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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoscale materials and structure'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Bentley, Cameron L., Minkyung Kang, and Patrick R. Unwin. "Nanoscale Structure Dynamics within Electrocatalytic Materials." Journal of the American Chemical Society 139, no. 46 (October 23, 2017): 16813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b09355.

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2

Lookman, Turab, and Peter Littlewood. "Nanoscale Heterogeneity in Functional Materials." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 11 (November 2009): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.232.

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AbstractThe physical properties that make “functional” materials worthy of their moniker frequently arise because of a phase transition that establishes a new kind of order as the material is cooled from a parent state. Such ordered states include ferroelectrics, ferromagnets, and structurally ordered martensites; because these states all break an orientational symmetry, and it is rare that one can produce the conditions for single domain crystallinity, the observed configuration is generally heterogeneous. However, the conditions under which domain structures form are highly constrained, especially by elastic interactions within a solid; consequently, the observed structures are far from fully random, even if disorder is present. Often the structure of the heterogeneity is important to the function, as in shape-memory alloys. Increasingly, we are surprised to discover new phases inside solids that are themselves a heterogeneous modulation of their parents.

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3

Stan, Gheorghe, Richard S. Gates, Qichi Hu, Kevin Kjoller, Craig Prater, Kanwal Jit Singh, Ebony Mays, and Sean W. King. "Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 8 (April 13, 2017): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.8.88.

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The exploitation of nanoscale size effects to create new nanostructured materials necessitates the development of an understanding of relationships between molecular structure, physical properties and material processing at the nanoscale. Numerous metrologies capable of thermal, mechanical, and electrical characterization at the nanoscale have been demonstrated over the past two decades. However, the ability to perform nanoscale molecular/chemical structure characterization has only been recently demonstrated with the advent of atomic-force-microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and related techniques. Therefore, we have combined measurements of chemical structures with AFM-IR and of mechanical properties with contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) to investigate the fabrication of 20–500 nm wide fin structures in a nanoporous organosilicate material. We show that by combining these two techniques, one can clearly observe variations of chemical structure and mechanical properties that correlate with the fabrication process and the feature size of the organosilicate fins. Specifically, we have observed an inverse correlation between the concentration of terminal organic groups and the stiffness of nanopatterned organosilicate fins. The selective removal of the organic component during etching results in a stiffness increase and reinsertion via chemical silylation results in a stiffness decrease. Examination of this effect as a function of fin width indicates that the loss of terminal organic groups and stiffness increase occur primarily at the exposed surfaces of the fins over a length scale of 10–20 nm. While the observed structure–property relationships are specific to organosilicates, we believe the combined demonstration of AFM-IR with CR-AFM should pave the way for a similar nanoscale characterization of other materials where the understanding of such relationships is essential.

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4

Ariga, Katsuhiko. "Progress in Molecular Nanoarchitectonics and Materials Nanoarchitectonics." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061621.

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Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.

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5

Cui, Tianyu, Qingsuo Liu, Xin Zhang, Dawei Zhang, and Jinman Li. "Characterization of a Nanocrystalline Structure Formed by Crystal Lattice Transformation in a Bulk Steel Material." Metals 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010003.

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The formation of nanocrystalline structures in bulk metal materials is of great significance for both investigating the structural features of nanocrystalline materials and enhancing the value of bulk metal materials in engineering applications. Herein, we report a nanocrystalline structure formed by lattice transformation in a three-dimensional bulk metal material. We characterized its phase composition, three-dimensional features, and boundary structure. This nanocrystalline structure had microscale length and height and nanoscale width, which gave it a “nanoplate” structure in three-dimensional space. We observed edge dislocations in the interior of the nanocrystalline structure. A unique transitional boundary that contributed to maintaining its nanoscale size was found at the border between the parent phase and the nanocrystalline structure.

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6

Conradson, Steven, Francisco Espinosa-Faller, and Phillip Villella. "Local structure probes of nanoscale heterogeneity in crystalline materials." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049500018999.

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7

Azat, Seitkhan, Valodia V. Pavlenko, Almagul R. Kerimkulova, and Zulkhair A. Mansurov. "Synthesis and Structure Determination of Carbonized Nano Mesoporous Materials Based on Vegetable Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1041.

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This article presents the results of the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials: Nanoscale materials obtained by carbonization of waste agricultural products (apricot kernel, walnut, rice husk). The results of physico-chemical characteristics of the obtained nanomaterials.

