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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoscale Dimensions'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Menozzi, Edoardo, Hideki Onagi, Arnold L. Rheingold, and Julius Rebek. "Extended Cavitands of Nanoscale Dimensions." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2005, no. 17 (September 2005): 3633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.200500342.

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2

XU, JINZE, KELIU WU, RAN LI, ZANDONG LI, JING LI, QILU XU, LINKAI LI, and ZHANGXIN CHEN. "NANOSCALE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION EFFECTS ON GAS PRODUCTION FROM FRACTAL SHALE ROCKS." Fractals 27, no. 08 (November 1, 2019): 1950142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19501421.

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Effect of nanoscale pore size distribution (PSD) on shale gas production is one of the challenges to be addressed by the industry. An improved approach to study multi-scale real gas transport in fractal shale rocks is proposed to bridge nanoscale PSD and gas filed production. This approach is well validated with field tests. Results indicate the gas production is underestimated without considering a nanoscale PSD. A PSD with a larger fractal dimension in pore size and variance yields a higher fraction of large pores; this leads to a better gas transport capacity; this is owing to a higher free gas transport ratio. A PSD with a smaller fractal dimension yields a lower cumulative gas production; this is because a smaller fractal dimension results in the reduction of gas transport efficiency. With an increase in the fractal dimension in pore size and variance, an apparent permeability-shifting effect is less obvious, and the sensitivity of this effect to a nanoscale PSD is also impaired. Higher fractal dimensions and variances result in higher cumulative gas production and a lower sensitivity of gas production to a nanoscale PSD, which is due to a better gas transport efficiency. The shale apparent permeability-shifting effect to nanoscale is more sensitive to a nanoscale PSD under a higher initial reservoir pressure, which makes gas production more sensitive to a nanoscale PSD. The findings of this study can help to better understand the influence of a nanoscale PSD on gas flow capacity and gas production.

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3

Wang, Fuyong, Peiqing Lian, Liang Jiao, Zhichao Liu, Jiuyu Zhao, and Jian Gao. "Fractal Analysis of Microscale and Nanoscale Pore Structures in Carbonates Using High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion." Geofluids 2018 (June 7, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4023150.

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This paper investigated fractal characteristics of microscale and nanoscale pore structures in carbonates using High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion (HPMI). Firstly, four different fractal models, i.e., 2D capillary tube model, 3D capillary tube model, geometry model, and thermodynamic model, were used to calculate fractal dimensions of carbonate core samples from HPMI curves. Afterwards, the relationships between the calculated fractal dimensions and carbonate petrophysical properties were analysed. Finally, fractal permeability model was used to predict carbonate permeability and then compared with Winland permeability model. The research results demonstrate that the calculated fractal dimensions strongly depend on the fractal models used. Compared with the other three fractal models, 3D capillary tube model can effectively reflect the fractal characteristics of carbonate microscale and nanoscale pores. Fractal dimensions of microscale pores positively correlate with fractal dimensions of the entire carbonate pores, yet negatively correlate with fractal dimensions of nanoscale pores. Although nanoscale pores widely develop in carbonates, microscale pores have greater impact on the fractal characteristics of the entire pores. Fractal permeability model is applicable in predicting carbonate permeability, and compared with the Winland permeability model, its calculation errors are acceptable.

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4

Lücking, Ulrich, Fabio C. Tucci, Dmitry M. Rudkevich, and Julius Rebek. "Self-Folding Cavitands of Nanoscale Dimensions." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 37 (September 2000): 8880–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja001562l.

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5

Kroto, Harold. "Mechanisms of Self Assembly at Nanoscale Dimensions." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 5911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2557.

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6

Singh, Bharti, B. R. Mehta, Deepak Varandani, Andreea Veronica Savu, and Juergen Brugger. "Exploring Nanoscale Electrical Properties of CuO-Graphene Based Hybrid Interfaced Memory Device by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 4044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.10713.

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The phenomenon of resistive switching is based on nanoscale changes in the electrical properties of the interface. In the present study, conductive atomic force microscope based nanoscale measurements of copper oxide (CuO)-multilayer graphene (MLG) hybrid interface based devices have been carried out to understand changes in the electrical properties during resistive switching of the Ti–CuO/MLG-Cu memory cells having different dimensions fabricated on the same substrate using stencil lithography technique. The dependence of resistive switching characteristics in LRS and HRS and current level of the conductive filaments (CF) on the electrode area have been studied. As the device dimension is reduced, the filamentary contribution is enhanced in comparison to the background contribution, resulting in an increase in the current density ratio between LRS and HRS. It is also observed that as the device dimension is decreased from 150 to 25 μm, the filament size decreases from 95 nm to 20 nm, respectively, which causes a decrease in the reset current and reset voltage. The results of the nanoscale CAFM measurements have shown a good correlation with the switching parameters obtained by the macroscale pad I–V measurements, thereby, suggesting the origin of resistive switching is due to the formation and rupture of an entity called filament, whose dimension is in nanorange. It is observed that changes in the electrical properties of the overall interface layer along with changes in the electrical conductivity of these filaments contribute towards resistive switching phenomenon. This study suggests that a significant reduction of reset current can be achieved by decreasing the memory device dimensions.

