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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoporous gold electrodes'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Islam, Md Shafiul, Alan J. Branigan, Borkat Ullah, Christopher J. Freeman, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "The Measurement of Mixed Potentials Using Platinum Decorated Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 016503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac41f2.

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Potentiometric redox sensing in solutions containing multiple redox molecules was evaluated using in-house constructed nanoporous gold (NPG)-platinum (Pt) and unmodified NPG electrodes. The NPG-Pt electrode was fabricated by electrodepositing Pt into the nanoporous framework of a chemically dealloyed NPG electrode. By varying the concentration of the Pt salt and the electrodeposition time, different amounts of Pt were introduced. Characterization by SEM shows the pore morphology doesn’t change with the addition of Pt and XPS indicates the electrodes contain ∼2.5–24 wt% Pt. Open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements in buffer and solutions containing ascorbic acid, cysteine, and/or uric acid show that the OCP shifts positive with the addition of Pt. These results are explained by an increase in the rate of the oxygen reduction reaction with the addition of Pt. The overall shape of the potentiometric titration curves generated from solutions containing one or more bioreagents is also highly dependent on the amount of Pt in the nanoporous electrode. Furthermore, the generation of OCP vs Log [bioreagent] from the results of the potentiometric experiments shows an ∼2-fold increase in sensitivity can result with the addition of Pt. These results indicate the promise that these electrodes have in potentiometric redox sensing.

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2

Villani, Elena, Giovanni Valenti, Massimo Marcaccio, Luca Mattarozzi, Simona Barison, Denis Garoli, Sandro Cattarin, and Francesco Paolucci. "Coreactant electrochemiluminescence at nanoporous gold electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 277 (July 2018): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.215.

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3

Freeman, Christopher J., Borkat Ullah, Md Shafiul Islam, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Potentiometric Biosensing of Ascorbic Acid, Uric Acid, and Cysteine in Microliter Volumes Using Miniaturized Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Biosensors 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11010010.

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Potentiometric redox sensing is a relatively inexpensive and passive approach to evaluate the overall redox state of complex biological and environmental solutions. The ability to make such measurements in ultra-small volumes using high surface area, nanoporous electrodes is of particular importance as such electrodes can improve the rates of electron transfer and reduce the effects of biofouling on the electrochemical signal. This work focuses on the fabrication of miniaturized nanoporous gold (NPG) electrodes with a high surface area and a small footprint for the potentiometric redox sensing of three biologically relevant redox molecules (ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine) in microliter volumes. The NPG electrodes were inexpensively made by attaching a nanoporous gold leaf prepared by dealloying 12K gold in nitric acid to a modified glass capillary (1.5 mm id) and establishing an electrode connection with copper tape. The surface area of the electrodes was ~1.5 cm2, providing a roughness factor of ~16 relative to the geometric area of 0.09 cm2. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanoporous framework. A linear dependence between the open-circuit potential (OCP) and the logarithm of concentration (e.g., Nernstian-like behavior) was obtained for all three redox molecules in 100 μL buffered solutions. As a first step towards understanding a real system, the response associated with changing the concentration of one redox species in the presence of the other two was examined. These results show that at NPG, the redox potential of a solution containing biologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and cysteine is strongly influenced by ascorbic acid. Such information is important for the measurement of redox potentials in complex biological solutions.

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4

Collinson, Maryanne M. "Nanoporous Gold Electrodes and Their Applications in Analytical Chemistry." ISRN Analytical Chemistry 2013 (February 20, 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/692484.

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Nanoporous gold prepared by dealloying Au:Ag alloys has recently become an attractive material in the field of analytical chemistry. This conductive material has an open, 3D porous framework consisting of nanosized pores and ligaments with surface areas that are 10s to 100s of times larger than planar gold of an equivalent geometric area. The high surface area coupled with an open pore network makes nanoporous gold an ideal support for the development of chemical sensors. Important attributes include conductivity, high surface area, ease of preparation and modification, tunable pore size, and a bicontinuous open pore network. In this paper, the fabrication, characterization, and applications of nanoporous gold in chemical sensing are reviewed specifically as they relate to the development of immunosensors, enzyme-based biosensors, DNA sensors, Raman sensors, and small molecule sensors.

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5

Islam, Md Shafiul, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity for the Redox Potentiometric Measurement of Biological Redox Molecules Using Nafion-Coated Platinum Decorated Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 057503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac68a1.

