Relevant bibliographies by topics / NAP SG

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'NAP SG'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "NAP SG"

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Hinchman, Cheri A., James F. Rebbeor, and Nazzareno Ballatori. "Efficient hepatic uptake and concentrative biliary excretion of a mercapturic acid." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 275, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): G612—G619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.4.g612.

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The role of the liver in the disposition of circulating mercapturic acids was examined in anesthetized rats and in the isolated perfused rat liver using S-2,4-dinitrophenyl- N-acetylcysteine (DNP-NAC) as the model compound. When DNP-NAC was infused into the jugular vein (150 or 600 nmol over 60 min) it was rapidly and nearly quantitatively excreted as DNP-NAC into bile (42–36% of the dose) and urine (48–62% of dose). Some minor metabolites were detected in bile (<4%), with the major metabolite coeluting on HPLC with the DNP conjugate of glutathione (DNP-SG). Isolated rat livers perfused single pass with 3 μM DNP-NAC removed 72 ± 9% of this mercapturic acid from perfusate. This rapid DNP-NAC uptake was unaffected by sodium omission, or byl-cysteine,l-glutamate,l-cystine, or N-acetylated amino acids, but was decreased by inhibitors of hepatic sinusoidal organic anion transporters (oatp), indicating that DNP-NAC is a substrate for these transporters. The DNP-NAC removed from perfusate was promptly excreted into bile, eliciting a dose-dependent choleresis. DNP-NAC itself constituted ∼75% of the total dose recovered in bile, reaching a concentration of 9 mM when livers were perfused in a recirculating mode with an initial DNP-NAC concentration of 250 μM. Other biliary metabolites included DNP-SG, DNP-cysteinylglycine, and DNP-cysteine. DNP-SG was likely formed by a spontaneous retro-Michael reaction between glutathione and DNP-NAC. Subsequent degradation of DNP-SG by biliary γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and dipeptidase activities accounts for the cysteinylglycine and cysteine conjugates, respectively. These findings indicate the presence of efficient hepatic mechanisms for sinusoidal uptake and biliary excretion of circulating mercapturic acids in rat liver and demonstrate that the liver plays a role in their whole body elimination.
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SAXENA, Manju, and Gary B. HENDERSON. "MOAT4, a novel multispecific organic-anion transporter for glucuronides and mercapturates in mouse L1210 cells and human erythrocytes." Biochemical Journal 320, no. 1 (November 15, 1996): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3200273.

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Glucuronides and mercapturates were examined as possible high-affinity substrates for a low-affinity ATP-dependent transport system for 2,4-dinitrophenyl S-glutathione (DNP-SG) in mouse L1210 cells. Initial inhibitor studies with inside-out vesicles revealed that the low-affinity transport of [3H]DNP-SG (Km 450 µM) exhibits a high sensitivity to N-acetyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl cysteine (NAc-DNP-Cys) (Ki 5.0 µM) and α-naphthyl β-D-glucuronide (naphthyl glucuronide) (Ki 8.5 µM). Direct transport measurements showed the presence of ATP-dependent uptake activities for NAc-DNP-[35S]Cys and naphthyl [14C] glucuronide, and Km values for half-maximal transport were comparable to the Ki values of these compounds for inhibition of [3H]DNP-SG transport. Transport of [3H]DNP-SG, NAc-DNP-[35S]Cys and naphthyl [14 C]glucuronide each showed the same sensitivity to various anions and anion conjugates. Inhibition was competitive and was most potent for bilirubin ditaurate, indoprofen, 4-biphenylacetic acid, 4-acridine 4β-D-glucuronide, N-acetyl leukotriene E4, 17β-oestradiol 3β-D-glucuronide and taurolithocholate 3-sulphate. Inside-out vesicles from human erythrocytes contain a comparable ATP-dependent transport system. These results show that NAc-DNP-Cys and naphthyl glucuronide are high-affinity substrates for a single system identified previously as a low-affinity transporter of DNP-SG. Substrate and inhibitor studies identify this system as a novel multispecific organic-anion transport system (MOAT4) that accommodates glucuronides and mercapturates and is distinct from other MOAT transporters. Human erythrocytes contain an additional ATP-dependent system for NAc-DNP-Cys (Km 33 µM) that does not transport monoglucuronides.
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Lv, Mengmeng, Yuchun Guo, Jiangtao Ren, and Erkang Wang. "Exploration of intramolecular split G-quadruplex and its analytical applications." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 18 (August 31, 2019): 9502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz749.