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7

Halas, N. J. "Connecting the dots: Reinventing optics for nanoscale dimensions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 10 (March 10, 2009): 3643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900796106.

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8

Ozbay, E. "Plasmonics: Merging Photonics and Electronics at Nanoscale Dimensions." Science 311, no. 5758 (January 13, 2006): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1114849.

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9

Ebrahimi, Nader. "Assessing a Linear Nanosystem's Limiting Reliability from its Components." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 3 (September 2008): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1222441834.

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Nanosystems are devices that are in the size range of a billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9) and therefore are built necessarily from individual atoms. The one-dimensional nanosystems or linear nanosystems cover all the nanosized systems which possess one dimension that exceeds the other two dimensions, i.e. extension over one dimension is predominant over the other two dimensions. Here only two of the dimensions have to be on the nanoscale (less than 100 nanometers). In this paper we consider the structural relationship between a linear nanosystem and its atoms acting as components of the nanosystem. Using such information, we then assess the nanosystem's limiting reliability which is, of course, probabilistic in nature. We consider the linear nanosystem at a fixed moment of time, say the present moment, and we assume that the present state of the linear nanosystem depends only on the present states of its atoms.

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10

Ebrahimi, Nader. "Assessing a Linear Nanosystem's Limiting Reliability from its Components." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 03 (September 2008): 879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200004757.

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Nanosystems are devices that are in the size range of a billionth of a meter (1 x 10-9) and therefore are built necessarily from individual atoms. The one-dimensional nanosystems or linear nanosystems cover all the nanosized systems which possess one dimension that exceeds the other two dimensions, i.e. extension over one dimension is predominant over the other two dimensions. Here only two of the dimensions have to be on the nanoscale (less than 100 nanometers). In this paper we consider the structural relationship between a linear nanosystem and its atoms acting as components of the nanosystem. Using such information, we then assess the nanosystem's limiting reliability which is, of course, probabilistic in nature. We consider the linear nanosystem at a fixed moment of time, say the present moment, and we assume that the present state of the linear nanosystem depends only on the present states of its atoms.

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11

Islam, Tanveer ul, Yves Bellouard, and Jaap M. J. den Toonder. "Highly motile nanoscale magnetic artificial cilia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 35 (August 27, 2021): e2104930118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104930118.

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Among the many complex bioactuators functioning at different scales, the organelle cilium represents a fundamental actuating unit in cellular biology. Producing motions at submicrometer scales, dominated by viscous forces, cilia drive a number of crucial bioprocesses in all vertebrate and many invertebrate organisms before and after their birth. Artificially mimicking motile cilia has been a long-standing challenge while inspiring the development of new materials and methods. The use of magnetic materials has been an effective approach for realizing microscopic artificial cilia; however, the physical and magnetic properties of the magnetic material constituents and fabrication processes utilized have almost exclusively only enabled the realization of highly motile artificial cilia with dimensions orders of magnitude larger than their biological counterparts. This has hindered the development and study of model systems and devices with inherent size-dependent aspects, as well as their application at submicrometer scales. In this work, we report a magnetic elastomer preparation process coupled with a tailored molding process for the successful fabrication of artificial cilia with submicrometer dimensions showing unprecedented deflection capabilities, enabling the design of artificial cilia with high motility and at sizes equal to those of their smallest biological counterparts. The reported work crosses the barrier of nanoscale motile cilia fabrication, paving the way for maximum control and manipulation of structures and processes at micro- and nanoscales.

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12

Schiffrin, David J. "Capped Nanoparticles as Potential Electronic Components with Nanoscale Dimensions." MRS Bulletin 26, no. 12 (December 2001): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2001.259.

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Nanotechnology, a much abused term, refers to the fabrication and assembly of functional objects of nanometer dimensions. In this article, we will refer only to specific aspects of chemical nanotechnology, meaning by this the production of structures of nanometer dimensions by chemical means. In particular, we will center the discussion on the use of metal nanoparticles as chemical building blocks.

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13

Wiener, Clinton G., Zhe Qiang, Yanfeng Xia, Madhusudan Tyagi, and Bryan D. Vogt. "Impact of surface wettability on dynamics of supercooled water confined in nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 44 (2018): 28019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05670f.

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14

Wang, Yang, Caifang Wu, Yong Qin, Shimin Liu, and Rui Zhang. "Multi-Angle Investigation of the Fractal Characteristics of Nanoscale Pores in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Shale and Their Implications for CH4 Adsorption." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18463.