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8

Yu, Edward T., and Stephen J. Pennycook. "Nanoscale Characterization of Materials." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 8 (August 1997): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033753.

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One of the dominant trends in current research in materials science and related fields is the fabrication, characterization, and application of materials and device structures whose characteristic feature sizes are at or near the nanometer scale. Achieving an understanding of—and ultimately control over—the properties and behavior of a wide range of materials at the nanometer scale has therefore become a major theme in materials research. As our ability to synthesize materials and fabricate structures in this size regime improves, effective characterization of materials at the nanometer scale will continue to increase in importance.Central to this activity are the development and application of effective experimental techniques for performing characterization of structural, electronic, magnetic, optical, and other properties of materials with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. Two classes of experimental methods have proven to be particularly effective: scanning-probe techniques and electron microscopy. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we have included eight articles that illustrate the elucidation of various aspects of nanometer-scale material properties using advanced scanningprobe or electron-microscopy techniques. Because the range of both experimental techniques and applications is extremely broad—and rapidly increasing—our intent is to provide several examples rather than a comprehensive treatment of this extremely active and rapidly growing field of research.

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9

Chen, Si-Ming, Huai-Ling Gao, Yin-Bo Zhu, Hong-Bin Yao, Li-Bo Mao, Qi-Yun Song, Jun Xia, et al. "Biomimetic twisted plywood structural materials." National Science Review 5, no. 5 (July 30, 2018): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy080.

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Abstract Biomimetic designs based on micro/nanoscale manipulation and scalable fabrication are expected to develop new-style strong, tough structural materials. Although the mimicking of nacre-like ‘brick-and-mortar’ structure is well studied, many highly ordered natural architectures comprising 1D micro/nanoscale building blocks still elude imitation owing to the scarcity of efficient manipulation techniques for micro/nanostructural control in practical bulk counterparts. Herein, inspired by natural twisted plywood structures with fascinating damage tolerance, biomimetic bulk materials that closely resemble natural hierarchical structures and toughening mechanisms are successfully fabricated through a programmed and scalable bottom-up assembly strategy. By accurately engineering the arrangement of 1D mineral micro/nanofibers in biopolymer matrix on the multiscale, the resultant composites display optimal mechanical performance, superior to many natural, biomimetic and engineering materials. The design strategy allows for precise micro/nanostructural control at the macroscopic 3D level and can be easily extended to other materials systems, opening up an avenue for many more micro/nanofiber-based biomimetic designs.

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10

Makovec, Darko. "Adaptation of the Crystal Structure to the Confined Size of Mixed-oxide Nanoparticles." Acta Chimica Slovenica 69, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 756–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2022.7775.

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Chemical composition and crystal structure are central to defining the functional properties of materials. But when a material is prepared in the form of nanoparticles, the structure and, as a consequence, the composition will also frequently change. Understanding these changes in the crystal structure at the nanoscale is therefore essential not only for expanding fundamental knowledge, but also for designing novel nanostructures for diverse technological and medical applications. The changes can originate from two thermodynamically driven phenomena: (i) a crystal structure will adapt to the restricted size of the nanoparticles, and (ii) metastable structural polymorphs that form during the synthesis due to a lower nucleation barrier (compared to the equilibrium phase) can be stabilized at the nanoscale. The changes to the crystal structure at the nanoscale are especially pronounced for inorganic materials with a complex structure and composition, such as mixed oxides with a structure built from alternating layers of several structural blocks. In this article the complex structure of nanoparticles will be presented based on two examples of well-known and technologically important materials with layered structures: magnetic hexaferrites (BaFe12O19 and SrFe12O19) and ferroelectric Aurivillius layered-perovskite bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12).

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11

Schubert, Ulrich, Guido Kickelbick, and Nicola Hüsing. "Nanoscale Structures of Sol-Gel Materials." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 354, no. 1 (December 2000): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008023607.

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12

Han, Yongqin, Xutang Qing, Sunjie Ye, and Yun Lu. "Conducting polypyrrole with nanoscale hierarchical structure." Synthetic Metals 160, no. 11-12 (June 2010): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.03.002.

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13

Belonogov, Evgeny K., Sergey B. Kushev, Sergey A. Soldatenko, and Tatiana L. Turaeva. "Morphology and structure characteristics of nanoscale carbon materials containing graphene." Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies 6, no. 4 (2021): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2021.04.pp.247-255.

