bodily pollution, a metaphor for the corruption of society, coincided with Counter-Reformation concepts about sin and the social order.
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Callewier, Hendrik. "Bruges, 15th-century centre of the notarial profession in the Low Countries." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 77, no. 1-2 (2009): 73–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004075809x403406.
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AbstractOn the strength of previous research it has often been assumed that in Flanders the notarial profession had barely developed before 1531. That position can no longer be upheld, in particular with regard to fifteenth-century Bruges, since a prosopographical study into the notaries public who were active at the time in Bruges shows that nowhere else in the Low Countries was the notariate so successful. Moreover, because of their numbers, of their intensive activity in pursuing their trade and of the nature of the deeds they drafted, the Bruges notaries appear to have set the standards for their colleagues in the other parts of the Low Countries. Even so, it remains true that in Bruges as in the rest of North-Western Europe, the notarial profession remained far less important than in the cities of Northern Italy.
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Hryszko, Rafał. "The Sweet War, or How Military Campaigns of Alfonso V of Aragon Affected the Eating Habits in Early to Mid-15th Century." Perspektywy Kultury 26, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2603.11.
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Starting from the time of James I the Conqueror (1213-1276) the Kingdom of Aragon started its Mediterranean expansion. Following successive military expeditions, its conquests included: Mallorca and the other Balearic Islands (1229-1235), Sicily (1282) and Sardinia (1323-1324). The culmination of this process was the involvement of a Alfons V the Magnanimous (1416-1458) in the war for the Kingdom of Naples, which began in 1420. After 22 years of intermittent struggle, in 1442, Alfons V the Magnanimous eventually captured Naples, which in the years to come became one of the leading centers of the Italian Renaissance.
The appearance of foreign domination in southern Italy suddenly entailed the transfer of Catalan culture, language and customs. Among the latter, Catalan culinary traditions formed at the end of the fourteenth century also occupied an important place. It was during this period that a significant change took place in the Kingdom of Aragon regarding the role and the circumstances of eating sweets by its financial and political elites. Until then, confectioneries were served as part of dessert at the end of the main meal (dinner or feast), while in the period discussed their consumption considerably shifted in time. Initially, their consumption was still associated with the various elements of the feasting etiquette (e.g. dancing, amusements, other meals). With time, the ceremonial of eating sweets transformed into a separate meal of sweet snacks, referred to by the Catalan term of col·lació. It quickly became a solemn, independently functioning type of feast, with an established ceremonial and setting.
Under what circumstances were Catalan eating practices transplanted to Italian context? What influence did the ruler and his military operations have on the enrichment of Italian feasting with new ele ments of Catalan provenance? – Such questions define the direction of the considerations made by the author of the paper.
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Poplavskaya, Irina A. "The Kingdom of Naples and Russia at the Beginning of the 19th Century: Based on the Correspondence of the Bulgakov Brothers." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 17 (2022): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/17/9.
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The article examines the activities of the Russian diplomatic mission in Naples in 1802-1808 based on the correspondence between brothers Alexander and Konstantin Bulgakov. In accordance with the tropological methodology of the historian Hayden White, tragic and novel metanarratives are distinguished in describing the relationship between the Kingdom of Naples, Russia, and the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. The narration of the events in accordance with the tragic plot reveals the confrontation between the hero and the world, Napoleon and the coalition of European states led by Austria, Britain, and Russia. At the same time, the transformation of the tragedy into the novel in historical terms presupposes a change in the established world order after the end of the era of the Napoleonic Wars, which the decisions of the Congress of Vienna consolidated in 18141815. The basis of the plot in the selected metanarratives is the life of Ferdinand IV, the king of Naples, and his family; Napoleon’s military actions in Italy; diplomatic and military assistance to Naples from Russia and the life of Russians in Naples and Palermo; the events of the Patriotic War of 1812; the messianic role of Emperor Alexander in the victory over Napoleon’s army. The influence of the actions of the allied forces in 1813-1815 and the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on the emergence of national liberation movements in Italy and the subsequent unification of the country is revealed. The spatial centers of the Bulgakovs’ epistolary works are Naples, Palermo, Rome, the capitals of four empires (Paris, Vienna, London, Petersburg), and related historical figures (King Ferdinand IV and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria (sister of Marie Antoinette, the French queen), Napoleon, Joseph Bonaparte, Joachim Murat, Austrian Emperor Francis II, Russian Emperor Alexander I, Pope Pius VII, Admiral and Secretary of State of the Kingdom of Naples John Acton, Russian envoys in Naples and Rome A.Ya. Italinsky and sine, and others. The article analyzes the conceptual sphere and poetics of the “Neapolitan” text of Russian literature. In the letters, the image of Naples is presented through the situation of a meeting of Southern and Northern Europe, Naples and Petersburg, monarchy and republic, Catholicism and Orthodoxy, history and modernity. Naples is perceived as a special communicative space associated with the diplomatic activities of both brothers, with their circle of communication, and aesthetically with a private letter as a kind of an ego-document. The perception of Naples as an island state, as an “earthly paradise at the foot of a volcano”, as a city of the Lazzaroni and carnival culture brings the correspondence between the Bulgakov brothers close with descriptions of this city in Russian travelogues of the late 18th - first third of the 19th centuries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Hryszko, Rafał. "Wkład Alfonsa V Wspaniałomyślnego w upowszechnienie katalońskich zwyczajów kulinarnych w Królestwie Neapolu w XV wieku." Studia Iberystyczne 20 (November 25, 2021): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/si.20.2021.20.01.
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Contribution of Alfonso V the Magnanimous to the Popularization of Catalan Culinary Customs in the Kingdom of Napl es in the 15th century
The wars for Naples ended in 1442 with the victory of Alfonso V the Magnanimous, the ruler of the Crown of Aragon (1416–1458). The emergence of foreign authority in southern Italy entailed the transfer of the Catalan culture, language and customs to the area of Italian Mezzogiorno. In this process, Catalan culinary traditions which developed at the end of the fourteenth century also occupied an important place. One of them was a separate sweet snack, referred to by the Catalan term col·lació (collatio in Latin). The organization and celebration of col·lació became an important form of ostentation for the Catalan ruling and financial elites. In this article, the author discusses excerpts from historical sources whose authors include, among others, Antonio Beccadelli, Jordi de Centelles, Vespasiano da Bisticci, Giovanni Pontano, as well as the ambassadors of Barcelona and Portugal and other anonymous authors writing about the times of Alfonso V the Magnanimous. The data provided by these sources clearly indicate that this ruler followed the custom of eating sweet colazione known in Italy at this time and gave it a new meaning at least as early as in the 1440s. Thanks to this ruler of Aragon and new Neapolitan king, the sweet snack became one of the instruments of the ostentation of wealth and prestige for the new rulers of the southern part of Italy and soon after also for other princes and lords of the area.
