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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoparticle-Polymer Suspensions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Li, Shidong, Yeap Hung Ng, Hon Chung Lau, Ole Torsæter, and Ludger P. Stubbs. "Experimental Investigation of Stability of Silica Nanoparticles at Reservoir Conditions for Enhanced Oil-Recovery Applications." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081522.

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To be effective enhanced oil-recovery (EOR) agents, nanoparticles must be stable and be transported through a reservoir. However, the stability of a nanoparticle suspension at reservoir salinity and temperature is still a challenge and how it is affected by reservoir rocks and crude oils is not well understood. In this work, for the first time, the effect of several nanoparticle treatment approaches on the stability of silica nanoparticles at reservoir conditions (in the presence of reservoir rock and crude oil) was investigated for EOR applications. The stability of nanoparticle suspensions was screened in test tubes at 70 °C and 3.8 wt. % NaCl in the presence of reservoir rock and crude oil. Fumed silica nanoparticles in suspension with hydrochloric acid (HCl), polymer-modified fumed nanoparticles and amide-functionalized silica colloidal nanoparticles were studied. The size and pH of nanoparticle suspension in contact with rock samples were measured to determine the mechanism for stabilization or destabilization of nanoparticles. A turbidity scanner was used to quantify the stability of the nanoparticle suspension. Results showed that both HCl and polymer surface modification can improve nanoparticle stability under synthetic seawater salinity and 70 °C. Suspensions of polymer-modified nanoparticles were stable for months. It was found that pH is a key parameter influencing nanoparticle stability. Rock samples containing carbonate minerals destabilized unmodified nanoparticles. Crude oil had limited effect on nanoparticle stability. Some components of crude oil migrated into the aqueous phase consisting of amide-functionalized silica colloidal nanoparticles suspension. Nanoparticles modification or/and stabilizer are necessary for nanoparticle EOR application.
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2

Duclairoir, Cécile, and Evelyne Nakache. "Polymer Nanoparticle Characterization in Aqueous Suspensions." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 7, no. 4 (January 2002): 284–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236660213159.

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3

Srivastava, Samanvaya, Jung Hwan Shin, and Lynden A. Archer. "Structure and rheology of nanoparticle–polymer suspensions." Soft Matter 8, no. 15 (2012): 4097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2sm06889c.

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4

Liu, Jian-Hua, Ulrike Wais, Yan-Ming Zuo, Yu Xiang, Yan-Hong Wang, Alexander W. Jackson, Tao He, and Haifei Zhang. "Unimolecular branched block copolymer nanoparticles in methanol for the preparation of poorly water-soluble drug nanoparticles." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 3 (2017): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb02940j.

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5

Campardelli, R., G. Della Porta, and E. Reverchon. "Solvent elimination from polymer nanoparticle suspensions by continuous supercritical extraction." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 70 (October 2012): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2012.06.005.

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6

Kamibayashi, Masashi, Hironao Ogura, and Yasufumi Otsubo. "Shear-thickening flow of nanoparticle suspensions flocculated by polymer bridging." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 321, no. 2 (May 2008): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.02.022.

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7

Araño, Khryslyn, Michael Leo Dela Cruz, Eden May Dela Pena, and Leslie Joy L. Diaz. "Qualitative Analysis of the Effect of Polymer Solution and Suspension Properties on the Electrospinning of Nanocomposite Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.65.

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Nanocomposite fibers produced via electrospinning have very large surface area by virtue of their nanometer diameter sizes thereby making them very attractive for various applications such as for adsorption of contaminants from wastewater. In this study, a highly adsorbing nanoparticle, iron-modified montmorillonite was used as filler in the nanocomposite. The effects of polymer solution and suspension properties such as polymer concentration, clay loading, and filler type on the electrospinning of the nanocomposite were investigated using a 2k factorial design of experiment. The types of montmorillonite used were zero valent iron-MMT (ZVIMMT) and iron (III)-MMT (FeMMT). It was found from the SEM images that finer fibers were generated from suspensions with lower polymer concentration in the solution specifically at 5 wt% and from suspensions with ZVIMMT particles as filler. However, a common defect in nanofibers called beads was also observed in the fibers produced from 5 wt% polymer concentration. TEM micrographs confirmed that the ZVIMMT fibers have smaller diameter than the FeMMT fibers. In addition, it was recognized that the layered structure of the clay is still intact after the electrospinning process. The XRD pattern of the fibers revealed that the clay particles were intercalated with the polymer molecules based on the calculated d-spacing. Furthermore, elemental analysis on the bead and string regions of the electrospun fibers confirmed the presence of polymer and montmorillonite particles in both regions.
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8

Wu, Tianxing, Fengqiang Sun, Wei Chen, Zhimin Zhu, Zhilin Min, and Weishan Li. "Photochemical construction of nanoporous polymer microspheres in Cu/Cu2O nanoparticle suspensions." Colloid and Polymer Science 290, no. 13 (June 21, 2012): 1327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-012-2710-2.

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9

Lepcio, Petr, Frantisek Ondreas, and Josef Jancar. "Rheological Behavior of Polystyrene-Based Nanocomposite Suspensions under LAOS." Materials Science Forum 851 (April 2016): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.851.215.