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A comprehensive study of the nanostructured powders (graphite GSM-2; Taunit-M; thermally expanded graphite (TEG)) by methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Raman spectroscopy, was carried out. The experimental XRD halo was interpreted by superimposing theoretical diffraction maxima, and an X-ray amorphous graphite phase was revealed. It was found that the X-ray amorphous phase is characterized by the limiting degree of graphite nanostructuring. From the width of the diffraction rings, the maximum sizes of graphite nanocrystals were estimated, which do not exceed 5 and 10 nm in the [0001] and [ ] directions, respectively. Carbon nanotubes and plates of turbostratic graphene were revealed. The structural and morphological parameters of the nanostructured material “Taunit-M” have been established – multi-walled nanotubes with a diameter of up to 10 nm are combined through an interlayer of X-ray amorphous carbon into flat ribbons up to 40 nm wide. Dark-field TEM images (in reflections of ) revealed moiré patterns that appear on overlapping graphene sheets due to double diffraction of the electron beam. It was found that in thermally expanded graphite, the rotation of graphene sheets ranges from 3 to 4°. Within the graphene sheets, complete dislocations with the Burgers vector b = 1/2 were revealed [1010]. The Fourier analysis of moiré images made it possible to determine the mutual orientation of graphene sheets, to reveal regions of multilayer graphene, and to identify turbostratic graphene. It is shown that the combination of RHEED, TEM, and Fourier transformations of periodic contrast of electron microscopic images is a promising approach to the analysis of the substructure and morphology of nanoscale carbon materials containing graphene and other allotropic modifications of carbon.

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14

Applegate, Lindsey C., and Tori Z. Forbes. "Controlling water structure and behavior: design principles from metal organic nanotubular materials." CrystEngComm 22, no. 20 (2020): 3406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce00331j.

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15

Sun, Zhenkun, and Serge Kaliaguine. "Core/Shell Nanostructured Materials for Sustainable Processes." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 667–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0072.

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Abstract In this paper, we summarize recent research efforts from our laboratory concerning the application of core/shell structured materials for sustainability. Special attention is paid to the synthesis of different core/shell materials from nanoscale to microscale by various methods. The potential applications of our prepared novel materials with core/shell configuration are discussed, which illustrates the diversity of situations where the core/shell structure brings a simple solution to different materials design problems.

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16

Tendeloo, G. Van, O. I. Lebedev, O. Collart, P. Cool, and E. F. Vansant. "Structure of nanoscale mesoporous silica spheres?" Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15, no. 42 (October 13, 2003): S3037—S3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/42/004.

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17

Almquist, Benjamin D., Piyush Verma, Wei Cai, and Nicholas A. Melosh. "Nanoscale patterning controls inorganic–membrane interface structure." Nanoscale 3, no. 2 (2011): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00486c.

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18

Patrick, Chris. "Tweaking nanoscale structure to tune photoluminescence." Scilight 2022, no. 8 (February 25, 2022): 081108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0009657.

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19

Nechaev, V. N., and A. V. Viskovatykh. "Domain structure in nanoscale ferroelastic plate." Ferroelectrics 561, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.1736919.

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20

Stack, Andrew G., Hsiu-Wen Wang, and David R. Cole. "Nanoscale Structure and Dynamics in Geochemical Systems." Elements 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.3.169.

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Neutron scattering is a powerful tool to elucidate the structure and dynamics of systems that are important to geochemists, including ion association in complex aqueous solutions, solvent-exchange reactions at mineral–water interfaces, and reaction and transport of fluids in nanoporous materials. This article focusses on three techniques: neutron diffraction, which can reveal the atomic-level structure of aqueous solutions and solids; quasi-elastic neutron scattering, which measures the diffusional dynamics at mineral–water interfaces; and small-angle neutron scattering, which can show how properties of nanoporous systems change during gas, liquid, and solute imbibition and reaction. The usefulness and applicability of the experimental results are extended by rigorous comparison to computational simulations.

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21

Vilardi, Giorgio, and Marco Stoller. "Editorial for the Special Issue on “Process Intensification Techniques for the Production of Nanoparticles”." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061534.

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According to ISO/TS 80004, a nanomaterial is defined as the “material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale”, with nanoscale defined as the “length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm” [...]

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22

Bichara, C., P. Marsal, C. Mottet, R. Pellenq, F. Ribeiro, A. Saú, N. A. l, G. Tré, N. A. glia, and H. Ch Weissker. "Structure and properties of nanoscale materials: theory and atomistic computer simulation." International Journal of Nanotechnology 9, no. 3/4/5/6/7 (2012): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnt.2012.045335.