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D'Elia, Anthony F. "Marriage, Sexual Pleasure, and Learned Brides in the Wedding Orations of Fifteenth-Century Italy." Renaissance Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2002): 379–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1262314.
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In the fifteenth century, Guarino Guarini, Ludovico Carbone, Francesco Filelfo, and other humanists composed and delivered Latin orations at courtly weddings in Ferrara, Naples, and Milan. In these epithalatmia, which are mostly unpublished, orators adapt a classically inspired conception of marriage to Italian court culture. They defend physical beauty and sexual pleasure, praise learned brides, and assert the importance of mutual affection, revealing a complex picture of ideal gender relations in courts. Against the ancient and Christian anti-marriage ascetic traditions, humanists offer biblical, philosophical, political, economic, and hedonistic arguments in defense of marriage.
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ENGLUND, STEVEN. "MONSTRE SACRÉ:THE QUESTION OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE." Historical Journal 51, no. 1 (March 2008): 215–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006656.
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ABSTRACTThis review considers, first, current work on the Napoleonic Empire dealing with Switzerland, the three parts of ‘Germany’ (the Rhineland, the ‘Third Germany’, Prussia), Spain, and the so-called ‘national’ question(s) in these countries and regions. It next focuses on recent work on the three parts of ‘Italy’ (the Kingdom of Italy, the départements réunis, and the Kingdom of Naples). But the main body of the review concentrates on the work of Michael Broers: not only his new and remarkable conceptualization of the Empire as containing ‘inner’, ‘outer’, and ‘intermediate’ zones, but also his creative if controversial application of post-modern colonial theory to an analysis of the French in Italy. The review suggests that Broers, for all his brilliance and mastery, has perhaps pressed his arguments and conclusion beyond his evidence base. The latter, while extensive, is too limited to just French perceptions of Italians before 1815, and does not extensively consider Italian reactions to the French presence; nor does it provide significant evidence to buttress Broers's far-reaching conclusions about nineteenth- and twentieth-century Italy.
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LÉVY, TONY. "L'ALGÈBRE ARABE DANS LES TEXTES HÉBRAÏQUES (II). DANS L'ITALIE DES XVe ET XVIe SIÈCLES, SOURCES ARABES ET SOURCES VERNACULAIRES." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (February 12, 2007): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423907000379.
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Until the end of the 14th century, the sources of Hebrew mathematical writings were almost exclusively in Arabic. This was particularly true of texts that contained elements of algebra or algebraic developments. The testimonies we present and analyze here are due to Jewish authors living in Italy, primarily in the 15th century, who made use of the most varied sources, in addition to Arabic: in Castilian, in Italian, and perhaps in Latin. These testimonies constitute both an indication, and a product, of the circulation of Arab algebraic traditions in Renaissance Italy. Simon Moṭoṭ’s book on The Calculation of Algebra stems from the Italian tradition of ‘‘treatises on the abacus’’. Mordekhay Finzi of Mantua is the author of a Hebrew version of the great work on algebra by Abū Kāmil (9th century), as well as of a version, distinct from the preceding, of the Arabic scholar’s introductory exposition. Beginning in 1473, Finzi also translated from Italian to Hebrew the important treatise on algebra by Maestro Dardi of Pisa (1344). We also indicate some 16th century continuations of Hebrew mathematical production, which contain algebraic developments.
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Valentini, Daria. "Food and Anthropology in the Early Works of Matilde Serao." Quaderni d'italianistica 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v30i2.11906.
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Food has long been considered by anthropologists to be an integral part of self-representation, culture, and identity. The present study investigates the early works of Matilde Serao, focusing on food imagery and culinary customs of the city of Naples. Serao’s fiction and journalistic production reveal a socio-anthropological approach that emphasizes food’s importance within familial and community life. By incorporating documentary and autobiographical elements, the writer offers a unique perspective on the city of Naples and its identity in the late nineteenth century. As we will see, the depiction of food as a socioanthropological construct serves as an effective means to convey important concerns regarding society and history at large, thereby contextualizing Serao’s original place within women’s writing in Italy.
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Năstăsoiu, Dragoş Gh. "Royal Saints, Artistic Patronage, and Self-representation among Hungarian Noblemen." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 3 (2021): 810–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.308.
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During the 1401–1403 political crisis in the Kingdom of Hungary, the magnates who were hostile to the ruling King Sigismund of Luxemburg and supported instead the Angevin King Ladislas of Naples deployed a wide range of propaganda tools for proving the legitimacy of their political cause. In a previous study published in this journal (Vestnik of SPbSU. History, 2021, vol. 66, issue 1, рp. 179–192), I have focused on the Hungarian noblemen’s anti-royal propaganda through the utilizing of political and spiritual symbols (i. e., the Holy Crown of Hungary and the cult, relics, and visual representations of St. Ladislas), symbolic actions (coronations and oath-swearing on holy relics), and heraldic self-representation (the Árpádian double cross). The present study approaches the same topic of anti-royal propaganda in the troubled political context of the early 15th century, but from the perspective of the elites’ self-representation strategies via the cult of Hungarian royal saints, artistic patronage, and heraldic self-representation. The two leaders of the anti-royal movement, Archbishop of Esztergom John Kanizsai and Palatine of Hungary Detre Bebek, repeatedly commissioned works of art (i.e., seals, stained-glass windows, and wall paintings) which featured prominently the images of the three Holy Kings of Hungary (Sts Stephen, Emeric, and Ladislas) or displayed the realm’s coat of arms (the Árpádian two-barred cross). The reliance of John Kanizsai and Detre Bebek on the cults and images of the patron saints of the country blended harmoniously the commissioners’ personal piety with their political ambitions. In the context of the early-15th century political crisis, the appropriation of the ideal figures of the sancti reges Hungariae became the driving force behind the Hungarian noblemen’s political cause.
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D’Auria, Alessia, Maurizio Teobaldelli, and Gaetano Di Pasquale. "The late Holocene history of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in the Italian peninsula: New perspectives from archaeobotanical data." Holocene 30, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619875812.