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Shale gas has received widespread interest due to its successful commercial development in China. Pore structures in shale can directly control its gas storage and migration properties. In this study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low-pressure N2/CO2 adsorption and highpressure methane adsorption were used to investigate the nanoscale pore structures of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the southeastern Upper Yangtze platform. The fractal parameters of the pore structures were also calculated using the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) model. The relationships between the fractal dimensions and TOC content, mineral composition and pore structure parameters were also discussed. The results show that organic matter and clay minerals are primary factors affecting the nanoscale pore development. Slit-shaped pores and ink-bottle-shaped pores are the predominant pore types in the Niutitang shale. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas vary from 4.91 m2/g to 34.33 m2/g, and the pore volumes range from 0.689 m3/100 g to 2.964 m3/100 g. Two fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) of the Niutitang shale were obtained using the FHH model, with D1 ranging from 2.605 to 2.684, and D2 ranging from 2.681 to 2.865. D1 adequately characterizes the surface roughness of the pore structures, while D2 represents the complexity of the pore types. Inter-particle (InterP) pores commonly have greater shape complexities than OM pores and intra-particle (IntraP) pores, based on analyses using Image-Pro Plus software. In addition, the TOC content and clay minerals have great effects on the fractal dimension D1. Meanwhile, the fractal dimension D1 increases with increasing BET surface area, but there is no definite relationship between the fractal dimensions and pore volumes. Both the fractal dimensions D1 and D2 are negatively correlated with pore sizes. Further investigation indicates that the fractal dimension D1 exhibits a strong positive relationship with the methane adsorption capacity indicating that Niutitang shales with greater values of the fractal dimension D1 have higher methane adsorption capacities.

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15

Raha, Sauvik, and Md Ahmaruzzaman. "ZnO nanostructured materials and their potential applications: progress, challenges and perspectives." Nanoscale Advances 4, no. 8 (2022): 1868–925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00880c.

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16

LIU, YU, YANMING ZHU, YANG WANG, and SHANGBIN CHEN. "FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOSCALE PORES IN SHALE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON METHANE ADSORPTION CAPACITY." Fractals 27, no. 01 (February 2019): 1940014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19400140.

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Pore structure in shale controls the gas storage mechanism and gas transport behaviors. Since nanoscale pores in shale matrix have fractal characteristics, fractal theory can be used to study its structure. In addition, fractal method has its own advantages to investigate nanopores in shale, especially for the heterogeneity and irregularity of nanopores in shale. In this work, fractal features of nanoscale pores and the implication on methane adsorption capacity of shale were investigated by employing low pressure nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and methane adsorption experiments. Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) model was also used to calculate the fractal parameters of nanoscale pores in shale. The results showed that nanoscale pores in 12 shale samples have obvious fractal features. All the fractal curves of these shale samples can be divided into two segments, which are cut off by [Formula: see text], and the fractal dimensions of these two segments vary from 2.48 to 2.92 [Formula: see text] and 2.42 to 2.80 [Formula: see text], respectively. Based on SEM images, it is found that self-similarity of organic pore systems in shales refers to two aspects. One is that relatively large-scale and small-scale pores have similar formation properties and types, which are of elliptical shape with rough surface. The other is that some small-scale pores are formed by rough surface of relatively large pores. The results also demonstrate that methane adsorption capacity of shale samples increase with increasing total organic carbon (TOC) contents. This is mainly because organic matter is rich in pores and has relatively large fractal dimension values. Larger fractal dimensions indicate rougher pore surfaces and could form more small-scale organic pores. These organic pores would provide more space for methane adsorption.

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17

Fan, Sufeng, Xiaobin Feng, Ying Han, Zhengjie Fan, and Yang Lu. "Nanomechanics of low-dimensional materials for functional applications." Nanoscale Horizons 4, no. 4 (2019): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00118b.

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18

Erickson, A., L. Sadwick, G. Neubauer, J. Kopanski, D. Adderton, and M. Rogers. "Quantitative scanning capacitance microscopy analysis of two-dimensional dopant concentrations at nanoscale dimensions." Journal of Electronic Materials 25, no. 2 (February 1996): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02666260.

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19

Smith, R., A. Arca, X. Chen, L. Marques, M. Clark, J. Aylott, and M. Somekh. "Design and fabrication of ultrasonic transducers with nanoscale dimensions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 278 (January 1, 2011): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/278/1/012035.

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20

Waldvogel, Siegfried R., Alexander R. Wartini, Palle H. Rasmussen, and Julius Rebek. "A triphenylene scaffold with C3v-symmetry and nanoscale dimensions." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 18 (April 1999): 3515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00545-6.

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21

Wooley, K. L., J. S. Moore, C. Wu, and Y. Yang. "Novel polymers: Molecular to nanoscale order in three dimensions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 21 (October 10, 2000): 11147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.21.11147.

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22

Karsenty, Avi. "A Comprehensive Review of Integrated Hall Effects in Macro-, Micro-, Nanoscales, and Quantum Devices." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 27, 2020): 4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154163.

