Academic literature on the topic 'Nanoparticle Surface - Energy Loss Process'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nanoparticle Surface - Energy Loss Process"
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Khajehpour, Maryam, S. Reza Etminan, Jon Goldman, Fred Wassmuth, and Steven Bryant. "Nanoparticles as Foam Stabilizer for Steam-Foam Process." SPE Journal 23, no. 06 (September 10, 2018): 2232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179826-pa.
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Summary Steam foams have been considered effective additives for unconventional oil-recovery processes. Conventionally, for steam-foam applications, chemical additives are injected with steam. However, this procedure can have serious challenges because of poor thermal stability of additives and high volume of additives loss caused by adsorption to the rock surface. To overcome these limitations, nanoparticles can be used as novel additives to improve generation and stabilization of the foams for steam-foam applications. In this study, silica nanoparticles in synergy with surfactants have been used as steam additives. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), a foam-height test using N2 at reservoir conditions, and thermal-stability analysis were designed to measure nanoparticle size distribution in brine, foamability, and thermal stability of the additive solutions, respectively. Subsequently, coreflooding tests were performed to evaluate the synergistic effect of nanoparticles and surfactants on the foam performance and oil recovery. We observed an optimal ratio of nanoparticle and surfactant that yields the best foam-generation performance in bulk medium. Herein, surface-treated silica nanoparticles have been tested with two of our candidate surfactants. The nanoparticles alone generate a small amount of foam, whereas each surfactant generates a small-to-moderate amount of foam. Synergy is demonstrated by the system that contains 0.1-wt% nanoparticles (the optimal concentration) and 0.5-wt% surfactant solution at neutral pH (≈7), as it leads to approximately 67 and 50% greater foam height, respectively, for Surfactants A and B than foam height observed in tests with surfactants only, in bulk medium. Corefloods with coinjected steam and water containing nanoparticles and surfactant confirm the synergy, exhibiting measurable improvement in mobility-reduction factor (MRF) and steam control, compared with coinjection of steam and water containing only surfactant.
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Jasinski, Jacek, Kent E. Pinkerton, I. M. Kennedy, and Valerie J. Leppert. "Spatially Resolved Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy Studies of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, no. 5 (August 23, 2006): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606060491.
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The oxidation state of iron oxide nanoparticles co-generated with soot during a combustion process was studied using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Spatially resolved EELS spectra in the scanning transmission electron microscopy mode were collected to detect changes in the oxidation state between the cores and surfaces of the particles. Quantification of the intensity ratio of the white lines of the iron L-ionization edge was used to measure the iron oxidation state. Quantitative results obtained from Pearson's method, which can be directly compared with the literature data, indicated that the L3 /L2-intensity ratio for these particles changes from 5.5 ± 0.3 in the particles' cores to 4.4 ± 0.3 at their surfaces. This change can be directly related to the reduction of the iron oxidation state at the surface of the particles. Experimental results indicate that the cores of the particles are composed of γ-Fe2O3, which seems to be reduced to FeO at their surfaces. These results were also supported by the fine structure of the oxygen K-edge and by the significant chemical shift of the iron L-edge.
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de Lima, Scarllett L. S., Fellipe S. Pereira, Roberto B. de Lima, Isabel C. de Freitas, Julio Spadotto, Brian J. Connolly, Jade Barreto, et al. "MnO2-Ir Nanowires: Combining Ultrasmall Nanoparticle Sizes, O-Vacancies, and Low Noble-Metal Loading with Improved Activities towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Nanomaterials 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12173039.
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Although clean energy generation utilizing the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) can be considered a promising strategy, this approach remains challenging by the dependence on high loadings of noble metals, mainly Platinum (Pt). Therefore, efforts have been directed to develop new and efficient electrocatalysts that could decrease the Pt content (e.g., by nanotechnology tools or alloying) or replace them completely in these systems. The present investigation shows that high catalytic activity can be reached towards the ORR by employing 1.8 ± 0.7 nm Ir nanoparticles (NPs) deposited onto MnO2 nanowires surface under low Ir loadings (1.2 wt.%). Interestingly, we observed that the MnO2-Ir nanohybrid presented high catalytic activity for the ORR close to commercial Pt/C (20.0 wt.% of Pt), indicating that it could obtain efficient performance using a simple synthetic procedure. The MnO2-Ir electrocatalyst also showed improved stability relative to commercial Pt/C, in which only a slight activity loss was observed after 50 reaction cycles. Considering our findings, the superior performance delivered by the MnO2-Ir nanohybrid may be related to (i) the significant concentration of reduced Mn3+ species, leading to increased concentration of oxygen vacancies at its surface; (ii) the presence of strong metal-support interactions (SMSI), in which the electronic effect between MnOx and Ir may enhance the ORR process; and (iii) the unique structure comprised by Ir ultrasmall sizes at the nanowire surface that enable the exposure of high energy surface/facets, high surface-to-volume ratios, and their uniform dispersion.
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Gunel, Imanova, Bekpulatov Ilkhom, Aliyev Anar, and Barkaoui Sami. "Importance of the radiations in water splitting for hydrogen generation." Annals of Advances in Chemistry 7, no. 1 (March 14, 2023): 031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001040.