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The objective of this research is to reconstruct the recent Holocene history of Cupressus sempervirens from the Bronze to the Roman Age in Italy. Our work consisted both in a review of published data and in the identification of novel archaeobotanical remains stored in the deposits of the National Archaeological Museum of Naples and of the Archaeological Park of Pompeii. The literature permitted to collect information linked to different plant remain typologies of the Italian cypress; 362 botanical remains were counted, of which 292 were from the Vesuvian area and 70 from other archaeological sites of the central and western Mediterranean. Data chronology spans from the second century BC to the AD fifth century for the archaeological area of ancient Campania and from the 14th century BC to the AD fourth century for the sites located in different regions. It is clear that the ‘cypress culture’ is confirmed by the archaeobotanical data found in the Roman world. Romans especially appreciated its timber but cypress was also used for many other purposes. Furthermore, the employment of timber for wells was documented in pre-Roman sites and the presence of fruits/seeds in central Italy confirms its importance also in the Bronze Age.
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Gorzelany-Nowak, Dorota. "Czartoryski & Torlonia: A Collection of Roman Marble Statues in the Princes Czartoryski Museum." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.12.
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The objective of the article is to discuss the history of the acquiring of marble sculptures by Prince Władysław Czartoryski during his two stays in Italy: in Naples in 1889 and in Rome in 1891, based on preserved archival documents. The statues include such exquisite examples as a sculpture of Venus Medici from the beginning of the 1st century AD, as well as examples of compilations of ancient fragments that supposedly had previously belonged to the Roman Torlonia collection. Formal analysis of individual objects is expanded upon with information related to conservations they have been subject to.
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Soler Molina, Abel. "Perpètua de Cartago i Camar de Tunis. Sobre algunes fonts del Curial accessibles a Itàlia." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 8 (December 13, 2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.0.9283.
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Resum: Els estudiosos del Curial han relacionat fàcilment l’enamorament de l’africana Camar amb els amors –també africans– d’Enees i Dido. Tanmateix, els ha passat desapercebuda la figura de la màrtir romana Perpètua de Cartago, jove estudiosa de l’Eneida, que fou lligada a un pal i exposada als lleons, entre altres aspectes biogràfics relacionables amb el personatge curialesc de Camar. La revisió de les Actes del martiri (versions A i B, divulgades ensems) i de la novel·lada Passio Perpetuae (segle III) permet detectar coincidències argumentals i connexions intertextuals amb la novel·la cavalleresca del segle XV. El fet que aquestes fonts foren fàcilment accessibles a Itàlia (Milà, Nàpols), però no a la Península Ibèrica, reforça la idea –generalment acceptada per la crítica– d’un Curial e Güelfa escrit en relació amb la cort napolitana d’Alfons el Magnànim. El tractament paròdic que l’anònim fa de les fonts devocionals, d’altra banda, resulta també especialment interessant per a caracteritzar-lo intel·lectualment i per a interpretar com cal l’obra. Paraules clau: santa Perpètua de Cartago, Camar, Curial e Güelfa, novel·la cavalleresca, Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis. Abstract: The scholars of the Curial have easily related the love of the African Camar with the love stories –also African– of Eneas and Dido. However, they have not paid attention to the figure of the Roman martyr Perpetua of Carthage, a young scholar of the Eneida who was tied to a post and exposed to the lions, among other biographical aspects that could be linked to the character of Camar in the Curial. The revision of the Minutes of the martyrdom (versions A and B, released together) and the fictionalized Passio Perpetuae (3rd century) allow us to notice coincidences in the plot and intertextual connections with the chivalric novel of the 15th century. The fact that these sources were easily accessible in Italy (Milano, Naples) and unknown in the Iberian Peninsula reinforces the idea –generally accepted by the criticism– of a Curial e Güelfa written in relation with the court in Naples of Alfonso the Magnanimous. The parodic treatment that the anonymous
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Treccozzi, D., A. Pane, A. Sansonetti, and R. Catuogno. "THE “<i>GABINETTO</i> OF GILDED STUCCO” IN THE ROYAL PALACE OF PORTICI, NAPLES (ITALY): SURVEY AND DIAGNOSIS FOR CONSERVATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-427-2020.
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Abstract. During the 18th century architecture in Naples reached an extremely balanced synthesis between architectural spatiality and decorative apparatuses representing the most successful example of local inventiveness over history. Quite an impressive case dating back to that period is represented by the “Gabinetto of gilded stucco” in the Royal Palace in Portici. Located in the area of the palace known as Caramanico – from the name of the owner of the pre-existing building incorporated in the palace – the stucco was molded between 1752 and 1753 by the two stucco workers Angelo la Sala and Gennaro Bruscino, who also decorated the “Salotto di Porcellana” in Chinese style. Today the room, used as an academic department, is affected by quite a serious stucco decay majorly due to negligence and humidity and consisting in efflorescence, powdering and bursting, worsened by the corrosion of metal fixings. However, the present-day state of conservation of these stuccoworks represents a unique opportunity to carefully observe the original technique used to make such artworks at that time. Therefore by means of advanced surveying instruments and multi-analytical material characterization together with archival documents, the present research – set up in collaboration between University of Naples, Politecnico di Milano and CNR – aims at elaborating a thorough knowledge of an emblematic case of 18th century Neapolitan stucco with a view to its future conservation.
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Calaresu, Melissa. "Thomas Jones’ Neapolitan Kitchen: The Material Cultures of Food on the Grand Tour." Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342664.
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Abstract The Welsh painter, Thomas Jones, recorded in minute detail the prices, origin, and types of food and services for each day of his family’s stay in Naples from their arrival from Rome in 1780 to their departure for England in 1783. His “Italian account book” has not been studied before in any depth, except in relation to his activities as an artist. However, this “time-capsule” of a Grand Tour household provides an extraordinarily vivid entry into the material world of urban provisioning in one of the largest cities in eighteenth-century Europe, by linking the economy of the street to wider networks of provisioning from outside of the city. It also provides a better understanding of the extent of acculturation of British residents in Italy. Space, time, and the interconnectedness between the home and the street are central themes in this material culture analysis of food on the Grand Tour.
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Balsamo, Jean. "Le voyage d'Italie et la formation des élite françaises." Renaissance and Reformation 39, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v39i2.8865.
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During the sixteenth century, at least until 1559, Italy was a centre for political, diplomatic, and cultural activity for the French elite, who undertook studies and training in the Peninsula. Lawyers and magistrates in the making eagerly enrolled in the universities of Pavia, Ferrara, and especially Padua, where some of them joined with other scholars in constituting the first Literary Republic. Gentlemen who were aiming at a military career or wished to succeed at the Court went to the Academies of Naples, Bologna or Padua, where they learned fencing and riding. During the age of Henri IV, attitudes towards this double education, scholarly and aristocratic, changed thoroughly, partly for economic reasons, but also because of a general anti-Italian polemic which opposed the model of Italian culture and social structure to a national model. The French did continue to visit Italy during the entire early modern period, but latterly they went to “see,” not to learn.