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A comprehensive review of the main existing devices, based on the classic and new related Hall Effects is hereby presented. The review is divided into sub-categories presenting existing macro-, micro-, nanoscales, and quantum-based components and circuitry applications. Since Hall Effect-based devices use current and magnetic field as an input and voltage as output. researchers and engineers looked for decades to take advantage and integrate these devices into tiny circuitry, aiming to enable new functions such as high-speed switches, in particular at the nanoscale technology. This review paper presents not only an historical overview of past endeavors, but also the remaining challenges to overcome. As part of these trials, one can mention complex design, fabrication, and characterization of smart nanoscale devices such as sensors and amplifiers, towards the next generations of circuitry and modules in nanotechnology. When compared to previous domain-limited text books, specialized technical manuals and focused scientific reviews, all published several decades ago, this up-to-date review paper presents important advantages and novelties: Large coverage of all domains and applications, clear orientation to the nanoscale dimensions, extended bibliography of almost one hundred fifty recent references, review of selected analytical models, summary tables and phenomena schematics. Moreover, the review includes a lateral examination of the integrated Hall Effect per sub-classification of subjects. Among others, the following sub-reviews are presented: Main existing macro/micro/nanoscale devices, materials and elements used for the fabrication, analytical models, numerical complementary models and tools used for simulations, and technological challenges to overcome in order to implement the effect in nanotechnology. Such an up-to-date review may serve the scientific community as a basis for novel research oriented to new nanoscale devices, modules, and Process Development Kit (PDK) markets.

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23

Jiang, Xiao Xiao, Feng Wen Wang, Zhen He Ma, Qiong Chan Gu, Jiang Tao Lv, and Guang Yuan Si. "Arbitrary Structures Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam Milling." Advanced Materials Research 661 (February 2013): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.661.66.

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Optical components at the nanoscale are crucial for developing photonics and integrated optics. Device with ultrasmall dimensions is of particular importance for nanoscience and electronic technology. Among all the manufacturing tools, the focused ion beam is a critical candidate for machining and processing optical devices at the nanoscale. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the fabrication of nanodevices with arbitrary shapes and different potential applications using focused ion beam techniques.

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24

Rizal, Binod, Juan M. Merlo, Michael J. Burns, Thomas C. Chiles, and Michael J. Naughton. "Nanocoaxes for optical and electronic devices." Analyst 140, no. 1 (2015): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01447b.

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The evolution of micro/nanoelectronics technology, including the shrinking of devices and integrated circuit components, has included the miniaturization of linear and coaxial structures to micro/nanoscale dimensions.

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25

Zhang, Qian, Roland Schierholz, Krzysztof Dzieciol, Shicheng Yu, Hermann Tempel, Hans Kungl, and Rüdiger-A. Eichel. "Microstructural details of spindle-like lithium titanium phosphate revealed in three dimensions." RSC Advances 11, no. 55 (2021): 34605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05754e.

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26

Voiculescu, Ioana, Masaya Toda, Naoki Inomata, Takahito Ono, and Fang Li. "Nano and Microsensors for Mammalian Cell Studies." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090439.

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This review presents several sensors with dimensions at the nano- and micro-scale used for biological applications. Two types of cantilever beams employed as highly sensitive temperature sensors with biological applications will be presented. One type of cantilever beam is fabricated from composite materials and is operated in the deflection mode. In order to achieve the high sensitivity required for detection of heat generated by a single mammalian cell, the cantilever beam temperature sensor presented in this review was microprocessed with a length at the microscale and a thickness in the nanoscale dimension. The second type of cantilever beam presented in this review was operated in the resonant frequency regime. The working principle of the vibrating cantilever beam temperature sensor is based on shifts in resonant frequency in response to temperature variations generated by mammalian cells. Besides the cantilever beam biosensors, two biosensors based on the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) used to monitor mammalian cells attachment and viability will be presented in this review. These ECIS sensors have dimensions at the microscale, with the gold films used for electrodes having thickness at the nanoscale. These micro/nano biosensors and their mammalian cell applications presented in the review demonstrates the diversity of the biosensor technology and applications.

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27

Hamilton, G., Z. Disharoon, and H. Sanabria. "Revisiting viscosity from macroscopic to nanoscale regimes." Revista Mexicana de Física E 64, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfise.64.222.

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The response of a fluid to deformation by shear stress is known as shear viscosity. This concept arises from a macroscopic view and was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton. Nonetheless, a fluid is a series of moving molecules that are constrained by the shape of the container. Such a view begs the treatment of viscosity from a microscopic or molecular view, a task undertaken by both Einstein and Smoluchowski independently. Here we revisit the concept of viscosity and experimentally verify that the viscosity at a molecular level, which describes the drag force, is the same as the macroscopic shear viscosity; hence, bridging different length- and time-scales. For capturing the shear stress response of a fluid, we use classical rheometry; at a molecular level we use probe diffusion to determine the local viscosity fromthe translational and rotational motions. In these cases, we use Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Time Resolved Fluorescence, respectively. By increasing the osmolyte (Glucose-D) concentration, we change the viscosity and find that these methods provide a unified view of viscosity, bridging the gap between the macroscopic and nanoscale regimes. Moreover, Glucose’s viscosity follows a scaling factormore commonly associated to solutions of branched polymer because the probe dimensions are comparable to the dimensions of the osmolyte that exerts the drag.

