Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nanoparticules métaux'
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Billaud, Pierre. "Propriétés optiques de nanoparticules uniques de métaux nobles." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00213213.
Full textBenoit, Roland. "Nanoparticules de bismuth : synthèse, caractérisation et nouvelles propriétés." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2082.
Full textHelgadottir, Inga. "Synthèse Contrôlée de Nanoparticules de Métaux Oxophiles en Milieu Liquide lonique pour Applications en Microélectronique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10286.
Full textSmall size (below 10 nm) metallic nanoparticles and metallic nanoalloys have attracted much interest in a range of applications, which require precise control of size, composition, and morphology, in chemically significant quantities. Hence, the variety of compositions and structures (size, morphology, atomic arrangement) bring a vast range of possibilities. This PhD was aimed at expanding the knowledge already obtained in this laboratory on monometallic nanoparticles. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the decomposition of organometallic precursors in selected ionic liquids can lead to the formation of stable suspensions of metallic nanoparticles below 5 nm. In this context, a first achievement in this work has been to push this route towards more oxophilic, less approachable metals, such as tantalum. Besides, this route has been shown to generate bimetallic nanoparticles upon decomposition of mixtures of precursors, with size, structure and composition controlled, such as Ru@Cu. This PhD work has dentified the mechanism of formation of these nanoalloys, developing a versatile route that could be used to design nanoalloys to fulfill specific applications, e.g., RuNi, RuTa, CuNi, etc
Desbiens, Jessie, and Jessie Desbiens. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanoparticules de polymère dopées d'un complexe luminescent et de nanoparticules d'argent." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23691.
Full textLa synthèse et la caractérisation de nanoparticules de polymère dopées d’un complexe luminescent et de nanoparticules d’argent ont été réalisées. La polymérisation en mini-émulsion a permis d’obtenir des nanoparticules de polystyrène dopées d’un complexe luminescent. La concentration de complexe d’europium maximale pouvant être atteinte, sans qu’il y ait déstabilisation de l’émulsion, est de 2% (m/m). Il est également possible de préparer des nanoparticules de polymère contenant le complexe luminescent, ainsi que des nanoparticules métalliques. Pour ce faire, le complexe et les nanoparticules métalliques doivent être dispersés dans le monomère de départ. Il est donc nécessaire de modifier la surface des nanoparticules métalliques afin qu’il y ait une bonne affinité entre les nanoparticules métalliques et le polymère. Il est intéressant de confiner les nanoparticules métalliques dans la même particule de polymère que le luminophore afin d’observer leur impact sur la luminescence. Le rehaussement ou l’exaltation de la luminescence au voisinage de nanoparticules métalliques est un phénomène bien connu. Lorsqu’une nanoparticule métallique est excitée par une onde électromagnétique qui correspond à la fréquence de résonnance du nuage électronique de la particule, une augmentation du champ électrique est engendrée à proximité de la particule et a pour effet de rehausser la luminescence des luminophores à proximité. Les propriétés optiques des nanoparticules hybrides obtenues (polystyrène/complexe luminescent/argent) montrent, qu’effectivement, en présence d’argent, une augmentation de l’intensité lumineuse peut être observée.
Förster, Georg Daniel. "Modélisation atomique de nanoparticules métalliques sur substrats carbonés et graphène épitaxié sur métaux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10150/document.
Full textApplications of metal nanoparticles require monodisperse and stable assemblies on a substrate such as graphene or graphite. Epitaxial graphene on metal (GOM) has attracted research interest because it contributes to the self-organisation of adsorbates. The difference in the lattice constants of graphene and metal leads to a moiré that contains certain regions that are favorable for adsorption. This work is mainly concerned with the Ru-C and Pt-C systems where we were interested in the bare substrate of GOM, adsorbates deposited thereon and metal clusters on graphite. Bond order potentials allow to carry out molecular dynamics studies for systems of realistic size and at finite temperature. In the case of the Pt-C, a parametrization is available in the literature. However, for Ru-C systems a custom parametrization effort based on data from electronic structure calculations was necessary. This atomistic model neglects long ranged dispersion forces that are important for adsorption phenomena on extended substrates. Based on the Grimme models, we developed an implicit description that takes the layered structure and the semi-infinite extension of the substrate into account. Also, screening effects that are important for metal materials are taken into account. Based on this force field, we show results concerning the properties of adsorbates on carbon substrates while evaluating the dispersion model. With the help of molecular dynamics simulations, the stability of adsorbates and graphene has been studied in the context of vibrational and diffusion dynamics. In agreement with experiments, the mobility of the adsorbates on graphite is high in comparison with adsorbates on GOM
Schaefer, Sébastien. "Effets du dopage d'adsorbants nanoporeux par des métaux ou des semi-métaux nanodispersés sur leurs performances en stockage d'hydrogène par sorption." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0123/document.
Full textIn this PhD work, microporous carbonaceous materials decorated with metallic nanoparticles were developed in order to study the effect of nanodispersed metals on hydrogen sorption properties. Bio-sourced precursors such as sucrose, mimosa tannins or even rice straw have been used in order to promote eco-friendly, sustainable and innovating ways of synthesis. The use of hydrothermal pretreatment on tannins or sucrose allowed obtaining hydrochars that have been chemically or physically activated. Depending on synthesis parameters, these syntheses allowed to produce materials with controlled porosity. Then, the hydrogen adsorption properties of these materials were evaluated at ambient temperature as well as their textural properties. The main interest of this work was to propose a coupling between hydrogen sorption properties, from low to high pressure, and the textural properties. The textural properties were modelized using theoretical tools such as the DFT (Density Functionnal Theory). The use the different precursors and of decoration steps using supercritical carbon dioxide or hydrothermal synthesis, during which ones metallic or nitrogen containing precursors were used, allowed to obtain nickel, nitrogen or silicon doped materials without using harmful organic solvents. Finally, the decorrelation of the different adsorption contributions gave the possibility to detect and quantify the hydrogen fractions engaged in different processes such as physisorption, chemisorption and spillover. Polarized or enhanced physisorption was also detected using the same methods
Ngomsik, Audrey-Flore. "Nouveau concept de séparation à base de nanoparticules magnétiques." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066208.
Full textWang, Qi. "Synthèse, applications catalytiques et études théoriques de nanoparticules et nanoclusters de métaux de transition." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1S029.