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Sensitivity and selectivity are two important figures of merit in analytical measurements, but in redox potentiometry, they are often limited. In this study, we describe how the potentiometric sensitivity and selectivity can be improved using nanoporous gold (NPG) electrodes with hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, and a mixture of dopamine and ascorbic acid as the test analytes. The results show that the addition of platinum (Pt) to the nanoporous framework significantly improves electrode sensitivity for the analytes studied. Furthermore, it was only possible to potentiometrically detect hydrogen peroxide at the NPG-Pt electrodes. To further improve sensitivity and also impart some selectivity, the electrodes were spin-coated with Nafion. The addition of Nafion shifts the open-circuit potential to more positive values, increases sensitivity by almost a factor of 2, and imparts selectivity to the surface for the analysis of mixtures. Collectively, this works shows the promise of Pt-decorated nanoporous electrodes coupled with a Nafion film to improve the overall performance of redox potentiometry in analytical science.

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6

Deng, Yanping, Wei Huang, Xin Chen, and Zelin Li. "Facile fabrication of nanoporous gold film electrodes." Electrochemistry Communications 10, no. 5 (May 2008): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.03.003.

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7

Scanlon, Micheál D., Urszula Salaj-Kosla, Serguei Belochapkine, Domhnall MacAodha, Dónal Leech, Yi Ding, and Edmond Magner. "Characterization of Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Bioelectrochemical Applications." Langmuir 28, no. 4 (October 26, 2011): 2251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la202945s.

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8

Quan, Xueling, Lee M. Fischer, Anja Boisen, and Maria Tenje. "Development of nanoporous gold electrodes for electrochemical applications." Microelectronic Engineering 88, no. 8 (August 2011): 2379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2010.12.121.

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9

Daggumati, Pallavi, Zimple Matharu, Ling Wang, and Erkin Seker. "Biofouling-Resilient Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for DNA Sensing." Analytical Chemistry 87, no. 17 (August 17, 2015): 8618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02969.

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10

Zhang, Chao, Jian Xiao, Lihua Qian, Songliu Yuan, Shuai Wang, and Pengxiang Lei. "Planar integration of flexible micro-supercapacitors with ultrafast charge and discharge based on interdigital nanoporous gold electrodes on a chip." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 24 (2016): 9502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta02219g.

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11

Rong, Kai, Liang Huang, Hui Zhang, Junfeng Zhai, Youxing Fang, and Shaojun Dong. "Electrochemical fabrication of nanoporous gold electrodes in a deep eutectic solvent for electrochemical detections." Chemical Communications 54, no. 64 (2018): 8853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc04454f.

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12

Yu, Shunlin, Chuan Liu, and Songjia Han. "A New Strategy to Fabricate Nanoporous Gold and Its Application in Photodetector." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091580.

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Nanoporous gold (NPG) plays an important role in high-performance electronic devices, including sensors, electrocatalysis, and energy storage systems. However, the traditional fabricating methods of NPG, dealloying technique or electrochemical reduction technique, usually require complex experimental procedures and sophisticated equipment. In this work, we reported a unique and simple method to prepare the NPG through a low-temperature solution process. More importantly, the structure of the NPG-based electrode can be further controlled by using the post-treatment process, such as thermal treatment and plasma treatment. Additionally, we also demonstrate the application of the resulting NPG electrodes in flexible photodetectors, which performs a higher sensitivity than common planar photodetectors. We believe that our work opens a possibility for the nanoporous metal in future electronics that is flexible, large scale, with facile fabrication, and low cost.

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13

Freeman, Christopher J., Ahmed A. Farghaly, Hajira Choudhary, Amy E. Chavis, Kyle T. Brady, Joseph E. Reiner, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Microdroplet-Based Potentiometric Redox Measurements on Gold Nanoporous Electrodes." Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 7 (March 21, 2016): 3768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04668.

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14

Khan, Rezaul K., Vamsi K. Yadavalli, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Flexible Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Electroanalysis in Complex Matrices." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 17 (September 2, 2019): 4660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900894.

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15

Gittard, Shaun D., Bonnie E. Pierson, Cindy M. Ha, Chung-An Max Wu, Roger J. Narayan, and David B. Robinson. "Supercapacitive transport of pharmacologic agents using nanoporous gold electrodes." Biotechnology Journal 5, no. 2 (January 27, 2010): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.200900250.

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16

Stine, Keith J. "Enzyme Immobilization on Nanoporous Gold: A Review." Biochemistry Insights 10 (January 1, 2017): 117862641774860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178626417748607.