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28

Adams, Freddy. "Spectroscopic imaging: a spatial Odyssey." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29, no. 7 (2014): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ja00050a.

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Analytical methods were developed or refined to link the composition and structure of man-made and natural materials down to the nanoscale dimensions to their functional behaviour at the macroscopic scale.

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29

Sheng, Huaping, He Zheng, Shuangfeng Jia, Maria K. Y. Chan, Tijana Rajh, Jianbo Wang, and Jianguo Wen. "Atomistic manipulation of reversible oxidation and reduction in Ag with an electron beam." Nanoscale 11, no. 22 (2019): 10756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09525f.

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Employing electrons for direct control of a nanoscale reaction is highly desirable since it enables fabrication of nanostructures with different properties at atomic resolution and with flexibility of dimensions and location.

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30

Wujcik, Evan K., Stephanie R. Aceto, Radha Narayanan, and Arijit Bose. "Lead Selenide Nanostructures Self-Assembled across Multiple Length Scales and Dimensions." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9575839.

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A self-assembly approach to lead selenide (PbSe) structures that have organized across multiple length scales and multiple dimensions has been achieved. These structures consist of angstrom-scale 0D PbSe crystals, synthesized via a hot solution process, which have stacked into 1D nanorods via aligned dipoles. These 1D nanorods have arranged into nanoscale 2D sheets via directional short-ranged attraction. The nanoscale 2D sheets then further aligned into larger 2D microscale planes. In this study, the authors have characterized the PbSe structures via normal and cryo-TEM and EDX showing that this multiscale multidimensional self-assembled alignment is not due to drying effects. These PbSe structures hold promise for applications in advanced materials—particularly electronic technologies, where alignment can aid in device performance.

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31

Hall, Rebecca M., Tong Sun, and Mauro Ferrari. "A Portrait of Nanomedicine and its Bioethical Implications." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00705.x.

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While the definitions employed by different governmental agencies and scientific societies differ somewhat, the term “nanotechnology” is generally understood to refer to the manufacturing, characterization, and use of man-made devices with dimensions on the order of 1-100 nanometers (1 nanometer [nm] = 1 billionth of a meter). Devices that comprise a fundamental functional element that is nanotechnological are also frequently comprised within nanotechnology, as are manufactured objects with dimensions less than one micrometer. The differences in definition lead to occasional paradoxes, such as the fact that the most widely used nanodrug (albumin nanoparticles of dimensions up to 300 nm, comprising the anticancer drug paclitaxel) is labeled a “nanopharmaceutical” by governments of European countries, Canada, and Australia, but it is not a nanotechnology for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is also common in scientific domains to restrict the term “nanotechnology” to objects that possess special, “emerging” properties that only arise because of their nanoscale dimension.

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32

Liu, Jianlin, Runni Wu, and Re Xia. "Surface effects at the nanoscale based on Gurtin’s theory: a review." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 23, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2014): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2014-0016.

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AbstractThe fields of nanotechnology and nanoscience are full of opportunities and challenges. The needed modification of classical continuum mechanics to account for the dramatically novel characteristics and phenomena determining the mechanical response of nanomaterials/structures remains an ambitious goal pursued by mechanics researchers. The theory of surface elasticity proposed by Gurtin and Murdoch has been shown to be an important tool in theoretical nanomechanics. In this paper, we present an overview of recent advances in application of surface elasticity theory at the nanoscale. In particular, we focus on the elastic and plastic deformation, vibration and buckling, fracture and contact behavior of nanoscale solids from one dimension to three dimensions. We hope that this contribution can provide a valuable insight into nanomechanics analysis methods by taking surface effects into account. The results may help to bridge the gap between conventional mechanics and findings from simulation and experiment, in such areas as multifunctional material and micro-electro-mechanical systems.

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33

Hoffmann, Michael, Milan Pešić, Stefan Slesazeck, Uwe Schroeder, and Thomas Mikolajick. "On the stabilization of ferroelectric negative capacitance in nanoscale devices." Nanoscale 10, no. 23 (2018): 10891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr02752h.

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34

Morakinyo, Moshood K., and Shankar B. Rananavare. "Reducing the effects of shot noise using nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 5 (2015): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc01339e.

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We report a new method to remove the effects of fluctuations in the pattern dimensions caused by statistical variations in the impinging photons/particles at the nanoscale. By using precisely size-controlled nanoparticles as a template in conjunction with resist reflow, the method is capable of reducing the transistor source, drain contact hole dimensions to <20 nm, while remaining compatible with currently available fabrication methods.