Full textThe design and synthesis of late transition-metal nanoparticles (TMNPs) have raised great interest due to their applications in catalysis, nanomedicine, sensing and photonics. Two series of “click” dendrimers have been synthesized and used to stabilize TMNPs. The ferrocenyl (Fc) terminated “click” dendrimers were used to effectuate the electronic switching of AuNPs stabilization. The triethylene glycol (TEG) terminated “click” dendrimers were used to synthesize various mono- and bi-TMNPs, which were further employed as homogeneous catalysts for H2 generation upon hydrolysis of ammonia borane. On the other hand, theoretical research using DFT calculations have been devoted to study the relationship between structure and properties of nanoclusters. With the help of the superatoms concept, icosahedral [Au32]q and [Au33]q were investigated and the stability and precise structure of some of them predicted. The ligated cluster Au32Cl8(PH3)12 was also simulated and compared with the synthesized clusters. Two different families of bi-metallic nanoalloy clusters, the [MH2Cu14(dtp)6(CCPh)6]n+ (M = Cu, Ag, Au: n = 1; M = Ni, Pd, Pt: n = 0) and [AuCu11(dtp)6(CCPh)3Cl] species. We have rationalized the stability and structure of these compounds, most of them being so far hypothetical
Sauvageau, Jean-François. "Récupération de métaux nobles sous forme de nanoparticules par traitement plasma à barrière diélectrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66299.
Full textPlatinum group metals (PGMs) and noble metals are used in industrial fields related to automotive catalysts, semiconductor materials and even regenerative medicine. The extraction of these metals from ores and effluents is performed by various hydrometallurgical processes, such as leaching and activated carbon adsorption. These processes are associated with several problems: the production times are long, the selective extraction of the elements of interest requires toxic products (e.g. cyanides) and the use of activated carbon is responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The growing demand for these metals stimulates the development of new technologies to recover them more quickly and efficiently, while minimizing the environmental impact of their production. Atmospheric plasmas produced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) are among the innovative technologies that can overcome disadvantages related to the conventional recovery processes. In a matter of minutes, the treatment of effluents containing metal ions by the application of plasma discharges allows the recovery of noble metals in the form of nanoparticles(NPs). This thesis presents this recovery technique applied to synthetic, mining, industrial and hospital effluents. In less than 15 min of operation, a DBD plasma treatment can be used to selectively recover 95% of gold from effluents produced by mining and semiconductor industries. This technology also has potential for the recovery of palladium, which reaches 60% for conditions that could be further optimized. Moreover, the electrochemical reactions induced by the plasma discharges can degrade highly toxic contaminants such as cyanides. These promising results stimulated the first steps for the implementation of this technology to the industrial scale in collaboration with various partner companies from the mining and semi-conductor fields.
Ballot, Noémie. "Matériaux nanométriques à base de métaux 3d (Fe, Co, Ni) : Nouvelles voies de synthèse et caractérisations." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA132065/document.
Full textThe growing interest in nanomaterials based on 3d transition metals such as cobalt, iron and nickel finds its origin in the intrinsic properties of these elements (high magnetization of iron and high magnetocristalline constant of cobalt) combined with particular property due to nanometric size and anisotropy of these alloys. Among the numerous synthetic routes, the polyol method which belongs to the chimie douce routes allows the elaboration of several finely divided inorganic materials (oxides, hydroxides, metals) by means of reduction or forced hydrolysis reactions conducted in polyol medium. The main first contribution of this work was to take advantage of these finely divided oxides and hydroxides elaborated in polyol medium to obtain metals and alloys, through a controlled reduction in solid form under hydrogen flow. Ferromagnetic particles of CoFe2, CoFe, NiFe, Ni3Fe and Fe with a blocking temperature above 300 K were obtained. The second main contribution of this work relates elaboration of anisotropic objects. Further, a new approach is proposed: forced hydrolysis in polyol medium assisted by applying a magnetic field. This type of synthesis leads to akaganeite β7&eOOH nanowires and spinel oxides nanoparticles. A relative mild reduction (300 °C) of akaganeite nanowires allows to obtain spinels phase with same morphology and magnetic properties in agreement with the chemical composition and the particles nanoscale (superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperaturenear 300 K, high Ms and Hc dependent on the nature of the M element in the spinel MFe2O4, high in the case of cobalt and low for nickel and iron)
Bel, Haj Salah Selim. "Plasticité des nanoparticules métalliques cubiques à faces centrées." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0004/document.
Full textWhen characteristic dimensions decrease to nanometer, materials often exhibit different properties than those measured at higher scales. So, in terms of mechanical properties,increased resistance to plastic deformation is often reported. However, most research works in this domain focused on one dimensional systems like nanowires and nanopilars. Our knowledge concerning mechanical properties for another type of ’nano’ system, nanoparticles, are in fact much more limited. This is surprising, since they can be used in immense field of applications.The work presented here deals with the mechanical properties of spherical nanoparticles of face centered cubic metallic materials (aluminium, nickel, copper). They were conducted using molecular dynamics simulations under uniaxial compression. These last ones allow to analyze finely the mechanisms of plasticity at the atomic scale. Two main areas of study were selected :the influence of nanoparticle size and the orientation of the compression axis. Our results highlight the predominant role of contact surface geometry in the size range studied (4-80 nm) during the early stages of plastic deformation. We thus show that the latter influences the yield strength, as well as the plastic deformation mode, such as smearing
Galeandro-Diamant, Thomas. "Metal nanoparticles as catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1285.
Full textAlkene hydrosilylation is a crucial method of forming carbon-silicon bonds. It is used industrially for the production of functional silicone fluids and silicone elastomers. The current industrial alkene hydrosilylation processes use platinum complexes as catalysts. Although these complexes are extremely efficient, they are usually not recovered at the end of the synthesis, making their use expensive and unsustainable, given the scarcity of platinum. In this work, we have synthesized and evaluated several kinds of metal nanoparticles as catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation, in a quest towards sustainable catalyts. First, we have synthesized platinum nanoparticles of 2 nm diameter and compared them with Karstedt's complex, the benchmark catatalyst in alkene hydrosilylation. It was shown that platinum nanoparticles were as efficient as Karstedt's complex in industrially relevant hydrosilylation conditions, despite their lower metal dispersion. These findings reactivated the debate on whether's Karstedt's complex was truly homogeneous or colloidal during catalysis. Then, a leaching-resistant heterogeneous platinum catalyst was developed, based on the embedding of platinum nanoparticles in the matrix of a mesostructured silica, SBA-15. Finally, other alternative catalytic systems were developed, based on other metals
Sajjadi, Seyed Mohammad Hossein. "Étude des extractions de composés organiques à l'aide de liquides ioniques et nanoparticules d'oxydes de métaux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0223/document.