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Abstract Distinct from intermolecular split G-quadruplex (Inter-SG), intramolecular split G-quadruplex (Intra-SG) which could be generated in a DNA spacer-inserted G-quadruplex strand has not been systematically explored. Not only is it essential for the purpose of simplicity of DNA-based bioanalytical applications, but also it will give us hints how to design split G-quadruplex-based system. Herein, comprehensive information is provided about influences of spacer length and split mode on the formation of Intra-SG, how to adjust its thermodynamic stability, and selection of optimal Intra-SG for bioanalysis. For instances, non-classical Intra-SG (e.g. 2:10, 4:8 and 5:7) displays lower stability than classical split strands (3:9, 6:6 and 9:3), which is closely related to integrity of consecutive guanine tract; as compared to regular Intra-SG structures, single-thymine capped ones have reduced melting temperature, providing an effective approach to adjustment of stability. It is believed that the disclosed rules in this study will contribute to the effective application of split G-quadruplex in the field of DNA technology in the future.
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Herbst, Stanisław. "Prace nad „Atlasem historycznym Polski” (uwagi wstępne Henryk Rutkowski, opracowanie Henryk Rutkowski)." Studia Geohistorica, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sg.2016.01.

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Yang, Lingli, Fei Yang, Lanting Teng, and Ichiro Katayama. "6-Shogaol Protects Human Melanocytes against Oxidative Stress through Activation of the Nrf2-Antioxidant Response Element Signaling Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 3537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103537.

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Skin is a major target of oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the cause of melanocyte disappearance in vitiligo, which is an acquired pigmentary skin disorder characterized by patches of skin that have lost pigmentation. New herbal extracts with antioxidant activity are therefore being studied. 6-Shogaol (6-SG), an active compound from ginger, is capable of attenuating oxidative stress-induced ageing and neurotoxicity. Subsequently, to investigate whether 6-SG could protect melanocytes from oxidative stress, cultured human primary epidermal melanocytes (HEMn-MPs) were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence or absence of 6-SG. The 6-SG exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death by reducing oxidative stress. In addition, the 6-SG treatment activated the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway by upregulating the mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and protein expression of Nrf2, NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), and HO-1. Furthermore, the 6-SG also displayed protective effects on melanocytes against Rhododendrol-induced oxidative stress. We concluded that 6-SG protects melanocytes against oxidative stress in vitro, and its protective effect is associated with the activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway. 6-SG, therefore, has potential for use in the prevention of melanocyte loss in the early stages of vitiligo or other pigmentary disorders.
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Zawadzki, Mateusz. "„Tabella miast, wsi i osad Królestwa Polskiego” jako źródło do badań nad strukturą parafialną województwa lubelskiego." Studia Geohistorica, no. 4 (August 21, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sg.2016.10.

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Czerwiński, Sambor, Piotr Guzowski, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Mariusz Gałka, Piotr Kołaczek, Adam Izdebski, and Radosław Poniat. "Znaczenie wspólnych badań historycznych i paleoekologicznych nad wpływem człowieka na środowisko. Przykład ze stanowiska Kazanie we wschodniej Wielkopolsce." Studia Geohistorica, no. 7 (March 1, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/sg.2019.04.

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Iacob, Speranta, Carmen Ester, Mihaela Lita, Vlad Ratziu, and Liana Gheorghe. "Real-life Perception and Practice Patterns of NAFLD/NASH in Romania: Results of a Survey Completed by 102 Board-certified Gastroenterologists." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.252.naf.