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35

Zeng, Hao, Chao Lv, Yan Gao, Ting Yi Dong, Yong Hui Wang, and Xing Quan Wang. "Ultrahigh Purity Copper Alloy Target Used Innanoscale ULSI Interconnects." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.22.

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Current ULSI circuits have features with dimensions in the nanoscale region. As the critical dimension shrinks, Cu BEOL systems face reliability impacts. Alloying has been proved to be a promising technique to retard grain boundary electro-migration (EM). In this paper, dilute Cu Alloys such as Cu-Al, Cu-Mn for dual-damascene interconnect applications have been investigated. The alloy chosen principle for nanoscale interconnects has been discussed. The ultrahigh purity copper alloy target properties including purity, alloy composition, grain size and sputtering performance were investigated, to lay the foundation for the application of the large-size ultrahigh purity copper alloy target used for 300mm wafer fabrication. The relationships between deposited film behaviors and sputtering target properties in some applications were also discussed. In order to acquire high quality thin film, the properties of sputtering target such as alloy composition homogeneity, grain size and uniformity et al. have to be well controlled by proper fabrication techniques.

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36

Fleege, Laura, and Frances Lawrenz. "An Empirical Examination of the Current State of Publically Available Nanotechnology Guidance Materials." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00704.x.

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Nanotechnology not only offers the promise of new enhancements to existing materials but also allows for the development of new materials and devices. The potential applications of nanotechnology range from medicine to agriculture to health and environmental science and beyond. Nanotechnology is growing at such a rate that Lux Research in 2007 estimated that nanotechnology will be incorporated into 15% of global manufactured goods by 2014. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as the following: “(1) Research and technology development involving structures with at least one dimension in the range of 1-100 nanometers (nm), frequently with atomic/molecular precision; (2) Creating and using structures, devices, and systems that have unique properties and functions because of their nanoscale dimensions; (3) The ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.” Nanomedicine and its subcategories of nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics incorporate nanoscale materials with unique properties that can enable new or improved treatments and diagnostics for many diseases and disorders.

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37

Pop, Eric, and Kenneth E. Goodson. "Thermal Phenomena in Nanoscale Transistors." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2188950.

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As CMOS transistor gate lengths are scaled below 45nm, thermal device design is becoming an important part of microprocessor engineering. Decreasing dimensions lead to nanometer-scale hot spots in the drain region of the device, which may increase the drain series and source injection electrical resistances. Such trends are accelerated with the introduction of novel materials and nontraditional transistor geometries, like ultrathin body, surround-gate, or nanowire devices, which impede heat conduction. Thermal analysis is complicated by subcontinuum phenomenan including ballistic electron transport, which reshapes the hot spot region compared with classical diffusion theory predictions. Ballistic phonon transport from the hot spot and between material boundaries impedes conduction cooling. The increased surface to volume ratio of novel transistor designs also leads to a larger contribution from material boundary thermal resistance. In this paper we survey trends in transistor geometries and materials, from bulk silicon to carbon nanotubes, along with their implications for the thermal design of electronic systems.

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38

Sumetsky, M. "Nanophotonics of optical fibers." Nanophotonics 2, no. 5-6 (December 16, 2013): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0041.

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AbstractThis review is concerned with nanoscale effects in highly transparent dielectric photonic structures fabricated from optical fibers. In contrast to those in plasmonics, these structures do not contain metal particles, wires, or films with nanoscale dimensions. Nevertheless, a nanoscale perturbation of the fiber radius can significantly alter their performance. This paper consists of three parts. The first part considers propagation of light in thin optical fibers (microfibers) having the radius of the order of 100 nanometers to 1 micron. The fundamental mode propagating along a microfiber has an evanescent field which may be strongly expanded into the external area. Then, the cross-sectional dimensions of the mode and transmission losses are very sensitive to small variations of the microfiber radius. Under certain conditions, a change of just a few nanometers in the microfiber radius can significantly affect its transmission characteristics and, in particular, lead to the transition from the waveguiding to non-waveguiding regime. The second part of the review considers slow propagation of whispering gallery modes in fibers having the radius of the order of 10–100 microns. The propagation of these modes along the fiber axis is so slow that they can be governed by extremely small nanoscale changes of the optical fiber radius. This phenomenon is exploited in SNAP (surface nanoscale axial photonics), a new platform for fabrication of miniature super-low-loss photonic integrated circuits with unprecedented sub-angstrom precision. The SNAP theory and applications are overviewed. The third part of this review describes methods of characterization of the radius variation of microfibers and regular optical fibers with sub-nanometer precision.

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Yu, Eunseon, Keun Heo, and Seongjae Cho. "Characterization and Optimization of Inverted-T FinFET Under Nanoscale Dimensions." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 65, no. 8 (August 2018): 3521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2018.2846478.