Full textThis study concerns a simultaneous utilization of ionic liquids (Ils) and nanoparticles of metal oxides (NPs) to extracting organic compounds from aqueous and organic solutions. It was observed that the selectivity of organic compounds extracted with ILs makes is excellent and that may be enhanced when IL was used together with NPs. Two techniques were used to enhance the selectivity. At first, the liquid-liquid extraction was performed using a IL phase containing NP suspension in contact with an aqueous or organic phase. Secondly, the nanoextractors NPs/IL were directly dispersed in solution. The quality of results obtained was a complex function of ILs, NPs and organic compounds to be extracted. The mechanism of NP aggregate formation in aqueous solutions of ILs was also studied. It was demonstrated that the nanoaggregates formed with NPs are soaked with ILs and may act as IL nanoextractors. Results presented demonstrated that NPs/IL systems may be useful in extraction of organic compounds. Indeed, numerous extraction experiments made it possible to define optimal conditions to carry out successful extractions. The most promising results were obtained with extraction of diluted solutes
Dorais, Marie-Christine. "Développement de nanoparticules inorganiques luminescentes dopées aux lanthanides." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28332/28332.pdf.
Full textAyadi, Sondra. "Nouveaux nanomatériaux hybrides métal/hydroxyde de fer. Synthèse, caractérisation et application à la catalyse chimique et électrochimique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EVRY0011/document.
Full textWe developed simple, fast and "green" synthesis of new nanohybrids, composed of metal nanoparticles supported on inorganic matrix of iron hydroxide. Their synthesis in suspension involves first, the formation of the FeII-bearing inorganic solid matrix, then the reaction with metal salt solution, in the same reactor. Three inorganic matrices (carbonated or sulfated green rusts (GRc or GRs) and chukanovite Chu) and three metals (Au, Ag and Pt) were studied. The nanohybrids, noted metal-exMatrix, were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and voltammetry. The matrix acts as a reducing agent supplying electrons by solid state oxidation, and also as the support of metal nanoparticles. Two reaction mechanisms with intra- or inter-particle electron transfer are proposed. Nanoparticles sizes vary between 20 and 200 nm. The first application involves the building of amperometric H2O2 sensors. Carbon ink electrodes incorporating silver-based nanohybrids, particularly Ag-exRVs, or platinum, Pt-exChu, provide electrochemical catalytic properties, enabling us to quantify the peroxide by its electrochemical response in reduction or oxidation. For the second application, the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol by borohydride, we showed that our nanohybrids were more efficient catalysts than the best current materials, with similar metal load and temperature
Carenco, Sophie. "Une nouvelle voie pour la synthèse de nanoparticules de phosphures de métaux à partir du phosphore blanc : applications en catalyse et pour les batteries au lithium." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066462.
Full textIn this manuscript, an original synthesis of metal phosphide nanoparticles (Ni2P, InP, FeP, Zn3P2) is described first. White phosphorus (P4) was stoichiometrically reacted on metal(0) precursors (organometallic complexes or nanoparticles) in solution and under soft conditions (25-220°C). This unprecedented control of the stoichiometry also allowed the preparation of Ni2P-Ni core-shell nanoparticles, from nickel(0) nanoparticles, via a nanoscaled-induced phase segregation that occurs in each nanoparticle. Secondly, metal phosphide nanoparticles were evaluated as negative electrode for lithium batteries. Calcination of the nanoparticles under inert atmosphere was found to be critical for the electrochemical reaction of lithium with the electrode. Lastly, catalytic properties of Ni2P nanoparticles were investigated. The chemoselective hydrogenation of alkynes was achieved in solution at a low temperature (85°C), compatible with the presence of various functional groups on the alkyne
Duphil, Dominique. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanoparticules de fullerènes de dichalcogénures de métaux de transition MX2 (où M=Mo, W ; X=S, Se)." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002113970204611&vid=upec.
Full textThree synthetic methods for the formation of MX2 (M=Mo, W ; X=S, Se) nanoparticles have been developed. The first is based on the reaction of M(CO)6 and X in p-xylene under refluxing conditions. A powder of amorphous nanoparticles is obtained, and crystallises after annealing at 550°C. The sulphides have a spaghetti-like morphology, with van der Waals planes curved and in every direction; selenides crystallise as nanoplatelets with straight. Aligned sheets. The second method uses a system consisting of two non-miscible solvents : DMSO and nonanethiol. After annealing, MoS2 fullerene-like nanoparticles are obtained. The third method is spray pyrolysis. MS4(NH4)2 bas been dissolved in water or ethanol, and then sprayed at 750 or 900°C in a furnace. Particles obtained from water solutions are spherical and crystallised. Fullerene-like MoS2 is obtained from ethanol, whereas the WS2 forms a new type of rectangular fullerene-like particles (‘bucky boxes”)
PORTALES, Hervé. "Etude par diffusion Raman de nanoparticules métalliques en matrice diélectrique amorphe." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002169.
Full textSiron, Valérie. "Stabilité de nanoparticules d'oxyde métallique et effets toxicologiques." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077138.
Full textAs they are small, the nanoparticules which one of the dimensions is inferior to 100 nm, are used in many processes (textile, cosmetics,. . . ) and some nanomaterials are already included in consumer goods. Despite the rise of nanosciences, few studies have determined the ecotoxicological and environmental impact of the nanoparticles. The aim of this study is to find some answers to these issues. To do so, the study of the biological interactions between ZnO nanoparticles (semi conductor incorporated in the sunscreen composition), and a Escherichia coli, a bacteria présent in the environment, was performed. The toxic behaviour of ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated in two media: a growth medium Luria Bertani (LB), and an environmental medium, Seine river water. The results obtained in this work show that the toxic impact studies of nanoparticles needed a pluridisciplinary approach. Indeed, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of nanoparticles were evidenced in this work, but a comparison of the biological effects obtained during incubation with Zn2+ ions, suggested the partial dissolution of the nanoparticles. This hypothesis was confirmed by solubility experiments performed in both media. The composition of the medium influences the potential toxicity of ZnO. The implication of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of nanoparticles toxicity was observed by using a mutant strain for the superoxide dismutase enzyme
Awala, Hussein. "Synthèse des nanoparticules de zéolithe pour des applications environnementales." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2012.
Full textZeolite nanoparticles with diverse pore architectures, high external surface area, micro/mesoporosity, define particle size and morphology open the door for advanced applications. In addition to catalysis, separation and ion exchange processes, nanosized zeolites assembled in films and three-dimensional constructs are used as optical devices, separation membranes and reactors for immobilization of chemical sensitive compounds. In this work the synthesis procedure for nanosized zeolites (FAU and EMT- framework types) from organic-template-free precursor suspensions is developed. Besides, seed-assisted approach is applied for preparation of high silica BEA-type zeolite. In addition, environmentally friendly synthesis of nanosized zeolites at ambient condition using rice husk ash as a silica source is developed. The crystallization and transformation processes of eight zeolites in organic-free precursor suspensions are studied in details. Finally, the applications of nanosized zeolites for (1) purification of water (removal of heavy metals and pesticides), (2) stabilization of methylene blue, (3) inhibition of palm oil oxidation, (4) Bragg stacks chemical sensors, and (5) antireflection coatings are demonstrated
Chapus, Lionel. "Organisation de nanoparticules de métaux nobles : application à la spectroscopie Raman exaltée de surface et à l'électrochimie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066258/document.