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23

Rivas Murillo, John S., Ahmed Mohamed, Wayne Hodo, Ram V. Mohan, A. Rajendran, and R. Valisetty. "Computational modeling of shear deformation and failure of nanoscale hydrated calcium silicate hydrate in cement paste: Calcium silicate hydrate Jennite." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 25, no. 1 (December 11, 2015): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789515580184.

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Calcium silicate hydrate Jennite is a molecular structure commonly accepted as a representation of the complex calcium silicate hydrate gel formed during the hydration of typical Portland cement. In this paper, the behavior of nanoscale calcium silicate hydrate Jennite under shear deformation was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Computational samples representing the nanoscale structure of calcium silicate hydrate Jennite were subjected to shear deformation in order to investigate not only their mechanical properties but also their deformation behavior. The simulation results indicated that the nanoscale calcium silicate hydrate Jennite under shear deformation displays a linear elastic behavior up to shear stress of approximately 1.0 GPa, and shear deformation of about 0.08 radians, after which point yielding and plastic deformation occurs. The shear modulus determined from the simulations was 11.2 ± 0.7 GPa. The deformation-induced displacements in molecular structures were analyzed dividing the system in regions representing calcium oxide layers. The displacement/deformation of the layers of calcium oxide forming the structure of nanoscale calcium silicate hydrate Jennite was analyzed. The non-linear stress–strain behavior in the molecular structure was attributed to a non-linear increase in the displacement due to sliding of the calcium oxide layers on top of each other with higher shearing. These results support the idea that by controlling the chemical reactions, the tailored morphologies can be used to increase the interlinking between the calcium oxide layers, thus minimizing the shearing of the layers and leading to molecular structures that can withstand larger deformation and have improved failure behavior.

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24

Guryanov, Alexander Mikhailovich, and Sergey Alexandrovich Guryanov. "Nanoscale Control of Hydrated Portland Cement Structure." Solid State Phenomena 335 (July 29, 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-v80dqx.

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The durability of cement-containing building materials, like the cement stone itself, depends on their moisture resistance, frost resistance, and corrosion resistance. All these properties are determined not only by the composition of the initial clinker, but also by the structural organization at the micro-and nanoscale of hydrated Portland cement. In this work, the structural parameters of hydrated Portland cement compositions at the nanoscale level were determined by the method of small-angle neutron scattering: the size distribution of nanoparticles of calcium silicate hydrate, the average radius of nanoparticles, and fractal dimension. It is shown that the introduction of modifying nanoadditives into Portland cement affects the structural parameters of the cement stone. The following nanoadditives were used: of artificial (alpha aluminium oxide, gamma aluminum oxide) and of technogenic (carbonate and alumo-alkaline sludges) origin, as well as complex nanoadditives containing surfactants. Changes in structural parameters of Portland cement with nanoadditives in the process of hydration are traced. It is shown that the use of nanoadditives makes it possible to control the process of formation of the structure of hydrated Portland cement on the nanoscale level, to directly influence the values of structural parameters and, ultimately, to the properties of cement stone.

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25

Kruk, A., and A. Czyrska-Filemonowicz. "Contribution of Electron Tomography to Development of Innovative Materials for Clean Energy Systems and Aeronautics." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0005.

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The development of innovative materials for clean energy systems and aeronautics requires use of modern research methods to characterize the structure on the level from micro- to nanoscale. Modern two-dimensional imaging techniques recently available in electron microscopes allow use of tomographic methods to characterize the structure of materials. Application of modern three dimensional imaging techniques such as electron tomography allows accurate qualitative and quantitative measurement of the structure elements in the micro- and nanoscale. The electron tomography studies have been carried out for three-dimensional visualization and metrology of different materials for clean energy systems and aeronautics. Electron tomography results provided quantitative data about shape, size and distribution of the particles, complementary to those obtained by means of quantitative TEM metallography.

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26

Raj, Joe Gerald Jesu. "Metal-organophosphine complexes: structure, bonding, and applications." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2014-0006.

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AbstractMetal-organophosphine complexes are very important candidates in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Many of the organophosphorus derivatives find applications in nanoscale material synthesis as important precursors. Phosphine complexes containing a variety of substituents exhibit tunable optical properties, which can be successfully applied in conjugation with nanoscale materials in solar-cell applications, photovoltaics, and the development of novel nanomaterials. In view of the emerging importance and potential applications of organophosphorus compounds, this review details the fundamental structural, synthetic, and spectroscopic characterization of organophosphines and their corresponding metal complexes. A special emphasis has been given to 31P{1H} and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis.