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40

Sweeney, Aldrin E. "Social and ethical dimensions of nanoscale science and engineering research." Science and Engineering Ethics 12, no. 3 (September 2006): 435–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-006-0044-5.

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41

Hussein, Haytham E. M., Richard Beanland, Ana M. Sànchez, David Walker, Marc Walker, Yisong Han, and Julie V. Macpherson. "Atomic-scale investigation of the reversible α- to ω-phase lithium ion charge – discharge characteristics of electrodeposited vanadium pentoxide nanobelts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 15 (2022): 8515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta10208g.

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Electrodeposition is used to produce α-V2O5 nanobelts on a boron doped diamond electrode. The nanoscale dimensions facilitate accommodation of three Li+ ions during discharge resulting in ω-Li3V2O5, which is reversible over at least one cycle.

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42

Girard, Adrien, Julien Ramade, Jérémie Margueritat, Denis Machon, Lucien Saviot, Frédéric Demoisson, and Alain Mermet. "Contact laws between nanoparticles: the elasticity of a nanopowder." Nanoscale 10, no. 4 (2018): 2154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr07540e.

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Studies of the mechanical contact between nanometer-scale particles provide fundamental insights into the mechanical properties of materials and the validity of contact laws at the nanoscale which are still under debate for contact surfaces approaching atomic dimensions.

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43

Belianinov, Alex, Matthew J. Burch, Anton Ievlev, Songkil Kim, Michael G. Stanford, Kyle Mahady, Brett B. Lewis, Jason D. Fowlkes, Philip D. Rack, and Olga S. Ovchinnikova. "Direct Write of 3D Nanoscale Mesh Objects with Platinum Precursor via Focused Helium Ion Beam Induced Deposition." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050527.

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The next generation optical, electronic, biological, and sensing devices as well as platforms will inevitably extend their architecture into the 3rd dimension to enhance functionality. In focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID), a helium gas field ion source can be used with an organometallic precursor gas to fabricate nanoscale structures in 3D with high-precision and smaller critical dimensions than focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), traditional liquid metal source FIBID, or other additive manufacturing technology. In this work, we report the effect of beam current, dwell time, and pixel pitch on the resultant segment and angle growth for nanoscale 3D mesh objects. We note subtle beam heating effects, which impact the segment angle and the feature size. Additionally, we investigate the competition of material deposition and sputtering during the 3D FIBID process, with helium ion microscopy experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show complex 3D mesh structures measuring ~300 nm in the largest dimension, with individual features as small as 16 nm at full width half maximum (FWHM). These assemblies can be completed in minutes, with the underlying fabrication technology compatible with existing lithographic techniques, suggesting a higher-throughput pathway to integrating FIBID with established nanofabrication techniques.

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Zhao, Feng, Yukou Du, Jingkun Xu, and Shufeng Liu. "Morphology of surfactant–polymer complexes on mica substrate visualized by atomic force microscopy." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 84, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v06-153.

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The morphology of surfactant–polymer complexes formed in two dimensions has been studied. We found that the morphology of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide – modified partially hydrated polyacrylamide (CTAB–MHPAM) complexes transferred to mica from the interface between air and MHPAM aqueous solution shows pearl necklace structures, and it is orientationally aligned. On the addition of salt, this structure is altered to the dendritic fractal structure with a smaller fractal dimension about 1.1 ± 0.01. These structures have potential applications in the fabrication of materials in the nanoscale. The mechanism of the formation of different patterns has been discussed.Key words: morphology, Surfactant–polymer complexes, Dendritic fractal structure.

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45

McEuen, Paul L. "Small Machines." Daedalus 141, no. 3 (July 2012): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00159.

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Over the last fifty years, small has emerged as the new big thing. The reduction of information and electronics to nanometer dimensions has revolutionized science, technology, and society. Now scientists and engineers are creating physical machines that operate at the nanoscale. Using approaches ranging from lithographic patterning to the co-opting of biological machinery, new devices are being built that can navigate, sense, and alter the nanoscale world. In the coming decades, these machines will have enormous impact infields ranging from biotechnology to quantum physics, blurring the boundary between technology and life.

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46

Rukhlya, E. G., L. M. Yarysheva, A. L. Volynskii, and N. F. Bakeev. "Effects of tensile strain on the peculiarities of PEO penetration into the nanoporous structure of PET deformed via the crazing mechanism." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 14 (2016): 9396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07842c.

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Solvent crazing involves the development of a highly dispersed fibrillar-porous structure with dimensions of pores and craze fibrils of about 2–20 nm, and crazing by itself can be treated as a universal method for the development of nanoscale porosity.

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47

Wei, Xiaoliang, Qian Chen, Jinchuan Zhang, Haikuan Nie, Wei Dang, Zhongming Li, Xuan Tang, Yue Lang, and Lamei Lin. "Nanoscale Pore Fractal Characteristics of Permian Shale and Its Impact on Methane-Bearing Capacity: A Case Study from Southern North China Basin, Central China." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18462.

