Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nanoparticle'
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Rousseau, Youri. "Hybridation des technologies de jets de nanoparticules et de PVD pour la réalisation d’architectures nanocomposites fonctionnelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS347.
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Les films nanocomposites sont des revêtements composés de nanoparticules enrobées dans une matrice solide d’un matériau différent. L’intérêt de ces matériaux réside dans leur capacité à exploiter les caractéristiques inédites des nano-objets qu’ils contiennent tout en bénéficiant des propriétés de résistance mécanique et chimique de la matrice. Ces composites disposent de propriétés très prometteuses pour un grand nombre d’applications comme le photovoltaïque ou la photocatalyse. Plusieurs procédés de synthèse existants permettent de produire des matériaux nanocomposites par des méthodes physiques ou chimiques (co-pulvérisation, sol-gel,…). Cependant, aucun n’est assez flexible pour envisager la synthèse d’une large gamme de nanocomposites par le même procédé. Ceci est un frein au développement à l’échelle industrielle de ce type de matériaux. Le premier objectif de la thèse est de développer un procédé original de synthèse de films nanocomposites. Ce procédé présente un caractère universel en ce qu’il permet un choix a priori illimité dans la nature des nanoparticules et celle de la matrice. Le procédé développé combine un jet de nanoparticules sous vide formé par une lentille aérodynamique à un dispositif de pulvérisation magnétron qui permet de déposer la matrice. Le jet de nanoparticules permet de coupler toute source de nanoparticules à la pulvérisation. Les nanoparticules peuvent être soit synthétisées in situ en phase gazeuse, soit synthétisées préalablement en voie liquide. Une grande variété de nanoparticules peut donc être utilisée. La pulvérisation magnétron permet par ailleurs de disposer d’une très large gamme de matériaux pour la matrice (métaux, céramique, polymère). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, deux types de sources de nanoparticules ont été utilisés. Le premier est un réacteur de pyrolyse laser et le second un générateur d’aérosol. Le réacteur de pyrolyse laser permet une synthèse in-situ des nanoparticules en phase gazeuse alors que le générateur d’aérosol permet d’utiliser une suspension de nanoparticules préalablement synthétisées. Afin d’éprouver la robustesse du procédé de co-dépôt, deux types de matériaux nanocomposites ont été développés. Le premier matériau étudié est composé de nanoparticules d’or sphériques de 35 nm de diamètre, synthétisées préalablement par voix liquide, dans une matrice de silice. Le but ici est de bénéficier des propriétés optiques uniques des nanoparticules d’or dans un film résistant mécaniquement et chimiquement. Les caractérisations réalisées sur ces matériaux ont permis d’optimiser la concentration en nanoparticules d’or dans les films de manière à garder des propriétés mécaniques et chimiques compatibles avec les applications tout en gardant des propriétés optiques satisfaisantes. Le second type de matériaux étudiés est composé de nanoparticules semi-conductrices synthétisées in situ par pyrolyse laser et d’une matrice métallique. La synthèse de ce matériau permet de démontrer la flexibilité du procédé de co-dépôt à synthétiser une large gamme de films nanocomposites. Enfin, la robustesse du procédé ayant été démontrée, la conception d’un pilote industriel a été entreprise. Le but final étant de disposer d’une machine répondant aux exigences industrielles dans l’optique d’un transfert technologiqueThe nanocomposite films are coatings of nanoparticles embedded in a solid matrix of a different material. The advantage of these materials is their ability to exploit the unique properties of nano-objects while benefiting of the mechanical and chemical resistance properties of the matrix. These composites have very promising properties for many applications such as photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Several existing synthetic methods can produce nanocomposite materials by physical or chemical methods (co-sputtering, sol-gel, ...). However, none is flexible enough to consider the synthesis of a wide range of nanocomposites by the same method. This is an obstacle to the development on an industrial scale of this type of material. The first objective of the thesis is to develop an original synthesis process of nanocomposite films. This method is universal in which it presents no limit in the choice of nanoparticles and matrix. The developed method combines vacuum nanoparticle jets formed by an aerodynamic lens with a magnetron sputtering device for depositing the matrix. The nanoparticle jets can be coupled with any source of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles may be synthesized in situ in the gas phase or beforehand solution synthesis. A wide variety of nanoparticles can be used. Magnetron sputtering also enables to have a very wide range of materials for the matrix (metal, ceramic, polymer). During this thesis, two types of nanoparticles sources were used. The first one is a laser pyrolysis reactor and the second is an aerosol generator. The laser pyrolysis reactor enables in-situ gas phase synthesis of the nanoparticles while the aerosol generator use a suspension of previously synthesized nanoparticles. To test the robustness of the co-deposition process, two types of nanocomposite materials have been developed. The first material is composed of 35 nm spherical gold nanoparticles, chemically synthesized, in a silica matrix. The goal here is to benefit from the unique optical properties of gold nanoparticles in a film mechanically and chemically resistant. The characterizations carried out on these materials have optimized the gold nanoparticle concentration in the films to keep the mechanical and chemical properties compatible with applications while maintaining satisfactory optical properties. The second type of materials studied is composed of semiconductor nanoparticles in situ synthesized by laser pyrolysis and a metal matrix. The synthesis of this material demonstrates the flexibility of the co-deposition method to synthesize a wide variety of nanocomposite films. Finally, the design of an industrial pilot was undertaken. The final goal is to have a pilot-scale setup that meets industry requirements in the context of a technology transfer
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Tang, Lu. "Nanoparticules mimes des propriétés biologiques des GAGs : vers un inhibiteur sélectif de CXCL12." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS072.
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L'Héparane Sulfate (HS), un polysaccharide linéaire, module les activités biologiques de nombreuses protéines. Afin d'élucider les interactions entre l'HS et les protéines, la synthèse chimique d'HS est un outil précieux, mais elle peut être difficile. Notre équipe a montré que des mélanges combinatoires obtenus par auto-assemblage de différentes combinaisons de dérivés disaccharidiques (lactose et lactose persulfaté) sur surfaces planes d'or peuvent reconnaître spécifiquement certaines protéines se liant à l'HS, telles que les isoformes de la chimiokine CXCL12 ou IFNγ. Avec ces dérivés, nous avons réalisé un auto-assemblage sur des nanoparticules d'or. Mais à cause de la toxicité des nanoparticules d'or, nous avons aussi adapté cette méthode à des nanoparticules lipidiques. En utilisant les conditions qui ont déjà été améliorées pendant la synthèse des dérivés lactose et lactose persulfaté, nous avons préparé deux autres dérivés disaccharidiques plus proches de la structure réelle d'HS. Ces nouveaux dérivés sont utilisés pour réaliser des nanoparticules d'or et nanoparticules lipidiques afin de comparer les propriétés avec les lactose et lactose persulfaté. Les tests d'affinité avec différentes protéines sont en cours de réalisationHéparan Sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide that modulates the biological activities of numerous proteins. In order to elucidate the interaction between HS and proteins, the synthesis of HS is an invaluable tool, but the synthesis is sometimes difficult. Our group has demonstrated that the combinatorial mixtures obtained by self-assembly of different combinations of disaccharide derivatives (lactose and persulfated lactose) on gold plan surfaces could recognize specifically some HS binding proteins, such as the isoforms of the chemokine CXCL12 or IFNγ. Because of the toxicity of gold nanoparticles, we have also adapted this method to lipid nanoparticles. Using the conditions that have already improved during the synthesis of lactose and persulfated lactose derivatives, we have synthesized two other disaccharide derivatives, which were closer to the real structure of HS. These new derivatives were used to prepare the gold and lipid nanoparticles at the aim of comparing the properties with lactose and persulfated lactose. The tests of affinities with different proteins are in progress
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Smith, Beverly. "Investigating Thermal Transformations of Ligand-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles: Influence of the Structural Attributes of the Nanoparticle and Its Environment on Thermal Stability." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19259.
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Ligand-stabilized metal nanoparticles (LSNPs) have garnered significant attention for use in applications including sensing, catalysis, and thin film fabrication. Many uses rely on the size-dependent properties of the metal nanoparticle core. Therefore, preservation of nanoparticle core size is of paramount importance. In other uses, the low processing temperatures afforded by metal LSNPs make them attractive as precursors for conductive thin films. In these distinctly different applications, understanding nanoparticle thermal stability is crucial.
A key finding of this research is that nanoparticle sintering is dependent upon both core size and ligand functionality. Multi-technique analysis of four types of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different ligand compositions and core sizes illustrates that more volatile ligands reduce the onset temperature for sintering. Also, AuNPs of larger core size with the same ligand composition exhibit lower sintering onset temperatures. Correlation between measurements reveals that only a small amount of ligand loss is necessary to trigger rapid sintering and that ligands are excluded to the surface of the porous gold films.
AuNPs with ligand shells composed of two alkanethiols of different chain length and volatility indicate that the onset temperature of sintering can be tuned further through incorporation of a small amount of more volatile alkanethiol into a ligand shell of lower volatility. Mixed LSNPs further reveal that AuNP thermal stability depends upon the ligand shell composition and its intermolecular interactions, which can result in markedly different sintering behavior for different ligand compositions. Long-chain alkanethiol AuNPs sinter after only a small amount of ligand loss, whereas short-chain alkanethiol AuNPs sinter following complete ligand loss and the formation of metastable bare AuNPs. Heated AuNP films prepared with mixed-ligand AuNPs exhibit ligand-dependent differences in film morphology.
To probe AuNP thermal stability in 2D-assemblies, self-assembly using larger ‘marker’ nanoparticles enables the study of small 1.5 nm AuNP arrays with successive TEM monitoring throughout ex situ heating. Monitoring images of the same area shows short-range (1-2 nm) nanoparticle migration/coalescence. In contrast to 3D assemblies, AuNP growth occurs at temperatures as low as 60 °C.
This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.10000-01-01
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McQuillan, Jonathan. "Bacterial-nanoparticle interactions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3101.