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Polymer nanocomposites based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and their solutions and suspensions are promising systems for fundamental research which could potentially utilize self-assembly approach in designing new nanocomposite materials. Numerous applications could benefit from understanding of these systems, for instance polymer solution based paints and varnishes. This work is an initial stage of a study which aim is to link macroscale thermomechanical properties with nanoscale structures found in polymer nanocomposites. To do so, a suitable experimental protocol for preparing differently organized NPs in polymer matrix has to be find first in which both kinetic and thermodynamical parameters should be taken into account, i.e. solution casting has being investigated. The results presented here found differences between nanoparticle induced changes on rheological behavior of polystyrene solution under large amplitude oscillation shear (LAOS). High-affinity OP-POSS NPs seem to interact with PS at low loadings and form stiffened aggregates, whereas low-affinity OM-POSS NPs remained rather uninvolved. Effect of hydrodynamic forces independent of the NPs chemical nature was also observed.
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10

Kim, Sunhyung, Kyu Hyun, Joo Yong Moon, Christian Clasen, and Kyung Hyun Ahn. "Depletion Stabilization in Nanoparticle–Polymer Suspensions: Multi-Length-Scale Analysis of Microstructure." Langmuir 31, no. 6 (February 5, 2015): 1892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la504578x.

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11

Danilaev, Maxim P., Evgeniy A. Bogoslov, Vladimir A. Kuklin, Iskander R. Vakhitov, Bulat Z. Kamaliev, Ivan V. Lounev, Vladimir G. Evtyugin, Alexey M. Rogov, Yury N. Osin, and Lenar R. Tagirov. "Single‐stage plasma‐chemical synthesis and characterization of carbon nanoparticle‐polymer suspensions." Plasma Processes and Polymers 17, no. 4 (January 31, 2020): 1900204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201900204.

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12

SUNG, J. H., I. LEE, H. J. CHOI, and S. B. CHOI. "ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF POLYANILINE-TIO2 COMPOSITE SUSPENSIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 07n09 (April 10, 2005): 1128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205029961.

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As an organic/inorganic hybrid possessing advantages from the combination of their own unique properties, conducting polyaniline (PANI)-titanium dioxide ( TiO 2) hybrid particles were synthesized by an oxidation polymerization of aniline, and their ER characteristics were examined. Our aim was to study the ER behavior of highly potential ER-active particles using conducting polymer and TiO 2 nanoparticle with relatively high dielectric constant. In addition, we also investigated its ER behavior as a function of particle fraction of TiO 2 under an applied electric field. The result was interpreted in terms of the dielectric relaxation mismatch. The fast relaxation time of PANI/TiO 2 hybrid was considered to enhance electrostatic force over shear force under a hydrodynamic flow, showing its improved ER performance.
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13

Oh, Sol Mi, Chae Han Lee, and So Youn Kim. "Processing method determines the long-term stability of particle dispersions in concentrated nanoparticle/polymer suspensions." Soft Matter 18, no. 4 (2022): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01428e.

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The preparation pathway of concentrated suspensions affects the degree of polymer adsorption, and changes the particle dispersion and rheological properties; moreover, it determines the long-term stability of particle dispersion over several months.
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14

Chandran, Sivasurender, N. Begam, M. Sprung, and J. K. Basu. "Coherent X-ray scattering reveals nature of dynamical transitions in nanoparticle–polymer suspensions." Polymer 105 (November 2016): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.048.

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15

Banerjee, Debapriya, Jian Yang, and Kenneth S. Schweizer. "Entropic depletion in colloidal suspensions and polymer liquids: role of nanoparticle surface topography." Soft Matter 11, no. 47 (2015): 9086–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02072g.

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16

Saito, Yu, Yuji Hirose, and Yasufumi Otsubo. "Size effect on the rheological behavior of nanoparticle suspensions in associating polymer solutions." Colloid and Polymer Science 290, no. 3 (November 13, 2011): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-011-2547-0.

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17

Yamamura, Masato, Hiroaki Koga, Yoshihide Mawatari, and Hiroyuki Kage. "Stress Oscillations in Co-Solvent Nanoparticle^|^#8211;Polymer Suspensions Subjected to Constant Shear Rate." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 46, no. 7 (2013): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.13we032.

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18

Samchenko, Svetlana V., Irina V. Kozlova, and Olga V. Zemskova. "Model and Mechanism of Stabilization of Carbon Nanotubes with Placticizer on the Basis of Sulfonated Naphthalene Formaldehyde Resins." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.481.

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The entry presents studies of the effect of dispersion temperature on the deposition rate of CNTs in the presence of a plasticizer based on sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde resins, on the dispersed composition of CNTs in aqueous and aqueous-polymer dispersion media and on the strength characteristics of samples with stabilized CNTs. It was established that the ultrasonic dispersion of aqueous suspensions of CNTs in the presence of a plasticizer based on sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde resins at an ultrasonic vibration frequency of 44 kHz; dispersion temperature - 25 ± 2 °C; dispersion time - 10 - 30 minutes is capable of ensuring the stability of CNTs suspensions for 7 days or more. The mechanism of stabilization of aqueous suspension of CNTs by a plasticizer based on sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde resins is presented. It has been established that the stabilization of CNTs is achieved by fixing the functional groups of the plasticizer on the surface of the nanoparticle, the nonpolar component of which ensures the formation of a high-viscosity interlayer between the CNTs particles and the dispersion medium, and the polar component is the formation of a double electric layer (DEL) that promotes the micellization of CNTs. As a result, the CNTs stabilized with sulfonaphthalene formaldehyde are evenly distributed in the volume of the cement system, causing the production of cement stone with enhanced performance properties.
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19

Antonova, N. M., and A. P. Babichev. "The characteristics of Al nanoparticle formation from Al microparticles in polymer suspensions based on Na-CMC." Letters on Materials 3, no. 2 (2013): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2013-2-83-86.

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20

Lu, Pei-Pei, Zhen-Liang Xu, Hu Yang, and Yong-Ming Wei. "Processing–Structure–Property Correlations of Polyethersulfone/Perfluorosulfonic Acid Nanofibers Fabricated via Electrospinning from Polymer–Nanoparticle Suspensions." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 1716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am201843y.