Full textMetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have been subjected to a growing interest these last years in various domains such as healthcare, environment or electronics. In this thesis, we were particularly interested in the application of NPs mono or bimetallic made of noble metals in plasmonic domain. In this way, we synthesized by organometallic route, monometallic NPs of gold, silver and copper with a diameter ranging from 5 to 11 nm and characterized by a narrow polydispersity. After deposition on a solid substrate, they organized themselves spontaneously in 3D forming individual supercrystals. We studied the optical properties of these supercrystals, by measuring their absorbance spectra in function of their thicknesses and the nature of the NPs. Then, we showed that these supercrystals can be used as SERS substrates. The mean diameter of the NPs is way smaller than the ones reported in the literature. These substrates display a uniform and reproductible signal from a supercrystal to another. The Raman spectra of coating agent (alkanethiols or alkylamines) have been collected and enhancement factor ranging from 103 to 104 have been calculated. After verification by electroreflectance of NPs stability over a wide potential range, we coupled SERS with electrochemistry by using a monolayer of organized gold NPs as an electrode. Coverage rates for two different molecules adsorbed on the NPs have been calculated. Moreover, we could follow and confirm the species formation during the oxydoreduction reactions of the adsorbed molecules by SERS. Finally, we synthesized core-shell NPs Au@Ag, Ag@Au and alloy NPs Cu-Au by using gold, silver and copper NPs as seeds. Their structures and chemical compositions have been studied. Their optical spectra have been measured by UV-Visible spectroscopy and simulated by DDA (Discrete Dipole Approximation). They confirmed the core-shell and alloy structures. By low frequency Raman spectroscopy, for the Au@Ag NPs, we showed a coupling between the core and the shell in accordance with the core-shell model developed in the literature. For the Cu-Au NPs, low-frequency Raman signal is in agreement with the formation of an alloy
Bouchard, Mathieu. "Synthèse rapide de nanoparticules d'or et de métaux du groupe du platine par plasma à barrière diélectrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27609.
Full textGold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have recently shown their efficiency for the localized enhancement of dose in radiotherapy. Meanwhile, radioactive Au NPs doped with the 198Au isotope (β- emission of 0.96 MeV) are increasingly considered as radioactive sources for brachytherapy treatments of prostate cancer. However, the synthesis of these Au NPs still relies on complex techniques with numerous steps, limiting their production upon demand in radiation oncology centers. Thus, there is a need to develop a technique for the rapid, efficient and automated synthesis of Au NPs that ensures the radioprotection of the user. This thesis presents a new technique, based on plasma-liquid electrochemistry at atmospheric pressure, meeting this need. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was developed and allows, in less than 30 minutes of operation, the reduction into Au NPs of more than 99% of gold ions in an aqueous solution. This system is compact and automatable, and it shows many advantages compared to existing microplasma systems. The growth of Au NPs by plasma electrochemistry is measured dynamically in situ and post-synthesis. These studies revealed new information on the synthesis mechanism by plasma electrochemistry. Characterization of the Au NPs by electron microscopy shows that their size is suitable for use in radiotherapy. The DBD technology also shows interesting potential in hydrometallurgy: it allows the recovery of platinum group metal ions within an aqueous solution by precipitating them into NPs. The study of plasma-liquid interactions also showed selectivity in the induced electrochemical reactions. For example, NPs made exclusively of gold are produced by treating a binary mixture of gold and various platinum group metals with argon plasma. Finally, the preliminary concept of an industrial scale DBD-based technology shows that it could be included advantageously in noble metal refining processes.
Kamouni, Belghiti Dounia. "Réseaux d'électrodes en diamant fonctionnalisées par des nanoparticules à base de métaux de transition pour applications analytiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066055/document.
Full textBoron-doped polycrystalline diamond electrodes (BDD) exhibit a number of advantages, including a wide potential window above 3V in aqueous media, a low background current, and excellent resilience to corrosion and fouling. These properties make it a very interesting material for the development of chemical sensors. In order to enhance the reactivity of the BDD electrodes towards a wider range of chemical compounds, we have studied the possibility to deposit on the electrode surface nanoparticles based on transition metals such as platinum or iridium. These nanoparticles exhibit an interesting electro-catalytic activity and open the way to the detection of products derived from enzymatic reactions, pesticides or many other electrochemically non-active species. The aim of this thesis work has been to propose a new method for the deposition of metallic nanoparticles on the diamond surface and to characterize them from a structural and electrochemical point of view. The objective is to develop a multi-sensor detection system composed of several BDD electrodes each functionalized using a different metal catalyst in the form of nanoparticles. The detection system thus enables to obtain a characteristic chemical fingerprint of the product to detect. By assembling several of such sensors, and coupling them with algorithmic learning / recognition methods, the system provides an improved selectivity, in a similar way to an “electronic tongue”. This was applied to several case studies, including the detection of hydrogen peroxide, scatol, indole, paraoxon and imidaclopride
Kamouni, Belghiti Dounia. "Réseaux d'électrodes en diamant fonctionnalisées par des nanoparticules à base de métaux de transition pour applications analytiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066055.pdf.
Full textBoron-doped polycrystalline diamond electrodes (BDD) exhibit a number of advantages, including a wide potential window above 3V in aqueous media, a low background current, and excellent resilience to corrosion and fouling. These properties make it a very interesting material for the development of chemical sensors. In order to enhance the reactivity of the BDD electrodes towards a wider range of chemical compounds, we have studied the possibility to deposit on the electrode surface nanoparticles based on transition metals such as platinum or iridium. These nanoparticles exhibit an interesting electro-catalytic activity and open the way to the detection of products derived from enzymatic reactions, pesticides or many other electrochemically non-active species. The aim of this thesis work has been to propose a new method for the deposition of metallic nanoparticles on the diamond surface and to characterize them from a structural and electrochemical point of view. The objective is to develop a multi-sensor detection system composed of several BDD electrodes each functionalized using a different metal catalyst in the form of nanoparticles. The detection system thus enables to obtain a characteristic chemical fingerprint of the product to detect. By assembling several of such sensors, and coupling them with algorithmic learning / recognition methods, the system provides an improved selectivity, in a similar way to an “electronic tongue”. This was applied to several case studies, including the detection of hydrogen peroxide, scatol, indole, paraoxon and imidaclopride
Mongin, Denis. "Spectroscopie ultrarapide de nanoparticules métalliques et hybrides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10129/document.