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Bionanotechnology is an intersection between biology and nanotechnology, a field in which novel applications for very small materials are being realised at an alarming rate. Nanoparticles have 3 dimensions that can be measured in nanometers, their small size conferring upon them different properties from individual atoms or the bulk material. The interactions between these unique materials and microorganisms are often toxic, thus have been exploited for antimicrobial applications. However, there is a considerable paucity of data for the underlying molecular mechanisms. This study has been carried out to investigate the interactions that occur between nanoparticles and bacteria with the objective of identifying these toxicological mechanisms and novel nanoparticle effects, using the model Gram negative organism Escherichia coli K12. This study has identified metal nanoparticles that are a superior vehicle for the delivery of toxic metal ions to E. coli. The nanoparticles associate with the bacterial surface, but do not cross the cell wall. They then dissolve, releasing a concentration of metal ions that accumulate at the bacterial-nanoparticle interface, enhancing the antibacterial efficacy compared to the concentration of metal ions in the bulk solution phase. Measurement of the whole transcriptome response to silver nanoparticles in comparison to the silver ion indicates that the different modes of ion delivery may induce a differential stress response. Moreover, this data identifies molecular mechanisms that are involved in the toxicity of this metal that is now becoming increasingly prevalent in society. The dissolution based toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles are augmented by an interaction with ultra-violet light, offering an alternative mode for nanoparticle toxicity.
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Kang, Minkyung. "Single nanoparticle electrochemistry." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/99424/.
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This thesis presents various pipette-based techniques for resolving the electrochemical activities of single nanoentities (e.g., nanoparticles, NPs) in time and/or space. In particular, the work provides a framework for understanding the (electro)chemistry of single NPs and the development of tools to resolve them temporally and/or spatially. Through the use of the state-of-the-art instrumentation developed by the Warwick Electrochemistry & Interfaces Group (WEIG), electrochemical measurements with a “static” probe (i.e., micro-droplet electrochemical cell) have revealed detailed (temporally-resolved) information on the dynamics of the interaction of colloidal NPs (in solution) with electrode surfaces. Through careful data analysis, and supported by simulations, it has been demonstrated how current-time traces provide information on the physical dynamics of individual NPs on an electrode surface. This regime has been further applied to understand the electrodissolution of individual NPs and has revealed the complexity of the process, through carefully designed experiments and thorough quantitative analysis of large data sets. In addition, through the use of the aforementioned instrumentation, new scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) regimes have been developed with a “dynamic” probe, providing spatial resolution. A greatly simplified nanoprobe configuration (i.e., a single channelled probe) has been proposed for simultaneous topography and electrochemical flux mapping at the nanoscale, implemented with a new scanning protocol in scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). This was directly applied in tandem with FEM simulations to observe and explain heterogeneities in the ion flux at and around individual catalytic NPs adhered to an inert conductive surface during catalytic turnover conditions with electrochemical activity information on surface heterogeneities at the nanoscale. Finally, to highlight the generalities of the approaches, a new configuration of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with SICM with a double-channelled nanoprobe has been introduced, demonstrating the simultaneous visualisation of topography and uptake rate on a biological entity (cell), which is quantified by finite element method (FEM) simulations. In this configuration the probe is multifunctional, delivering analytes to the cell surface, providing probe positional information and detecting changes in the uptake rate of electroactive molecules across the interface.
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Pranami, Gaurav. "Understanding nanoparticle aggregation." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3369880.
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Haghighat, Manesh Mohamad Javad Haghighat. "Effects of the Nanoparticle Protein Corona on Nanoparticle-Cell Membrane Interactions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1597967288027448.
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Louie, Stacey Marie. "Characterization and Modeling of Macromolecules on Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Nanoparticle Aggregation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2014. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/396.
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The increasing production and usage of engineered nanoparticles has raised concerns about potential ecological and human exposures and the risks these novel materials may pose. Nanoparticles are often manufactured with an organic macromolecular coating, and they will attain further coatings of adsorbed natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment. The overall objective of this thesis is to improve our ability to quantify the effects of adsorbed coatings on nanoparticle fate in the environment. The physicochemical properties of the coating or the adsorbing macromolecule are expected to strongly mediate the surface interactions, and hence the environmental fate, of coated nanoparticles. To this end, this research focuses on assessing a coating characterization method and applying extensive characterization of NOM coatings to enable the development of correlations to predict nanoparticle deposition onto model environmental surfaces and aggregation. The first objective is to assess the applicability of a soft particle electrokinetic modeling approach to characterize adsorbed layer thickness, which contributes to repulsive steric forces that will affect nanoparticle deposition. A statistical analysis determined that high uncertainty in fitted layer thicknesses will limit this approach to thin, low-charged coatings (for which it may be advantageous to typical sizing methods such as dynamic light scattering). Application of this method in experimental studies further confirmed the model limitations in estimating layer thicknesses and the inability of this measurement (and other commonly measured properties) to fully explain nanoparticle deposition behavior. These results demonstrated the need for improved detail and accuracy in coating characterization. The second objective is to correlate the properties of NOM to its effects on gold nanoparticle aggregation, with particular focus on the role of heterogeneity or polydispersity of the NOM molecular weight. Multiple types of NOM collected from representative water bodies and soils were used, both in whole and separated into molecular weight (MW) fractions, and characterized for chemical composition and MW distribution. While average MW of the NOM provided good correlation with aggregation rate, the highest MW components were found to contribute disproportionately in stabilizing nanoparticles against aggregation, highlighting the importance of measuring and accounting for high MW components to explain nanoparticle aggregation. However, an outlier from the MW trend was identified, emphasizing the need for additional characterization (e.g. of reduced sulfur content or the conformation of the adsorbed NOM) to fully explain the effects of NOM on nanoparticle aggregation. Altogether, this research provides novel knowledge that will guide future application of characterization methods to predict attachment processes for coated nanoparticles in the environment.
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D'britto, V. "Synthesis of metal nanoparticles and polymer/metal nanoparticle composites: investigation towards biological applications." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2010. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3716.
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Marchioni, Marianne. "Ecoconception de nouveaux agents biocides à base de nanoparticules d'argent à enrobage bio-inspiré." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV046/document.
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Les nanoparticules d'argent sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les objets de consommation courante ainsi que dans les dispositifs médicaux pour leur activité biocide, qui est due au relargage d'ions Ag(I) au cours du temps. Le recul sur ces nano-objets et en particulier sur leur innocuité n'est toujours pas suffisant et les études sur leur transformation et leur impact in vivo sont sujets à d’intenses recherches. En effet, le devenir dans l’organisme des macro- et micro-matériaux étudiés classiquement n’est pas le même que celles des nanomatériaux. Les nanoparticules d’argent illustrent bien cette problématique : l’argent soluble injecté par voie intraveineuse est éliminé plus rapidement que la même quantité d’argent injectée sous forme nanoparticulaire. De plus, la concentration en argent retrouvée dans le sang et les organes est dix fois supérieure lorsque les nanoparticules d’argent sont injectées plutôt qu’ingérées. C'est pourquoi le développement de produits implantatoires qui se retrouvent donc en contact direct avec l’organisme, et qui contiennent des nanoparticules d’argent doit prendre en compte les risques associés, ce qui peut se faire par une approche Safer-by-design.Une des composantes principales du développement Safer-by-design concerne la fonctionnalisation des nano-objets. L’affinité des thiolates pour l’ion Ag(I) étant très forte, des ligands thiolés pourraient donc constituer une piste pour la fonctionnalisation des nanoparticules d’argent. Néanmoins, il est connu que les molécules thiolées conduisent à différents comportements allant de la dissolution de la nanoparticule d’argent en ions Ag(I) à la simple passivation de la surface de la nanoparticule ce qui peut entrainer la perte de son activité biocide.Ainsi, l’Ecoconception de Nouveaux Agents Biocides à base de Nanoparticules d’Argent à Enrobage Bio-inspiré avait pour objectif principal de poser les bases conceptuelles du développement d’un agent biocide Safer-by-design constitué de nanoparticules d’argent et de molécules thiolées en se positionnant à l’interface de plusieurs disciplines.Le développement de ce projet a nécessité d’étudier la réactivité de diverses molécules biologiques ou bio-inspirées thiolées avec les nanoparticules d’argent. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de la pré-organisation architecturale des biomolécules dans la cinétique de dissolution, ainsi que le nombre de thiols libres dans la molécule. Dans le cas de composés induisant la dissolution des nanoparticules, sa cinétique augmente avec le nombre de thiols libres présents sur la molécule, et avec la pré-organisation du site de liaison du métal. Le projet principal de cette thèse a ensuite mené à la preuve de concept recherchée, avec le développement d’un nouvel agent biocide composé de nanoparticules d’argents pontées entre elles par un ligand thiolé tripode symétrique qui est le mime chimique d’un site de liaison d’une métallothionéine. Ces assemblages de nanoparticules se sont montrés actifs contre les bactéries (E. coli) et moins toxiques sur les cellules eucaryotes (HepG2), malgré une entrée dans les cellules similaire. Enfin, un criblage a également été réalisé avec des polyéthylèneglycols possédant un à huit thiols et des longueurs de polymères variables dans le but d’essayer de rationaliser les différences de comportement des nanoparticules d’argent en présence des molécules thiolées. Ce travail, a conduit à l’observation des comportements très variés qui vont permettre d’explorer de nouvelles voies de développements de biocides à base d’assemblages de nanoparticules médiés par des liaisons thiol – Ag(I).L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a donc permis à la fois un travail très fondamental sur la réactivité des thiols vis-à-vis des atomes d’argent à la surface des nanoparticules et au développement de produits à potentiel applicatif, les assemblages de nanoparticules d’argent qui sont des biocides Safer-by-designSilver nanoparticles are increasingly used in everyday consumer goods as well as in medical devices for their biocidal activity, which is due to the release of Ag(I) ions over time. The hindsight on these nano-objects and, in particular, on their safety is still not sufficient and studies on their transformation and their impact in vivo is currently an intense research field. Indeed, the fate in the body of macro- and micro-materials studied classically is not the same as for nanomaterials. The case of the silver nanoparticles illustrates this problem: the soluble silver injected intravenously is eliminated faster than the same amount of silver injected in nanoparticular form. Moreover, the concentration of silver found in the bloodstream and organs is ten times higher when silver nanoparticles are injected rather than ingested. The development of silver nanoparticle-containing implanted devices, that get in direct contact with the body, must thus take into account the related risks. A Safer-by-design approach could be a way to solve this issue.One of the main components of Safer-by-design development is the functionalization of nano-objects. The affinity of the thiolates for Ag(I) ions is very high, which would make thiolated ligands a good tool for silver nanoparticle functionalization. However, it is known that the thiolated molecules lead to different behaviors, ranging from the dissolution of silver nanoparticles into Ag(I) ions to the simple passivation of the surface of the nanoparticles, which leads to the loss of their biocidal activity.The Ecodesign of New Biocidal Agents based on Silver Nanoparticles and Bio-inspired Coating is therefore at the interface of several research areas and its main objective was to lay the conceptual foundations for the development of a Safer-by-design biocidal agent based on the interaction between silver nanoparticles and thiolated molecules.The development of this project required to study the reactivity of various biological or bio-inspired thiolated molecules with silver nanoparticles. First of all, we have highlighted the importance of the architectural pre-organization of biomolecules in the dissolution kinetics, as well as the role of the number of free thiols in the molecule. In the case of molecules inducing the dissolution of the nanoparticles, its kinetics increases with the number of free thiols present on the molecule and with the pre-organization of the metal binding site. In a second time, the main project of this thesis was the development of a proof of concept of a new biocidal agent composed of silver nanoparticles bridged together via a thiolated ligand, which is the chemical mimic of one binding site of a metallothionein. These nanoparticle assemblies were active against bacteria (E. coli) and less toxic than silver nanoparticles on eukaryote cells (HepG2), despite a similar cellular entry. Finally, a screening was performed with polyethylene glycols having two to eight thiols and varying polymer lengths in an attempt to rationalize the differences in the behavior of silver nanoparticles in the presence of the thiolated molecules. This ongoing work leads to various behaviors that will enable to explore novel ways for the development of biocidal based on nanoparticles assemblies mediated by thiol – Ag(I) bonds.Therefore, this overall PhD work allows performing both very fundamental researches concerning the reactivity of thiols with surface silver atoms of the nanoparticles and the development of products with application potential, silver nanoparticle assemblies that are Safer-by-design biocide
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Hou, Xue. "Nano-objets photo-activés pour le ciblage cellulaire et l’hyperthermie." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC011/document.