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Nanoporous gold (referred to as np-Au or NPG) has emerged over the past 10 years as a new support for enzyme immobilization. The material has appealing features of ease of preparation, tunability of pore size, high surface to volume ratio, and compatibility with multiple strategies for enzyme immobilization. The np-Au material is especially of interest for immobilization of redox enzymes for biosensor and biofuel cell applications given the ability to construct electrodes of high surface area and stability. Adjustment of the pore size of np-Au can yield enhancements in enzyme thermal stability. Glucose oxidase immobilization on np-Au has been a focus for development of glucose sensors. Immobilization of laccase and related enzymes has demonstrated the utility of np-Au for construction of biofuel cells. Np-Au has been used to immobilize other redox enzymes, enzyme conjugates for use in bioassays, and enzymes of interest for industrial processes.

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17

Siepenkoetter, Till, Urszula Salaj-Kosla, Xinxin Xiao, Serguei Belochapkine, and Edmond Magner. "Nanoporous Gold Electrodes with Tuneable Pore Sizes for Bioelectrochemical Applications." Electroanalysis 28, no. 10 (October 2016): 2415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600249.

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18

Francis, Nicholas J., and Carl R. Knospe. "Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for Sensor Applications." Advanced Engineering Materials 21, no. 3 (January 2, 2019): 1800857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800857.

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19

Mie, Yasuhiro, Kyoka Takahashi, Yuka Itoga, Kenta Sueyoshi, Hirofumi Tsujino, Taku Yamashita, and Tadayuki Uno. "Nanoporous gold based electrodes for electrochemical studies of human neuroglobin." Electrochemistry Communications 110 (January 2020): 106621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106621.

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20

Tortolini, Cristina, Federico Tasca, Mary Anna Venneri, Cinzia Marchese, and Riccarda Antiochia. "Gold Nanoparticles/Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoporous as Novel Electrochemical Platforms for L-Ascorbic Acid Detection: Comparative Performance and Application." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080229.

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Herein, the effects of nanostructured modifications of a gold electrode surface in the development of electrochemical sensors for L-ascorbic acid detection have been investigated. In particular, a bare gold electrode has been modified by electrodeposition of gold single-walled carbon nanotubes (Au/SWCNTs) and by the formation of a highly nanoporous gold (h-nPG) film. The procedure has been realized by sweeping the potential between +0.8 V and 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 25 scans in a suspension containing 5 mg/mL of SWCNTs in 10 mM HAuCl4 and 2.5 M NH4Cl solution for Au/SWCNTs modified gold electrode. A similar procedure was applied for a h-nPG electrode in a 10 mM HAuCl4 solution containing 2.5 M NH4Cl, followed by applying a fixed potential of −4 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 60 s. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the properties of the modified electrodes. The developed sensors showed strong electrocatalytic activity towards ascorbic acid oxidation with enhanced sensitivities of 1.7 × 10−2 μA μM−1cm−2 and 2.5 × 10−2 μA μM−1cm−2 for Au/SWCNTs and h-nPG modified electrode, respectively, compared to bare gold electrode (1.0 × 10−2 μA μM−1cm−2). The detection limits were estimated to be 3.1 and 1.8 μM, respectively. The h-nPG electrode was successfully used to determine ascorbic acid in human urine with no significant interference and with satisfactory recovery levels.

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21

Hengge, Elisabeth, Markus Hirber, Philipp Brunner, Eva-Maria Steyskal, Bernd Nidetzky, and Roland Würschum. "Nanoporous gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers for electrochemical control of the surface charge." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 26 (2021): 14457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01491a.

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Nanoporous gold is modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of different length. The point of zero charge and the protonation/deprotonation reaction are investigated revealing precise charge control for long-chain SAMs.

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22

Daggumati, Pallavi, Sandra Appelt, Zimple Matharu, Maria L. Marco, and Erkin Seker. "Sequence-Specific Electrical Purification of Nucleic Acids with Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 138, no. 24 (June 9, 2016): 7711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b03563.

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23

Veselinovic, Jovana, Suzan Almashtoub, and Erkin Seker. "Anomalous Trends in Nucleic Acid-Based Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 18 (August 20, 2019): 11923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02686.

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24

Khan, Rezaul Karim, Shanmuka P. Gadiraju, Megh Kumar, Grace A. Hatmaker, Bernard J. Fisher, Ramesh Natarajan, Joseph E. Reiner, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Redox Potential Measurements in Red Blood Cell Packets Using Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." ACS Sensors 3, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.8b00498.

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25

Veselinovic, Jovana, Zidong Li, Pallavi Daggumati, and Erkin Seker. "Electrically Guided DNA Immobilization and Multiplexed DNA Detection with Nanoporous Gold Electrodes." Nanomaterials 8, no. 5 (May 21, 2018): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8050351.