Full textThe usse of a pump-probe experimental setup allowed the study of different specific physical properties of different types of nano-objects. First, the selective study of an hybrid nanoparticles comosed of a CdS nanostick and a particle directly groxwn on the semiconductor part proved the existence of a transfer between the two part of the hybrid nanoparticle and showed that this phenomenon occurs in less than 15 femtosecondes. The study of optical propertie of gold nanoparticles with an extra charge due to the transfer showed that adding few electrons to a small gold nanoparticles leads to a red shift of the plasmon resonance. Secondly, measurment of the period of fundamental vibration modes of a bilayer nano-object (spheric or elongated) composed of a metallic core and a dielectric or metallic shell lead to information on the relative thickness of the layers and the contact quality between them. LAstly, the study of the characteristic time of electron-phonon interactions in metallic nanoparticles has proven that there are two different methods of measuring this characteristic time, and its investigation for small nanoparticles (less than 250 atoms) leads to the observation of a transition form a "bulk" to a molecular behaviour
Benzakour, Mouad. "Étude structurale par spectroscopie d'absorption X des nanoparticules d'oxyde d'alcalinoterreux réactifs : application à la destruction de gaz polluants et toxiques." Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002521450204611&vid=upec.
Full textAikaline earth nanoparticles allow very efficient decomposit and storing of polluant and toxic gazes such as CC1 and S0 The reaction rate is dramatically enhanced when the nanoparticles are coated with surface metallic oxides. Due to the small concentration of this coating and the structural disorder, the structural characterization of these nanoparticules must be done with X Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. The EXAFS study of the CaO and MgO nanoparticules at the Ca, Mg and Cl K-edges lead to the disorder characterization compared to the micro-crystals structures and confirm that the polluting fraction is trapped as chlorides. The iron coating local structure on CaO before and after reaction confirms its catalytic role. On the contrary, iron diffuses in the MgO nanoparticules in substitution site and does not act as a catalyst
Beyhan, Seden. "Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles for ethanol oxidation in direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC)." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Beyhan-Seden/2010-Beyhan-Seden-These.pdf.
Full textThe direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) is a very promising power source for low power applications since ethanol is very attractive fuel regarding its high power energy density, low working temperature, non toxicity and natural availability. However, there are some problems that have to be overcome if we wish to see DEFCs in our everyday life. For the anode catalyst, there are two main drawbacks that cause problems with the DEFC, namely, expensive noble metals with high loading and long-term stability. On the other hand, an active anode catalyst for ethanol oxidation should be breaking the C-C bond to achieve maximum efficiency. Currently, the best binary catalyst for ethanol oxidation is PtSn; however, the addition of Sn to Pt catalyst inhibits the breaking the C-C bond. This is not favorable for ethanol energy conversion efficiency and fuel cell utilization. On the other hand, further improvement in stability is needed. So far, a ternary PtSnRu catalyst seems to be the most promising for use in DEFC, however, an alternative ternary catalyst should be considered together with cost-saving effects. The aim of this thesis is to develop alternative anode catalysts with high electrochemical activity in direct ethanol fuel cell applications. For this purpose, carbon supported (Vulcan XC72) monometallic Pt, bimetallic PtM(M=Sn, Co, Ni, Rh, Pd) and trimetallic PtSnM(M=Ni, Co, Rh, Pd) catalysts were synthesized by Bönnemann’s colloidal precursor coreduction method. In order to evaluate the relationship between the catalyst structure and catalyst activity, various microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques were employed such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Element Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and in-situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical characterization of the catalysts regarding their onset potentials, activities and current densities towards ethanol oxidation were determined by linear sweep voltammetry. Furthermore, anode performance tests in a single ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) were also employed. The addition of a Ni or Co to PtSn catalyst showed the best catalytic activity for ethanol oxidation with low onset potential. Spectroscopic characterization results revealed that the presence of Ni and Co metals in the bulk composition lead to a lower energy levels of the Pt d states on the catalyst surface and weaken the Pt-CO bond. On the other hand, separate SnO2 phase can oxidize adsorbed CO-like intermediates. PtSnNi and PtSnCo ternary systems with less noble metal in the catalyst showed a higher anode performance in direct ethanol fuel cell operation
Anderson, Amandine. "Potentiel d'émission et de transfert de colloïdes et nanoparticules manufacturées issus de lixiviats de déchets solides et nanomatériaux." Thesis, Toulon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUL0020/document.
Full textGreat variability of nanomaterials wastes are widely produced throughout the world. At the end of their life, the leaching of the wastes stored in landfills, leads to the emission of contaminants (organic and metallic) which modes of transport differ widely according to the interactions they have with ligands present in the medium. The European Union wants to promote long-term gradual reduction of contaminant releases to the environment and the Ministry of Ecology plans to establish specific standards limiting emissions of nanoparticles. But to date, limited data are available on the quantities of contaminants potentially emitted by wastes and their transport capacity. In particular, the contaminants present in nanoparticulate form, easily bioavailable, have a dynamic behavior misidentified and therefore unpredictable.The complexity and variability in the composition of waste and nanomaterials involve the study of a wide range of them; so, our work has focused on quantifying the emission of nanoparticles during their aging from various wastes (red mud residues, sewage sludge, marine sediments and domestic wastes incineration bottom ash MIOMs) and their transport through a porous medium.We identified metallic elements largely present in colloidal form and their fate after 1½ years of aging. Transport tests of nanoparticles led by column percolation experiments have shown that the transport of the metal nanoparticles is facilitated in some cases, in others, more typically slowed down. Scanning Electron Microscopy have shown that many metals were associated with aluminum and iron oxides and natural organic humic-like substances
Binotto, Ghislain. "Poudres d’oxydes de métaux de transition à texture, morphologie et taille contrôlées : de l’électrochimie à la catalyse." Amiens, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIE0127.