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Les nanoparticules plasmoniquespossèdent des propriétés intéressantes grâce àla résonance de plasmon de surface localisé. Enplus de leur grande efficacité de conversionphotothermique due au plasmon, leconfinement de l’échauffement peut êtremodulé par le type de source lumineuseutilisée (impulsionnelle ou continue). Cespropriétés font des nanoparticulesplasmoniques une solution potentielle pour lathérapie contre le cancer par hyperthermie.Afin de développer une telle applicationbiomédicale, il est nécessaire d'optimiserl'absorption de l'énergie lumineuse et le ciblagedes nanoparticules sur la tumeur considérée.Dans cette thèse, l'influence des électronschauds photo-générés sur l'absorptiond’impulsions laser ultracourtes par lesnanoparticules est d'abord étudiée. Ensuite, untravail effectué avec des chimistes, biologisteset médecins pour l'application desnanoparticules d’or irradiées par impulsionslaser ultracourtes à la thérapie contre le cancerest présenté. Enfin, nous présentons une étudepréliminaire sur la photoluminescence denanoparticules plasmoniques, dont l'origine estencore controversée, en appliquant un modèleprenant en compte la nature non thermale dela distribution d’électrons chaudsPlasmonic nanoparticles possessinteresting properties thanks to the localizedsurface plasmon resonance. In addition totheir high photothermal conversion efficiency,the heat release confinement can bemodulated by the type of light source used(pulsed or continuous laser). These propertiesmake the plasmonic nanoparticles a potentialsolution for cancer therapy by hyperthermia.In order to develop such a biomedicalapplication, it is necessary to optimize theabsorption of light energy and the targeting ofnanoparticles on the tumor considered.In this thesis, the influence of the photogeneratedhot electrons on the absorption ofultrashort laser pulses by nanoparticles is firststudied. Then, a work carried out withchemists, biologists and physicians for theapplication of gold nanoparticles irradiated byultrashort laser pulses to cancer therapy isdescribed. Finally, we present a preliminarystudy on the photoluminescence of plasmonicnanoparticles, the origin of which is stillcontroversial, by applying a model accountingfor the non-thermal nature of the hot electrondistribution
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Dehankar, Abhilasha Vinod. "Investigation of Inorganic Nanoparticle Spatial Interactions by Development of Novel Nanoparticle Composites." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565887276935787.
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Pantidos, Nikolaos. "Biological synthesis of stable copper nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29532.
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Many nonferrous industries such as mining and surface treatment plants produce co-products that are high in heavy metals and therefore toxic to the environment. A less obvious producer of heavy metal containing co-products is the whisky industry. Current methods of copper removal from such co-products include electrolysis and membrane filtration which are impractical and costly. When copper is found as a salt, current methods of removal include settlement, filtration and precipitation. Alternatives such as biological copper ion removal from effluents has also been shown to be effective. This study aimed to develop a biological method for the synthesis of stable copper nanoparticles. Morganella psychrotolerans was used to reduce Cu2+ to insoluble Cu0 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were purified and characterised using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Whisky distillery co-products were tested as a growth medium for M. psychrotolerans with concomitant copper nanoparticle synthesis. The copper nanoparticles were also studied for their application in electronics in order to make conductive circuits. Genomics studies combined with proteomics, helped develop possible models for copper nanoparticle synthesis by M. psychrotolerans, as well as identify proteins and genes not previously thought to be related to this pathway. The genome sequence of M. psychrotolerans obtained in this work allowed for a far more detailed study on the mechanism of copper nanoparticle synthesis than previously possible. This thesis also focused on understanding this mechanism better through proteomics and qRT-PCR. In order to study the identified copper ion reduction pathway in the future, a genetic modification toolkit was developed for M. psychrotolerans.
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Zhou, Bo. "Synthesis and characterization of crystalline assembly of poly Nisopropylacry-lamide)-co-acrylic acid nanoparticles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4671/.
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In this study, crystalline poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPAm-co-AAc) nanoparticle network in organic solvents was obtained by self assembling precursor particles in acetone/epichlorohydrin mixture at room temperature followed by inter-sphere crosslinking at ~98 °C. The crystals thus formed can endure solvent exchanges or large distortions under a temporary compressing force with the reoccurrence of crystalline structures. In acetone, the crystals were stable, independent of temperature, while in water crystals could change their colors upon heating or changing pH values. By passing a focused white light beam through the crystals, different colors were displayed at different observation angles, indicating typical Bragg diffraction. Shear moduli of the gel nanoparticle crystals were measured in the linear stress-yield ranges for the same gel crystals in both acetone and water. Syntheses of particles of different sizes and the relationship between particle size and the color of the gel nanoparticle networks at a constant solid content were also presented. Temperature- and pH- sensitive crystalline PNIPAm-co-AAc hydrogel was prepared using osmosis crosslinking method. Not only the typical Bragg diffraction phenomenon was observed for the hydrogel but also apparent temperature- and pH- sensitive properties were performed. The phase behavior of PNIPAm nanoparticles dispersed in water was also investigated using a thermodynamic perturbation theory combined with lightscattering and spectrometer measurements. It was shown how the volume transition of PNIPAM particles affected the interaction potential and determined a novel phase diagram that had not been observed in conventional colloids. Because both particle size and attractive potential depended on temperature, PNIPAM aqueous dispersion exhibited phase transitions at a fixed particle number density by either increasing or decreasing temperature. The phase transition of PNIPAm-co-AAc colloids was also studied. The results from the comparison between pure PNIPAm and charged PNIPAm colloids showed that the introducing of carboxyl (-COOH) group not only contributed to the synthesis of three-dimensional nanoparticle network but also effectively increased the crystallization temperature and concentration range. The phase transitions at both low and high temperatures were observed from the turbidity change by using UV-Vis spectrometer. Centrifugal vibration method was used to make crystalline PNIPAm-co-AAc dispersion at high concentration (8%). The turbidity test proved the formation of iridescent pattern.
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Goren, Michal. "Nanoparticle adsorption onto surfaces." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84250.
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The ability to produce materials in unique morphologies and structures is of great importance as a strategy in micro-and nanomaterial fabrication. Nanosized materials in particular are of great interest because of limited possibilities of producing them from their corresponding bulk materials ("top-down" approach). To a chemist, challenges lie in the synthesis of these nanostructures, as well as in producing them in a parallel fashion. One possible way of directly synthesizing a confined morphology is by templating, where the material to be synthesized is selectively grown on a surface feature of a unique pattern. As a result, the morphology of the synthesized material mirrors the surface pattern of the template.This Thesis is concerned with the interface between surface chemistry and nano-chemistry through templating. Templated growth of polypyrrole (Ppy) on two different surfaces is described. Templating results in Ppy having unique nanomorphologies of wires and dots. A system where Ppy selectively grows on lipid bilayer edges (as per Qi, Proc.-Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 97-5, 173) is described. A general mechanism for Ppy deposition on surfaces is presented. A system where Ppy grows selectively on PS-PVP block copolymer surface micelles is also described. It is demonstrated that a template surface may be modified while templating occurs on it. Finally, the adsorption kinetics of nanoparticles onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is studied in the context of differential surface energies being a driving force for the adsorption. The adsorption kinetics are studied using the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique. This study reveals that there is a correlation between the driving force for adsorption and the adsorption kinetics.
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Carkner, Andrew. "Green metal nanoparticle synthesis." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22037.