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The review article examines the production of molecular hydrogen from the decomposition of water by various irradiation methods. The article shows different types of radiation: UV radiation, visible radiation, gamma radiation, X-ray radiation and neutron radiation. Electrons generated by radiation inside a nanoparticle of radius R suspense in fluid water are diffused with equal probability in all directions inside the particle and gradually lose their kinetic energy as a result of elastic and inelastic collisions. Some of these electrons are transported to the nanoparticle surface during the physical and physicochemical stages of the process and emitted into the water. It is extremely important for the formation of nanostructured materials after exposure to ordered nanostructure from the new phase with a period of a few nanometers, promoting the preservation of the properties of materials under high irradiation.
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Yang, Shaobo, Shung-Hsiang Wu, Yu-Sheng Lin, Chun-Jui Chu, and C. C. Yang. "Surface plasmon coupling effects on the behaviors of radiative and non-radiative recombination in an InGaN/GaN quantum well." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 023104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132941.
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Although surface plasmon (SP) coupling has been widely used for enhancing the emission efficiency of an InGaN/GaN quantum well (QW) structure, the interplay of the carrier transport behavior in the QW with SP coupling, which is a crucial mechanism controlling the SP-coupling induced QW emission enhancement, is still an issue not well explored yet. To understand the effects of SP coupling on the radiative and non-radiative recombination behaviors of carriers in a QW structure, the temperature-dependent time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies of two QW samples of different indium contents with surface Ag nanoparticles are studied. A two-single-exponential model is used for calibrating their radiative and non-radiative decay times. The SP coupling process, which transfers carrier energy from a QW into the SP resonance mode for effective radiation and increases the effective radiative recombination rate, produces energy-dependent carrier depletion and, hence, disturbs the quasi-equilibrium condition of carrier distribution. In this situation, a strong carrier transport process occurs targeting a new quasi-equilibrium condition that enhances non-radiative recombination and, hence, reduces the benefit of using the SP coupling technique. To alleviate this problem of SP-coupling induced energy loss, a weak energy-dependent or broad-spectrum SP coupling process is recommended.
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Fujii, Minoru, and Hiroshi Sugimoto. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Enhancement of Magnetic Dipole Transition of Molecules By Silicon Nanoparticle Nanoantenna." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 20 (July 7, 2022): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01201081mtgabs.
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A nanoantenna is a nanodevice that manipulates light propagation and enhances light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. Integration of an emitter into a nanoantenna capable of increasing local density of photonic states at the emission wavelength results in the enhanced spontaneous emission rate (Purcell effect). The most widely studied nanoantennas for the Purcell enhancement are plasmonic nanoantennas made from gold or silver nanostructures supporting surface plasmon resonances. In most cases, nanoantennas have been used for the enhancement of electric dipole-allowed transition of a molecule. In addition, recently, nanoantennas capable of enhancing magnetic dipole transition of a molecule are attracting attention. For the magnetic Purcell enhancement, nanoantennas have to have magnetic resonances at the optical frequency. Although it is possible to achieve magnetic resonances at the optical frequency by plasmonic nanostructures, the inherent absorption loss of noble metals limits the magnetic Purcell enhancement. On the other hand, nanoparticles of high refractive index dielectrics inherently have low-loss magnetic-type Mie resonances at the optical frequency, and thus are potentially more attractive as a material to realize large magnetic Purcell enhancement. We have developed spherical nanoparticles of crystalline silicon (Si) having the magnetic dipole (MD) and quadrupole (MQ) Mie resonances at the optical frequency [1]. In this work, to demonstrate the potential of a Si nanoparticle as a nanoantenna for the magnetic Purcell enhancement, we develop a composite nanoparticle, that is, a Si nanosphere decorated with europium ion (Eu3+) complexes, in which magnetic dipole emission of Eu3+ is efficiently coupled to the magnetic Mie modes of the nanosphere [2]. We systematically investigate the light scattering and photoluminescence spectra of the coupled system by means of single particle spectroscopy. The results are shown in Figure 1. By tuning the MQ Mie resonance of a Si nanosphere to the 5D0-7F1 magnetic dipole transition of Eu3+, the branching ratio between the magnetic and electric dipole (5D0-7F2) transitions is enhanced up to 7 times. The observed large magnetic Purcell enhancement offers an opportunity to develop novel fluorophores with enhanced magnetic dipole emission. Furthermore, the enhanced magnetic field of dielectric Mie resonators enhances otherwise very weak absorption due to magnetic dipole transition, and makes direct excitation of triplet states of a molecule possible [3]. Direct excitation of triplet states reduces photon energy necessary for energy conversion and chemical reactions utilizing a triplet state compared to a conventional process involving singlet-singlet excitation and singlet-triplet intersystem crossing. [1] H. Sugimoto, et. al., "Mie Resonator Color Inks of Monodispersed and Perfectly Spherical Crystalline Silicon Nanoparticles" Advanced Optical Materials, 8 (2020) 2000033. [2] H. Sugimoto, and Minoru Fujii, "Magnetic Purcell Enhancement by Magnetic Quadrupole Resonance of Dielectric Nanosphere Antenna", ACS Photonics, 8 (2021) 1794. [3] H. Sugimoto, et. al., "Direct Excitation of Triplet State of Molecule by Enhanced Magnetic Field of Dielectric Metasurfaces", Small, 2021, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104458. Figure 1: Photoluminescence (red curves) and scattering (black curves) spectra of single Si naosphere-Eu3+ complex composite nanoparticles with different Si nanosphere diameters. The diameters are shown at the right end of the figure. Figure 1
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Srivastava, Soamyaa, and Jayanand Manjhi. "Facile Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nano- particles Prepared via Hydrothermal Method with in-situ Surface Modification." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 15, no. 4 (September 15, 2022): 6034–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.4.3.