Full textThe Li-ion battery technology is so far the best candidate to match the growing demand for portable and automotive power sources. The recent focus on nanomteric electrode materials for Li-ion cells leads us to consider Co3O4 precipitated in aqueous solution (Co3O4-P). This material is made of crystallized nanometric particles (40 Å), forming porous micrometric agglomerates exhibiting a very narrow porosity distribution. A structural investigation shows a partial cationic delocalization in 16c and 48f sites, in an extent inversely proportional to the size of the coherent domains. The powder texture is maintained, and therefore the optimum electrochemical performances, are obtained through the oxide/carbon mixing in suspension in a solvent. A capacity of more than 600 mAh/g is reached along twenty cycles. The first cycle irreversible capacity is equivalent to that of micrometric materials, suggesting that the formatting step is not responsible for this irreversibility, partially attributed to the formation of -CoO. The drop in capacity along cycling is mostly due to the dissolution of the active material in the electrolyte, and to the effects of the irreversible decomposition of the solvent. Different kinetic decomposition tests (NH3, toluene, H2O2, CO) demonstrated the catalytic efficiency of Co3O4-P. Preliminary catalytic and electrochemical results for Co3O4-P and post-annealed materials as catalysts in Li/O2 batteries, mainly regarding the lowering of the cell polarization, let us consider this set of materials as an ideal tool for bridging the electrochemistry and catalysis domains
Fatome, Emilie. "Formulations de nanocomposites hautes performances pour revêtements coil-coating : optimisation des interactions nanocharges-matrice." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0027/these.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work consists in optimizing formulations of coil-coating comprising nanofillers with the aim of improving the properties of coatings surface robustness without degrading other properties such as brightness or flexibility. We thus selected two families of nanofillers: lamellate clays and fumed silica for their mechanical performances and their economic attraction. We highlighted the importance of cation treatment and dispersion mode for lamellate clays dispersion improvment. However, a part of aggregates is broken, but without involving effects on the mechanical properties: nanofillers intrinsically harder should be used; it is the case of silicas. We then identified strong interactions between silica and melamine, leading to a strong gel. A surface treatment of adapted silica makes possible to reduce these interactions, which results in a quasi-Newtonian rheology due to a good dispersion of the fillers and significantly improved mechanical properties. To summarize, the interactions developed between nanofillers and organic matrix must be selected in an optimal way since they control not only the rheological behaviour of the formulations, but also the state of dispersion of the nanofillers in the cross linked film as well as various properties, in particular mechanical ones
Roumanille, Pierre. "Matériaux d'assemblage basse température pour applications électroniques : de l'intérêt des oxalates et formiates de métaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30106/document.
Full textDue to environmental and health concerns, new regulations led to a restriction in the use of lead in electronic equipment. Joining materials (based on tin, silver, copper, bismuth ...) for surface-mount technology are subject to many development work in order to comply with regulatory and technical requirements. The potential of metal carboxylates in electronics has already been demonstrated in the development of metal-organic decomposition processes. The thermal decomposition under controlled atmosphere of such precursors leads to the creation of metal nanoparticles with an increased reactivity compared to that of micron sized particles. The use of nanomaterials is a seriously considered way for developing low temperature joining processes for electronics. It is based on the well-known decrease of melting and sintering temperatures of nanomaterials with particle size. In this context, this work of thesis presents the study of the controlled decomposition of metal-organic precursors intended to be integrated into a low-temperature lead-free joining process. The thermal behavior of several metal-organic precursors of tin and bismuth, as well as the influence of the decomposition atmosphere, were studied. The relationship between the metal particles size and their melting point has been emphasized, as well as the major influence of oxidation on the evolution of particles size and their ability to make reliable joints
Marhaba, Salem. "Influence de la morphologie sur les propriétés optiques de nano-objets métalliques uniques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356212.
Full textDemange, Matthieu. "Réactivité de complexes de métaux riches : activation de petites molécules, synthèse de nanoparticules et catalyse de couplage croisé." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00720846.
Full textPesesse, Antoine. "Synthèse de nanoparticules contenant des métaux pour la catalyse assistée par des bases de Lewis en suspension colloïdale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS530.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we synthesised copper based and gold nanoparticles to produce a catalytic activity in combination with a molecular Lewis base in colloidal suspension. A bibliographic research, showed the potential of using a sterically hindered tertiary phosphine to obtain a “Frustrated Lewis Pair” type of interaction with the nanoparticle surface (Chapter 1). Previous works unveiled that the formation of an oxide shell could explain the lack of stability of copper nanoparticles toward tertiary phosphine (Chapter 2). To prevent its formation, the nanoparticles were washed under inert atmosphere. The oxide was still detected and the nanoparticles were subject to leaching. Mechanistic study suggest that water could be responsible for oxidation formation (Chapitre 3). A new procedure to sulfurize copper nanoparticles was developed but the nanoparticles obtained were unstable toward tertiary phosphines (Chapter 4). A new synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene stabilized copper nanoparticles using more accessible and oxygen free precursors was proposed and delivered nanoparticles that are both oxide free and stabilized by very strong ligands (Chapter 5). The synthesis mechanism was studied in details. The influence of phosphine on the catalytic activity of gold for reduction and hydrogenation in colloidal suspension were assessed (Chapter 6)
Dennler, Samuel. "Structure et magnétisme de systèmes mixte 3d/4d et 3/d/5d : une étude ab initio des alliages macroscopiques aux nanoparticules." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30173.
Full textVarious mixed Co/Rh and Co/Pt systems from the macroscopic surface and bulk alloys down to the small nanoclusters have been studied within the density functional theory. Co atoms generally induces significantly enhanced magnetic moments at their 4d/5d neighbors, while they retain their magnetic moment even in an highly mixed environment, leading to substantial average moments in good agreement with earlier experiments. The respective influences of alloying and reduced coordination effects are discussed. Emphasis is given to the determination of the strong interplay between structure, chemical order and magnetic properties. The oscillating RKKY-like character of the Co-induced moments, combined to their significant enhancement at the surface, leads to a particularly complex magnetic pattern. The Co doping effect appears to be the most efficient for large, low-magnetic 4d/5d particles, even if in this case small antiparallel induced moments may slightly moderate the magnetic enhancement
Krishnan, Deepthy. "Nanoparticules mono- et bimétallique stabilisées par des liquides ioniques fonctionnalisés : synthèse et application en catalyse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30270.
Full textMetal nanoparticles (MNPs) are recognized attractive materials for application in the field of catalysis due to their remarkable high surface-to-volume ratio that induces a high number of potential active sites. It is well known that stabilizers play an important role in synthesis and catalytic performance of MNPs. They protect the NPs structure, thereby preventing agglomeration or aggregation that may occur due their high surface energy. Additionally, stabilizers can influence the electronic properties of the NPs, optimizing their reactivity and selectivity in catalytic reactions. Thus, appropriate selection and utilization of stabilizers are crucial factors for modifying and enhancing the performance of NPs across a diverse range of catalytic reactions including hydrogenation of various substrates. Among all possible stabilizers for MNPs, ionic liquids (ILs) can be employed for the synthesis of MNPs. ILs possesses intriguing physical and chemical properties and presents the advantage to act both as stabilizer and solvent in the reaction, resulting in reduced utilization of chemicals and limit waste, which limits the environmental footprint. Careful tailoring of imidazolium based ILs with functional groups has proven a relevant way to improve catalytic performance of MNPs. In this context, a series of RuNPs and NiNPs were synthesized by the organometallic approach in functionalized imidazolium ionic liquids (FILs) with methoxy- and cyano-groups (abbreviated as MEM, MME and CN). Well-dispersed and narrow-sized RuNPs ranging from 1.3 to 2.2 nm were obtained as well as NiNPs ranging between 2.8 and 6.9 nm depending on the IL functionalization. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) allowed to study the interaction between the NPs and the ILs. RuNPs stabilized by the methoxy-containing FILs (MEM and MME) displayed a good balance between catalytic activity and stability when applied in the hydrogenation of styrene at mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the Ru/FILs showed complete selectivity towards ethylbenzene at milder reaction conditions (5 bar, 30 °C) than reported in literature for other RuNP catalysts. All the Ni/ILs systems were found to be efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of 2-cyclohexe-1-none under the applied reaction conditions (substrate/Ni ratio of 100/1, 130 °C, 10 bar H2), providing full substrate conversion and complete selectivity towards hydrogenation of the olefinic bond in short reaction time (1 h). Bimetallic RuReNPs were also synthesized with an average size of 1.6 and 3.3 nm in unfunctionalized (H) and MEM ILs, respectively, but neither of the systems catalyzed the hydrogenation of amides, which is reputed as a challenging reaction due to the high stability of amides. In summary, the PhD work led to the synthesis of novel Ru, Ni and RuRe bimetallic NPs in MEM and MME ILs, and insights into structure-performance relations in hydrogenation catalysis. The work provides perspectives for future development within both the fields of nanochemistry and selective catalysis
Guillet, Yannick. "Dynamique de la réponse optique non-linéaire ultra-rapide d'una assemblée de nanoparticules d'or." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00273002.