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Title: Green Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis Silver and nickel nanoparticles have diverse applications in catalysis, composite materials, and electronics. Current production methods rely on high-energy processes or harsh chemicals; thus it is preferable to use environmentally benign compounds for their synthesis. This project studied the aqueous synthesis of nickel nanoparticles from nickel acetate using glucose, formate, and hydrazine as reducing agents. It was found that although the reactions are thermodynamically favourable, nickel nanoparticles could not be produced using glucose or formate at pH 4-12 and T ≤ 100oC. The conversion was negligible even after 8 hours. With hydrazine, high temperature and pH are necessary for a rapid reaction. At pH 12, 100oC, and 20 mM nickel acetate, a conversion of 70% can be achieved in 30 minutes. For pH below 10 or temperature below 80oC, conversion is negligible even after 3 hours.Titre: Production vert de nanoparticules métalliques Les nanoparticules d'argent et de nickel ont de diverses applications en catalyse, matériaux composites et électronique. Cependant la production actuelle utilise soit beaucoup d'énergie soit de composés dangereux ; il sera mieux pour la santé et l'environnement de trouver d'alternatives. Ce projet a examiné le glucose et le formate comme alternatifs au hydrazine pour la synthèse aqueuse des nanoparticules. Quoique les conditions thermodynamiques sont favorables, je n'ai pas pu produire de nanoparticules de nickel sauf avec le hydrazine dans la région pH 4-12 et T ≤ 100oC. Avec le glucose ou le formate, la conversion demeure insignifiant après 8h. Avec le hydrazine, une haute température et pH sont nécessaires pour une réaction rapide. Avec pH 12, 100oC et 20 mM d'acetate de nickel, la conversion est 70% après 30 minutes. Sous pH 10 et 80oC, la conversion est négligeable même après 3 heures.
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Stott, Susan J. "Electroanalysis in nanoparticle assemblies." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12882.
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This thesis is concerned with the deposition of nanoparticle films onto boron-doped diamond and tin-doped indium oxide (lTO) surfaces and the characterisation of the films using electron microscopy, powder diffraction methods and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) data. The redox behaviour of the porous films was examined using cyclic voltammetry in various media to investigate potential electroanalytical applications. TiOz (anatase) mono-layer films were immobilised onto an inert boron-doped diamond substrate. Cyclic voltammetry experiments allowed two distinct steps in the reduction - protonation processes to be identified that are consistent with the formation of Ti(III) surface sites accompanied by the adsorption of protons. Preliminary data for electron transfer processes at the reduced TiOz surface such as the dihydrogen evolution process and the 2 electron - 2 proton reduction of maleic acid to succinic acid are discussed. Novel multi-layer TiOz films were deposited with a variety of organic binder molecules onto ITO substrates. The redox reactivity of Cuz+ with 1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7, IO-tetrayl- tetrakis (methyl-phosphonic acid) in solution and immobilised on an electrode surface are investigated. The influences of film thickness, scan rate, and pH on the electrochemistry of immobilised pyrroloquinoline quinone was investigated with two possible electron transport processes observed. The thickness of TiOz phytate films was found to change the shape of the resulting cyclic voltammograms dramatically. Computer simulation and impedance spectroscopy allowed insights into the diffusion of electrons to be obtained. 1, 1 ~Ferrocenedimethanol was employed as an adsorbing redox system to study the voltammetric characteristics of carboxymethyl-y-cyclodextrin films and evidence for two distinct binding sites is considered. The apparent transport coefficients for dopamine and Ru(NHJ)6J+ are estimated for TiOz Nafion® films. The electrochemical processes in biphasic electrode systems for the oxidation of water-insoluble N,N-didodecyl-N;N~diethyl-benzene-diamine (DDPD) pure and dissolved in di-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphate (HDOP) immersed in aqueous electrolyte media are described. Transfer of the anion from the aqueous electrolyte phase into the organic phase accompanies the oxidation of pure DDPD. In the presence of HOOP, oxidation is accompanied by proton exchange. The electrochemically driven proton exchange process occurs over a wide pH range. Organic microdroplet deposits of OOPD in HDOP at basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes are studied using voltammetric techniques and compared to the behaviour of organic microphase deposits in mesoporous Ti02 thin films. Two types of Ti02 thin film electrodes were investigated, (i) a 300-400 nm film on ITa and (ii) a 300-400 nm film on ITa sputter-coated with a 20 nm porous gold layer. The latter biphasic design is superior. Titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticies were deposited onto ITa electrodes. Partial anodic oxidation and formation of novel core-shell TiC-Ti02 nanoparticies was observed at applied potentials positive of 0.3 V vs. SCE. Significant thermal oxidation of TiC nanoparticies by heating in air occurs at 250 °c leading to coreshell TiC-Ti02 nanoparticies, then Ti02 (anatase) at ca. 350 °c, and Ti02 (rutile) at temperatures higher than 750 °c. The electrocatalytic properties of the core-shell TiC-Ti02 nanoparticulate films were surveyed for the oxidation of hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) in aqueous buffer media. Mono- and multi-layer Ce02 deposits on ITa are shown to be electrochemically active. A reduction assigned to a Ce(IV/III) process has been observed and followup chemistry in the presence of phosphate discovered. The interfacial formation of CeP04 has been proven and effects of the deposit type, pH and phosphate concentration on the process analysed. The electrochemistry of multi-layer Ce02 nanoparticulate films in organic solvent is shown to be more stable.
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Murray, K. A. "Multiplexed nanoparticle-based immunoassays." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2010. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/167/.
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Multiplexed immunoassays have been explored using the fluorescent and luminescent properties of fluorophores and nanoparticles. Epi-fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and programmable array microscopy were used to detect signals from mixtures of conventional organic fluorophores, quantum dots and silica nanoparticles doped with europium, samarium and terbium in single-welled multiplexed immunosorbent assays. Spectral unmixing was investigated using mixtures of fluorophores and cadmium selenide quantum dots. Mixtures of up to four dyes were separated quantitatively using least squares minimisation, with relative standard error ranging from 0.5 to 13 %. Silica nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanides were synthesised and used in a model immunoassay system for simultaneous, single-welled detection of human and mouse IgGs. The results indicated the lanthanides are well suited to multiplexed assays, mainly because of their atomic line emission bands. Analytes in a mixture could be quantified with < 5 % error. The multiplexed assay developed was applied to the detection of anti-dengue IgM and IgG in mouse sera, to differentiate primary and secondary dengue infection. The assay traced the kinetics of antibody production for both IgM and IgG with an IgM/IgG ratio of 1. The fluorescencebased methods compared favourably with ELISA results (r2 ≥ 0.8), with results using conventional fluorophores showing the best correlation with ELISA (r2 > 0.98). Differentiation of serotype specific IgGs was also explored but was complicated due to cross reactivity of the antibodies. A model to differentiate cross reactive dengue antigens was applied to the data through fitting parameters of the five parameter logistic equation to the intensity obtained for an assay. Results indicated the family of dengue antigens are too closely related to be distinguished by the method. The model was however successful in differentiating a partially cross reactive system (p > 0.95).
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Li, Wenhui. "Connecting Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ligand Controlled Colloidal Pd Nanoparticle Synthesis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100595.
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Colloidal nanoparticles are widely used for industrial and scientific purposes in many fields, including catalysis, biosensing, drug delivery, and electrochemistry. It has been reported that most of the functional properties and performance of the nanoparticles are highly dependent on the particle size and morphology. Therefore, controlled synthesis of nanomaterials with desired size and structure is greatly beneficial to the application.
This dissertation presents a systematic study on the effect of ligands on the colloidal Pd nanoparticle synthesis mechanism, kinetics, and final particle size. Specifically, the research is focused on investigating how the ligand bindings to different metal species, i.e., metal precursor and nanoparticle surface, affect the nucleation and growth pathways and rates and connecting the binding thermodynamics to the kinetics quantitatively. The first part of the work (Chapters 4 and 5) is establishing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) methodology for obtaining the thermodynamic values (Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constant, enthalpy and entropy) of the ligand-metal precursor binding reactions, and the simultaneous metal precursor trimer dissociation. In brief, the binding products and reactions were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and an ITC model was developed to fit the unique ITC heat curve and extract the thermodynamic properties of the reactions above. Furthermore, in Chapter 6, the thermodynamic properties, especially the entropy trend changing with the ligand chain length was investigated on different metal precursors based on the established ITC methodology, showing that the entropic penalty plays a significant role in the binding equilibrium.
The second part of the dissertation (Chapter 7 and 8) presents the kinetic and mechanistic study on size-tuning of the colloidal Pd nanoparticles only by changing different coordinating solvents as ligands together with the trioctylphosphine ligand. In-situ small angle X-ray scattering was applied to characterize the time evolutions of size, size distribution, and particle concentration using synthesis reactor connected to a capillary flow cell. From the real-time kinetic measurements, the nucleation and growth rates were calculated and correlated with the thermodynamics, i.e., Gibbs free energies of solvent-ligand-metal precursor reactivity and ligand-nanoparticle surface binding which were modified by the coordination of different solvents. Higher reactivity leads to faster nucleation and high nanoparticle concentration, and stronger solvent/ligand-particle coordination energy results in higher ligand capping density and slower growth. The interplay of both effects reduces the final particle size. Furthermore, because of the significance of the ligand-metal interactions, the synthesis temperature and ligand to metal precursor ratio were systematically to modify the relative binding between the ligand and precursor, and the ligand and nanoparticle, and determine the effect on the nucleation and growth rates. The results show that the relative rates of nucleation and growth is critical to the final size. A methodology for using the in-situ measurements to predict the final size by developing a kinetic model based is discussed.Doctor of Philosophy
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Austin, Lauren Anne. "Exploring some aspects of cancer cell biology with plasmonic nanoparticles." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54236.
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Plasmonic nanoparticles, specifically gold and silver nanoparticles, exhibit unique optical, physical, and chemical properties that are exploited in many biomedical applications. Due to their nanometer size, facile surface functionalization and enhanced optical performance, gold and silver nanoparticles can be used to investigate cellular biology. The work herein highlights a new methodology that has exploited these remarkable properties in order to probe various aspect of cancer cell biology, such as cell cycle progression, drug delivery, and cell death. Cell death mechanisms due to localized gold and silver nanoparticle exposure were also elucidated in this work. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the synthesis and functionalization of gold and silver nanoparticles as well as reviews their implementation in biodiagnostic and therapeutic applications to provide a foundation for Chapters 3 and 4, where their use in spectroscopic and cytotoxic studies are presented. Chapter 2 provides the reader with detailed explanations of experimental protocols for nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization, in vitro cellular biology experiments, and live-cell Raman spectroscopy experiments that were utilized throughout Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 presents the use of nuclear-targeted gold nanoparticles in conjunction with a Raman microscope modified to contain a live-cell imaging chamber to probe cancer cell cycle progression (Chapter 3.1), examine drug efficacy (Chapter 3.2), monitor drug delivery (Chapter 3.3), and detect apoptotic molecular events in real-time (Chapter 3.4). In Chapter 4, the intracellular effects of gold and silver nanoparticles are explored through live-cell Rayleigh imaging, cell cycle analysis and DNA damage (Chapter 4.1), as well as through the elucidation of cytotoxic cell death mechanisms after nanoparticle exposure (Chapter 4.2) and live cell imaging of silver nanoparticle treated cancer cell communities (Chapter 4.3).