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Aim: The present study is focused on the synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles prepared via the hydrothermal method prepared via in-situ surface modification.
Purpose of the study: The proposed research is based on the requirement of alternate antimicrobial therapies. The global misuse and overuse of antibiotics have given rise to the antibiotic resistance crisis. The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria has failed the conventional treatment methods involving antibiotics. To meet the need for efficient alternate strategies, metal oxide nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide are explored since it's known for their preventing and treating infections.
Method: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal and Surface modification of nanoparticles in dehydrated ethanol at room temperature. The obtained nanoparticles are characterized by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Zeta Potential Analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy.
Results: According to scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the morphological analysis of the synthesized titanium dioxide was spherical shaped and had an average size of 5-20nm and a size distribution of 14-20nm. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis depicted the percentage of elements in TiO2 as Ti (47.10%) and O2 (52.90%). The zeta potential for titanium dioxide was reported as -13.39, and the negative value indicated superior physical stability of nanoparticles in a suspension. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy peak at 1417.68 indicated the O-Ti-O bond in anatase morphology. While Thermogravimetric analysis showed three main stages of mass loss, there was no mass loss after 503°C, which started oxide formation.
Conclusion: It was concluded from the present study that the synthesis of titanium dioxide is an economical process and yields excellent nanoparticles via the hydrothermal method. Characterization of the nanomaterial allowed us to determine the thermal stability, morphology, and purity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
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Li, Jingwei, Xuwen Liu, Quanmin Xie, Yongsheng Jia, Jinshan Sun, and Yingkang Yao. "Cryogel-Templated Fabrication of n-Al/PVDF Superhydrophobic Energetic Films with Exceptional Underwater Ignition Performance." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 6911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206911.
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The rapid heat loss and corrosion of nano-aluminum limits the energy performance of metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) in aquatic conditions. In this work, superhydrophobic n-Al/PVDF films were fabricated by the cryogel-templated method. The underwater ignition performance of the energetic films was investigated. The preparation process of energetic materials is relatively simple, and avoids excessively high temperatures, ensuring the safety of the entire experimental process. The surface of the n-Al/PVDF energetic film exhibits super-hydrophobicity. Because the aluminum nanoparticles are uniformly encased in the hydrophobic energetic binder, the film is more waterproof and anti-aging. Laser-induced underwater ignition experiments show that the superhydrophobic modification can effectively induce the ignition of energetic films underwater. The results suggest that the cryogel-templated method provides a feasible route for underwater applications of energetic materials, especially nanoenergetics-on-a-chip in underwater micro-scale energy-demanding systems.
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Гуренцов, Е. В., А. В. Еремин, and С. А. Мусихин. "Исследование испарения лазерно-нагретых железо-углеродных наночастиц при помощи анализа их теплового излучения." Журнал технической физики 89, no. 8 (2019): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.08.47891.2335.
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AbstractEvaporation of iron nanoparticles in carbon shells under pulsed laser irradiation is analyzed. Iron–carbon nanoparticles are synthesized in a shock tube reactor with the aid of pyrolysis of the 0.25% Fe(CO)_5 + 0.25% C_6H_6 mixture in argon. Laser radiation is used for additional heating to temperatures that exceed the evaporation threshold of the iron core of nanoparticles. Time profiles of the thermal radiation of laser-heated nanoparticles are measured. The two-color pyrometry is used to determine the evaporation temperature of nanoparticles, and the laser extinction makes it possible to monitor the loss of volume fraction of the condensed phase upon evaporation. Approximation of experimental signals of laser-heated nanoparticles using model curves is employed to determine effective enthalpy of evaporation of iron–carbon nanoparticles. It is shown that the iron core of nanoparticles is evaporated through the carbon shell and the energy spent by such a process is approximately twice greater than the evaporation enthalpy of bulk iron with free surface.
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Tommasi, Matteo, Francesco Conte, Mohammad Imteyaz Alam, Gianguido Ramis, and Ilenia Rossetti. "Highly Efficient and Effective Process Design for High-Pressure CO2 Photoreduction over Supported Catalysts." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 4990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134990.
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The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into solar fuel is considered a promising approach to solving the energy crisis and mitigating the environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic CO2 emission. Some powder photocatalysts have been demonstrated as efficient, but their drifting properties, along with difficult separation (catalyst and product), make continuous mode reaction very challenging, particularly in the liquid phase. In order to make this process commercially viable and economically more efficient, we have developed a simple and scalable method for immobilizing TiO2 P25 over the surface of glass slides using an organic-based surfactant. Improved adhesion properties and the homogeneous dispersion of catalyst nanoparticles were achieved. A holder was designed with 3D printing technology in such a way that it can hold up to six slides that can be dipped simultaneously into the suspension or solution of desired materials for a uniform and homogeneous deposition. The resulting surfaces of the dip-coated materials (e.g., TiO2 P25) were further modified by adding metallic nanoparticles and thoroughly characterized via XRD, DRS UV–Vis, SEM, and SEM–EDX. Photocatalytic tests have been performed for two major applications, viz., hydrogen production via the photoreforming of glucose and the photoreduction of CO2 into different solar fuels. The latter tests were performed in a specially designed, high-pressure reactor with Ag/P25 supported catalysts, which exhibited about three times higher formic acid productivity (ca. 20 mol/kgcat h) compared to the dispersed catalyst, with enhanced stability and recoverability. It is to note that catalysts deposited on the glass slides can easily be recovered and the materials did not show any weight loss. To the best of our knowledge, the obtained formic acid productivity is highest among the published literature.