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Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has an increasing incidence worldwide, reflecting the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data on knowledge, attitude and management by the Romanian gastroenterologists with regard to NAFLD are lacking. Methods: We assessed current diagnostic and treatment patterns of the management of NAFLD among 102 Romanian board certified gastroenterologists using a survey developed to collect information regarding participants’ clinical practice, diagnostic tools and usage of medication in patients with NAFLD. Results: 71.6% of the surveyed gastroenterologists (SG) had more than 5 years of gastroenterology practice, were university affiliated and 37.3% had predominant activity in hepatology (>60%). In Romania, 60.8% of the SG would diagnose NAFLD only if all other causes of liver disease were absent. All practitioners use a noninvasive tool for staging NAFLD, 45.1% use both serum markers and transient elastography. Liver biopsy is performed by 61.8% of the SG in the presence of a discordant result in two noninvasive methods of fibrosis evaluation. The most frequently prescribed drugs are: silymarin (88.2%), vitamin E (78.4%) and ursodeoxycholic acid (77.4%). Conclusion: The results of this survey suggest that clinical practice patterns among Romanian gastroenterologists for the diagnosis (mainly liver biopsy) and management of NAFLD frequently diverge from published practice guidelines. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is probably underdiagnosed, especially in patients with normal transaminase levels and is also overtreated with drugs that are not recommended in the guidelines. Abbreviations: ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CLD: chronic liver disease; CAP: controlled attenuation parameter; ESLD: end-stage liver disease; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HDV: hepatitis delta virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HOMA: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LC: liver cirrhosis; LT: liver transplantation; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PCP: primary care practitioners: SG: surveyed gastroenterologists; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid.
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Chen, Ssu-Yu, Yung-Lung Chang, Shu-Ting Liu, Gunng-Shinng Chen, Shiao-Pieng Lee, and Shih-Ming Huang. "Differential Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Copper Complexed with Disulfiram in Oral Cancer Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 3711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073711.

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Disulfiram (DSF), an irreversible aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, is being used in anticancer therapy, as its effects in humans are known and less adverse than conventional chemotherapy. We explored the potential mechanism behind the cytotoxicity of DSF-Cu+/Cu2+ complexes in oral epidermoid carcinoma meng-1 (OECM-1) and human gingival epithelial Smulow-Glickman (SG) cells. Exposure to CuCl2 or CuCl slightly but concentration-dependently decreased cell viability, while DSF-Cu+/Cu2+ induced cell death in OECM-1 cells, but not SG cells. DSF-Cu+/Cu2+ also increased the subG1 population and decreased the G1, S, and G2/M populations in OECM-1 cells, but not SG cells, and suppressed cell proliferation in both OECM-1 and SG cells. ALDH enzyme activity was inhibited by CuCl and DSF-Cu+/Cu2+ in SG cells, but not OECM-1 cells. ROS levels and cellular senescence were increased in DSF-Cu+/Cu2+-treated OECM-1 cells, whereas they were suppressed in SG cells. DSF-Cu+/Cu2+ induced mitochondrial fission in OECM-1 cells and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. CuCl2 increased but DSF- Cu2+ impaired oxygen consumption rates and extracellular acidification rates in OECM-1 cells. CuCl2 stabilized HIF-1α expression under normoxia in OECM-1 cells, and complex with DSF enhanced that effect. Levels of c-Myc protein and its phosphorylation at Tyr58 and Ser62 were increased, while levels of the N-terminal truncated form (Myc-nick) were decreased in DSF-Cu+/Cu2-treated OECM-1 cells. These effects were all suppressed by pretreatment with the ROS scavenger NAC. Overexpression of c-Myc failed to induce HIF-1α expression. These findings provide novel insight into the potential application of DSF-CuCl2 complex as a repurposed agent for OSCC cancer therapy.
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Guerrero-Zotano, A., J. Gavila, M. A. Climent, M. J. Juan, V. Guillem, and A. Ruiz. "Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and outcome based on breast cancer subtype." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e11516-e11516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e11516.

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e11516 Background: Gene expression profiling identifies several breast cancer subtypes with different chemosensitivity and outcome. We used immunohistochemistry surrogate markers to classify tumors according to known breast cancer subtypes and examined the relationship between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response and long-term end points, including distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: Review of clinical and pathological data from 271 breast cancer patients treated in our institution with NAC between 1991–2008. Breast cancer subtypes were defined as follows: Luminal A: Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and/or progesterone peceptor positive (PR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (Her-2+); Luminal B: ER+ and/or PR+,Her-2+; Basal: ER-,PR-,Her-2-;HER2: ER-,PR-,Her-2 +. ER and PR positive scored as positive if tumor cell nuclear staining was at least 2+. Her-2 scored as positive if test DAKO scored 3+ or FISH ratio Her-2/CEP-17>2.2. Results: 121 (45.8%) patients were classifed as Luminal A; 22 (8.1%) as Luminal B; 75 (27.7%) as Basal, and 50 (18.5%) as HER2. Most patients (63%) received NAC based on anthracyclines and taxanes. 36% Her-2+ patients were treated with NAC based on trastuzumab, and 43% received trastuzumab as adjuvant treatment. Response and outcome results are shown below (Table). Independently from subtype, only four patients out of 58 with pCR relapsed. Among patients who didn´t achieved pathologic complete response (pCR), basal and HER2 subtypes have the worst outcome (4 years SG 80% and 72% respectevely) compared with Luminal A (4 years SG: 94.7%), (log-rank p=0.009). Conclusions: Basal and HER2 tumor despite high chemosensitivity have worst long term outcome, particularly if pCR is not achieved after NAC. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NAP SG"