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27

Tamblyn, I. "The electronic structure of nanoscale interfaces." Molecular Simulation 43, no. 10-11 (May 4, 2017): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927022.2017.1313417.

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28

Reibold, M., N. Pätzke, A. A. Levin, W. Kochmann, I. P. Shakhverdova, P. Paufler, and D. C. Meyer. "Structure of several historic blades at nanoscale." Crystal Research and Technology 44, no. 10 (October 2009): 1139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200900445.

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29

Zhang, Jiaming, Maik Lang, Rodney C. Ewing, Ram Devanathan, William J. Weber, and Marcel Toulemonde. "Nanoscale phase transitions under extreme conditions within an ion track." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 7 (July 2010): 1344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0180.

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The dynamics of track development due to the passage of relativistic heavy ions through solids is a long-standing issue relevant to nuclear materials, age dating of minerals, space exploration, and nanoscale fabrication of novel devices. We have integrated experimental and simulation approaches to investigate nanoscale phase transitions under the extreme conditions created within single tracks of relativistic ions in Gd2O3(TiO2)x and Gd2Zr2–xTixO7. Track size and internal structure depend on energy density deposition, irradiation temperature, and material composition. Based on the inelastic thermal spike model, molecular dynamics simulations follow the time evolution of individual tracks and reveal the phase transition pathways to the concentric track structures observed experimentally. Individual ion tracks have nanoscale core-shell structures that provide a unique record of the phase transition pathways under extreme conditions.

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30

Hashem, Abdel-Ghany, Scheuermann, Indris, Ehrenberg, Mauger, and Julien. "Doped Nanoscale NMC333 as Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 2899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182899.

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A series of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−xMxO2 (M = Al, Mg, Zn, and Fe, x = 0.06) was prepared via sol-gel method assisted by ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid as a chelating agent. A typical hexagonal α-NaFeO2 structure (R-3m space group) was observed for parent and doped samples as revealed by X-ray diffraction patterns. For all samples, hexagonally shaped nanoparticles were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The local structure was characterized by infrared, Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopy and 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (Li-NMR). Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests showed that Mg and Al doping improved the electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in terms of specific capacities and cyclability. In addition, while Al doping increases the initial capacity, Mg doping is the best choice as it improves cyclability for reasons discussed in this work.

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31

Seeman, Nadrian C. "DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 38, no. 4 (November 2005): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583505004087.

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1. Introduction 3632. Motif and sequence design 3643. Structural and topological constructions 3664. Nanomechanical devices 3675. Conclusions, applications and challenges 3706. Acknowledgments 3717. References 371Structural DNA nanotechnology consists of constructing objects, lattices and devices from branched DNA molecules. Branched DNA molecules open the way for the construction of a variety of N-connected motifs. These motifs can be joined by cohesive interactions to produce larger constructs in a bottom-up approach to nanoconstruction. The first objects produced by this approach were stick polyhedra and topological targets, such as knots and Borromean rings. These were followed by periodic arrays with programmable patterns. It is possible to exploit DNA structural transitions and sequence-specific binding to produce a variety of DNA nanomechanical devices, which include a bipedal walker and a machine that emulates the translational capabilities of the ribosome. Much of the promise of this methodology involves the use of DNA to scaffold other materials, such as biological macromolecules, nanoelectronic components, and polymers. These systems are designed to lead to improvements in crystallography, computation and the production of diverse and exotic materials.

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32

McCumiskey, Edward J., Nicholas G. Rudawski, W. Gregory Sawyer, and Curtis R. Taylor. "Three-dimensional visualization of nanoscale structure and deformation." Journal of Materials Research 28, no. 18 (September 10, 2013): 2637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2013.245.

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33

Li, Qi, Lijie Dong, Jingfei Fang, and Chuanxi Xiong. "Property−Structure Relationship of Nanoscale Ionic Materials Based on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes." ACS Nano 4, no. 10 (September 3, 2010): 5797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn101542v.

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34

M�ller, S., and M. Schwarz. "On the structure and stability of nanoscale materials: a two-dimensional model." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 97, no. 4 (December 1995): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01322431.

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35

Wang, Xue-Peng, Yu-Ting Liu, Yong-Jin Chen, Nian-Ke Chen, and Xian-Bin Li. "Nanoscale amorphous interfaces in phase-change memory materials: structure, properties and design." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 53, no. 11 (January 3, 2020): 114002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab5d81.