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26

Siepenkoetter, Till, Urszula Salaj-Kosla, Xinxin Xiao, Peter Ó. Conghaile, Marcos Pita, Roland Ludwig, and Edmond Magner. "Immobilization of Redox Enzymes on Nanoporous Gold Electrodes: Applications in Biofuel Cells." ChemPlusChem 82, no. 4 (November 25, 2016): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201600455.

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27

Yan, Xiaomei, Jing Tang, David Tanner, Jens Ulstrup, and Xinxin Xiao. "Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121458.

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Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.

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28

Torralba, Encarnación, Mathieu Halbwax, Taha El Assimi, Marin Fouchier, Vincent Magnin, Joseph Harari, Jean-Pierre Vilcot, et al. "3D patterning of silicon by contact etching with anodically biased nanoporous gold electrodes." Electrochemistry Communications 76 (March 2017): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2017.01.014.

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29

Jia, Falong, Chuanfang Yu, Zhihui Ai, and Lizhi Zhang. "Fabrication of Nanoporous Gold Film Electrodes with Ultrahigh Surface Area and Electrochemical Activity." Chemistry of Materials 19, no. 15 (July 2007): 3648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm070425l.

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30

Wan, Jun, Guang Yin, Ling Xing, and Xiao Yang. "Simple method for preparing methyl parathion sensor based on nanoporous gold/MWCNTs electrodes." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2013.853757.

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31

Salaj-Kosla, Urszula, Sascha Pöller, Wolfgang Schuhmann, Sergey Shleev, and Edmond Magner. "Direct electron transfer of Trametes hirsuta laccase adsorbed at unmodified nanoporous gold electrodes." Bioelectrochemistry 91 (June 2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.11.001.

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32

Xiao, Xinxin, and Edmond Magner. "A quasi-solid-state and self-powered biosupercapacitor based on flexible nanoporous gold electrodes." Chemical Communications 54, no. 46 (2018): 5823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc02555j.

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33

Yang, Yunqiang, Jiali Zhang, Haixia Zhang, Ying Hou, and Junjie Guo. "High-performance three-dimensional nanoporous gold based electrodes for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors." Journal of Porous Materials 27, no. 5 (May 29, 2020): 1309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10934-020-00908-x.

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34

Haensch, Mareike, Luis Balboa, Matthias Graf, Alex Ricardo Silva Olaya, Jörg Weissmüller, and Gunther Wittstock. "Mass Transport in Porous Electrodes Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Example of Nanoporous Gold." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 3160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900634.

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35

Siepenkoetter, Till, Urszula Salaj-Kosla, and Edmond Magner. "The Immobilization of Fructose Dehydrogenase on Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for the Detection of Fructose." ChemElectroChem 4, no. 4 (February 16, 2017): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600842.

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36

Lopez, Francesca, Till Siepenkoetter, Xinxin Xiao, Edmond Magner, Wolfgang Schuhmann, and Urszula Salaj-Kosla. "Potential pulse-assisted immobilization of Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase at planar and nanoporous gold electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 812 (March 2018): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.023.

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37

Siepenkoetter, Till, Hélène Mastin, Urszula Salaj‐Kosla, and Edmond Magner. "Benzene Diazonium Sulfonate Modified Nanoporous Gold Electrodes for the Direct Detection of Copper(II) Ions." ChemElectroChem 7, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 4625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202001158.

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38

Scaglione, Federico, Livio Battezzati, and Paola Rizzi. "Breaking Down SERS Detection Limit: Engineering of a Nanoporous Platform for High Sensing and Technology." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101737.

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In this study, nanoporous gold (NPG) was synthesized by free corrosion dealloying of an amorphous precursor, Au20Cu48Ag7Pd5Si20 (at. %), in a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acid, starting from amorphous melt-spun ribbons. NPG revealed a 3D nanoporous structure composed of pores and multigrain ligaments of an average size of 60 nm. NPG was further anodized in oxalic acid at 8 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode to obtain a bimodal morphology composed of ligaments disrupted in finer features. Both NPG and anodized samples (A-NPG) were found to be mechanically stable to bending and active for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS activity of samples was investigated using 4,4′-bipyridine as a probe molecule. A detection limit of 10−16 M was found for both samples, but in A-NPG, the signal was strongly enhanced. The extremely high enhancement obtained for A-NPG is attributed both to the small size of ligaments and crystals of which they are made, as well as to the nanometric features resulting from anodization treatment. Such a microstructure showed homogenous SERS response in terms of average enhancement all across the surface, as demonstrated by mapping measurements. Furthermore, NPG and A-NPG were tested as electrodes for electrocatalytic applications, showing good properties. The engineering steps from the amorphous precursor to A-NPG led us to obtain a high-sensing platform, with extremely low detection limit and intrinsic properties, that might significantly contribute to the cutting-edge technology of the future.