Full textManchon, Delphine. "Réponse optique de nano-objets uniques anisotropes : de l’or aux métaux de transition." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10172/document.
Full textThe optical response of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are known to be dominated by the Localized SurfacePlasmon Resonance (LSPR), which is highly sensitive to the size of the NPs, their shape and their environment.This optical response can be studied on single nanoparticles thanks to a highly sensitive setup based on theSpatial Modulation Spectroscopy (SMS) which gives access to their absolute extinction cross-section on a widespectral range (300–900 nm). Moreover, the morphology of the same objects studied in optics is characterized bya direct observation in Transmission or Scanning Electron Microscopy (TEM or SEM).In this work, a new setup allowing the measurement of both the extinction and the scattering of a single nanoobjecthas been developed. This technique allows a quantitative measurement of the scattering cross-sectionprovided the angular distribution of the scattered light by the NP is known.The second part is related to experimental and theoretical optical studies and morphological observationsthrough TEM and SEM of exotic nano-objects. First, a systematic study performed on a large number of goldbipyramids, chemically elaborated, has shown that the LSPR located in the red is highly sensitive to theirmorphology and to the environment. Thus, these objects can likely be used as biological sensors. In addition,emergence of a resonance induced by plasmon coupling has been evidenced on lithographed nano-antennasbased on transition metal (Pd, Pt, Cr) for which no LSPR is usually expected. This opens up prospects for novelapplications by extending the field of plasmonics to metals of various chemical properties (photocatalysis,magneto-optics)
Rioux, Maxime. "Développement de nanoparticules luminescentes à base d'or et d'argent pour l'imagerie cellulaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28444/28444.pdf.
Full textPradère, Caroline. "Nouvelle génération d'airbag à base d'un complexe de métaux de transition et d'un oxyde métallique à l'état nanométrique." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30244.
Full textWe were interested in the design of a new composition for airbag systems using an inorganic transition metal complex and a metal oxide at a nanometer size. The coordination complexes must meet specific criteria established by industrial standards, such as a thermal stability until 150°C and non toxic elements. Four new heterometallic complexes have been prepared that fit all the criteria established by the automotive industry. The synthesis of two coordination complexes have been scaled up and then introduced in some compositions of ammonium nitrate. We measured the combustion rate for all these compositions. Cuprous oxide with a nanometer size has been obtained by reduction of a metal salt under dihydrogen pressure. We have also proposed a simple and efficient method to obtain copper nanoparticles with controlled sizes and shapes
Baida, Hatim. "Propriétés optiques et spectroscopie non-linéaire de nanoparticules individuelles." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713129.
Full textDemangeat, Edwige. "Devenir des nanoparticules dans l'environnement : stabilité colloïdale, réactivité chimique et impacts sur le végétal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B050/document.
Full textEngineered Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are specific nanoscale materials that have recently been used into wide environmental applications. The dispersion of IONPs into soils and waters, as well as their interactions with living organisms, raise many scientific issues. The first part of this work is intended to provide a thorough characterization of IONPs in aqueous solution, from their intrinsic physico-chemical properties to their colloidal behavior and chemical reactivity. Surface modifications are applied to evidence the key role of surface chemistry towards most interactions IONPs encounter. In particular, humic acid reduce NPs-Fe aggregation and display a high adsorption capacity for trace metals, especially copper (Cu).On the other hand, the pH of the solution play a critical role towards NPs-Fe interactions. Depending on the pH, the surface charge of the particles are modified and hence pH is involved in the electrostatic forces that drive the particles aggregation state and contribute to metal adsorption. The second part of the study is focused on the interactions occurring with IONPs in presence of plants. Several experiments are conducted in aqueous solution and in soil columns to precise the impacts of IONPs on the growth medium and to assess the effects of IONPs on plants. Results (magnetic susceptibility) show that IONPs manage to penetrate the roots of beans and sunflower plants (57 and 63 days-old) and that they are translocated to the aerial parts in low amounts. Plants respond to IONPs penetration by increasing the plant biomass and the chlorophyll contents and by decreasing the lipid peroxidation
Cheng, Xi. "Nouvelles approches pour la caractérisation d'éléctrodes poreuses pour la réduction de O² : des structures modèles à base de platine aux structures exemptes de métaux nobles." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0070.
Full textThis work focus on the development of new approaches for the characterization of porous electrodes dedicated to the O2 reduction. They are established through the elaboration of model porous structure formed by controlled combination of platinum electrocatalyst grafted with organic component and carbon nanotubes. Two new methods have been established: firstly, an alternative method to use of rotating electrodes for the determination of the selectivity of the O2 reduction; secondly, the determination of a specific surface area of porous electrode named S-AO2 which is directly related to the O2 reduction and which can be expressed in m2/g of catalyst, in cm2/cm3 of active layer or in cm2/cm3/g of catalyst. A determination of this parameter has been established on platinum-free porous structure based on nitrogen doped nanotubes, for which a study of the active sites for the O2 reduction is also presented
Guralskyi, Illia. "Nano-objets à transition de spin : élaboration, organisation sur des surfaces et étude de leurs propriétés physiques par des méthodes optiques." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1900/.