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36

Datta, Alokmay. "Evolution of Order in Soft Materials under Nanoscale Confinement: Structure and Bonding." Material Science Research India 17, no. 3 (November 4, 2020): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/170301.

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Soft materials can be confined either at interfaces or as films. In either case, internal forces are developed that, due to the softness of the materials, can cause large scale changes in bonding and structure, at microscopic and/or mesoscopic length scales, which in turn give rise to properties drastically different from bulk matter. Here we focus on the evolution of spontaneous order in simple and complex fluids under one-dimensional geometrical confinement as obtains in ultrathin films and at liquid-solid interfaces. We present a very brief review of research on the structural characteristics of such ordering and the changes in molecular bonding that cause these structural changes. We also discuss some effects of this ordering on some transport properties.

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37

PYRZ, RYSZARD. "PROPERTIES OF ZnO NANOWIRES AND FUNCTIONAL NANOCOMPOSITES." International Journal of Nanoscience 07, no. 01 (February 2008): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x08005134.

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One-dimensional structures like nanotubes and nanowires are potential candidates for nanoscale sensors and actuators. Furthermore, the nanoscale cross-section of these elements introduces controllable size effects while the macroscopic length ensures good mechanical coupling to matrix materials and thus reinforcing effects in nanocomposites. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the electronic and mechanical properties of smallest ZnO nanowires. It has been shown that the electronic band structure of nanowires varies with uniaxial strain and this property can be used for sensing deformation state when nanowires are embedded in a polymer matrix.

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Sung, Young Hoon, Jaemin Park, Eun-Seo Choi, Hee Chul Lee, and Heon Lee. "Improved Light Extraction Efficiency of Light-Emitting Diode Grown on Nanoscale-Silicon-Dioxide-Patterned Sapphire Substrate." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3678.

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A conical-shaped Si dioxide nano-pattern was employed to sapphire substrate in order to improve the light extraction efficiency of light-emitting diodes. The conical-shaped Si dioxide nano-patterns were fabricated on a 2-inch sapphire wafer using direct imprinting of hydrogen silsesquioxane material. A blue-LED structure was grown on conical-shaped silicon-dioxide nano-patterned sapphire substrates. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence measurements were used to confirm the effectiveness of the nanoscale Si oxide patterned sapphire. An improvement in the luminescence efficiency was observed when nanoscale Si oxide patterned sapphire substrate was used. 1.5 times higher PL intensity and 1.6 times higher EL intensity were observed for GaN LED structure grown on nanoscale Si oxide patterned sapphire, compared to LED structure grown on conventional flat sapphire wafer.

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Wan, Jiafeng, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Kai Zhang, and Zhiqiang Su. "Biological nanoscale fluorescent probes: From structure and performance to bioimaging." Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revac-2020-0119.

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Abstract In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted lots of attention from researchers due to their unique properties. Nanometer fluorescent materials, such as organic dyes, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), metal nano-clusters (MNCs), carbon dots (CDs), etc., are widely used in biological imaging due to their high sensitivity, short response time, and excellent accuracy. Nanometer fluorescent probes can not only perform in vitro imaging of organisms but also achieve in vivo imaging. This provides medical staff with great convenience in cancer treatment. Combined with contemporary medical methods, faster and more effective treatment of cancer is achievable. This article explains the response mechanism of three-nanometer fluorescent probes: the principle of induced electron transfer (PET), the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the principle of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), showing the semiconductor QDs, precious MNCs, and CDs. The excellent performance of the three kinds of nano fluorescent materials in biological imaging is highlighted, and the application of these three kinds of nano fluorescent probes in targeted biological imaging is also introduced. Nanometer fluorescent materials will show their significance in the field of biomedicine.

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Weare, Benjamin L., Rhys W. Lodge, Nikolai Zyk, Andreas Weilhard, Claire L. Housley, Karol Strutyński, Manuel Melle-Franco, Aurelio Mateo-Alonso, and Andrei N. Khlobystov. "Imaging and analysis of covalent organic framework crystallites on a carbon surface: a nanocrystalline scaly COF/nanotube hybrid." Nanoscale 13, no. 14 (2021): 6834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08973g.

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Biswas, Sourav, Goutam Prasanna Kar, and Suryasarathi Bose. "Attenuating microwave radiation by absorption through controlled nanoparticle localization in PC/PVDF blends." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 41 (2015): 27698–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05189d.