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21

Tolle, Christian, Jan Riedel, Carina Mikolai, Andreas Winkel, Meike Stiesch, Dagmar Wirth, and Henning Menzel. "Biocompatible Coatings from Smart Biopolymer Nanoparticles for Enzymatically Induced Drug Release." Biomolecules 8, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom8040103.

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Nanoparticles can be used as a smart drug delivery system, when they release the drug only upon degradation by specific enzymes. A method to create such responsive materials is the formation of hydrogel nanoparticles, which have enzymatically degradable crosslinkers. Such hydrogel nanoparticles were prepared by ionotropic gelation sodium alginate with lysine-rich peptide sequences—either α-poly-L-lysine (PLL) or the aggrecanase-labile sequence KKKK-GRD-ARGSV↓NITEGE-DRG-KKKK. The nanoparticle suspensions obtained were analyzed by means of dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Degradation experiments carried out with the nanoparticles in suspension revealed enzyme-induced lability. Drugs present in the polymer solution during the ionotropic gelation can be encapsulated in the nanoparticles. Drug loading was investigated for interferon- (IFN-) as a model, using a bioluminescence assay with MX2Luc2 cells. The encapsulation efficiency for IFN- was found to be approximately 25%. The nanoparticles suspension can be used to spray-coat titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) as a common implant material. The coatings were proven by ellipsometry, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An enzyme-responsive decrease in layer thickness is observed due to the degradation of the coatings. The Alg/peptide coatings were cytocompatible for human gingival fibroblasts (HGFIB), which was investigated by CellTiterBlue and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. However, HGFIBs showed poor adhesion and proliferation on the Alg/peptide coatings, but these could be improved by modification of the alginate with a RGD-peptide sequence. The smart drug release system presented can be further tailored to have the right release kinetics and cell adhesion properties.
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22

Dembelova, Tuyana, Badma Badmaev, Dagzama Makarova, Aleksandr Mashanov, and Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn. "Rheological and Tribological Study of Polyethylsiloxane with SiO2 Nanoparticles Additive." Lubricants 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11010009.

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Nowadays, much attention is paid to the creation of high-performance lubricants with improved properties through the use of ultrafine nanopowders. The paper shows the results of studying the viscoelastic properties of samples of silicon dioxide nanoparticle suspensions based on polyethylsiloxane (silicone oil) by the acoustic resonance method. The method is based on a study of the additional coupling effect on the resonance characteristics of the piezoelectric resonator. The values of the shear modulus and the tangent of the mechanical loss angle were calculated. The interaction between polymer molecules and nanoparticles was characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The influence of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (as a nano-additive) on the performance characteristics of polyethylsiloxane lubricant is presented. The results of determining the friction coefficient from the sliding speed show an increase in the tear strength of the lubricating film, leading to improved tribological properties.
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23

Marić, Ivan, Nataša Šijaković Vujičić, Anđela Pustak, Marijan Gotić, Goran Štefanić, Jean-Marc Grenèche, Goran Dražić, and Tanja Jurkin. "Rheological, Microstructural and Thermal Properties of Magnetic Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Hydrogels Synthesized Using a One-Step Gamma-Irradiation Method." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 12, 2020): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091823.

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Magnetic polymer gels are a new promising class of nanocomposite gels. In this work, magnetic PEO/iron oxide nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized using the one-step γ-irradiation method starting from poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and iron(III) precursor alkaline aqueous suspensions followed by simultaneous crosslinking of PEO chains and reduction of Fe(III) precursor. γ-irradiation dose and concentrations of Fe3+, 2-propanol and PEO in the initial suspensions were varied and optimized. With 2-propanol and at high doses magnetic gels with embedded magnetite nanoparticles were obtained, as confirmed by XRD, SEM and Mössbauer spectrometry. The quantitative determination of γ-irradiation generated Fe2+ was performed using the 1,10-phenanthroline method. The maximal Fe2+ molar fraction of 0.55 was achieved at 300 kGy, pH = 12 and initial 5% of Fe3+. The DSC and rheological measurements confirmed the formation of a well-structured network. The thermal and rheological properties of gels depended on the dose, PEO concentration and initial Fe3+ content (amount of nanoparticles synthesized inside gels). More amorphous and stronger gels were formed at higher dose and higher nanoparticle content. The properties of synthesized gels were determined by the presence of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which acted as reinforcing agents and additional crosslinkers of PEO chains thus facilitating the one-step gel formation.
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24

Yi, Siyuan, Tayfun Babadagli, and Huazhou Li. "Stabilization of nickel nanoparticle suspensions with the aid of polymer and surfactant: static bottle tests and dynamic micromodel flow tests." Petroleum Science 17, no. 4 (February 27, 2020): 1014–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00433-1.

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25

Ntente, C., A. Strekla, Z. Iatridi, M. Theodoropoulou, G. Bokias, and C. D. Tsakiroglou. "Polymer-functionalized nanoparticles as agents for the in situ remediation of oil-contaminated soils." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012064.

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Abstract In-situ flushing of chemicals, such as nanoparticle (NP) suspensions, and NP-based Pickering emulsions, is a well-promising method for the remediation of soils and aquifers contaminated with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and the enhanced oil recovery from reservoir rocks. Linear and comb-type copolymers were synthesized by combining (i) hydrophilic, anionic monomers like 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA) and acrylic acid (AA) with (ii) hydrophobic monomers like dodecyl methacrylate (DMA). Moreover, polymer-coated nanoparticles (PNPs) was prepared by post-grafting and surface initiated free radical polymerization (FRP) on commercial silica nanoparticles. Dilute dispersions of polymers and PNPs were mixed with salts (NaCl, CaCl2), their dynamic surface and oil/water interfacial tensions were measured by the pendant drop method, and the wettability of all fluid systems to glass surface was quantified by measuring the contact angle. Oil-in-water Pickering emulsions were prepared by dispersing n-dodecane in polymers and n-decane in PNP-colloid with ultrasound probe, and their stability was evaluated by tracking the phase separation and changes of rheological properties, as functions of time. Furthermore, the most stable polymers and PNP-based dispersions and emulsions were chosen and tested as chemicals for the removal of residual oil from a transparent glass-etched pore network.
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26

Gross, Julia, Sabrina Sayle, Anne R. Karow, Udo Bakowsky, and Patrick Garidel. "Nanoparticle tracking analysis of particle size and concentration detection in suspensions of polymer and protein samples: Influence of experimental and data evaluation parameters." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 104 (July 2016): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.013.