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Fractal dimension is closely related to the nanoscale pore structure of shale, and it also has an important influence on the gas content of shale. To investigate the correlation between the fractal dimension and the methane (CH4) bearing features of shale, seven Permian shale samples were analyzed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low temperature nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 adsorption and on-site gas desorption experiments. Based on the N2 adsorption and desorption data, we proposed a new method to better determine the gas adsorption stage at different relative pressure (P/P0) points in the multilayer adsorption or capillary condensation stage. On this basis, two fractal dimensions, D1 (representing the surface roughness) and D2 (representing pore irregularity), were obtained. By correlating the fractal dimensions and nanoscale pore structure parameters, we found that D1 does not correlate with the pore structure parameters except for the micropore volume. Influenced by the aggregation of porous and nonporous materials, D2 has a positive linear relationship with the specific surface area (SSA) and micropore volume but has a negative linear correlation with the average diameter of pores. D1 is negatively correlated with water saturation and positively correlated with free CH4 content. The CH4 adsorption content is positively correlated with D2. By fitting the on-site desorption data, the positive correlation between the total desorbed CH4 content and the desorbed CH4 content in stage 2 and D2 was also confirmed. D2 better reflects the CH4 adsorption capacity of organic-rich shale than D1. However, D1 can be used to reflect the influence of shale surface properties on water saturation and to indirectly reflect the free CH4 content in shale. The fractal dimension (D1 and D2) is a clear indicator of the total free and adsorbed CH4 content, but cannot indicate the desorbed CH4 content at different stages.

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Fatehi, Leili, Susan M. Wolf, Jeffrey McCullough, Ralph Hall, Frances Lawrenz, Jeffrey P. Kahn, Cortney Jones, et al. "Recommendations for Nanomedicine Human Subjects Research Oversight: An Evolutionary Approach for an Emerging Field." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 716–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00703.x.

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Nanomedicine is yielding new and improved treatments and diagnostics for a range of diseases and disorders. Nanomedicine applications incorporate materials and components with nanoscale dimensions (often defined as 1-100 nm, but sometimes defined to include dimensions up to 1000 nm, as discussed further below) where novel physiochemical properties emerge as a result of size-dependent phenomena and high surface-to-mass ratio. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics are a subset of nanomedicine products that enter the human body. These include drugs, biological products (biologics), implantable medical devices, and combination products that are designed to function in the body in ways unachievable at larger scales. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics incorporate materials that are engineered at the nanoscale to express novel properties that are medicinally useful. These nanomedicine applications can also contain nanomaterials that are biologically active, producing interactions that depend on biological triggers. Examples include nanoscale formulations of insoluble drugs to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, drugs encapsulated in hollow nanoparticles with the ability to target and cross cellular and tissue membranes (including the bloodbrain barrier) and to release their payload at a specific time or location, imaging agents that demonstrate novel optical properties to aid in locating micrometastases, and antimicrobial and drug-eluting components or coatings of implantable medical devices such as stents.

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Karsenty and Mottes. "Hall Amplifier Nanoscale Device (HAND): Modeling, Simulations and Feasibility Analysis for THz Sensor." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111618.

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HAND (Hall Amplifier Nanoscale Device), a new nano-metric device, was designed, simulated, and modeled for feasibility analysis, with the challenge of combining a well-known macro effect into the nanoscale world. HAND is based on the well-known Hall Effect, and it may enable circuitry working at very high frequencies (tens of Tera-Hertz). The architecture, design, and simulations were performed while using Comsol Multi-Physics Package Software. Complementary accurate analytical models were developed to support the understanding of the device functionality, including treatment of specific phenomena, such as heat transfer, and mega-magnet feasibility inside integrated circuits. This new device, combining both the Hall Effect and nanoscale dimensions, holds the potential to change the computing rates in the microelectronics circuitry world, and can serve as a game changer.

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Zhang, Bo Wen, Yong Da Yan, Zhen Jiang Hu, Xue Sen Zhao, Ying Chun Liang, Wei Dong Fei, and Shen Dong. "In Situ Nanoscale Deformation Studies on Micro Copper Wires Using Atomic Force Microscopy." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4197.

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As the dimensions of parts become smaller, understanding the mechanical properties of these small components was becoming more important. Till present day, the methods and technology used to investigate the deformation behavior in nanoscale were still lacking. In this paper, the specimens were single crystal copper wires with diameter in 50 microns. Atomic force microscope integrated with an in- situ tensile system were used to determine the mechanical behavior of copper wires and observe the surface topography deformation in nanoscale simultaneously. The results were as follows: the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and failure strain of the sample were 167Gpa, 0.564GPa and 0.011, respectively. By using AFM, the separation process between the copper wire and impurities on it, such as oxide film, was observed. The nanoscale deformation process of the copper wire was also obtained.

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