Book chapters on the topic "Nanoparticle Surface - Energy Loss Process"
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Liu, Tingsen, Mian Yan, Xiangbo Song, and Yongtai He. "Geometry Optimization of Hot Water Storage Tank Based on Numerical Simulation." In Advances in Energy Research and Development. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aerd220018.
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Using ANSYS software, the heat transfer process of hot water storage tank in spherical, cylindrical and square shapes was numerically simulated, and the distribution of the external wind velocity field and the temperature field under the same working conditions was studied. According to the change of average hot water temperature with time, it is concluded that spherical hot water storage tank can help reduce heat loss. Based on velocity field and temperature field distribution, it is found that the heat loss of the spherical hot water storage tank mainly occurs on the annular surface perpendicular to the windward side. By thickening the thermal insulation layer, it is possible to reduce the heat loss on the surface of the spherical water storage tank and improve the thermal insulation effect.
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"Flashover and Surface Charge in GIL Insulator." In Electrical Insulation Breakdown and Its Theory, Process, and Prevention, 46–72. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8885-6.ch002.
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Many works have been studies in order to improve flashover voltage in GIL insulator. Under DC, the insulator electric field is decided by the conductivity and surface charge distribution. This chapter takes cone-type insulator as research object and then finds the characteristics of flashover, surface charge accumulation, and the interface electric field regulation (IER) of epoxy (EP)-/graphene (GR)-coated insulator. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the uniform surface charge of monopole is conducive by reduce peak field and flashover voltage. Among them, that of 0.1% EP/GR possesses the highest flashover voltage. With the SiC content and coating thickness enhancement of IER insulator, the electric field regulation of EP/SiC-coated insulator becomes notable, due to energy loss and increasing leakage current. The results show that insulator coated by EP/SiC can reach higher flashover voltage than uncoated insulator and enhanced SiC content contributes to improve the flashover voltage.
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Roy, Supriyo, Kaushik Kumar, and J. Paulo Davim. "Optimization of Process Parameters Using Soft Computing Techniques." In Handbook of Research on Soft Computing and Nature-Inspired Algorithms, 177–220. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2128-0.ch006.
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Machining of hard metals and alloys using Conventional machining involves increased demand of time, energy and cost. It causes tool wear resulting in loss of quality of the product. Non-conventional machining, on the other hand produces product with minimum time and at desired level of accuracy. In the present study, EN19 steel was machined using CNC Wire Electrical discharge machining with pre-defined process parameters. Material Removal Rate and Surface roughness were considered as responses for this study. The present optimization problem is single and as well as multi-response. Considering the complexities of this present problem, experimental data were generated and the results were analyzed by using Taguchi, Grey Relational Analysis and Weighted Principal Component Analysis under soft computing approach. Responses variances with the variation of process parameters were thoroughly studied and analyzed; also ‘best optimal values' were identified. The result shows an improvement in responses from mean to optimal values of process parameters.
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Dutta, Rajiv, and Pragati Sahai. "Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Water." In Research Anthology on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Nanomaterials, 1241–63. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8591-7.ch052.
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The process of bioremediation can be intrinsic or natural attenuation, where the process of remediation happens on its own, or it can be extrinsic or bio-stimulated when it is incited with help of some growth productive conditions like addition of fertilizers or nanoparticles, the smallest active particles on the earth. Nanoparticles are charged entities with low activation energy and exhibiting quantum effects making the chemical reaction between the nanoparticle and surrounding feasible in lesser time, and they also exhibit surface plasmon resonance that helps in identification of toxic material in surrounding. Apart from these properties, their different shapes and sizes help in designing the environmental cleanup process as per the suitable conditions and requirements. Polluted water treatment is being done with the help of nanoparticles due to their property of being highly profitable as adsorbents and for filtration purposes.
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Dutta, Rajiv, and Pragati Sahai. "Nanoparticles for Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Polluted Water." In Biostimulation Remediation Technologies for Groundwater Contaminants, 220–48. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4162-2.ch013.
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The process of bioremediation can be intrinsic or natural attenuation, where the process of remediation happens on its own, or it can be extrinsic or bio-stimulated when it is incited with help of some growth productive conditions like addition of fertilizers or nanoparticles, the smallest active particles on the earth. Nanoparticles are charged entities with low activation energy and exhibiting quantum effects making the chemical reaction between the nanoparticle and surrounding feasible in lesser time, and they also exhibit surface plasmon resonance that helps in identification of toxic material in surrounding. Apart from these properties, their different shapes and sizes help in designing the environmental cleanup process as per the suitable conditions and requirements. Polluted water treatment is being done with the help of nanoparticles due to their property of being highly profitable as adsorbents and for filtration purposes.
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Maletin, Yuriy A., Natalia G. Stryzhakova, Sergii O. Zelinskyi, Anatoliy O. Lysenko, Valentyna E. Goba, Oleg V. Gozhenko, and Andriy Yu Maletin. "Modification of nanoporous structure and surface of carbon electrodes for use in power storage systems." In NEW FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 119–29. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.444.119.