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27

Komar, V. V., T. A. Poсhodina, N. V. Kulinich, N. P. Krutko, and L. V. .Ovseenko. "Modification of water-suspension epoxy varnish and paint materials by nanostructured magnesium oxide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-1-105-113.

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The process of modifying aqueous powder suspension materials (APS) based on solid epoxy film-forming agents with highly dispersed powders of magnesium oxide was studied: production by ChemPur (n-MgO – primary size of particles is 36 nm), and magnesium oxide synthesized by a template method from the concentrated bischofite solution (MgOlab – primary size of particles is 102.8 nm). It was shown that presence of active functional surface OHgroups in both samples of magnesium oxide leads to the formation of secondary structures: aggregates and agglomerates. The nature of the influence of the size of aggregates of MgO particles and the conditions of dispersion on the properties of protective coatings is established. The nature of the influence of particle size and dispersion conditions on the properties of protective coatings is established. Optimal properties of coatings based on APS, sedimentation and aggregative stability of suspensions are implemented only under the condition of effective mechanical dispersion in a bead mill, when the most intensive destruction of large aggregates of n-MgO up to 50–60 nm occurs. The distribution of nanoparticle agglomerates in APS at the micro level (700–800 nm) using the MgO-lab does not lead to a significant change in the properties of APS and coatings based on them.It is shown that the introduction of n-MgO into APS allows reduces the curing temperature of the coatings from 110 to 90–100 °С. It is caused by the increase in the density of cross-linking of the spatial structure of polymer. The strength of modified coatings upon impact and tension increases by 2 times in comparison with the base composition, which does not contain nanomodifier, during curing of coatings at100 °C. In comparison with the known water-borne epoxy paints and varnishes, APS compositions are one-pack, they are more technological in use, have a long lifetime (up to 12 months in comparison with the viability of known two-pack epoxies, 1-8 hours). Materials can be used in industry for the protection of metal products, both as primers and as independent coatings.
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28

Zhai, Jiali, Bo Fan, San H. Thang, and Calum J. Drummond. "Novel Amphiphilic Block Copolymers for the Formation of Stimuli-Responsive Non-Lamellar Lipid Nanoparticles." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 3648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123648.

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Non-lamellar lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) lipid nanoparticles contain internal multidimensional nanostructures such as the inverse bicontinuous cubic and the inverse hexagonal mesophases, which can respond to external stimuli and have the potential of controlling drug release. To date, the internal LLC mesophase responsiveness of these lipid nanoparticles is largely achieved by adding ionizable small molecules to the parent lipid such as monoolein (MO), the mixture of which is then dispersed into nanoparticle suspensions by commercially available poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers. In this study, the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) technique was used to synthesize a series of novel amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) containing a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block, a hydrophobic block and one or two responsive blocks, i.e., poly(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl acrylate) (PTBA) and/or poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). High throughput small angle X-ray scattering studies demonstrated that the synthesized ABCs could simultaneously stabilize a range of LLC MO nanoparticles (vesicles, cubosomes, hexosomes, inverse micelles) and provide internal particle nanostructure responsiveness to changes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations, pH and temperature. It was found that the novel functional ABCs can substitute for the commercial polymer stabilizer and the ionizable additive in the formation of next generation non-lamellar lipid nanoparticles. These novel formulations have the potential to control drug release in the tumor microenvironment with endogenous H2O2 and acidic pH conditions.
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29

Srivastav, Harsh, Adam Z. Weber, and Clayton J. Radke. "Predicting Fuel Cell Ink Aggregation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 41 (October 9, 2022): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02411533mtgabs.

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Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) provide multisector decarbonization solutions including in transportation, manufacturing, and long-term energy storage. They have become increasingly popular in these areas due to their high efficiency, power density, and low (or zero) emissions compared to traditional fossil-fuel dependent processes. The PEFC catalyst layer is the most complex and key part of the cell, and is critical for optimizing PEFC performance. Several studies have explored the structure/function relationships of PEFC catalyst layers, yet the physics and interactions controlling its in-situ formation remain a mystery. PEFC catalyst layers are traditionally fabricated out of a catalyst supported on a carbon nanoparticle with an ionomer, traditionally perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) such as Nafion, as a binder, which stabilizes the carbon suspensions in the ink dispersion. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of pH as an experimental parameter for both comparison and characterization of such systems.1 In this talk, we explore the interactions in the colloidal inks through detailed mathematical modeling. We propose a kinetics-based model representing species aggregation with pointwise interacting spheres that vary in charge through buried side chains for predicting the aggregation behavior of Nafion and carbon in solutions under varying conditions, such as solvent, Nafion wt% and carbon wt%. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the model, we compare the results against a range of pH conditions and size distributions. The insights from the model help establish design criteria and guide future ink and process conditions. Acknowledgements This study was conducted under the Million Miles Fuel Cell Truck Consortium (M2FCT) funded by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office in the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. References S. A. Berlinger, B. D. McCloskey, and A. Z. Weber, J. Phys. Chem. B, 122, 7790–7796 (2018).
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30

Yuan, Teng, Jian Yin, Yingling Liu, Weiping Tu, and Zhuohong Yang. "Micro/Nanoscale Structured Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Hybrid-Coated Mesh for High-Efficiency Oil/Water Separation." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061378.