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Bhave, Radhika. "Nanoparticle-Cell Lipid Membrane Biophysical Interaction and its Role in Developing Tumor Targeted Nanoparticles." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1433170085.
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Zhao, Pengxiang. "Nanoparticules d’ or : fonctionnalisations et applications en nanomédecine et nanomatériaux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14556/document.
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Des nanoparticules d’or fonctionnelles ont été synthétisées avec pour objectifs l’élaboration de nanomatériaux pour applications biomédicales et propriétés physiques originales. L’étude de la fonctionnalisation a conduit à utiliser le chimie “click” entre des nanoparticules d’or portant des ligands thiolates azoturés et des alcynes terminaux en utilisant un catalyseur au cuivre (I) renforcé par un ligand polyazoté, ce qui a permis d’introduire des fonctions très variées. En particulier le récepteur folate a été greffé de cette façon pour la synthèse de nouveaux vecteurs du docétaxel, un puissant agent anti-cancéreux dont l’étude est menée en collaboration. Des nanoparticules d’or fonctionnelles ont aussi servi de support pour le greffage de complexes du fer (II) à transition de spin, ce qui a permis de réaliser l’étude en 2D par différentes techniques physiques en collaboration. Enfin un nouveau ligand azoté a été mis au point pour la synthèse de nanoparticules d’or originalesThe thesis concerns functionalizations and applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the aspects of functionalization of AuNPs, we concentrated on efficiently functionalized AuNPs by “Click” chemistry. In the aspects of applications, the PEG capped AuNPs was prepared to encapsulate vitamins, which has a potential use in hydrophobic part of human body; the folate functionalized AuNPs was used for docetaxel delivery for cancer therapy; the novel synthesis of triazole stabilized AuNPs used for biosensors; and the citrate capped AuNPs introduced into the silica thin films to check the SERS effect and spin crossover of iron complexes
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Min, Yuanyuan. "Controlled synthesis of Ru nanoparticle covalent assemblies and their catalytic application." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020INPT0021.
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Ce travail de recherche porte sur la préparation d'assemblages covalents de nanoparticules (NP) de Ru stabilisés par différentes molécules fonctionnelles, ainsi que sur l'étude des relations structure/activité de ces assemblages pour des réactions d'hydrogénation catalytique. Le chapitre 1 passe en revue la bibliographie relative aux assemblages covalents de NP métalliques en fonction des stratégies de synthèse utilisées et de leur application en catalyse. Le chapitre 2 décrit la préparation d'assemblages covalents tridimensionnels (3D) de NP de Ru caractérisés par: a) des NP de Ru de taille nanométrique bien définie, stabilisées par des ligands adamantane, bisadamantane et diamantane fonctionnalisés, et ii) une distance interparticulaire ajustable. La chimie de coordination avec des ligands amine et acides carboxyliques a été étudiée. Dans le cas de ligands d'acide carboxylique, il a été montré que les espèces de Ru formées lors de l'assemblage de NP sont capables de décarbonyler partiellement les ligands d'acide carboxylique à température ambiante. Le mécanisme de cette réaction a été élucidé par DFT. Le chapitre 3 détaille l’utilisation d’autres briques moléculaires élémentaires pour la formation d’assemblages de NP de Ru. Nous avons montré que l'utilisation d'un ligand tricarboxylique-hexyloxy triphénylène conduisait à la formation d'assemblages bidimensionnels (2D) de NP de Ru présentant une distance interparticulaire et une taille de NP homogènes. De plus, des assemblages 3D de NP de Ru ont été préparés avec de l'anthracène 9,10-dicarboxylique et un fullerène C60 fonctionnalisé par un hexa-adduit. Dans le chapitre 4, nous avons étudié les performances catalytiques de ces nouveaux réseaux covalents de NP de Ru dans diverses réactions. Tous ces matériaux constituent un ensemble intéressant pour étudier les effets structurels et électroniques du catalyseur en catalyse hétérogène. Les assemblages sont actifs et atteignent une bonne sélectivité en styrène dans l'hydrogénation sélective du phénylacétylène. En particulier, nous avons démontré que des effets de confinement et des effets électroniques se produisaient et que la distance interparticulaire des NP de Ru affectait l'activité du catalyseur, tandis que les effets électroniques liés aux ligands régissaient principalement la sélectivité du catalyseur. Nous discutons enfin la stabilité des assemblages de NP de RuThis research work focuses on the preparation of Ru nanoparticle (NP) covalent assemblies stabilized by different functional molecules, and the study of structure/activity relationships for catalytic hydrogenation reactions. Chapter 1 reviews the metal NP covalent assemblies according to the synthesis strategies and their application in catalysis. Chapter 2 described the preparation of three-dimension (3D) Ru NP covalent assemblies characterized by: i) well-defined nanometricsized Ru NP stabilized by functionalized adamantane, bis-adamantane and diamantane ligands, and ii) a tunable interparticle distance. The coordination chemistry with amine and carboxylic acid ligands towards the Ru NP surface was investigated. In the case of carboxylic acid ligands it was shown that Ru species formed during the NP assembly are able to partially decarbonylate carboxylic acid ligands at room temperature. The mechanism of this reaction was elucidated by DFT. Chapter 3 detailed the use of other molecular building blocks for Ru NP assembly formation. We showed that the use of tricarboxylic-hexyloxy triphenylene ligand leads to the formation of twodimensional (2D) Ru NP assemblies with homogeneous interparticle distance and NP size. Additionally, 3D Ru NP assemblies were prepared with 9, 10-dicarboxylic anthracene and a hexaadduct functionalized C60 fullerene. In Chapter 4 we studied the catalytic performances of the Ru NP networks in various reactions. All these materials constitute an interesting set to investigate the structural and electronic effects in heterogeneous catalysis. In the selective hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene, the assemblies are active, reaching good selectivity towards styrene. Especially, we demonstrated that confinement and electronic effects are occurring and that Ru NP interparticle distance affects the catalyst activity, whereas electronic effects mainly govern the catalyst selectivity. The stability of the Ru NP assembly is finally discussed
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Schwarb, Ryan Evan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Reactive Core-Shell Nanoparticles." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1332256634.
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Crew, Elizabeth. "Nanoparticle-based analytical/bioanalytical probes investigation of interactions and reactivities between gold nanoparticles and homocysteine /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1425749.
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Nörbel, Lena Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Offenhäusser, and Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] [Simon. "DNA-capped silver nanoparticles for stochastic nanoparticle impact electrochemistry / Lena Nörbel ; Andreas Offenhäusser, Ulrich Simon." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238235360/34.
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Fanelli, Claudia. "Diffusion processes and nanoparticle growth." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669564.
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Es conocido que muchas propiedades de las nanopartículas, como la luminiscencia, la fotoestabilidad, la eficiencia de la radiación óptica y las propiedades eléctricas, dependen del tamaño. Por lo tanto, la capacidad de crear nanopartículas de un tamaño específico es crucial. En esta tesis, desarrollamos modelos matemáticos para el proceso de crecimiento de nanopartículas con el objetivo de obtener pautas para estrategias de crecimiento eficientes. Una vez comprendido el proceso de crecimiento, analizamos una aplicación práctica de las nanopartículas, conocida como la liberación controlada de fármacos. En la primera parte, el modelo matemático analizado es un problema no estándar de Stefan donde la frontera libre es la superficie de las partículas. En la segunda parte, tratamos un modelo para el movimiento de un nanofluido no newtoniano sujeto a un campo magnético externo y una ecuación de advección-difusión para la concentración de las nanopartículas en el fluido. En ambos casos empleamos varias herramientas matemáticas, como variables de similitud, análisis asintótica y métodos numéricos. En el Capítulo 2 analizamos un problema de Stefan con valores constantes en la frontera mediante métodos analíticos y numéricos para identificar los aspectos matemáticos clave de este tipo de problema. En el Capítulo 3 se presenta y analiza el modelo estándar para el crecimiento de una sola nanopartícula en una solución líquida utilizando las técnicas desarrolladas en el capítulo anterior. Se presta especial atención a la validez de las hipótesis que se hacen regularmente en la literatura. Específicamente, el análisis de la capa límite de difusión muestra como el modelo estándar no se cumple para tiempos pequeños, mientras que la hipótesis de estado pseudoestable es válida. Además, se obtiene una nueva solución analítica para la evolución del radio de la partícula que solo depende de dos parámetros independientes. Esta solución demuestra que el modelo no puede distinguir entre la difusión y el crecimiento impulsado por la reacción. En el Capítulo 4, el modelo del Capítulo 3 se extiende para un sistema de N partículas, donde N es arbitrariamente grande. A través de la adimensionalización del sistema e identificación de los términos dominantes, el problema se reduce y se resuelve mediante técnicas analíticas y numéricas. La ecuación de Gibbs-Thompson para la solubilidad de las partículas muestra la importancia de este efecto para controlar la maduración de Ostwald, que es impulsada por el delicado equilibrio entre la concentración de la solución lejos de la superficie y la solubilidad de las partículas. La comparación con los datos experimentales y con la solución analítica encontrada en el capítulo anterior muestra excelente resultado, dando una herramienta importante para controlar la distribución del tamaño de las partículas y optimizar las estrategias para el crecimiento. La segunda parte de la tesis trata sobre un uso práctico de las nanopartículas: la liberación de fármacos controlada. En el Capítulo 5 se presenta un modelo matemático para el transporte de nanopartículas portadoras de fármacos en el vaso sanguíneo bajo la influencia de un campo magnético externo. Las simplificaciones geométricas realizadas permiten reducir las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes para el flujo sanguíneo y encontrar soluciones analíticas válidas dentro de los límites establecidos por dichas simplificaciones. La comparación entre los modelos newtonianos y no newtonianos muestra la importancia de tener en cuenta la reología pseudoplástica de la sangre a la hora de modelar la administración de fármacos. En este escenario, la viscosidad de la sangre, que cambia en función de la velocidad de corte, es crucial en el cálculo de la velocidad de las partículas magnéticas en el vaso sanguíneo y es necesario utilizar modelos no newtonianos. Finalmente, a partir del modelo formulado se establecen estrategias para maximizar la liberación de medicamentos en un sitio específico.