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Method for modification of nanoporous structure and surface of carbon materials to be used as supercapacitor electrodes has been developed and optimized as to the microwave treatment (MWT) regimes. Mechanisms of MWT due to the dielectric and Maxwell-Wagner polarization effects have been discussed. It has been found that due to the dielectric polarization and a fast increase in temperature inside pores, which were saturated with etching agents (water, oxalic or formic acid) beforehand, the selective pore etching “from inside” can occur that increases the pore size and, as a result, increases the electrostatic capacitance of supercapacitors by 20%. Processes of pore structure development have been optimized as to the treatment duration and the carbon material grain size. It has also been shown that the pore surface can be modified with Nitrogen heteroatoms due to the MWT of carbon and melamine powder mixtures. This modification enables to step up the supercapacitor rated voltage from commonly used 2.7V to 3.0V that additionally increases the supercapacitor energy density by 23%. Yet another advantage of MWT is a significant reduction in treatment duration (from hours to minutes) and in energy consumption; besides, the loss of carbon material does not exceed 10% due to the mostly “from inside” etching process.
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Ouakki, Moussa, Zakia Aribou, Khadija Dahmani, Otmane Kharbouch, Elhachmia Ech-chihbi, Mohamed Rbaa, Mouhsine Galai, and Mohammed Cherkaoui. "Imidazole Derivative as a Novel Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Mixed Pickling Bath." In Handbook of Research on Corrosion Sciences and Engineering, 456–88. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7689-5.ch017.
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Mild steel is a well-known and widely used material in various industries. However, its exposure to aggressive environments limits its use because of its tendency to corrode. This work focuses on the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel by two organic compounds based on Imidazole, namely 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole and 1,2,4,5-tetraphenyl-1H-imidazole, in mixed pickling bath. The experimental investigation was carried out using several techniques including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The adsorption process of corrosion inhibitors on the mild steel surface follows Langmuir adsorption model. Surface characterization analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) supported the formation of a barrier layer that covers the mild steel surface. Weight loss measurements were also tested using UV-vis spectrometry (UV-vis).
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Gad, Abd-alla. "Remotely Sensed Data for Assessment of Land Degradation Aspects, Emphases on Egyptian Case Studies." In Sustainable Energy Investment - Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90999.
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Remote sensing and thematic data were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions related to land degradation and desertification, considered environmental extremes in arid and semi-arid regions. The current work applies techniques, starting with simple visual analyses up to a parametric methodology, adopted from the FAO/UNEP and UNESCO provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of soil degradation. Egyptian case studies are highlighted to insinuate on studied aspects. Variable satellite imageries (MSS, TM, and ETM) and aerial photographs were utilized to provide data on soil conditions, land cover, and land use. IDRISI and ArcGIS software were used to manage thematic data, while ERDAS IMAGIN was used to process satellite data and to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. A GIS model was established to modify the universal soil loss equation (USLE) calculating the present state and risk of soil degradation. The study area is found exposed to slight hazard of water erosion, however, and to high risk of wind erosion. It is also threatened by a slight to high salinization and slight to moderate physical degradation. It is recommended to use a GIS in detailed and very detailed studies for evaluating soil potentiality in agricultural expansion areas.
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"Construction and Operating Parameters of Adsorptive Chillers." In Technology Development for Adsorptive Heat Energy Converters, 251–89. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4432-7.ch008.
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The chapter is devoted to the design and performance of adsorptive chillers. Basic types of design and operating principle of adsorptive chillers were analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages performance of one-, two-, three-, and four-bed solar power adsorptive chillers are compared. Performance of adsorptive refrigerators based on composite adsorbents was studied. The correlation between the adsorbent composition and the coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive chiler was revealed. An optimal composition of adsorbent 'silica gel – sodium sulphate' is stated to be of 20% silica gel and 80% sodium sulphate. The maximal values of the coefficient of performance of cycle of studied solar adsorptive chiller about of 1.14 are stated for composites containing about 20 wt. % silica gel and 80 wt% sodium sulphate. As a consequence of decreasing of adsorbent mass, the coefficient of performance is shown to increase when sodium sulphate content in the composite increased. Regeneration process parameters of the composite were shown to strongly affect on the coefficient of performance of the adsorptive chiller. The growth of the coefficient of performance is stated to result from decreasing the difference between adsorbent temperature and regeneration temperature from 85 to 55°C. The basic factors affecting the net coefficient of energy performance of the adsorptive solar refrigerator were stated daily solar radiant flux alongside with composition of the adsorbent and difference between adsorbent temperature and temperature regeneration. Net coefficients of performance of solar adsorptive refrigerator based on composite ‘silica gel – sodium sulphate' were stated to change from 0.25 to 0.34 during operating period. Utilization of the adsorption heat is suggested to warm the heat carrier which applied to heat adsorbent during regeneration. The ways to improve the design and performance of adsorptive solar chillers are suggested. The first one involves the introduction of solar collectors made of cellular polycarbonate plastics in the design of adsorptive solar chiller. Instantaneous efficiency coefficient were calculated as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio, optical efficiency factor is determined as special thermal performance-solar radiant flux surface density ratio at the equal temperatures of heat transfer medium and environment, reduced heat loss factor being calculated as the product of solar collector efficiency factor and net heat loss coefficient. The environmental test of developed collectors PSK-AV2-3, PSK-AV1-2, PSK-AV2-1, PSK-VS1-2, PSK-VS2-2, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-ST10-PW were conducted. The correlation of their results with laboratory tests when the thermohydraulic stand applied is shown. Relative accuracy of laboratory and environment tests was shown to be not exceeding 5 – 7%. The optical efficiency factor and the coefficient of thermal losses of polymeric solar collectors were determined. On the basis of the dependencies of the efficiency of the solar collectors vs. the reduced temperature, optimal designs of the polymeric solar collectors for the adsorption chilling solar systems are determined to be depended on the temperature of the regeneration temperature of the sorbents. As the temperatures of the regeneration of composite adsorbent ranged from 50ºС to 60ºС, appliance of the collectors PSK-AV2-1, PSK-CT10-PW occur to be expedient, and PSK-AB2-3, PSK-VS2-3, PSK-AB1-2, PSK-VS2-2, and PSK-VS1-2 are revealed to be more efficient when regeneration temperatures increased over 80 ºС. Thermotechnical characteristics of designed polymeric solar collectors are shown to surpass conventional metal and vacuum collectors. The perspectives of polymeric solar collectors in the design of adsorptive chilling solar plants were shown. Another way to improve the performance of adsorptive solar chillers concerns with equipping it with a photosensitive element and an electric drive, which will allow changing the angle of slope of the adsorber to the horizon depending on the intensity of the solar radiation. The chapter can be useful for design the efficient adsorptive chilling plants.