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Mancuso, Fulvio. "Una decisio della Rota di Siena: tra leasing e riserva di proprietà all’inizio dell’Età Moderna." TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS 80, no. 3-4 (2012): 415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-000a1214.
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A decision of the Rota of Siena: between leasing and reservation of ownership at the beginning of Modern Times. – Late medieval and early-modern legal developments took place in Italy within the general framework of ius commune and iura propria, original legal constructs which present similar features to leasing in English law. These developments can be traced in the doctrinal corpus of the Italian ius commune tradition, but it may be surmised that they also appeared in sources related to legal practice. Thus, a case decided by the Rota of Siena in 1541–1543 shows that contractual forms similar to the leasing and to the emptio–venditio cum reservatione dominii were known and used in Italian practice, at least from the latter part of the 15th century onwards.
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Tirelli, G., S. Lugli, A. Galli, I. Hajdas, A. Lindroos, M. Martini, F. Maspero, et al. "Integrated Dating of the Construction and Restoration of the Modena Cathedral Vaults (Northern Italy): Preliminary Results." Radiocarbon 62, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.10.
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ABSTRACTAfter the last damaging earthquake in 2012, an anti-seismic reinforcement project of the cathedral of Modena was designed giving us the opportunity to investigate and date the building materials. Radiocarbon (14C), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and thermoluminescence (TL) dating techniques were performed on the vaults with the aim to (1) clarify the construction timing, (2) define the history of the restorations, and (3) explore the possible correlation of the main restoration works to the earthquake chronology deduced from the historic catalog. Preliminary results show that medieval older bricks were reused for most of the original construction. Only lime and non-gypsum mortar was used for the original construction in the 15th century and for later repair of damage caused by earthquakes in the 16th and 17th centuries. Gypsum mortar was used for later repair in the 18th century. The results show much stronger damage due to earthquakes than previously thought.
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Meister, Maureen. "In Pursuit of an American Image: A History of the Italian Renaissance for Harvard Architecture Students at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Prospects 28 (October 2004): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001472.
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After a five-month sojourn in Rome, the author Henry James departed with “an acquired passion for the place.” The year was 1873, and he wrote eloquently of his ardor, expressing appreciation for the beauty in the “solemn vistas” of the Vatican, the “gorgeous” Gesù church, and the “wondrous” Villa Madama. Such were the impressions of a Bostonian who spent much of his adult life in Europe. By contrast, in June of 1885, the young Boston architect Herbert Langford Warren wrote to his brother about how he was “glad to be out of Italy.” He had just concluded a four-month tour there. He had also visited England and France, and he was convinced that the architecture and sculpture of those countries were superior to what he had seen in Italy, although he admired Italian Renaissance painting. When still in Rome, he told his brother how disagreeable he found the “Renaissance architecture in Italy contemporary with Michael Angelo and later under Palladio and Vignola,” preferring the work of English architects Inigo Jones and Wren. Warren appreciated some aspects of the Italian buildings of the 15th and early 16th centuries, but he considered the grandeur and opulence of later Renaissance architecture especially distasteful.
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Cortese, Giuseppe. "Radiolarian researchers based in Italy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." Journal of Micropalaeontology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jmpaleo2012-023.
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Abstract. In the second half of the nineteenth century a few Italian radiolarists, including Dante Pantanelli and Senofonte Squinabol, made substantial contributions to the taxonomic study of radiolarians and their utilization in dating Mesozoic rocks. This time interval was very important in the history of science in general, and biology in particular, with numerous scientific expeditions collecting a wealth of biological and sedimentary material from the oceans that took decades to be described and analysed. One of the most famous examples is the Report of the Challenger Expedition, which included a thorough study of radiolarians by Ernst Haeckel which became the basis of radiolarian classification. Haeckel was one of the foremost promoters of the largest cultural revolution of his epoch: Darwinism. He, together with a long list of eminent scientists, used comparative anatomy and embryology to provide evidence of the theory of evolution through natural selection. One of his students, Anton Dohrn, also a fervent Darwinist, founded one of the oldest independent marine biology stations in the world: the Statione Zoologica in Naples. It was here that at the beginning of the twentieth century another eminent Italian radiolarist, Paolo Enriques, worked for many years to revise and improve Haeckel’s classification scheme of radiolarians, although he died before it was completed or published.
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Guerra, Corinna. "A terrifying poison or a cheap fertilizer? The life and death of Mount Vesuvius ash." Science in Context 34, no. 2 (June 2021): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889722000151.
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ArgumentDuring the eighteenth century, chemists in the Kingdom of Naples (the South of Italy) were very busy analyzing the chemical composition of ash from Mount Vesuvius. Undoubtedly, after a huge eruption this dusty phenomenon was the most important scientific object of debate. In fact, it was crucial to determine if there were dangerous elements in the ash so that the population could be warned about the potential hazards, such as polluted drinking water. This was not at all a simple issue, as on the other hand there were scholars who realized that ash could be beneficial as a fertilizer, even as clouds of ash had obscured the sun. As chemical inquiries became more precise and the toxic concentration of many elements became known, this double life of Vesuvian ash as a scientific object gradually died.
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Mandel, Michael. "A Brief History of the New Constitutionalism, or “How We Changed Everything So That Everything Would Remain the Same”." Israel Law Review 32, no. 2 (1998): 250–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015661.
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The Italians have a word for what I want to say about modern constitutionalism: “gattopardesco,” that is “leopardesque”, not as in the animal but as in the novelThe Leopardby Tomasi di Lampedusa. The novel is about a noble Sicilian family at the time of the unification of Italy in the mid-nineteenth century. Italian unification was mainly a matter of the northern Savoy monarchy of Piemonte conquering the peninsula and vanquishing the various other monarchs, princes, etc., including the Bourbon rulers of Sicily and Naples. But there were other elements about and stirring up trouble, anti-monarchist and even socialist elements. In a scene early in the novel, the Sicilian Prince of Salina, the main character, is shocked to learn that his favourite nephew, Tancredi Falconeri, is off to join the invading northerners. He remonstrates with the boy:You're crazy, my son. To go and put yourself with those people … a Falconeri must be with us, for the King.
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Gaudiosi, Germana, Giuliana Alessio, Rosa Nappi, Valentina Noviello, Efisio Spiga, and Sabina Porfido. "Evaluation of Damages to the Architectural Heritage of Naples as a Result of the Strongest Earthquakes of the Southern Apennines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 6880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196880.