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39

Qi, Zhen, Steven A. Hawks, Corie Horwood, Juergen Biener, and Monika M. Biener. "Mitigating mass transport limitations: hierarchical nanoporous gold flow-through electrodes for electrochemical CO₂ reduction." Materials Advances 3, no. 1 (2022): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00834j.

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A liquid phase flow-through hierarchical electrode is reported for electrochemical CO2 reduction where the CO2-to-CO Faraday efficiency increases with increasing flow rate and the conversion efficiency reaches a maximum of 25%.

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40

Hu, Xiaofei, Rongyue Wang, Yi Ding, Xiaoli Zhang, and Wenrui Jin. "Electrochemiluminescence of CdTe quantum dots as labels at nanoporous gold leaf electrodes for ultrasensitive DNA analysis." Talanta 80, no. 5 (March 15, 2010): 1737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2009.10.015.

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41

Lana-Villarreal, Teresa, and Roberto Gómez. "Tuning the photoelectrochemistry of nanoporous anatase electrodes by modification with gold nanoparticles: Development of cathodic photocurrents." Chemical Physics Letters 414, no. 4-6 (October 2005): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.117.

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42

Silva, Tiago Almeida, Md Rezaul Karim Khan, Orlando Fatibello-Filho, and Maryanne M. Collinson. "Simultaneous electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid and uric acid under biofouling conditions using nanoporous gold electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 846 (August 2019): 113160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.042.

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43

Salaj-Kosla, Urszula, Micheál D. Scanlon, Tobias Baumeister, Kawah Zahma, Roland Ludwig, Peter Ó. Conghaile, Domhnall MacAodha, Dónal Leech, and Edmond Magner. "Mediated electron transfer of cellobiose dehydrogenase and glucose oxidase at osmium polymer-modified nanoporous gold electrodes." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 11 (December 30, 2012): 3823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6657-4.

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44

Yan, Xiaomei, Charlotte Uldahl Jansen, Fangyuan Diao, Katrine Qvortrup, David Tanner, Jens Ulstrup, and Xinxin Xiao. "Surface-confined redox-active monolayers of a multifunctional anthraquinone derivative on nanoporous and single-crystal gold electrodes." Electrochemistry Communications 124 (March 2021): 106962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106962.

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45

Xiao, Xinxin, Meng'en Wang, Hui Li, and Pengchao Si. "One-step fabrication of bio-functionalized nanoporous gold/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hybrid electrodes for amperometric glucose sensing." Talanta 116 (November 2013): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.014.

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46

Siyu, Huang, Liu Xinyu, Li Qingyu, Meng Mianwu, Long Tengfa, Wang Hongqiang, and Jiang Zhiliang. "The preparation of nanoporous gold electrodes by electrochemical alloying/dealloying process at room temperature and its properties." Materials Letters 64, no. 21 (November 2010): 2296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.07.071.

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47

Yu, Chuanfang, Falong Jia, Zhihui Ai, and Lizhi Zhang. "Direct Oxidation of Methanol on Self-Supported Nanoporous Gold Film Electrodes with High Catalytic Activity and Stability." Chemistry of Materials 19, no. 25 (December 2007): 6065–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm701939v.

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Huang, Jinlei, Siyuan Lu, Xufei Fang, Zixuan Yang, Xue Liu, Shuxin Li, and Xue Feng. "Optimized deposition time boosts the performance of Prussian blue modified nanoporous gold electrodes for hydrogen peroxide monitoring." Nanotechnology 31, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 045501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab4d01.

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Li, Zidong, Ozge Polat, and Erkin Seker. "Voltage-Gated Closed-Loop Control of Small-Molecule Release from Alumina-Coated Nanoporous Gold Thin Film Electrodes." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 29 (May 21, 2018): 1801292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201801292.

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Ke, Xi, Zouxin Zhang, Yifeng Cheng, Yaohua Liang, Zhiyuan Tan, Jun Liu, Liying Liu, Zhicong Shi, and Zaiping Guo. "Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes supported on 3D hierarchically nanoporous gold/Ni foam as superior electrodes for supercapacitors." Science China Materials 61, no. 3 (December 12, 2017): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40843-017-9144-8.

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