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Tiancheng Wei, Wei, Yu Sun, and Eunkyoung Shim. "Progress of Recycled Polyester in Rheological Performance in Molding, and Economic Analysis of Recycled Fibers in Fashion and Textile Industry." In Next-Generation Textiles [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103864.
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In textiles, in particular wearable technology structured, battery-illuminated electronic fabrics are moving toward to both electrical and esthetic aspects of printed LED (PLED) textiles. It is on one dimension that have had questioned an economic resolution of extensional methods as for battery-charged interior materials, and also has gained a more general questions on how to develop its recycle both yarn and fiber as traditional raw goods in together with any recyclable electronic parts or graphene, carbon nanotube contained components with that textile materials. Furthermore, recyclable assembled electronic parts back to the renewable materials are continuous moving in the low-energy, high-reusable rate evaluation in the lifecycle assessment (LCA) of them. Specifically, during the de-sulfurization and decoloring in the post-production processing in the quick removal of active carbon fiber or nanoparticle coating on surface of fiber-porous geo-matrix could advance the renewing production efficiency. In assumption of low-energy and high-conductible transformation from off-market polyester with dyes or metallic yarns for polyester in e-textiles, recyclable conductive graphene/microfibers/composites are articulated, as far as industrial lifecycle management of braided, fibers, and ultra-high-density polyethylene has impeccable performance in the high mechanical property, medium rheological expansion over molding process, and high-yield strength as in the following sustainability in the wearable garment.
Conference papers on the topic "Nanoparticle Surface - Energy Loss Process"
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Kohoutek, John M., Pin Ann Lin, Jonathan Winterstein, Henri Lezec, and Renu Sharma. "Gas-metallic nanoparticle surface interaction characterized with in-situ electron energy loss spectroscopy." In SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Prabhat Verma and Alexander Egner. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2060553.
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Durgam, Shiva Krishna, Yang Xu, Zhili Hao, Sunder Sarangan, and Tim Dallas. "Investigation of Energy Loss Mechanisms in Surface-Micromachined Resonators." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10213.
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This paper presents an analytical and experimental investigation of energy loss mechanisms in surface-micromachined resonators. The numerical models of anchor loss and thermoelastic damping are created in ANSYS/Multiphysics, according to a separation-and-transfer method and a thermal-energy method, respectively. Surface-micromachined resonators are fabricated using the SUMMiT V MEMS foundry process and the measured Quality (Q) factors from these resonators are compared with the created numerical models, showing good agreement. The measured highest Q value is 35,088 at a resonant frequency of 1 l MHz. Thermoelastic damping is found to be the dominant loss in these surface-micromachined resonators.
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Roth, Christian, Gina Oberbossel, and Philip Rudolf Von Rohr. "Nanoparticle Synthesis in a Plasma Downstream Reactor – From Plasma Parameters to Nanoparticle Properties." In 13th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering September 10 - 14, 2012, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/wcc2.112-115.
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In the presented study a tubular plasma reactor is investigated, which is normally used for the continuous plasma surface modification of fine-grained powders. The plasma reactor basically consists of a 1.5 m long glass tube with a gas and precursor feed unit at its top and a particle-gas separation unit at the lower end. The power is coupled inductively into the plasma via a coil which is wrapped around the reactor tube. Substrate powders normally pass the discharge tube with high velocity and are functionalized on their way through the plasma in approximately 0.1 s. Possible plasma surface functionalization processes for powders are illustrated in Figure 1.1. The wettability of powders is increased by the formation of polar groups on the surface. Films are deposited on particle surfaces to protect the substrate from harsh environments or for catalytic applications. In recent years, also a new plasma process, which increases the flowability of fine-grained powders, gained increasing attention. Nanostructured SiOx is formed in the plasma and directly deposited on the substrate particle surface. These nanoparticle structures increase the surface roughness of the substrate particles. Thus, the interparticle van der Waals forces are reduced, which leads to a major improvement of the powder flowability. This process shows promise for companies dealing with cohesive granular materials. The feasibility of this process was shown in the past, but at the same time the need for fundamental research in this field was recognized. Which ion density is required to yield in an effective surface modification? What is the thermal load of a substrate particle during the treatment? Which precursor should be used for a maximum improvement of the flowability? In order to answer such questions, we measured axial profiles of plasma parameters in this continuous reactor and studied the nanoparticle synthesis in detail. No substrate powder was fed during these investigations to facilitate probe measurements and to focus on the produced nanoparticles.Silica-like nanoparticles were produced from the four organosilicon monomers hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) in argon-oxygen gas mixtures. The chemical composition and morphology of the emerging particles and its production rate were studied as a function of process pressure (100 – 400 Pa), plasma power (200 – 350 W), gas velocity (5 – 16 m/s) and gas composition. Langmuir double probe and calorimetric probe measurements allowed determining the axial profiles of electron temperature, positive ion density, and energy influx along the vertical axis of this tubular reactor.