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Navrátil, Stanislav. "Předpokládaná opatření v sítí VN pro naplnění závěrů NAP SG v oblasti OZE a elektromobility." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442471.

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This thesis is focused on demonstrating the impact of the implementation of decentralized distributed energy sources (mainly RES) and electromobility technologies to electrical parameters in Czech medium voltage distribution network. Thesis is divided into two main chapters. First one is a brief theoretical summary of this problematic and the second one is a practical software simulation on a real medium voltage network. Proposed implementation scenarios are based on EU and national strategic plans for time period from 2020 to 2040.
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Books on the topic "NAP SG"

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Sepowski, Stephen J., ed. The Ultimate Hint Book. Old Saybrook, CT: The Ultimate Game Club Ltd., 1991.

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Raven, Peter H. NAK: DC Environment 3E+Data Sheet 2001+SG. Wiley, 2001.

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Welch, Gerry F. Nak: Economics: Theory & Practice,6e+sg,6e+tag(win). John Wiley & Sons, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "NAP SG"

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Damiana Maria Minhaqui da, Conceição, Nascimento Joyce Santana do, and Vieira Angela Maria Leal de Moraes. "ANÁLISE DA VARIAÇÃO DO PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA SÍFILIS GESTACIONAL E SUA PREVALÊNCIA EM UM MUNICÍPIO DO ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO." In Perspectivas das Ciências da Saúde na Sociedade 5.0: Educação, Ciência, Tecnologia e Amor, 1–14. Instituto Internacional Despertando Vocações, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31692/978-65-88970-04-1.1-14.

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A sífilis, causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum, transmitida através da relação sexual e também de forma vertical (mãe-filho), sofre influência dos aspectos socioeconômicos para a não adesão do tratamento em virtude da ausência ou do início tardio do pré-natal, como é o caso do município de Recife, no estado de Pernambuco. Nesta visão, o objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar a relação do perfil epidemiológico da sífilis gestacional (SG) no município de Recife e a influência das principais variáveis encontradas. Tratando-se de um estudo de carácter descritivo, a análise dos dados ocorreu a partir de dados secundários com base no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN. O universo foi composto pela região do município de Recife-Pe, dispondo critérios de inclusão apenas mulheres acometidas, sendo excluídos as demais classificações da doença, outras localidades não correspondentes a região em estudo e anos anteriores a 2009 no Sinan. Após a coleta e análise dos dados entre os anos de 2009-2019, a variável relacionada a faixa etária da SG no município do Recife demonstrou uma maior prevalência de casos entre 20 a 29 anos de idade. A idade gestacional apresentou uma grande necessidade para a detecção oportuna das mulheres acometidas, sendo observado no 1º trimestre uma taxa de detecção de apenas 52 casos em 2019, diferentemente do que acontece no 3º trimestre do mesmo ano, o qual apresentou o registro de 177 casos. Quanto ao padrão raça/cor da pele, houve a maior prevalência entre mulheres autodeclaradas pardas, apresentando o total de 1.396 casos. Com relação ao nível de escolaridade, foi possível notar que quanto maior o nível escolaridade, menor o número de mulheres gestantes diagnosticadas com sífilis. Já a notificação de acordo com a classificação clínica, o estágio primário da doença foi apontado como o de maior registro de notificação, correspondendo a um total de 639 casos. Dessa forma, pode-se perceber que o registro de casos notificados no ano de 2019 apresentou uma queda em comparação ao ano de 2018. Assim, são necessárias a captação precoce e a adesão da gestante ao pré-natal, assim como uma assistência de qualidade, fazendo com que haja a continuidade da redução dos casos de gestantes com sífilis no município de Recife-PE.
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Melo, Georgea do Vale, and Felipe Gomes Rubira. "Influência da rede de drenagem na configuração da paisagem de Faxinal da Boa Vista – PR (FOLHA SG.22-V-B-VI-3)." In Os Desafios da Geografia Física na Fronteira do Conhecimento, 6136–50. INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS - UNICAMP, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/sbgfa.v1i2017.2504.