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A novel micro/nanoscale rough structured superhydrophilic hybrid-coated mesh that shows underwater superoleophobic behavior is fabricated by spray casting or dipping nanoparticle–polymer suspensions on stainless steel mesh substrates. Water droplets can spread over the mesh completely; meanwhile, oil droplets can roll off the mesh at low tilt angles without any penetration. Besides overcoming the oil-fouling problem of many superhydrophilic coatings, this superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh can be used to separate oil and water. The simple method used here to prepare the organic–inorganic hybrid coatings successfully produced controllable micro-nano binary roughness and also achieved a rough topography of micro-nano binary structure by controlling the content of inorganic particles. The mechanism of oil–water separation by the superhydrophilic and superoleophobic membrane is rationalized by considering capillary mechanics. Tetraethyl orathosilicate (TEOS) as a base was used to prepare the nano-SiO2 solution as a nano-dopant through a sol-gel process, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as the film binder and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent; the mixture was dip-coated on the surface of 300-mesh stainless steel mesh to form superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic film. Properties of nano-SiO2 represented by infrared spectroscopy and surface topography of the film observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the film surface had a coarse micro–nano binary structure; the effect of nano-SiO2 doping amount on the film’s surface topography and the effect of such surface topography on hydrophilicity of the film were studied; contact angle of water on such surface was tested as 0° by the surface contact angle tester and spread quickly; the underwater contact angle to oil was 158°, showing superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties. The effect of the dosing amount of cross-linking agent to the waterproof swelling property and the permeate flux of the film were studied; the oil–water separation effect of the film to oil–water suspension and oil–water emulsion was studied too, and in both cases the separation efficiency reached 99%, which finally reduced the oil content to be lower than 50 mg/L. The effect of filtration times to permeate flux was studied, and it was found that the more hydrophilic the film was, the stronger the stain resistance would be, and the permeate flux would gradually decrease along with the increase of filtration times.
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31

Lu, Kathy, and Michelle Gervasio. "Simulation Study of Nanoparticle–Polymer Organic Suspension Stability." Advanced Theory and Simulations 2, no. 5 (March 15, 2019): 1900010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adts.201900010.

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32

Hasell, Tom, Jixin Yang, Wenxin Wang, Jun Li, Paul D. Brown, Martyn Poliakoff, Edward Lester, and Steven M. Howdle. "Preparation of polymer–nanoparticle composite beads by a nanoparticle-stabilised suspension polymerisation." Journal of Materials Chemistry 17, no. 41 (2007): 4382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b705917e.

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33

Sarrazin, Pierre, Davide Beneventi, Aurore Denneulin, Olivier Stephan, and Didier Chaussy. "Photoluminescent Patterned Papers Resulting from Printings of Polymeric Nanoparticles Suspension." International Journal of Polymer Science 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/612180.

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The printability of a copolyfluorene-fluorenone (PFFO) photoluminescent nanoparticle aqueous suspension on commercial tracing paper was here investigated. The nanoparticles suspension was obtained by miniemulsification of a suitable preformed photoluminescent organic polymer. The structural, physicochemical, and rheological characteristics of the nanoparticles suspension were first studied before considering its printability by inkjet and flexography techniques. The native properties of the nanoparticles suspension revealed to be more suitable for inkjet printing which was successfully used to print photoluminescent patterns using a very low amount of PFFO.
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34

Genix, Anne-Caroline, and Julian Oberdisse. "Nanoparticle self-assembly: from interactions in suspension to polymer nanocomposites." Soft Matter 14, no. 25 (2018): 5161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00430g.

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35

Ul Ain, Noor, Tian-Yu Wang, Xiao-Ning Wu, Tong-Hong Wei, Jing-Shuo Zhang, and Hong-Ping Xie. "Electrochemiluminescence Enhancement and Particle Structure Stabilization of Polymer Nanoparticle by Doping Anionic Polyelectrolyte and Cationic Polymer Containing Tertiary Amine Groups and Its Highly Sensitive Immunoanalysis." Processes 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8091054.

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A doped polymer nanoparticle (dPNP) of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was prepared via doping the anionic polyelectrolyte polyacrylic acid (PAA) and the cationic polymer poly-ethyleneimine (PEI) into the polymer nanoparticle (PNP), which was self-assembled by Ru(bpy)32+ derivative-grafted PAA (PAA–Ru) with both cations and anions. The good electrical conductivity of the doped polyelectrolyte PAA enhanced the ECL intensity of PNP to 109.1%, and the involvement of a large number of tertiary amine groups of the doped PEI further enhanced that to 127.3%; meanwhile, doping low-molecular-weight PEI into PNP, while simultaneously doping high-molecular-weight PAA, avoided the precipitation of PAA and PEI, due to interaction of the two oppositely charged polymers; and these also made the self-assembly procedure more effective and the nanoparticle structure more stable than PNP and also led to the production of rich residual PAA chains on the surface of dPNP. The storage results showed that the average hydrated particle diameter kept almost constant (197.5–213.1 nm) during 15-day storage and that the nanoparticles have rich surface charge of −11.47 mV (zeta potential), well suspension stability and good dispersity without detectable aggregation in the solution during the storage. Therefore, the nanoparticle is quite suitable for the antibody labeling, immunoassay and the storage. As a result, a high-sensitive ECL immunoassay approach with good precision, accuracy and selectivity was established and an ultra-low detection limit of 0.049 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3) for magnetic bead-based detection of Hepatitis B surface antigen was observed.
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36

de Lima, Bruno S., Amanda A. Komorizono, Amadou L. Ndiaye, Maria Inês B. Bernardi, Jérôme Brunet, and Valmor R. Mastelaro. "Tunning the Gas Sensing Properties of rGO with In2O3 Nanoparticles." Surfaces 5, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces5010006.