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Su, Di, Ronghui Ma, and Liang Zhu. "Multiscale Simulation of Nanoparticle Transport and Deposition in Fiber Matrix During a Nanofluid Filtration Process." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88621.
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A multiscale model is developed to simulate filtration process for the fabrication of composite material with nanoparticle additives. The model consists of two components. One is a particle trajectory tracking model (PTTM) which can predict the deposition rate of nanoparticle on the fiber matrix in a single pore structure, and the other one is a macroscale transport model of fluid flow in porous fiber structures. The flow of the fluid in the porous media with a free moving surface is solved by using the meshless SPH method. The integrated model is used to predict the local deposition rate coefficient and the distribution of the nanoparticle concentration in the carrier fluid and on the fiber surface. We envision this as the first step of a systematic study towards to an advanced understanding of the process as well as the optimization of the operational parameters for achieving homogeneous material properties of the materials.
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Lv, Xiaoxing, Kai Yue, Qingchun Lei, and Xinxin Zhang. "A Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Au Nanoparticles Aggregation in Ionic Solution." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17373.
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Due to unique and tunable optical properties, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are becoming more widely used in biological and biomedical applications. However, nanoparticles in fluid tend to lose the specific function because of aggregation in the transport process of use. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the aggregation behavior for having a good understanding of aggregation mechanism and inhibiting GNPs aggregation. A MD simulation in this study was performed to investigate the physical aggregation behavior of GNPs in biological media. By analyzing the aggregation proportion of GNPs in different conditions and the changes in center-to-center distance between GNPs with the time, the effects of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of GNPs, velocity of ionic solution, size of GNPs, initial distance between two GNPs, and surface charge were discussed. The simulation results indicate that the aggregation proportion of GNPs with hydrophilic modification is 62.5%, which is less than 87.5% in the model without surface modification, while the final aggregation proportion of GNPs with hydrophobic modification increased to 100%. When the velocity of the NaCl aqueous solution is 0.1 m/s, the final aggregation proportion of GNPs is 87.5%, which is similar with the model without flow velocity. But the final aggregation proportion increased to 100% when the velocity is 1m/s. Under the same conditions, the GNPs of 1 nm diameter aggregated at 0.16 ns, but the GNPs of 1.5 nm and 2 nm diameters aggregated at 0.6 ns and 0.8 ns, respectively. For the GNPs of 1 nm diameter, the GNPs can only get close to each other very slowly when the distance between the surfaces of GNPs is within the range of 0.8–1.2 nm, whereas the GNPs will aggregate quickly when the distance is close enough. GNPs can retain stable by modified with appropriate negative charge. But ions in the solution will weaken this effect.
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Su, Di, Maher Salloum, Ronghui Ma, and Liang Zhu. "Experimental and Computational Study of Nanoparticle Transport in Agarose Gel." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56316.
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In magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for cancer treatment, controlling heat deposition and temperature elevations is an immense challenge in clinical applications. In this study, we evaluate magnetic nanofluid transport using agarose gel that has porous structures similar to human tissue by injecting magnetic nanoparticle solution into the extracellular space of gel. The nanofluid distribution in the gel is examined via digital images of the nanofluid spreading in the gel. By adjusting the gel concentration and injection flow rate, the results have demonstrated that a relatively low injection rate leads to a spherically shaped nanofluid distribution in the gels which is desirable for controlling temperature elevations. In parallel to the experimental study, a particle tracking model is developed to study the migration and deposition of nanoparticles in the porous structure under multiple forces including Brownian motion, London-Van der Waals attraction, electrostatic forces, gravitational body force, viscous force, and inertial force. This model allows for the determination of the rate of nanoparticle deposition on the porous structure for various particle sizes, surface potentials, and local fluid velocity. In the future, the information obtained in this study can be used with continuous porous medium theory to predict the evolution of the concentration and deposition profiles of nanoparticles in porous structure during infusion process.
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Tyagi, Himanshu, Patrick E. Phelan, and Ravi S. Prasher. "Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Using Solar Energy: Use of Nanoparticle-Laden Molten Salt as the Working Fluid." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90039.