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Dos Santos, Nathália Villela Peres, and Ana Claudia Ramos Sacramento. "O trabalho de campo como metodologia para ensinar sobre as inundações do rio Mutondo na bacia do rio Guaxindiba-Alcântara- SG-RJ." In Os Desafios da Geografia Física na Fronteira do Conhecimento, 871–75. INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS - UNICAMP, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/sbgfa.v1i2017.2116.

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Conference papers on the topic "NAP SG"

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Palhano, Dandara B., Amanda C. A. De Oliveira, Arkellenise M. N. B. Leite, Brenda D. S. De Araújo, Marcos A. M. Da Silva, Maria Clara Sandes, Maynara S. De Araújo, et al. "Universo da Psicologia: Serious Game para Promoção do Aprendizado no Sertão Baiano." In Congresso sobre Tecnologias na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ctrle.2020.11421.

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A evasão do ensino superior atinge as mais diversas camadas, em especial no sertão. Os Serious Games (SG) são uma alternativa válida neste contexto, aliando o lúdico com o propósito específico do aprendizado. Apresenta-se neste artigo o SG Universo da Psicologia cujo design baseou- se na tétrade expandida voltada ao conteúdo específico e que faz uso de um sistema de inteligência baseado na Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI).
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Ladjavardi, M., M. A. S. Masoum, and S. M. Islam. "Impact of SG damper windings on small-signal stability of a distorted SMIB including time and space harmonics." In 2008 40th North American Power Symposium (NAPS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2008.5307349.

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Felix, Zildomar Carlos, Liliane Dos Santos Machado, Rodrigo Pinheiro de Toledo Vianna, and Julio Raphael Oliveira Silva. "Uma Proposta de um Modelo de Decisão com Foco na Imersão para Serious Games Baseados em Vídeos 360º." In Anais Estendidos do XXXI Simpósio Brasileiro de Informática na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/cbie.sbie_estendido.2020.11.

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O uso de vídeos 360º têm se apresentado como uma mídia promissora para promover imersão em Serious Games (SG). No entanto, ainda existem desafios, um dos principais é garantir que os jogadores não percam o foco nos elementos narrativos. Assim, o presente estudo apresenta uma proposta de um modelo de decisão com foco na imersão que usa técnicas para direcionar e atrair a atenção em tais elementos. O modelo está sendo implementado em um SG para a conscientização em violência doméstica contra a mulher.
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Kikuchi, Shin, Hiroshi Seino, Akikazu Kurihara, and Hiroyuki Ohshima. "Kinetic Study of Sodium-Water Reaction Phenomena by Differential Thermal Analysis." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54134.

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In a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), if a heat transfer tube in the steam generator (SG) is failed, high pressurized water vapor blows into the liquid sodium and sodium-water reaction (SWR) takes place. SWR may cause damage to the surface of the neighboring heat transfer tubes by thermal and chemical effects. Therefore, it is important to clearly understand the SWR for safety assessment of the SG. From recent study, sodium (Na)–sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reaction as secondary surface reaction of the SWR phenomena in a SFR was identified by ab initio method [1]. However, kinetics of this reaction is a still open question. It is important to obtain quantitative rate constant of sodium monoxide (Na2O) generation by Na-NaOH reaction because Na2O may accelerate the corrosive and erosive effects. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) provides us with the valuable information on the kinetic parameters, including activation energy, pre-exponential factor (frequency factor) and reaction rate constant. Thus, kinetic study of Na–NaOH reaction has been carried out by using DTA technique. The parameters, including melting points of Na and NaOH, phase transition temperature of NaOH, Na-NaOH reaction temperature and the decomposition temperature of sodium hydride (NaH) were identified from DTA curves. Na, NaOH, and Na2O as major chemical species were observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the residues after the DTA experiment. It was inferred that Na2O could be generated as a reaction product. Based on the measured reaction temperature, the first-order rate constant of Na2O generation was obtained by the application of the laws of chemical kinetics. From the estimated rate constant, it was found that Na2O generation should be considered during SWR. The results can be the basis for developing a chemical reaction model used in a multi-dimensional sodium-water reaction code, SERAPHIM, being developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) toward the safety assessment of the SG in a SFR.
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