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Here, we discuss the effect of In2O3 nanoparticles on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) gas-sensing potentialities. In2O3 nanoparticles were prepared with the polymer precursors method, while the nanocomposites were prepared by mixing an In2O3 nanoparticle suspension with an rGO suspension in different proportions. The gas-sensing performance of our materials was tested by exposing our materials to known concentrations of a target toxic gas in a dry airflow. Our results demonstrate that In2O3 nanoparticles enhance the rGO sensitivity for strong oxidizing species such as O3 and NO2, while a negative effect on its sensitivity for NH3 sensing is observed. Furthermore, our measurements towards H2S suggest that the concentration of In2O3 nanoparticles can induce an uncommon transition from p-type to n-type semiconductor nature when rGO–In2O3 nanocomposites operate at temperatures close to 160 °C.
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37

Suntako, Rudeerat. "Influence of Polymer Additive on Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticle by Precipitation Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.60.

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The effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as an additive on ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation method is investigated. It is found that ZnO synthesized exhibits a crystalline structure with hexagonal structure of the wurtzite. Primary size of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized can be controlled by PAA concentrations. Increasing of PAA concentration provide small particle size. Addition of 1 wt% PAA can be obtained the average primary size around 20 nm. Additionally, ZnO synthesized using PAA exhibits zeta potential value higher than ZnO synthesized without PAA. With the increasing PAA concentration, Zeta potential value increase. It indicates that ZnO synthesized using 0.5-1 wt% PAA can be well-dispersed in aqueous system and promote highly stable suspension.
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38

Mohanty, Udit Surya, Faisal Ur Rahman Awan, Muhammad Ali, Adnan Aftab, Alireza Keshavarz, and Stefan Iglauer. "Physicochemical Characterization of Zirconia Nanoparticle-Based Sodium Alginate Polymer Suspension for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Energy & Fuels 35, no. 23 (November 16, 2021): 19389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02724.

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39

Sultana, S., Md A. Alam, M. Takafuji, and H. Ihara. "Hybrid mesoporous microspheres from aqueous droplets containing a silica nanoparticle–polymer network in a W/O suspension." RSC Advances 6, no. 49 (2016): 42756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05173a.

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Mesoporous hybrid microspheres were fabricated from aqueous droplets of homogeneously distributed silica nanoparticles and reactive polymer in W/O suspension. Further calcination provides mesoporous silica microspheres.
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40

Tang, Yanfei, John E. McLaughlan, Gary S. Grest, and Shengfeng Cheng. "Modeling Solution Drying by Moving a Liquid-Vapor Interface: Method and Applications." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 3996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193996.

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A method of simulating the drying process of a soft matter solution with an implicit solvent model by moving the liquid-vapor interface is applied to various solution films and droplets. For a solution of a polymer and nanoparticles, we observe “polymer-on-top” stratification, similar to that found previously with an explicit solvent model. Furthermore, “polymer-on-top” is found even when the nanoparticle size is smaller than the radius of gyration of the polymer chains. For a suspension droplet of a bidisperse mixture of nanoparticles, we show that core-shell clusters of nanoparticles can be obtained via the “small-on-outside” stratification mechanism at fast evaporation rates. “Large-on-outside” stratification and uniform particle distribution are also observed when the evaporation rate is reduced. Polymeric particles with various morphologies, including Janus spheres, core-shell particles, and patchy particles, are produced from drying droplets of polymer solutions by combining fast evaporation with a controlled interaction between the polymers and the liquid-vapor interface. Our results validate the applicability of the moving interface method to a wide range of drying systems. The limitations of the method are pointed out and cautions are provided to potential practitioners on cases where the method might fail.
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41

Liu, Jing, Chengnan Li, Toon Brans, Aranit Harizaj, Shana Van de Steene, Thomas De Beer, Stefaan De Smedt, et al. "Surface Functionalization with Polyethylene Glycol and Polyethyleneimine Improves the Performance of Graphene-Based Materials for Safe and Efficient Intracellular Delivery by Laser-Induced Photoporation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041540.

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Nanoparticle mediated laser-induced photoporation is a physical cell membrane disruption approach to directly deliver extrinsic molecules into living cells, which is particularly promising in applications for both adherent and suspension cells. In this work, we explored surface modifications of graphene quantum dots (GQD) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enhance colloidal stability while retaining photoporation functionality. After photoporation with FITC-dextran 10 kDa (FD10), the percentage of positive HeLa cells (81% for GQD-PEG, 74% for rGO-PEG and 90% for rGO-PEI) increased approximately two-fold compared to the bare nanomaterials. While for Jurkat suspension cells, the photoporation efficiency with polymer-modified graphene-based nanomaterial reached as high as 80%. Cell viability was >80% in all these cases. In addition, polymer functionalization proved to be beneficial for the delivery of larger macromolecules (FD70 and FD500) as well. Finally, we show that rGO is suitable for photoporation using a near-infrared laser to reach 80% FD10 positive HeLa cells at 80% cell viability. We conclude that modification of graphene-based nanoparticles with PEG and especially PEI provide better colloidal stability in cell medium, resulting in more uniform transfection and overall increased efficiency.
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42

Azhar, Umar, Qazi Ahmed, Saira Ishaq, Zeyad T. Alwahabi, and Sheng Dai. "Exploring Sensitive Label-Free Multiplex Analysis with Raman-Coded Microbeads and SERS-Coded Reporters." Biosensors 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12020121.