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The city of Naples (Campanian region, Southern Italy) has been hit by the strongest earthquakes located inside the seismogenic areas of the Southern Apennines, as well as by the volcano-tectonic earthquakes of the surrounding areas of the Campi Flegrei, Ischia and Vesuvius volcanic districts. An analysis of the available seismic catalogues shows that in the last millennium, more than 100 earthquakes have struck Naples with intensities rating I to III on the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale over the felt level. Ten of these events have exceeded the damage level, with a few of these possessing an intensity greater than VII MCS. The catastrophic earthquakes of 1456 (I0 = XI MCS), 1688 (I0 = XI MCS) and 1805 (I0 = X MCS) occurred in the Campania–Molise Apennines chain, produced devastating effects on the urban heritage of the city of Naples, reaching levels of damage equal to VIII MCS. In the 20th century, the city of Naples was hit by three strong earthquakes in 1930 (I0 = X MCS), 1962 (I0 = IX MCS) and 1980 (I0 = X MCS), all with epicenters in the Campania and Basilicata regions. The last one is still deeply engraved in the collective memory, having led to the deaths of nearly 3000 individuals and resulted in the near-total destruction of some Apennine villages. Moreover, the city of Naples has also been hit by ancient historical earthquakes that originated in the Campanian volcanic districts of Campi Flegrei, Vesuvio and Ischia, with intensities up to VII–VIII MCS (highest in the Vesuvian area). Based on the intensity and frequency of its past earthquakes, the city of Naples is currently classified in the second seismic category, meaning that it is characterized by “seismicity of medium energy”. In this paper, we determine the level of damage suffered by Naples and its monuments as a result of the strongest earthquakes that have hit the city throughout history, highlighting its repetitiveness in some areas. To this aim, we reconstructed the seismic history of some of the most representative urban monuments, using documentary and historical sources data related to the effects of strong earthquakes of the Southern Apennines on the city of Naples. The ultimate purpose of this study is to perform a seismic macro-zoning of the ancient center of city and reduce seismic risk. Our contribution represents an original elaboration on the existing literature by creating a damage-density map of the strongest earthquakes and highlighting, for the first time, the areas of the city of Naples that are most vulnerable to strong earthquakes in the future. These data could be of fundamental importance to the construction of detailed maps of seismic microzones. Our study contributes to the mitigation of seismic risk in the city of Naples, and provides useful advice that can be used to protect the historical heritage of Naples, whose historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García, and Jan Wouters. "A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis: Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook." MRS Advances 2, no. 63 (2017): 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.
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AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.
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Nowicka-Jeżowa, Alina. "Poeci polscy doby humanizmu wobec Rzymu / Polish Poets of the Age of Humanism and Rome." Ruch Literacki 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10273-012-0039-6.
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Summary Based on earlier research, and especially Tadeusz Ulewicz’s landmark study Iter Romano- -Italicum Polonorum, or the Intellectual and Cultural Links between Poland and Italy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (1999) this article examines the influence of Rome - in its role as the Holy See and a centre of learning and the arts - on Poland’s culture in the 15th and 16th century as well as on the activities of Polish churchmen, scholars and writers who came to the Eternal City. The aim of the article is to trace the role of the emerging Humanist themes and attitudes on the shape of the cultural exchange in question. It appears that the Roman connection was a major factor in the history of Polish Humanism - its inner development, its transformations, and the ideological and artistic choices made by the successive generations of the Polish elite. In the 15th century the Roman inspirations helped to initiate the Humanist impulse in Poland, while in the 16th century they stimulated greater diversity and a search for one’s own way of development. In the post-Tridentine epoch they became a potent element of the Poland’s new cultural formation. Against the background of these generalizations, the article presents the cultural profiles of four poets, Mikołaj of Hussów, Klemens Janicjusz, Jan Kochanowski, and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. They symbolize the four phases of the Polish Humanist tradition, which draw their distinctive identities from looking up to the Roman model
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Florenzano, Assunta. "The History of Pastoral Activities in S Italy Inferred from Palynology: A Long-Term Perspective to Support Biodiversity Awareness." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020404.
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The present-day Mediterranean landscape is a result of the long-term human–environment–climate interactions that have driven the ecological dynamics throughout the Holocene. Pastoralism had (and still has) an important role in shaping this landscape, and contributes to maintaining the mosaic patterns of the Mediterranean habitats. Palaeoecological records provide significant multi-proxy data on environmental changes during the Holocene that are linked to human activities. In such research, the palynological approach is especially useful for detailing the complexity of anthropogenically-driven landscape transformations by discriminating past land uses and pastoral/breeding activities. This paper focuses on the palynological evidence for the impact of centuries of grazing on the vegetation of Basilicata, a region of southern Italy where animal breeding and pastoralism have a long tradition. A set of 121 pollen samples from eight archaeological sites (dated from the 6th century BC to the 15th century AD) and five modern surface soil samples were analyzed. The joint record of pollen pasture indicators and spores of coprophilous fungi suggests that continuous and intense pastoral activities have been practiced in the territory and have highly influenced its landscape. The palaeoecological results of this study provide us with better knowledge of the diachronical transformations of the habitats that were exposed to continuous grazing, with a shift toward more open vegetation and increase of sclerophyllous shrubs. The palynological approach gives insights into the vocation and environmental sustainability of this southern Italy region on a long-term basis.
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Pashkin, Nikolai. "International Politics and the Greek-Latin Union at the European Church Councils in the First Half of the 15th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (February 2021): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.22.
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Introduction. The article is aimed at studying the negotiations on the Greek-Latin Church Union at the Church Councils in Constance (1414–1418) and Basel (1431–1449), which were the predecessors of the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438–1439) in this matter. Since they were generated by internal processes in the Latin West, they originally had not direct relationship to Byzantium. Methods and materials. The reason for the appeal of Councils to the problem of the Church Union should be sought in the field of Western international policy. It acted here as a tool for solving political problems by different actors. Analysis. At the Council of Constance the discussion of the Greek-Latin Union was initiated by Poland and Lithuania, who used it as a means of political propaganda against the Teutonic Order. The Council of Basel subsequently entered into direct negotiations with Byzantium. The reason for this was at first internecine strife in the Duchy of Lithuania, which interfered with Poland, the Teutonic Order and King Sigismund. The Council initiated consideration of the Church Union in order to support the Lithuanian Duke Švitrigaila in the struggle for the throne. As a result Byzantium was included also in the negotiations with the Council of Basel. But in 1435 Švitrigaila was defeated in the clash with Poland and its ally Duke Sigismund Kęstutaitis. This defeat undermined the influence of Sigismund of Luxembourg at the Council of Basel. The King began his rapprochement with the Pope and Venice, and the Council of Basel was influenced by their political rivals, such as Milan and France. The theme of the Church Union at the Council became an instrument of struggle for political interests between these groups of political subjects. As a result, the struggle led to sharp disputes over the choice of the place for the Greek-Latin Council. The main options were Italy and French Avignon. The Byzantines chose the first option. But Byzantium was not the subject of the policy that created the situation of this choice. In the West this policy has led to significant changes. Results. The results of the negotiations on the Church Union at the Council of Basel displayed the fall of the role of imperial policy in the Latin West, which was represented by the King and Emperor Sigismund Luxembourg. The Empire was losing control of Italy. The result was the withdrawal of the papacy from its influence and the strengthening of Venice. Their union stood behind the Council of Ferrara-Florence. Outside Italy this Council has not received recognition.