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Anderson, Ingrid E. "All-inorganic nanoparticle solar cells /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2009. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Derfus, Austin Matthew. "Toward multifunctional nanoparticle-based therapeutics." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3254426.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-135).
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Abeylath, Thotaha Wijayahewage Sampath Chrysantha. "Glyconanobiotics : novel carbohydrated nanoparticle polymers." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001948.
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Derrien, Thomas. "Gold nanoparticle-lipid bilayer interactions." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86727.
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The interactions of ligand-capped gold nanoparticles with lipid bilayers are investigated. The properties determining the mechanism of nanoparticle interaction using synthetic membrane models are explored. First, a specific interaction, incorporation of nanoparticles into the bilayers, is examined using novel imaging and nanoparticle synthesis techniques. Mixed ligand capped gold nanoparticles are synthesized with assorted ligand arrangements in order to relate ligand composition and structure to interaction mechanism using a dye leakage assay. Finally, in vivo experiments are conducted using peptide labeled fluorescent gold nanoparticles in live HeLa cells. It was found that gold nanoparticles are capable of crossing lipid bilayers, implying energy-independent cellular uptake mechanisms may occur. It is concluded that the structure and composition of the protecting ligands are critical in determining the magnitude of bilayer disruption.L'interaction des nanoparticules d'or avec les bicouches lipidiques est présentée dans ce mémoire. Les facteurs influençant cette interaction ont été explorés en utilisant des bicouches lipidiques synthétiques. L'interaction due à l'incorporation des nanoparticules au sein des bicouches a été étudiée par des techniques d'imagerie. Un test de fuite de fluorophore a été employé afin de déterminer l'influence de la composition et de la structure des ligands protégeant les nanoparticules sur leur incorporation dans les bicouches de lipides. Pour cela, nous avons développer une synthèse de nanoparticules protégées par deux types de ligands. Des expériences in vivo ont été réalises avec des nanoparticules d'or fonctionnalisées avec des peptides ainsi que des fluorophores, mis en contact avec des cellules vivantes de type HeLa. Nous avons constaté que les nanoparticules d'or sont capables de franchir les bicouches lipidiques en utilisant des mécanismes indépendants d'énergie. Nous concluons que la structure et la composition des ligands protégeant les nanoparticules ont une grande influence sur la perturbation qu'elles induisent dans la structure des bicouches lipidiques.
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Southern, Paul James David. "Magnetic interactions in nanoparticle systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492513.
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Ni-Cu/Cu multilayered nanowires were grown in different polymer based track-etched membranes using pulsed potentiostatic electrodeposition. The nanowires were imaged using transmission electron microscopy and a regular repeat structure was observed confirming the presence of multilayered growth. X-ray fluorescence showed that there was approximately 13 % co-deposition of Cu within the Ni-Cu layer as expected from a single electrolyte deposition technique.
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Hogg, Charles R. III. "Pattern Transfer from Nanoparticle Arrays." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2010. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/14.
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This project contributes to the long-term extensibility of bit-patterned media (BPM), by removing obstacles to using a new and smaller class of self-assembling materials: surfactant-coated nanoparticles. Self-assembly rapidly produces regular patterns of small features over large areas. If these patterns can be used as templates for magnetic bits, the resulting media would have both high capacity and high bit density. The data storage industry has identified block copolymers (BCP) as the self-assembling technology for the first generation of BPM. Arrays of surfactant-coated nanoparticles have long shown higher feature densities than BCP, but their patterns could not previously be transferred into underlying substrates. I identify one key obstacle that has prevented this pattern transfer: the particles undergo a disordering transition during etching which I have called “cracking”. I compare several approaches to measuring the degree of cracking, and I develop two novel techniques for preventing it and allowing pattern transfer. I demonstrate two different kinds of pattern transfer: positive (dots) and negative (antidots). To make dots, I etch the substrate between the particles with a directional CF4-based reactive ion etch (RIE). I find the ultrasmall gaps (just 2nm) cause a tremendous slowdown in the etch rate, by a factor of 10 or more — an observation of fundamental significance for any pattern transfer at ultrahigh bit densities. Antidots are made by depositing material in the interstices, then removing the particles to leave behind a contiguous inorganic lattice. This lattice can itself be used as an etch mask for CF4-based RIE, in order to increase the height contrast. The antidot process promises great generality in choice of materials, both for the antidot lattice and the particles themselves; here, I present lattices of Al and Cr, templated from arrays of 13:7nm-diameter Fe3O4 or 30nm-diameter MnO nanoparticles. The fidelity of transfer is also noticeably better for antidots than for dots, making antidots the more promising technique for industrial applications. The smallest period for which I have shown pattern transfer (15:7nm) is comparable to (but slightly smaller than) the smallest period currently shown for pattern transfer from block copolymers (17nm); hence, my results compare favorably with the state of the art. Ultimately, by demonstrating that surfactant-coated nanoparticles can be used as pattern masks, this work increases their viability as an option to continue the exponential growth of bit density in magnetic storage media.
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Ridder, Kristin Barbara. "Nanoparticle formulations in HFA propellants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412545.
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Virden, Anne E. "Magnetic studies of nanoparticle systems." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441068.
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Hu, Zhongliang. "Nanoparticle-assisted enhanced oil recovery." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19440/.
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Considering low recovery rate and techniques uncertainties faced by traditional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, especially the methods of chemical and engineered water flooding, this thesis develops emerging nanotechnologies for EOR applications. Five areas were studied ranging from water flooding, surfactant flooding, microemulsion flooding, polymer flooding to nanoparticle mobility studies. Firstly, rutile ellipsoid TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised and stabilised by tri-sodium citrate dihydrate for brine flooding in water-wet Berea sandstone cores. The results showed that the oil recovery depended on NPs concentration and volume injected: 10 ppm TiO2 had the highest total oil recovery while 500 ppm had the highest increment recovery after the breakthrough. The EOR effects were attributed to the log-jamming effects and probably wettability change towards water wetting. Following this, nanoparticles were proposed as surfactant carrier to address the issue of excess adsorption of surfactants during a chemical EOR process. The adsorption of surfactants blend of 25% anionic alkylaryl sulfonates (XOF-25S) and 75% alcohol ethoxylated was found being reduced by commercial TiO2 nanoparticle in dolomite and silica cores. The surfactant concentration was determined by chemical oxidation demand (COD) method. Surfactant adsorption in rock grain matrix was found to have a direct relationship with the nanoparticle retention. To address the problems associated with conventional microemulsion flooding, in-situ synthesised iron oxide NPs were proposed to stabilize the oil-in-water microemulsion texture, prevent surfactant from detaching from the interface and forming viscous phase in produced oil, and mobilize more oil as increasing the particle concentration. Core flooding experiments showed the promise of the nanoparticle-engineered microemulsion. To address the polymer degradation issue at high temperature during a traditional polymer-flooding, SiO2 NPs were used to improve the salt-tolerance, rheological properties and thermal stability of hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM), as well as its EOR potential. The EOR experiments at 50 oC showed that the oil recovery was increased to 69.6 % with 0.5 wt% HPAM seeded with 0.6 wt% SiO2 NPs, compared to a plain brine flooding efficiency of 56.2 %. Finally, the migration properties of nanoparticles were investigated in columns packed with glass beads, saturated with brine at various salinities up to API standard. The luminescent carbon particles were used and a nearly full breakthrough behaviour (100% of C/C0) was observed even in API brine for 5-nm carbon dots. Controversially, the breakthrough behaviour was discounted in calcite limestone matrix. The good thermal stability and mobility enable the carbon dots act as reservoir sensor in sandstone rock, and detection of the saturation degree of hydrocarbon in sandstone core was demonstrated. The work conducted in the thesis showed the great promise of nanoparticles for EOR applications at the laboratorial scale, and future work shall be planned at large scales.
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Thomas, L. "Nanoparticle synthesis for magnetic hyperthermia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/646236/.
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This work reports on an investigation into the synthesis, control, and stabilisation of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications using magnetic hyperthermia. A new understanding of the factors effecting nanoparticle growth in a coprecipitation methodology has been determined. This thesis challenges the highly cited Ostwald Ripening as the primary mechanism for nanoparticulate growth, and instead argues that in certain conditions, such as increasing reaction temperature, a coalescence mechanism could be favoured by the system. Whereas in a system with a slower rate of addition of the reducing agent, Ostwald ripening is the favoured mechanism. The iron oxide nanoparticles made in the study were stabilised and functionalised for the purpose of stability in physiological environments using either carboxylic acid or phosphonate functionalised ligands. It was shown that phosphonate ligands form a stronger attachment to the nanoparticle surface and promote increased stability in aqueous solutions, however, this affected the magnetic properties of the particles and made them less efficient heaters when exposed to an alternating magnetic fields. Tiopronin coated iron oxide nanoparticles were a far superior heater, being over four times more effective than the best commercially available product. Due to its strong response, experiments into the antimicrobial properties of tiopronin coated iron oxide nanoparticles were undertaken, specifically on Staphylococcus aureus, to our knowledge this is the first time magnetic hyperthermia has been used for such an application. At concentrations of 50 mg/ml the sample was capable of complete bacterial kills following exposure to the in-house magnetic hyperthermia MACH system. Aging and oxidation over a period of a month did decrease the performance of the particles to kill bacteria using MACH heating, however they were still shown to be effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus.