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Suspension microsphere immunoassays are rapidly gaining attention in multiplex bioassays. Accurate detection of multiple analytes from a single measurement is critical in modern bioanalysis, which always requires complex encoding systems. In this study, a novel bioassay with Raman-coded antibody supports (polymer microbeads with different Raman signatures) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-coded nanotags (organic thiols on a gold nanoparticle surface with different SERS signatures) was developed as a model fluorescent, label-free, bead-based multiplex immunoassay system. The developed homogeneous immunoassays included two surface-functionalized monodisperse Raman-coded microbeads of polystyrene and poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) as the immune solid supports, and two epitope modified nanotags (self-assembled 4-mercaptobenzoic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid on gold nanoparticles) as the SERS-coded reporters. Such multiplex Raman/SERS-based microsphere immunoassays could selectively identify specific paratope–epitope interactions from one mixture sample solution under a single laser illumination, and thus hold great promise in future suspension multiplex analysis for diverse biomedical applications.
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43

Graham, Michael, Yonghong Yang, Aled D Roberts, and Haifei Zhang. "Poorly Water Soluble Drug Nanostructures via Surface Solvent Evaporation." Nano LIFE 05, no. 03 (September 2015): 1540005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179398441540005x.

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A high percentage of developed drug compounds are poorly soluble in water, which severely limits their applications. Nanotechnology has been used to address this issue. Here we describe a simple and versatile bottom-up approach for the preparation of drug nanostructures by surface solvent evaporation on aluminum surface and polymer-coated surface. Three poorly water soluble drug compounds, including griseofulvin (GF), curcumin and antimalarial compound SL-2-25 have been investigated as model compounds. The structures are mainly characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) while the GF nanoparticles are also examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A variety of structures including microassemblies composed of nanoparticles, nanospheres and nanofibers have been produced. A sonication method can be employed to produce aqueous nanoparticle suspension.
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44

Guadarrama-Escobar, Omar Rodrigo, Ivonne Sánchez-Vázquez, Pablo Serrano-Castañeda, German Alberto Chamorro-Cevallos, Isabel Marlen Rodríguez-Cruz, Adalí Yisell Sánchez-Padrón, Ericka Anguiano-Almazán, et al. "Development, Characterization, Optimization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Methacrylic Acid–Ethyl Acrylate Copolymer Nanoparticles Loaded with Glibenclamide in Diabetic Rats for Oral Administration." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 12 (November 27, 2021): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122023.

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The methacrylic acid–ethyl acrylate copolymer nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent displacement method. The independent variables were the drug/polymer ratio, surfactant concentration, Polioxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, the added water volume, time, and stirring speed, while size, PDI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were the response variables analyzed. A design of screening experiments was carried out to subsequently perform the optimization of the nanoparticle preparation process. The optimal formulation was characterized through the dependent variables size, PDI, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and drug release profiles. In vivo tests were performed in Wistar rats previously induced with diabetes by administration of streptozotocin. Once hyperglycemia was determined in rats, a suspension of nanoparticles loaded with glibenclamide was administered to them while the other group was administered with tablets of glibenclamide. The optimal nanoparticle formulation obtained a size of 18.98 +/− 9.14 nm with a PDI of 0.37085 +/− 0.014 and a zeta potential of −13.7125 +/− 1.82 mV; the encapsulation efficiency was of 44.5%. The in vivo model demonstrated a significant effect (p < 0.05) between the group administered with nanoparticles loaded with glibenclamide and the group administered with tablets compared to the group of untreated individuals.
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45

Wang, Hongxing, Qigui Li, Sean Reyes, Jing Zhang, Lisa Xie, Victor Melendez, Mark Hickman, and Michael P. Kozar. "Formulation and Particle Size Reduction Improve Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds with Antimalarial Activity." Malaria Research and Treatment 2013 (May 12, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/769234.

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Decoquinate (DQ) is highly effective at killing malaria parasites in vitro; however, it is extremely insoluble in water. In this study, solid dispersion method was used for DQ formulation which created a suitable physical form of DQ in aqueous phase for particle manipulation. Among many polymers and surfactants tested, polyvinylpyrrolidone 10, a polymer, and L-α-phosphatidylcholine or polysorbate, two surfactants, were chosen as DQ formulation components. The formulation particles were reduced to a mean size between 200 to 400 nm, which was stable in aqueous medium for at least three weeks. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies showed that compared to DQ microparticle suspension, a nanoparticle formulation orally dosed to mice showed a 14.47-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) of DQ plasma concentration and a 4.53-fold increase in AUC of DQ liver distribution. WR 299666, a poorly water-soluble compound with antimalarial activity, was also tested and successfully made into nanoparticle formulation without undergoing solid dispersion procedure. We concluded that nanoparticles generated by using appropriate formulation components and sufficient particle size reduction significantly increased the bioavailability of DQ and could potentially turn this antimalarial agent to a therapeutic drug.
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46

Voeikova, T. A., O. A. Zhuravleva, V. S. Kuligin, E. V. Ivanov, E. I. Kozhukhova, A. S. Egorov, E. A. Chigorina, B. M. Bolotin, and V. G. Debabov. "Production of polymeric nanocomposites by nature-like method and study of their physical and chemical properties." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(100) (March 20, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-100-4-113-123.