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Patalano, Rosario. "Carlo Antonio Broggia, a money doctor "in adverse circumstances"." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 2 (March 2021): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2020-002002.
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The debate on monetary reform in the Italian Enlightenment Age was initiated by Carlo Antonio Broggia, a ‘self-taught' Neapolitan merchant, who in 1743 pub-lished the Treatise on taxes, money, and the policy of public health, the main trea-tise on the subject published in Italy before Galiani's Della Moneta and the Nea-politan abbot himself recognized its importance, considering Broggia the first to promote om Italy the study of a very useful and noble science. Broggia proposed a complex monetary stabilization program, basing it on a detailed theoretical analysis, breaking with the tradition of the monetary writers, who throughout the seventeenth century, prompted by the serious disorders besetting the Viceroyalty, had dealt with technical issues, without the will or the ability to produce an organic analytical contribution. In his Treatise, the Neapolitan merchant tackles the prob-lem of the stability of a bimetallic monetary system, troubled by the continuous modification of the commercial relationship between gold and silver, resorting pre-cisely to the maneuver of tariffs (i.e. of imaginary money), in order to sterilize the fluctuations of the bimetallic ratio. Despite the high level of Broggia's contribution, his advice was not accepted and in the Kingdom of Naples the monetary stabiliza-tion policy failed completely. As a money doctor ante litteram Broggia acted in adverse circumstances openly opposing the policy of some ministers. Remaining unheard, he addressed the prince and public opinion directly, suffering the most drastic consequences. However, his ideas spread widely and were also welcomed by intellectuals such as Muratori who played a decisive role in the renewal of Ital-ian culture in the mid-eighteenth century.
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Gentilcore, David. "‘Adapt Yourselves to the People's Capabilities’: Missionary Strategies, Methods and Impact in the Kingdom of Naples, 1600–1800." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45, no. 2 (April 1994): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900013014.
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At a time when European missionaries were active in the New World to capture the souls of the ‘heathen’ for Catholicism, their confrères were conducting missions throughout Europe itself. For more than two centuries these missions – variously known as internal, parish or popular – were a crucial aspect of religious life, with numerous religious orders and congregations seeking to weave a fabric of evangelisation and catechetical instruction in areas of Europe that were nominally Catholic but were in many ways cut off from orthodox Tridentine Catholicism. This was particularly so in isolated areas on the European periphery. Southern Italy is a case in point. The persistent absence of an efficient parish structure and the dominance of a rather worldly collegiate clergy in the Kingdom of Naples left a large gap in organised religious life in the years following the end of the Council of Trent (1563), a gap that the missions attempted to fill. The mobilisation of preachers, confessors and instructors was vast, concentrated and unceasing. Such is the significance of the missions that they have been identified as the ‘most characteristic and important’ phenomenon of Italian religious history in the seventeenth century. One way to examine their scale and impact would be to map the areas missionised by the various congregations. But this serial approach would tell us very little, other than the fact that all of the towns and villages were visited, most of them repeatedly, over the centuries. Moreover, the varying quality of the surviving records would permit only partial results.
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Libertini, G., B. Miccio, N. Leone, and G. De Feo. "The Augustan aqueduct of Capua and its historical evolution." Water Supply 17, no. 6 (April 18, 2017): 1653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.050.
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Abstract At his own expense Augustus built his own aqueduct, known as Aqua Iulia, for Capua, located in today's Campania region of southern Italy, which was in Roman times, one of the most important civitas of the empire. The course of this aqueduct and of its likely branches, destined for two small towns, Saticula and Calatia, is hypothesized, in part based on the re-use in the seventeenth century of about 8 miles (i.e. 11.8 km) of the ancient aqueduct for another water supply that served Naples, namely the Carmignano aqueduct. The subsequent transformation in the eighteenth century in a new water supply along a new route at a higher altitude is described. This third water supply served the Bourbon royal palace of Caserta, a magnificent construction built in the same period. In summary, the historical evolution of the Augustan aqueduct of Capua is discussed in the context of the communities served and in the context of the organization and history of the territory supplied, demonstrating the richness of information that may be obtained by an integrated study of the transformation, over time, of this important water infrastructure.
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Zalaffi, Maria Sole, Ines Agostinelli, Najmeh Karimian, and Paolo Ugo. "Ag-Nanostars for the Sensitive SERS Detection of Dyes in Artistic Cross-Sections—Madonna della Misericordia of the National Gallery of Parma: A Case Study." Heritage 3, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 1344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040074.
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In historical paintings, the detection of low amounts of pigments and dyes by Raman spectroscopy can sometimes be challenging, in particular for fluorescent dyes. This issue can be overcome by using SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) which takes advantage of the properties of nanostructured metal surfaces to quench fluorescence and enhance Raman signals. In this work, silver nanostars (AgNSs) are applied for the first time to real art samples, in particular to painting cross-sections, exploiting their effective SERS properties for pigment identification. The case study is the Madonna della Misericordia of the National Gallery of Parma (Italy). Cross-sections were analyzed at first by optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Unfortunately, in some cross-sections, the application of conventional Raman spectroscopy was hindered by an intense background fluorescence. Therefore, AgNSs were deposited and used as SERS-active agent. The experimentation was successful, allowing us to identify a modern dye, namely copper phthalocyanine. This result, together with the detection of other modern pigments (titanium white) and expert visual examination, allowed to reconstruct the painting history, postdating its realization from the 15th century (according to the Gallery inventory) to 19th century with a heavy role of recent (middle 20th century) restoration interventions.
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Amorim, Inês, and Bruno Pinto. "Portugal in the European Network of Marine Science Heritage and Outreach (19th–20th Centuries)." Humanities 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010014.