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Coglitore, D. "Nanoparticle dynamics in simple fluids." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007090/.
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The Stokes-Einstein relation is considered a benchmark in the transport of small particles in fluids, predicting an increase in diffusion with decreasing particle size. However, there is doubt about its validity at the nano-scale where some theoretical studies have predicted deviations from it. Experimental data from single nanoparticle tracking are presented in this thesis, collected using a recently-developed technique based on the optical phenomenon of caustics to detect the particle in a conventional inverted optical microscope. Experiments were performed on gold and polystyrene nanoparticles dispersed in water and glycerol-water mixtures, with viscosities ranging from 0.00008 to 0.15 Pa·s, to investigate the effect of nanoparticle size, density, concentration, and liquid viscosity on diffusion rates at a fixed temperature of 30°C. It is shown that below a critical concentration and critical size of particle diffusion falls orders of magnitude below the Stokes-Einstein prediction and it is better represented by the fractional Stokes-Einstein relation. At these experimental conditions, the diffusion coefficient was found to be constant with particle size and independent of material, but dependent on fluid viscosity. This thesis is aimed at enriching the knowledge on nanoparticle motion in simple fluid. The validity of the Stokes-Einstein diffusion at the nanoscale is addressed by experiments, within the context of simple, isotropic fluids.
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Venkatasubramanian, Rajiv. "Composite Nanoparticle Materials for Electromagnetics." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1352993374.
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Alzahrani, Ahmed Obaid M. "Multi-scale nanoparticle contrast agents." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18150.
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Nanoparticles have potential biomedical applications because of their special physical properties. Multi-scale nanoparticles contrast agents are those particles that provide contrast in different scale imaging modalities. Such particles are of great interest for monitoring anti-cancer drug delivery, allowing investigations of whole body drug distribution as well as that at the microscopic level. Magnetic nanoparticles in particular have been used as contrast agents in MRI and optical techniques such as confocal microscopy and two photon fluorescence (TPF) microscopy to achieve multiple scale imaging. However, confocal microscopy has a limited optical penetration in biological tissue. Moreover, both techniques, confocal microscopy and TPF microscopy, require labelling of the biological tissue which alters the particle distribution and complicates the biological system under-investigation.
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Promtong, Pawika. "Determinants of silver nanoparticle toxicity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/determinants-of-silver-nanoparticle-toxicity(5b09211a-35b6-4f8c-8677-a76f652494b3).html.
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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) containing consumer products have increasingly emerged in the market because of their potential antibacterial property, which might result in increased human exposure and environmental contamination. AgNPs are toxic to mammalian and other cells but the determinants of this toxicity remain to be fully characterised and the potential impact of DNA repair systems has been poorly explored. This study, therefore, examined to what extent the size and shape of synthesised AgNPs determined AgNP toxicity in DNA repair proficient and deficient (8-oxoguanine DNAglycosylase; WT and OGG1-/-, respectively) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as well as a well-known human cell line used in the toxicity testing, HepG2 cells. Citrate-stabilised spherical- and triangular-shaped AgNPs (S-AgNPs andT-AgNPs, respectively) were synthesised chemically from AgNO3 using combinations of NaBH4 and sodium citrate as a reducing and stabilising agent, respectively, and purified by dialysis. Three different sized S-AgNPs were prepared with diameters of 7.6 ± 1.2, 14.3 ± 4.2, and 52.5 ± 17.9 nm as measured using transmission electron microscope (TEM), and their zeta potentials were -36.1±2.7, -39.5±2.7 and -36.7±4.1 mV, respectively. T-AgNPs had an edge length and thickness of 71.4 ± 11.1 nm and 5.7 ± 0.8 nm, respectively. The size and zeta potential of the purified AgNPs were constant in distilled water for at least 6 months. The uptake of both S- and T-AgNPs by cells resulted in a time and dose-dependent increase in the number of cellular AgNPs and the amount of Ag+ released intracellularly. These increases were associated with a decrease in cell viability (as measured using the MTT assay) and cell survival (the clonogenic assay), and an induction in ROS generation (the DCF assay) and DNA damage(the alkaline Comet assay) for all three cell lines. AgNPs were observed in cells using TEM, suggesting the uptake of AgNPs via an endocytosis pathway. Results suggested that an increase in cellular AgNP level and intracellular released Ag+ content were associated with a time and dose-dependent toxicity. Interestingly, cellular AgNP level and intracellular released Ag+ content might play an important role in size-dependent AgNP toxicity, in which exposure to the smaller S-AgNP sizes (7nm and 14nm) resulted in higher levels of both cellular AgNPs and Ag+ released intracellularly, and then to increased toxicity when compared with the larger S-AgNP size (50nm). Moreover, different shaped AgNPs might induce toxicity by different mechanisms: ROS-mediated toxicity might be induced by both 70nm T-AgNPs and 50nm S-AgNPs and 70nm T-AgNPs might also induce cell membrane damage. AgNP-induced toxicity was different in different cell lines with HepG2 cells being more sensitive to AgNPs particularly using the clonogenic assay, and this toxicity was associated with higher DNA damage observed in HepG2 cells after 24 h. OGG1-/- MEFs were more sensitive to intracellular released Ag+, leading to higher ROS formation and DNA damage in OGG1-/- MEFs than that observed in WT MEFs. In summary, this study strongly suggests that AgNPs induce toxicity via a Trojan-horse type mechanism, and not only Ag+ released intracellularly but also cellular AgNPs take part in this toxicity, and will eventually result in the biological responses of the cells.
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Rong, Guoxin, Hongyun Wang, and Bjӧrn M. Reinhard. "Insights from a nanoparticle minuet." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-184924.
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Albert, Claire. "Émulsions de Pickering biodégradables stabilisées par des nanoparticules de poly(acide lactique-co-glycolique) : étude physico-chimique et potentialité pharmaceutique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS491.
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Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons formulé des émulsions de Pickering stables, biodégradables et biocompatibles stabilisées par des nanoparticules (NPs) de poly(acide lactique-co-glycolique) (PLGA). De telles émulsions sont une alternative, potentiellement moins toxique et irritante, aux émulsions conventionnelles stabilisées par des tensioactifs synthétiques. Dans un premier temps, une étude physico-chimique approfondie de ces systèmes a permis de clarifier leurs structures (macroscopique, microscopique et interfaciale) ainsi que leurs mécanismes et leurs cinétiques de stabilisation. Des études de la contribution du polymère stabilisant les NPs et des caractéristiques du polymère de PLGA utilisé sur les propriétés des émulsions ont également été réalisées. Cela a permis de mieux identifier les paramètres physico-chimiques clés nécessaires à une bonne stabilisation. Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au potentiel pharmaceutique de ces émulsions pour une application topique. Des substances actives (SA), utilisées pour le traitement du psoriasis, ont été encapsulées avec succès dans les NPs (ciclosporine A et tacrolimus) et les gouttelettes de l’émulsion (calcitriol). Cette étude est un premier pas vers l’utilisation de ces émulsions pour la co-encapsulation de deux SA dans la même formulation : une première dans les NPs et une seconde dans les gouttelettes d’huile. La co-encapsulation devrait permettre d’améliorer l’observance du patient et pourrait conduire à un effet synergique entre les deux SAIn this thesis work, we formulated stable, biodegradable and biocompatible Pickering emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Such emulsions are an alternative, potentially less toxic and irritating, to conventional emulsions stabilized with surfactants. Firstly, a thorough physico-chemical study of these systems was conducted in order to clarify their structures (macroscopic, microscopic and interfacial) as well as their mechanisms and kinetics of stabilization. Studies of the contribution of the polymer stabilizing the NPs and of the characteristics of the PLGA polymer on the properties of the emulsions were also carried out. This enabled a better identification of the physico-chemical key parameters responsible for a good stabilization. Secondly, we focused on the pharmaceutical potential of these emulsions for a topical application. Pharmaceutical active ingredients (API), used for the treatment of psoriasis, were successfully encapsulated in the NPs (cyclosporine A and tacrolimus) and the emulsion droplets (calcitriol). This study is a first step towards the use of these emulsions for the co-encapsulation of two API: one in the NPs and a second in the oil droplets. The co-encapsulation should improve patient compliance and could lead to a synergistic effect between the two API
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Jones, Bernard. "Monte Carlo calculations of microscopic dose enhancement for gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34746.
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Gold Nanoparticle-Aided Radiation Therapy (GNRT) is a new paradigm in radiation therapy which seeks to make a tumor more susceptible to radiation damage by modifying its photon interaction properties with an infusion of a high-atomic-number substance. The purpose of this study was to quantify the energy deposition due to secondary electrons from gold nanoparticles on a micrometer scale and to calculate the corresponding microscopic dose enhancement factor during GNRT. The Monte Carlo code EGSnrc was modified to obtain the spectra of secondary electrons from atoms of gold and molecules of water under photon irradiation of a tumor infused with 0.7 wt. % gold. Six different photon sources were used: 125I, 103Pd, 169Yb, 192Ir, 50kVp, and 6MV x-rays. Treating the scored electron spectra as point sources within an infinite medium of water, the event-by-event Monte Carlo code NOREC was used to quantify the radial dose distribution, giving rise to gold and water electron dose point kernels. These kernels were applied to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a gold nanoparticle distribution in tissue. The dose at each point was then calculated, enabling the determination of the microscopic dose enhancement at each point. For the lower energy sources 125I, 103Pd, 169Yb, and 50 kVp, the secondary electron fluence was increased by as much as two orders of magnitude, leading to a one-to-two order of magnitude increase in the electron dose point kernel over radial distances up to 50 um. The dose was enhanced by 100% within 5 um of the nanoparticles, and by 5% as far away as 30 um. This study demonstrates a remarkable microscopic dose enhancement due to gold nanoparticles and low energy photon sources. Given that the dose enhancement exceeds 100% within very short distances from the nanoparticles, the maximum radiobiological benefit may be derived from active targeting strategies that concentrate nanoparticles in close proximity to the cancer cell and/or its nucleus.
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Manohar, Nivedh Harshan. "Quantitative imaging of gold nanoparticle distribution for preclinical studies of gold nanoparticle-aided radiation therapy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54877.