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Solar energy can potentially be used to convert biomass into more readily usable fuel. The use of solar energy in such a process improves the overall conversion efficiency of the system significantly by eliminating combustion of a portion of biomass needed to heat the rest of it to a temperature where pyrolysis occurs. The present study models the thermochemical conversion process during pyrolysis of biomass matter into product gases. Concentrated solar radiation is used as the source of heating of the biomass. The biomass is indirectly heated by a mixture of molten salts (Na2CO3 and K2CO3) and nanoparticles (copper), which acts as the absorbing medium and in turn heats the biomass matter (cellulose). A two-stage heat transfer and chemical reaction analysis is carried out in order to simulate the simplified operating conditions of a solar-powered gasifier. The temperature of the molten salt at the exit of the reactor is held fixed at 1000 K (727°C). The calculations are carried out at different values of solar concentration factor ranging from 10 to 60. The results show that the temperature of the molten salt mixture at the exit of the solar collector increases with an increase in the solar concentration factor. Moreover the temperature inside the biomass reactor is a function of the concentration factor as well and largely the determining factor of the rate of biomass conversion into product gases. At the highest concentration factor (Cf = 60), the model predicts that the reactor is able to convert 1.1 tons of biomass into product gases each hour using 900 kW of solar radiation at an overall efficiency of 8%. The main finding of this study is that under similar operating conditions a solar collector using a direct absorption fluid (mixture of nanoparticles and molten salt) would require significantly less concentration factor (an order of magnitude reduction) than a conventional solar collector. A conventional solar collector is defined as one where the solar radiation heats up a solid surface (such as tube walls) which in turn heats up the working fluid (molten salt). Such a reduction in concentration factor would translate into lower concentrator area, and consequently lower initial capital cost.
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Angata, Shinji, Eiichi Ide, Akio Hirose, and Kojiro F. Kobayashi. "The Sintering Process of Ag Metallo-Organic Nanoparticles and the Influence of the Joining Parameters Upon Cu-to-Cu Joining." In ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73164.
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We propose a novel bonding process using Ag metallo-organic nanoparticles as a new application of nanotechnologies. The average size of the Ag nanoparticle is approximately 11 nm, and each nanoparticle is covered with an organic shell. Usually, the agglomeration of metallic nanoparticles is unavoidable due to its large surface energy. However, on the account of the organic shell, these Ag nanoparticles exist individually, and once the organic shell has been removed, these Ag nanoparticles turn activated and abruptly agglomerate. We analyzed its thermal characteristics, applied the agglomerating of the nanoparticles to Cu-to-Cu joining, and researched the influence of the bonding condition, such as bonding pressure, temperature or holding time, upon the joint strengths. The joint strengths using the nanoparticles were 30–40 MPa, which is strong enough to be applied as a solder. In addition, it came to the conclusion that the strengths increased in accord with the aforesaid three parameters.
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Zhou, Leping, Longting Wei, and Xiaoze Du. "Subcooled Nucleate Boiling of Alumina Nanofluid With/Without n-Butanol as Surfactant." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17754.
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Nucleate boiling process in nanofluids is important because of its potential in enhanced heat transfer. However, it is difficult to observe the boiling phenomenon due to the indistinct image. In this investigation, stable nanofluids was prepared by α-Al2O3 nanoparticles, 30 nm in diameter, and ultrapure water. The bubble behaviors in water were observed by high-speed CCD camera. Unique bubble sweeping phenomenon, existing in the upper and/or lower part of the heated wire, emerged due to the existence of nanoparticles. The experiment shows that the bubble-top jet flow phenomenon only exists when the small bubble returned to the heated surface, which demonstrates that it was the vertical Marangoni convection along the bubble interface that induced the jet flow. Meanwhile, flocculent clustering of nanoparticles can be observed to swirl at the bubble-bottom for low-concentration nanofluid, when the heat flux was relatively small. The SEM images of the nanoparticle deposition layers indicated increased thermocapillarity, but it seemed to delay the detachment of small bubbles from the heated surface. While n-butanol was included as surfactant, it promoted the nanoparticle deposition for low heat flux condition. The bubble behaviors were consistent with those of pure fluids and no bubble circling phenomenon was observed. The boiling curves were then depicted for alumina nanofluid with or without n-butanol. The boiling heat transfer in water was enhanced with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The boiling curves shifted right when increased the surfactant concentration in the nanofluid. It appeared that the surfactant-induced inhibited bubble growth and enhanced nanoparticle clustering in the near-wall region were the main reason for the shifting.
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Djajadiwinata, Eldwin, Hany Al-Ansary, Syed Danish, Abdelrahman El-Leathy, and Zeyad Al-Suhaibani. "Modeling of Transient Energy Loss From a Cylindrical-Shaped Solid Particle Thermal Energy Storage Tank for Central Receiver Applications." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6568.
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The use of solid particles as a heat transfer and thermal energy storage (TES) medium in central receiver systems has received renewed attention in recent years due to the ability of achieving high temperatures and the potential reduction in receiver and TES costs. Performance of TES systems is primarily characterized by the percentage of heat loss they allow over a prescribed period of time. Accurate estimation of this parameter requires special attention to the transient nature of the process of charging the TES bin during solar field operation and discharging during nighttime or at periods where solar field operation is interrupted. In this study, a numerical model is built to simulate the charge-discharge cycle of a small cylindrical-shaped TES bin that is currently under construction. This bin is integrated into the tower of an experimental 300-kW (thermal) central receiver field being built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for solid particle receiver research, most notably on-sun testing of the falling particle receiver concept within the context of a SunShot project. The model utilizes a type of wall construction that had been previously identified as showing favorable structural characteristics and being able to withstand high temperatures. The model takes into account the anticipated charge-discharge particle flow rates, and includes an insulating layer at the ceiling of the bin to minimize heat loss by convection and radiation to the receiver cavity located immediately over the TES bin. Results show that energy loss during the full charge-discharge cycle is 4.9% and 5.9% for a 5-hour and 17-hour discharge period, respectively. While large, these energy loss values are primarily due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the small TES bin being investigated. Preliminary analysis shows that a utility-scale TES bin using the same concept will have an energy loss of less than 1%.