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The gradual consciousness of the scientific and economic riches of marine life is rooted in the legacy of some pillars of scientific production and dissemination in institutions such as natural history museums, aquariums, and maritime stations. Nowadays, one of the biggest issues of these scientific collections of species (marine or others) is their contextual interpretation which demands its original collection point, collectors, and original aims. The current research focuses on the origin of collections of marine specimens in Portugal as well as their historical evolution. In this particular approach, we assess the connection of the Portuguese natural history museums, universities and aquariums to similar European institutions since the mid-19th century, crossing primary sources from different archives. It was possible to reconstruct connections with the Zoological Station of the bay of Naples (Italy), the Maritime Museum of Monaco, and Aquariums of Monaco, France, and England. We identify both informers and the circulation of zoological specimens that underpin Museums and Aquariums collections that are today important scientific heritage repositories for a larger understanding of marine biodiversity and its threats, and core places of aesthetic contemplation and of philosophical discussion about the evolution of scientific knowledge.
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Bruzelius, Caroline A. ""ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 50, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990664.
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The ruined abbeys of S. Maria di Realvalle and S. Maria della Vittoria in southern Italy attest to the use of French Gothic architecture as part of a policy of cultural and political domination over the kingdom conquered by Charles of Anjou in 1266. The Angevin registers document the king's emphasis on Frenchness in all details and provide the names of many of the French masons and sculptors who worked on royal building projects. As in the other territories that fell under French control after the middle of the thirteenth century, such as southwestern France, Gothic from the Ile-de-France was utilized in the Kingdom of Sicily to connote the authority and prestige of the new regime. In insisting not only on the adoption of French architecture at the abbeys, but also on a population of French monks, Charles envisioned the monasteries as strongholds of French culture and prestige. Yet this was a short-lived phenomenon, for the subsequent generations of monuments erected by Charles II and Robert the Wise, especially those in Lucera and Naples, are profoundly different in character, and for the most part references to French models are eliminated. The rejection of the Frenchness promoted by Charles of Anjou and the evolution of a new and distinctly different type of architecture for royal monuments in the last years of the thirteenth century perhaps reflected new attitudes of cultural adaptation that resulted from the outbreak of the War of the Vespers in 1282.
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Wróbel, Piotr. "Serbia and Hungary in Theodore Spandounes’s Work On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 4 (December 2021): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.043.14019.
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Theodore Spandounes was born in the middle of the 15th century to a family of the Greek exiles who had found shelter in Italy after the fall of Constantinople. The Spandounes family had not played any significant role in the history of the Byzantine Empire but his mother Eudotia came from the famous Kantakouzenos family. Members of the Kantakouzenos family played an important political role in Serbia until its annexation by the Ottoman Empire in 1459. Theodore established close relations with popes Clement VII and Paul III, who he advised on the Ottoman affairs. Probably around 1515, Spandounes wrote the first version of the treatise On the Origin of the Ottoman Emperors. In 1538 he dedicated the final version to Henry, Dauphin of France (the future king Henry II).As suggested by the title, the main objective of Spandounes’s treatise was to explain how the Ottomans rose from the humble beginnings to their current mighty status in a relatively short time. In its final version from 1538, the treatise consists of four parts, different in size, composition and content. The most original and creative part, which is also of the greatest importance to the scholars interested in the Ottoman history, is the second part. However, information concerning the history of Serbia and Hungary can only be found in the first part. A detailed analysis of Theodor’s treatise leads to the following conclusions: 1) Spandounes’s remarks concerning Hungary and Serbia are generally infrequent, and the events described were rather accidentally chosen; 2) The author pays more attention to Serbia, with which he was emotionally connected through his ancestors. The information about the genealogy of the ruling family is interesting and reliable; 3) Spandounes is barely credible in his descriptions of events from the 14th and 15th century. His accounts are tendentious and quite often false; 4) Information concerning Hungary becomes more frequent for years 1520–1538, and it is relatively credible.
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Canadelli, Elena. "Biological stations and the study of marine life: Umberto D'Ancona and the Hydrobiological Station of Chioggia (1940–1964)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 5 (November 17, 2015): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv209.
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Abstract Marine zoological stations played an important role in the history of biology and the study of marine life. From the 1870s onward, a large number of biological stations were founded across Europe from Naples to Bergen. In the light of the new theory of evolution and the emerging discipline of ecology, it becomes increasingly necessary for biologists to study nature in the field. Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, much of the research on aquatic organisms was conducted at such stations. The aquatic environment appeared to be particularly suitable for research on the theory of evolution, on embryology, physiology, anatomy, and organism–environment interactions. Marine stations also served as sites for the study of fishery management and fish farming and aquaculture. The hydrobiological station located in the town of Chioggia on the Venetian Lagoon represents one of the less well-known examples of such research centres. It was set up in 1940 by the Italian zoologist Umberto D'Ancona of the University of Padua (1896–1964), who modelled it on already existing zoology, hydrobiology, and fish farming stations in Italy and abroad. Their research was conducted on the ecosystems of the Venetian Lagoon and the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, the natural stocks of valuable commercial fish species, and the reproductive biology of various teleosts. This essay will review the history of the Hydrobiological Station in Chioggia during the period 1940–1964 when it was directed by D'Ancona, its work in the fields of marine biology and fishery, and its ties with other marine stations in Italy and abroad.
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Retaro, Valentina. "Contatti linguistici lungo le coste tirreniche: storia della parola marruffo." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0008.
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Abstract The article intends to reconstruct the linguistic history of a particular fishing gear called marruffo, which is still used in the Gulf of Naples and in a few places of the North Tyrrhenian coasts. The marruffo is a fishing trap used by fishermen to preserve the catch while awaiting sale. Conical in shape, it looks like a large basket with a lid, in which fish or crustaceans of various types are placed. Starting from the 1871 work by the naturalist Achille Costa, entitled La pesca nel golfo di Napoli, the attestations of marruffo in Campania, Sardinia and Corsica are outlined. I put forward the hypothesis that the object arrived on the Tyrrhenian coasts as a consequence of migrations of fishermen from the Neapolitan area to the islands of Tuscany, Sardinia and Corsica between the 18th and 19th century. Since in southern Italy the name marruffo also indicates a jug for wine or water, I hypothesize that the word was extended from the lexicon of everyday life to the fishing lexicon throughout a process of resemantization, as it was demonstrated for other similar cases.
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Sylvand, Thomas. "The Soldier, The Chapel, The Wedding and the Composer: Assessing the Works of Dufay and Saint Maurice of Savoy in the 15th Century." African Musicology Online 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.58721/amo.v11i1.91.