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Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have recently attracted considerable interest for use in radiation therapy due to their unique physical and biological properties. Of interest, GNPs (and other high-atomic-number materials) have been used to enhance radiation dose in tumors by taking advantage of increased photoelectric absorption. This physical phenomenon is well-understood on a macroscopic scale. However, biological outcomes often depend on the intratumoral and even intracellular distribution of GNPs, among other factors. Therefore, there exists a need to precisely visualize and accurately quantify GNP distributions. By virtue of the photoelectric effect, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) photons (characteristic x-rays) from gold can be induced and detected, not only allowing the distribution of GNPs within biological samples to be determined but also providing a unique molecular imaging option in conjunction with bioconjugated GNPs. This work proposes the use of this imaging modality, known as XRF imaging, to develop experimental imaging techniques for detecting and quantifying sparse distributions of GNPs in preclinical settings, such as within small-animal-sized objects, tissue samples, and superficial tumors. By imaging realistic GNP distributions, computational methods can then be used to understand radiation dose enhancement on an intratumoral scale and perhaps even down to the nanoscopic, subcellular realm, elucidating observed biological outcomes (e.g., radiosensitization of tumors) from the bottom-up. Ultimately, this work will result in experimental and computational tools for developing a better understanding of GNP-mediated dose enhancement and associated radiosensitization within the scope of GNP-aided radiation therapy.
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Deraedt, Christophe. "Nanoréacteurs pour la catalyse en milieux aqueux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0430/document.
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Cette thèse concerne l’élaboration par réaction “click” CuAAC denouveaux nanomatériaux présentant diverses applications, en particulier en catalyse.Ces macromolécules (dendrimères, dendrimères supportés sur oxide et polymères)comprenant des cycles 1,2,3-triazoles ont été utilisés pour stabiliser desnanoparticules essentiellement de palladium actives en catalyse de couplage C-C,réduction du 4-nitrophenol et oxydation des alcools dans des solvants aqueux.L’utilisation de ces nanoparticules à l’échelle du ppm traduit leur efficacité et l’aspectécologique visé avec ce projet. L’intégration d’unités triazolylbiferrocéniques au seinde ces polymères a permis d’étendre la gamme d’applications de ces matériaux auxsondes électrochimiques, réduction d’ions métalliques en nanoparticules, composéspoly-électrolytes, poly-électrochromes, à valence mixte. L’imprégnation denanoparticules de palladium stabilisées par des dendrimères sur support magnétiquea permis d’augmenter la robustesse des catalyseurs ainsi que leur recyclablité paraimantationThis thesis concerns the synthesis by “click” CuAAC reactions of newnanomaterials that have various applications, in particular in catalysis. Thesemacromolecules are dendrimers, supported dendrimers and polymers that contain1,2,3-triazole rings and were used in the stabilization of essentially palladiumnanoparticles (PdNPs). These PdNPs are extremely active in the catalysis in greensolvents of C-C coupling, reduction of 4-nitrophenol and selective oxidation ofalcohols. The use of these nanoparticle catalysts at the ppm level shows theirefficiency and their ecological aspect. The integration of biferrocene units in thepolymers allowed expanding their applications to electrochemical sensors, reductantsof metallic ions to nanoparticles, polyelectrolytes, polyelectrochromic, and mixedvalentcomplexes. The impregnation of PdNPs stabilized by dendrimers on magneticsupport led to the increase of the catalyst robustness and recyclability using amagnet
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Law, Frédéric. "Effet de la combinaison des nanoparticules de gadolinium et de la radiothérapie sur l'élimination des cellules tumorales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS138.
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L’arrivée des nanobiotechnologies en cancérologie apporte un nouveau souffle dans le traitement des cancers. Les travaux réalisés par Olivier Tillement et ses collaborateurs ont permis de montrer que les nanoparticules de gadolinium (GdBN) sont capables d’augmenter d’une part la qualité d’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) mais également d’augmenter les effets des rayonnements ionisants (IR) sur les tumeurs. Des études précliniques sur des tumeurs de glioblastome greffées sur des souris C57BL/6 ont permis de révéler la capacité de la combinaison GdBN+IR à favoriser une régression tumorale. Néanmoins, les processus de morts cellulaires impliqués sont partiellement connus. Nos résultats ont permis de démontrer que ce traitement produit un stress oxydatif généré par une NADPH oxydase. Ce stress oxydatif déclenche un arrêt de la prolifération des cellules qui dépend de la protéine p21 et qui déclenche un processus de sénescence cellulaire et le cannibalisme des cellules irradiées. Le cannibalisme cellulaire ainsi déclenché aboutit à l’élimination de cellules internalisées. Ainsi, l’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de révéler que la combinaison des GdBN et de l’irradiation contribue à l’élimination de cellules cancéreuses en déclenchant la sénescence des cellules irradiées ainsi qu’un mécanisme original de mort cellulaire, le cannibalisme cellulaireThe nanotechnology aims to help in the cancer treatment. Olivier Tillement and his colleagues have demonstrated that the Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticle (GdBN) can improve Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and increase radiotherapy effects. Pre-clinical studies show that the combination of GdBN with ionizing radiation is associated with tumor regression. However, the molecular and cellular processes involved this biological effect remain to be elucidated. Our results show that the combination of GdBN with IR generates oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanisms, leads to cellular senescence and induces the cannibalistic activity of irradiated cells. Altogether, these results reveal that the combination of GdBN with IR promotes the killing of irradiated cells through the induction of cellular senescence and cellular cannibalism
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Skarbek, Charles. "Synthèse et évaluation pharmacologique d’analogues préactivés de l’ifosfamide : prodrogues et nanoparticules à visée antitumorale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS247/document.
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L’ifosfamide (IFO) et le cyclophosphamide (CPM) sont des oxazaphosphorines, prodrogues nécessitant une bioactivation pour être actif. Dans le cas de l’IFO, sa biotransformation conduit à une faible libération du composé hydroxylé actif accompagnée d’effets secondaires toxiques. Des analogues préactivés de l’IFO avec des chaines C1-C30 saturées ou non ont été développés, afin de contourner ces toxicités liées à la voie toxicogène du métabolisme. Dans le cadre de la stratégie de pharmacomodulation de l’IFO, l’évaluation cytotoxique de ces composés synthétisés a été réalisée in vitro sur des lignées cellulaires cancéreuses humaines. Une étude in vivo du Géranyloxy-IFO, un candidat potentiel, a démontré un meilleur profil pharmacocinétique pour le G-IFO comparativement à l’IFO. Ces analogues ont ensuite été vectorisés sous forme de nano-systèmes, soit par auto-assemblage ou par encapsulation lipidique constituant des vecteurs de 1ère génération. Ceux-ci continuent d’être développés afin de leur conférer une spécificité par ciblage passif ou actif.Par ailleurs, le CPM est connu pour son activité sur le système immunitaire à faible dose. Au vue de la proximité structurale entre l’IFO et el CPM, nous avons étudié l’effet immunomodulateur de l’IFO à faibles doses, en comparaison à la dose immunomodulatrice du CPM.La combinaison de ces deux stratégies (préactivation & effet immunomodulateur) pourrait conduire au développement de nouveaux dérivés démontrant une synergie antitumorale des effets antiprolifératif et immunomodulateur de ces oxazaphosphorinesIfosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CPM) are oxazaphosphorines, prodrugs requiring bioactivation to be active. Regarding IFO, its biotransformation leads to a low release of the active hydroxylated compound with associated toxic side effects. Preactivated IFO analogs with saturated or unsaturated C1-C30 chains have been developed to circumvent these toxicities related to the toxicogenic pathway of metabolism. As part of IFO's pharmaco-modulation strategy, the cytotoxic evaluation of these compounds, synthesized by engraftment of poly-isoprenyloxy chains, was carried out in vitro on human cancer cell lines. In vivo study of the lead shows the better pharmacokinetic profile of Geranyloxy-IFO compared to IFO. These analogs were then vectorized as nanosystems, either by self-assembly or by lipidic encapsulation leading to 1st generation nanosystems. They are still under investigation in order to bring specificity by passive or active targeting.Furthermore, CPM is known for having an activity on the immune system at low dose. Due to the structural proximity of IFO and CPM, we fulfilled studies to highlight the effect of IFO on the immune system at low dose in comparison to the immunomodulatory dose of CPM.The combination of these two strategies (preactivation & immunomodulatory effect) could lead to the development of novel derivatives showing an antitumor synergy of the antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects of these oxazaphosphorines
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Fu, Chunkai. "Investigation of the Stability of Nanoparticles under Different Conditions and Rheology of Nanoparticle-Stabilized CO2 Foam." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10814705.
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A high-pressure CO2 foam was generated with silica nanoparticle dispersion and CO2 for fracturing applications. The effects of different ions and temperature on nanoparticle aggregation were studied. Nanoparticle dispersions were mixed with individual monovalent, divalent ions with varying concentrations, and two synthesized Permian connate water solutions. Samples of nanoparticle dispersions with the presence of NaCl were put into chambers with constant temperature for 14 hours. The peak size of aggregated nanoparticles in each sample was measured. It was found this silica nanoparticle dispersion had a high thermal stability up to 85?. The silica nanoparticle dispersion used in this study maintained a desired stability under an 18% reservoir salinity condition, yet it could be sensitive to high concentrations of Na2SO4 solutions. To investigate foam rheology and stability, high-pressure CO2 foams were generated in a beadpack with different CO2/NP ratios in NaCl solutions. The resulting foam was observed in a sapphire tube. The differential pressure across a capillary tube was recorded to calculate the apparent viscosity of foams. Nanoparticle-stabilized foams could remain stable for days and foam stability decreased with the increasing foam quality. Foam apparent viscosity was found to increase with foam quality and could be 3 times as high as that of the ambient phase. The high stability and fine texture of high-pressure CO2-in-water foams stabilized by silica nanoparticles have broadened the development of foam fracturing, offering a new opportunity for the effective development and stimulation of unconventional reservoirs.
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Watson, Venroy George. "Decoration of Graphene Oxide with Silver Nanoparticles and Controlling the Silver Nanoparticle Loading on Graphene Oxide." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1396879714.
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