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At the NRC “Kurchatov Institute” – GOSNIIGENETIKA, NpCdS nanocrystals were obtained by microbial synthesis. They were stabilized with proteins, which composition is determined by the strain used for biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic nanoparticles were studied and described by size, shape, hydrodynamic diameter, ζ potential, luminescence level, and defined as quantum dots applying methods of electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and spectrofluorimetry. The influence of temperature, pressure and solvents on the stability of biogenic nanoparticles and the luminescence intensity was evaluated in collaboration with IREA (NRC “Kurchatov Institute”). The luminescence intensity of the aqueous suspension of NpCdS was determined depending on the range of nanoparticle concentrations. The possibility of introducing and identifying NpCdS in epoxy resin, polyimide, and polyvinyl alcohol was assessed. Polymer nanocomposites are used for optoelectronic, biomedical and agricultural applications.
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47

Long, Wang, Zhu, Huang, Leng, Chen, and Song. "Enhanced Oil Recovery by a Suspension of Core-Shell Polymeric Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Low-Permeability Oil Reservoirs." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040600.

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Polymeric nanoparticle suspension is a newly developed oil-displacing agent for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in low-permeability reservoirs. In this work, SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) polymeric nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple distillation–precipitation polymerization method. Due to the introduction of polymer, the SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) nanoparticles show a favorable swelling performance in aqueous solution, and their particle sizes increase from 631 to 1258 nm as the swelling times increase from 24 to 120 h. The apparent viscosity of SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) suspension increases with an increase of mass concentration and swelling time, whereas it decreases as the salinity and temperature increase. The SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) suspension behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid at lower shear rates, yet like a Newtonian fluid at shear rates greater than 300 s−1. The EOR tests of the SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) suspension in heterogeneous, low-permeability cores show that SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) nanoparticles can effectively improve the sweep efficiency and recover more residual oils. A high permeability ratio can result in a high incremental oil recovery in parallel cores. With an increase of the permeability ratio of parallel cores from 1.40 to 15.49, the ratios of incremental oil recoveries (low permeability/high permeability) change from 7.69/4.61 to 23.61/8.46. This work demonstrates that this SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) suspension is an excellent conformance control agent for EOR in heterogeneous, low-permeability reservoirs. The findings of this study can help to further the understanding of the mechanisms of EOR using SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) suspension in heterogeneous, low-permeability reservoirs.
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48

Amine, Sarah, Alexandra Montembault, Matthieu Fumagalli, Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo, and Laurent David. "Controlled Polyelectrolyte Association of Chitosan and Carboxylated Nano-Fibrillated Cellulose by Desalting." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122023.

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We prepared chitosan (CHI) hydrogels reinforced with highly charged cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) by the desalting method. To this end, the screening of electrostatic interactions between CHI polycation and CNF polyanion was performed by adding NaCl at 0.4 mol/L to the chitosan acetate solution and to the cellulose nanofibrils suspension. The polyelectrolyte complexation between CHI polycation and CNF polyanion was then triggered by desalting the CHI/CNF aqueous mixture by multistep dialysis, in large excess of chitosan. Further gelation of non-complexed CHI was performed by alkaline neutralization of the polymer, yielding high reinforcement effects as probed by the viscoelastic properties of the final hydrogel. The results showed that polyelectrolyte association by desalting can be achieved with a polyanionic nanoparticle partner. Beyond obtaining hydrogel with improved mechanical performance, these composite hydrogels may serve as precursor for dried solid forms with high mechanical properties.
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49

Graf, Dennis, Sven Burchard, Julian Crespo, Christof Megnin, Sebastian Gutsch, Margit Zacharias, and Thomas Hanemann. "Influence of Al2O3 Nanoparticle Addition on a UV Cured Polyacrylate for 3D Inkjet Printing." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040633.

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The brittleness of acrylic photopolymers, frequently used in 3D Inkjet printing, limits their utilization in structural applications. In this study, a process was developed for the production and characterization of an alumina-enhanced nanocomposite with improved mechanical properties for Inkjet printing. Ceramic nanoparticles with an average primary particle size (APPS) of 16 nm and 31 nm, which was assessed via high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), were functionalized with 3.43 and 5.59 mg/m² 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), respectively, while being ground in a ball mill. The suspensions of the modified fillers in a newly formulated acrylic mixture showed viscosities of 14 and 7 mPa∙s at the printing temperature of 60 °C. Ink-jetting tests were conducted successfully without clogging the printing nozzles. Tensile tests of casted specimens showed an improvement of the tensile strength and elongation at break in composites filled with 31 nm by 10.7% and 74.9%, respectively, relative to the unfilled polymer.
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50

Tokuyama, Hideaki, and Ryosuke Hamaguchi. "TiO2 Nanoparticle-Loaded Poly(NIPA-co-NMA) Fiber Web for the Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Isopropylphenol." Gels 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8020137.

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A TiO2 nanoparticle-loaded polymer fiber web was developed as a functional material with the ability to adsorb and photo-catalytically degrade organic pollutants in aquatic media. A linear copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (primary component) and N-methylol acrylamide (poly(NIPA-co-NMA)) was prepared, and composite fibers were fabricated by electrospinning a methanol suspension containing the copolymer and commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles. The crosslinking of the polymer via the formation of methylene bridges between NMA units was accomplished by heating, and the fiber morphology was analyzed by electron microscopy. 4-Isopropylphenol generated by the degradation of bisphenol A—one of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals—was used as the model organic pollutant. As poly(NIPA) is a thermosensitive polymer that undergoes hydrophilic/hydrophobic transition in water, the temperature-dependence of the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of 4-isopropylphenol was investigated. The degradation rate was analyzed using a pseudo-first-order kinetic model to obtain the apparent reaction rate constant, kapp. The enhancement of the photocatalytic degradation rate owing to the adsorption of 4-isopropylphenol onto thermosensitive poly(NIPA)-based fibers is discussed in terms of the ratio of the kapp of the composite fiber to that of unsupported TiO2 nanoparticles. Based on the results, an eco-friendly wastewater treatment process involving periodically alternated adsorption and photocatalytic degradation is proposed.
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