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This article explores two often poorly connected fields in a quite touchy symbolic conception. On one side is the complex ramification of the County of Savoy and its family therein at a period when Savoy become a Duchy under the protection of the German Holy Empire with the patronage of Saint Maurice, while on the other side is the complex and prolific secular compositions of Guillaume Dufay and its subtle style of performance. In many cases, little is known by Historians about medieval music. Therefore, Musicologists interested in metrics and comparison between manuscripts could easily obliterate the subtle diplomacy of the patrons of this period. To complicate even more, Savoy historians are in France and Italy (with most documents in Latin and French), and Dufay specialists are mainly in England and the United States. This essay also evocates a medieval Black saint, Maurice, considered a positive symbol, an idea not so evident in Savoy nowadays but probably also shortly after in the Protestant Alps, a period when visual representation could be easily destroyed. Hence this study enquires into this controversial subject and finds interesting new materials connected with music. This could be anecdotal if these pieces were not already so well-known and influential in the History of music.
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Melchor Fenollosa, Roser. "Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile d’Alfonso Caracciolo." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 17 (May 31, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.17.20917.
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Resum: Editem un tractat de falconeria escrit en italià de Calàbria amb alguns trets catalans i amb vincles amb el grup d’obres de la biblioteca napolitana dels reis d’Aragó. El còdex factici de la Reial Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, amb signatura C-IV-6, conté set documents, un dels quals és l’Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile escrita per Alfonso Caracciolo, que ocupa una extensió de més de 40 fulls. Aquest text segueix la tradició dels tractat medievals i segurament està escrit a finals del segle XV. L’objectiu de l’autor és ensenyar bàsicament a ensinistrar falcons pelegrins i gentils, encara que presenta altres continguts de caràcter cinegètic i es basa, segons l’autor, en l’experiència pròpia.
Paraules clau: tractat de falconeria, Caracciolo, falcons pelegrins, falcons gentils
Abstract: We offer the critical edition of a treatise of falconry written in Italian from Calabria. It also has some Catalan features, and it is linked to a number of texts from the library of Naples belonging to the kings of Aragon. This codex from the Royal Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, being its identification C-IV-6, contains seven documents. One of these documents is Hopera de citraria de falcone pellegrine et gentile (Treatise of falconry of peregrine falcon and gentle hawk) written by Alfonso Caracciolo, having more than 40 pages. This text follows the tradition of medieval treatise, and it was probably written at the end of the 15th century. The aim of the author is to teach to train peregrine falcons and gentle hawks, even though it has other content related to hunting, and it is based on the author’s experience.
Key words: treatise on falconry, Caracciolo, peregrine falcon, gentle hawk
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Diesen, Rakel Igland. "During Credo He Shouted "Blessed be […]; now I can hear": Nordic Child Miraculees Interacting with Liturgy." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 31 (December 31, 2019): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.7808.
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This article focuses on miracle narratives associated with saints originating in the Nordic region, written from the 12th to the 15th century, where a rich collection of images of children present around and inside of churches and at shrines can be found. Many of the tales portray children in devotional activities, giving an indication of how children moved and acted in these spaces. The events described often transpire during prayers and services, and show how children were seen and heard in spaces where liturgical activity shaped the rhythms of the day and the year. By examining how children are presented, as present and participating in these spaces, and by noting the bits of sensory information given in the narratives, this article adds to our mental image of the religious practices as well as sensory experiences of medieval children.
Keywords: Medieval children, miracles, Nordic saints, hagiography, sensory experience.
On cover:Monks singing the Office and decorated initial A[sperges me.]. Gradual Olivetan Master (Use of the Olivetan Benedictines), illuminated manuscript on parchment ca. 1430-1439. Italy, Monastero di Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan, Ca 1400-1775.Beinecke Ms1184: The olivetan Gradual. Gradual. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
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Gian Mario Cao. "Review: John Monfasani, Greeks and Latins in Renaissance Italy: Studies on Humanism and Philosophy in the 15th Century, Variorum Collected Studies Series, Ashgate: Aldershot, 2004; 352 pp.; 0860789519, £60/$124.95 (hbk)." European History Quarterly 38, no. 3 (July 2008): 496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02656914080380030623.
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Sutton, Emma. "Too Close for Comfort: Henry James, Richard Wagner and The Sacred Fount." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 6, no. 2 (November 2009): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409800003074.
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In April 1880, one of the most intriguing lost opportunities in musical-literary history took place. Henry James and Richard Wagner were staying in Posilippo, near Naples. James was beginning a two-month visit to Italy, whilst Wagner was living in the Italian town with his family, working on essays including ‘Religion und Kunst’ (1880) and preparing the staging for Parsifal (1882). A mutual friend, Paul von Joukowsky, suggested to James that he and Wagner meet but the offer provoked an emphatic rejection from the American novelist. It would have taken place amid the heady bohemianism, homosexuality and obsessive aestheticism of Wagner's Italian circle of which Joukowsky was a part. No doubt their meeting would have been stilted and strained, suffused with various forms of social awkwardness, yet, as we shall see, James's explanation of his refusal has the overtones of a justification. Despite – or because of – the aborted meeting, James repeatedly returned to this unrealized encounter in his writing. He referred to the composer or his works in more than a dozen of his novels and short stories from the 1880s to the early twentieth century; these muted but resonant references suggest an informed and engaged response to Wagner and his works. It is as if, though these allusions, James re-imagined this event, composer and novelist encountering each other in numerous texts over a period of 20 years
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Naumenko, Valery. "The “Latins” on Mangup. Unique Western-European Cross-Encolpion from the Excavations of Prince’s Palace in Ancient Mangup: Problems of Attribution and Dating." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (February 2021): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.6.7.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of a unique cross-encolpion of the WesternEuropean type from the excavations of the Mangup Prince’s Palace. Methods. The research is complex. When describing the find, traditional methods of art history analysis were used, and data from X-ray fluorescence studies were used to determine the material of the product. Attribution of the cross is made on the basis of the generally accepted method of analogies in archaeological science. Analysis. The encolpion is related to a small group of cast silver crosses with “Latin” features, which were produced during the third quarter of the 15th century in one of the craft workshops of Kaffa. Their author was a master-scholarship holder who most likely moved to the capital of Genoese Gazaria in the Northern Black Sea region from one of the cities of Northern Italy. Results. Among the many reasons why this encolpion, as a mandatory attribute of the clothing of a Catholic Priest, could end up on Mangup, the most likely are: unknown in the sources Genoese embassy to the capital of the Principality of Feodoro in the period of 1450–1475 for the purpose of establishing a permanent Catholic mission here; the presence of a Catholic priest in the large embassies of Kaffa to the court of the rulers of Feodoro in 1455, 1465 or around 1471; participation of Genoese, who fled from Kaffa after its capture by the Ottoman army, in the subsequent defense of the Mangup fortress in summer and autumn 1475.