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Anggara, Kelvin, Yuntao Zhu, Giulio Fittolani, Yang Yu, Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas, Martina Delbianco, Stephan Rauschenbach, Sabine Abb, Peter H. Seeberger, and Klaus Kern. "Identifying the origin of local flexibility in a carbohydrate polymer." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 23 (June 1, 2021): e2102168118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2102168118.

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Correlating the structures and properties of a polymer to its monomer sequence is key to understanding how its higher hierarchy structures are formed and how its macroscopic material properties emerge. Carbohydrate polymers, such as cellulose and chitin, are the most abundant materials found in nature whose structures and properties have been characterized only at the submicrometer level. Here, by imaging single-cellulose chains at the nanoscale, we determine the structure and local flexibility of cellulose as a function of its sequence (primary structure) and conformation (secondary structure). Changing the primary structure by chemical substitutions and geometrical variations in the secondary structure allow the chain flexibility to be engineered at the single-linkage level. Tuning local flexibility opens opportunities for the bottom-up design of carbohydrate materials.

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Li, Yun Cang, Chao Han, Xin Kun Zhu, Cui'e Wen, and Peter D. Hodgson. "Nanoscale SiO₂/ZrO₂ Particulate-Reinforced Titanium Composites for Bone Implant Materials." Key Engineering Materials 520 (August 2012): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.520.242.

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The mechanical property of porous pure titanium (Ti) scaffold with high porosity might become poorer than that of natural bone. In this study, new Ti-based biocompatible composites were developed to simultaneously meet the requirements of low elastic modulus and appropriate strength for implant materials when they are scaffolded into a porous structure. The nanoscale particulate-reinforced Ti-based composites with different concentrations of oxide particles such as SiO2 and ZrO2 were prepared using a powder metallurgical method. The strengths of the new nanoscale particulate-reinforced titanium composites were found to be significantly higher than that of pure Ti. Cell culture results revealed that the nanoscale particulate-reinforced titanium composites showed excellent biocompatibility and cell adhesion. Human SaOS2 osteoblast-like cells grew and spread well on the surfaces of the new titanium composites. The nanoscale SiO2 and ZrO2 particulate-reinforced titanium composites are promising materials that have great potential for use as an orthopedic implant material.

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Berman, Diana, and Elena Shevchenko. "Design of functional composite and all-inorganic nanostructured materials via infiltration of polymer templates with inorganic precursors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 31 (2020): 10604–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00483a.

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Askarinejad, Sina, and Nima Rahbar. "Toughening mechanisms in bioinspired multilayered materials." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 102 (January 2015): 20140855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0855.

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Outstanding mechanical properties of biological multilayered materials are strongly influenced by nanoscale features in their structure. In this study, mechanical behaviour and toughening mechanisms of abalone nacre-inspired multilayered materials are explored. In nacre's structure, the organic matrix, pillars and the roughness of the aragonite platelets play important roles in its overall mechanical performance. A micromechanical model for multilayered biological materials is proposed to simulate their mechanical deformation and toughening mechanisms. The fundamental hypothesis of the model is the inclusion of nanoscale pillars with near theoretical strength ( σ th ~ E /30). It is also assumed that pillars and asperities confine the organic matrix to the proximity of the platelets, and, hence, increase their stiffness, since it has been previously shown that the organic matrix behaves more stiffly in the proximity of mineral platelets. The modelling results are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data for abalone nacre. The results demonstrate that the aragonite platelets, pillars and organic matrix synergistically affect the stiffness of nacre, and the pillars significantly contribute to the mechanical performance of nacre. It is also shown that the roughness induced interactions between the organic matrix and aragonite platelet, represented in the model by asperity elements, play a key role in strength and toughness of abalone nacre. The highly nonlinear behaviour of the proposed multilayered material is the result of distributed deformation in the nacre-like structure due to the existence of nano-asperities and nanopillars with near theoretical strength. Finally, tensile toughness is studied as a function of the components in the microstructure of nacre.

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Williams, Ellen D. "Nanoscale Structures: Lability, Length Scales, and Fluctuations." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 9 (September 2004): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.182.