Full textThe dissertation is devoted to the preparation of some nanoobjects based upon spin crossover complex [Fe(hptrz)3](OTs)2 (where hptrz is 4-heptyl-1,2,4-triazole), their morphology and properties study. By reaction in reverse microemulsions the spin crossover nanoparticles of 35-70 nm in size and with a different aggregation rate were obtained. The lust was achieved varying the quantities of reagents and water in micellar system. Different approaches toward nano- and microobjects of the complex in homogeneous media were developed. It was found that a direct reaction between salt and ligand, depending on the solvent and the stabilizer, can result in nanoparticles of different size and morphology. The method of complex precipitation allowed to obtain the small nanoparticles with a size related effect. The thin films with spin crossover were elaborated by deposition of the complex from its solution in chloroform. This complex was also structured onto surface by means of soft lithography. Spin transition in these nanoobjects onto surface was studied by UV spectroscopy. Optical diffraction and delocalized plasmon resonance were firstly used for the detection of spin state change in 35 nm film, and also for the detection of methanol. The fluorescent approach permitted to follow the spin crossover phenomenon in a single nanoobject
Boucher, Aude-Claire. "Recherche de catalyseurs peu sensibles à la présence de monoxyde de carbone pour piles à combustible PEMFC alimentées en gaz de reformage." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2291.
Full textThe aim of this work was to prepare and to characterize platinum-based bimetallic catalyst before testing their electrocatalytic activities, as fuel cell anode, in presence of some ppm of carbon monoxide. In order to avoid platinum poisoning, another metal such as tin is added. This process results in a material more tolerant to CO. A supported Pt-Sn catalyst was prepared by a chemical route, using a platinum carbonyl complex. This material was characterized by physical and chemical methods which indicate that it is constituted of nanostructured Pt3Sn particles. These particles have a narrow distribution size with a mean diameter of approximately 2 nm. Its activity towards CO, particularly in fuel cell conditions, was compared with an analogue commercial catalyst. This electrochemical study shows that the catalyst prepared from the carbonyl precursor is less sensitive to CO than the commercial one
Lechevallier, Séverine. "Synthèse et caractérisation de nanoparticules luminescentes à base de lanthanides : vers de nouveaux bio-marqueurs." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2637/.
Full textThis work deals with the development of luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) suitable as bio-labels. Inorganic NPs have been synthesized, in which luminescent ion (Eu3+ in most of cases) is substituting ions of the oxide host matrix. NPs of Ln(OH)CO3:Eu3+ (Ln = Y or Gd), Ln2O3:Eu3+, Ln2O2S:Eu3+ and SiO2:Eu3+ have been characterized by the way of TGA, WAXS-XRD, TEM, IR and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The controlled precipitation using urea as precipitating agent is the way chosen and optimized to obtain spherical and monodispersed in size (150±15 nm) NPs. These particles of amorphous lanthanide hydroxycarbonate can directly be used as luminescent bio-labels or after their conversion in oxide or oxysulfide. For the silica particles, the synthesis by aerosol pyrolysis has been used. The obtained particles are spherical with a main diameter of 350 nm. In a second step, the surface of the inorganic NPs has been modified, in order to graft aminoreactive functions. Several modification ways have been explored: with APTES (aminopropyltriethoxysilane), with TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) and then APTES, or with a TEOS/APTES mixture. The same characterizations techniques have been applied to the modified particles, and chemical analysis, solid state NMR and XPS. DLS and. -potential of the NPs dispersed in water have also been measured. These analyses have been completed by the evaluation of the number of accessible amine functions by coupling with FITC (fluoresceine isothiocyanate). The direct modification of oxides (Y2O3 or Gd2O3) with APTES is the best way, and an homogenous layer of 1 nm with a high number of accessible amine can be graft. Finally, to move toward luminescent bio-labelling in biological medium, the luminescence of the NPs has been observed and analyzed using: -A spectrofluorimeter, after their dispersion in water -A fluorescence microscope, on glass slides, under broad band excitation -A confocal microscope, under laser excitation, after their internalisation in cancer cells -A flow cytometer
Guillet, Yannick. "Dynamique de la réponse optique non-linéaire ultra-rapide d'une assemblée de nanoparticules d'or." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00273002.
Full textNous rappelons tout d'abord les caractéristiques de la réponse optique linéaire de ces matériaux. Puis nous détaillons le modèle numérique qui permet de simuler leur réponse suite à une excitation subpicoseconde. Nous présentons ensuite le dispositif pompe-sonde femtoseconde résolu spectralement développé dans l'équipe pour réaliser les études expérimentales. Enfin, nous mettons en évidence un processus d'excitation sélective dû aux interactions électromagnétiques et dont l'influence domine celle des échanges thermiques entre nanoparticules.
Buffet, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Évaluation du risque environnemental des nanoparticules métalliques : biodisponibilité et risque potentiel pour deux espèces clés des écosystèmes estuariens." Nantes, 2012. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4222b036-2cc9-45e7-a146-038b3361bae3.
Full textThe advent of nanotechnologies is leading to the increase production of nanoparticles which could be released in the environment. Metal nanoparticles are used in a variety of commercial applications (bactericides, UV protection, medical imaging) and their toxicity is a source of concern. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fate of metal-bearing nanoparticles (Ag, Au, CuO, Cd, ZnO) in the marine environment and their effects on two marine endobenthic species : the bivalve Scrobicularia plana and the worm Hediste diversicolor by using a set of biomarkers at different levels of biological organization (behaviour, biochemical responses and genotoxicity). Effects were evaluated after exposure to different environmental sources (water, food, sediment independently or combined in mesocosms). In a number of cases, our work revealed a toxic effect of nanoparticles which is not due to the constituent metal but directly to the nanoproperties. Results show that biomarkers are promising tools to evaluate the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles and could be used to improve risk assessment
Palpant, Bruno. "Effets de taille dans la réponse optique d'agrégats de métaux nobles en matrice : étude expérimentale et interprétation théorique." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10214.
Full textIder, Mina. "Elaboration et caractérisation des nanomatériaux à base de métaux nobles." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1022/document.
Full textIn this thesis work, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag) is carried out by a simple, efficient and fast method based on the reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in an organic medium (ethanol) under heating by micro irradiation (MW) for a few seconds in the presence of an aqueous emulsion of latex copolymer. The experiments were performed either by varying the experimental parameters one after the other (classical approach) or by means of the experimental design methodology which serves to vary simultaneously these experimental conditions in order to both optimize and evaluate the impact of these factors on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. The main goal is to prepare a maximum concentration of silver nanoparticles with a minimum concentration of latex copolymer and AgNO3. The prepared nanoparticles were found to be extremely stable in colloidal solution with very narrow size distributions, which confirms the high quality and the uniform diameter of the nanoparticles obtained by the microwave synthesis approach. This could possibly be due to the stabilizing effect produced by the latex molecules, which is a good environment for effectively controlling the growth of metallic silver nanoparticles. As the main objective of such realization of the silver nanoparticle synthesis by the MW method opens the way to the exploration of surface plasmonic effects in photocatalytic reactions using well-defined semiconducting structures (Bi2O3 , In2O3, TiO2 ...)