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AbstractThis article is an edited transcript based on the David Turnbull Lecture given by Ellen D. Williams of the University of Maryland on December 2, 2003, at the Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston.Williams received the award for “groundbreaking research on the atomic-scale science of surfaces and for leadership, writing, teaching, and outreach that convey her deep understanding of and enthusiasm for materials research.” This article focuses on the special properties of small structures that provide much of the exciting potential of nanotechnology.One aspect of small structures—their susceptibility to thermal fluctuations—may create or necessitate new ways of exploiting nanostructures.The advent of scanned probe imaging techniques created new opportunities for observing and understanding such structural fluctuations and the related evolution of nanostructure.Direct observations show that it is relatively easy for large numbers of atoms—the kinds of numbers that are present in nanoscale structures—to pick up and move about on the surface cooperatively with substantial impact on nano-to micron-scale structures.Such labile evolution of structure can be predicted quantitatively by using length-scale bridging techniques of statistical mechanics coupled with scanned probe observations of structural and temporal distributions.The same measurements also provide direct information about the stochastic paths of structural fluctuations that can be used outside of the traditional thermodynamic framework.Future work involves moving beyond the classical thermodynamic picture to assess the impact that the stochastic behavior has on the physical properties of individual nanostructures.

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Pang, Zhi Hua, Xiao Shan Jia, Kai Liu, Zhen Xing Wang, Qi Jing Luo, and Jun Luo. "Preparation, Characterization and their Performance of the Supported Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Materials with Different Iron Contents." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.155.

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Taking the organic modified montmorillonite as a carrier and dispersant, the supported nanoscale zero-valent iron materials with different iron contents were synthesized through the ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and the sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in it. The structure and morphology of the materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Finally, the performances of the supported nanoscale zero-valent iron were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the adsorption and degradation of 4-chlorophenol. The results indicate that the supported nanoscale zero-valent iron was well dispersed,different iron dosages imposed a visible effect on the morphology and particle diameter of iron;the degradation of 4-chlorophenol resulted from adsorption and degradation processes. Materials with different iron contents exhibited significantly different performance levels in terms of 4-chlorophenol adsorption and degradation.

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Zhao, Ye Jun, and Zu Ting Pan. "Synthesis and Electrochemical Performances of Nanoscale TiO₂ as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.438.

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The nanoscale TiO2 was synthesized and their electrochemical properties as the anode electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries were measured. The structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the nanoscale TiO2 composites synthesized were characterized in detail by X-ray (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical measurement. The first discharge capacities were 126 mAh/g for the nanoscale TiO2 at the current density of 100 mA/g at ambient temperatures. The specific capacities were stabilized at around 57mAh/g after 20 cycles.

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Kumar, Ashok, and Hitesh Borkar. "Flexoelectricity in Bulk and Nanoscale Polar and Non-Polar Dielectrics." Solid State Phenomena 232 (June 2015): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.232.213.

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Piezoelectricity (PE) is defined as the polarization under homogeneous application of stress on polar/non-centrosymmetry/no-inversion symmetry dielectrics, whereas it has been commonly accepted that flexoelectricity (FLX) is the induced polarization due to strain gradient in any polar/nonpolar dielectrics, the latter effect is universal and can be generated in any materials under inhomogeneous stress. Flexoelectricity is inversely proportional to the size of materials and devices which further suggests that giant FLX effects may develop in nanoscale materials. Flexoelectricity represents the polarization due to strain gradient and have significant effects on the functional properties of nanoscale materials, epitaxial thin films, one-dimensional structure with various shape and size, liquid crystals, polymers, nanobio-hybrid materials, etc. Till late sixties, very few works on flexoelectricity have been reported due to very weak magnitude compared to piezoelectricity. Advancement in nanoscale materials and device fabrication process and highly sophisticated electronics with detection of data with high signal to noise ratio lead the scientists/researchers to get several orders of higher flexoelectric coefficients compared to the proposed theoretical limits. Recently, giant FLX have been observed in nanoscale materials and their magnitudes are six to seven orders larger than the theoretical limits. In this review article, we describe the basic mechanism of flexoelectricity, brief history of discovery, theoretical modeling, experimental procedures, and results reported by several authors for bulk and nanoscale ferroelectric and dielectric materials.

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Xie, J. Y., F. Wang, P. Huang, T. J. Lu, L. F. Zhang, and K. W. Xu. "Structure Transformation and Coherent Interface in Large Lattice-Mismatched Nanoscale Multilayers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/959738.

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Nanoscale Al/W multilayers were fabricated by DC magnetron sputtering and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution electron microscopy. Despite the large lattice mismatch and significantly different lattice structures between Al and W, a structural transition from face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic in Al layers was observed when the individual layer thickness was reduced from 5 nm to 1 nm, forming coherent Al/W interfaces. For potential mechanisms underlying the observed structure transition and forming of coherent interfaces, it was suggested that the reduction of interfacial energy and high stresses induced by large lattice-mismatch play a crucial role.

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