Academic literature on the topic 'Nanoparticle-Based Advanced Bioimaging'

In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field of nanoparticles and their use in tissue regeneration approaches. Owing to their unique chemical properties and flexibility in design, nanoparticles can be used as drug delivery systems, to create novel features within materials or as bioimaging agents, or indeed these properties can be combined to create smart multifunctional structures. This review aims to provide an overview of this research field where the focus will be on nanoparticle-based strategies to stimulate bone regeneration; however, the same principles can be applied for other tissue and organ regeneration strategies. In the first section, nanoparticle-based methods for the delivery of drugs, growth factors and genetic material to promote tissue regeneration are discussed. The second section deals with the addition of nanoparticles to materials to create nanocomposites. Such materials can improve several material properties, including mechanical stability, biocompatibility and biological activity. The third section will deal with the emergence of a relatively new field of research using nanoparticles in advanced cell imaging and stem cell tracking approaches. As the development of nanoparticles continues, incorporation of this technology in the field of regenerative medicine will ultimately lead to new tools that can diagnose, track and stimulate the growth of new tissues and organs.

AbstractThe successful development of nanomaterials illustrates the considerable interest in the development of new molecular probes for medical diagnosis and imaging. Substantial progress was made in the synthesis protocol and characterization of these materials, whereas toxicological issues are sometimes incomplete. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents (CAs) tend to become efficient tools for enhancing medical diagnostics and surgery for a wide range of imaging modalities. The multimodal nanoparticles (NPs) are much more efficient than the conventional molecular-scale CAs. They provide new abilities for in vivo detection and enhanced targeting efficiencies through longer circulation times, designed clearance pathways, and multiple binding capacities. Properly protected, they can safely be used for the fabrication of various functional systems with targeting properties, reduced toxicity, and proper removal from the body. This review mainly describes the advances in the development of mono- to multimodal NPs and their in vitro and in vivo relevant biomedical applications ranging from imaging and tracking to cancer treatment. Besides the specific applications for classical imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, ultrasound, and photoacoustic imaging), the less common imaging techniques such as terahertz molecular imaging (THMI) or ion beam analysis (IBA) are mentioned. The perspectives on the multimodal theranostic NPs and their potential for clinical advances are also mentioned.

AbstractNanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™ 815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment. Graphical abstract Pipeline for the pre-clinical assessment of NBMs in liver spheroid model

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field of study that bridges chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. The utilization of the nanotechnological approach for the development of theranostic nanocarrier system is capable of being loaded as drug therapy/delivery and diagnostic vehicles/means. A very recent term, theranostic nanomedicine, has gained much attention as a favorable model for various types of progressive disease. Theranostic nanocarriers' strategy utilizes the diagnostic excellence mediated treatment of such illnesses that required individual therapy, such as in cancer. These can impart an essential role in improving public health regarding high-stress lifestyle-related challenges in diabetes, asthma, cancer, hypertension, and many infectious diseases, as the diagnosis of these circumstances and the treatment strategy, are also possible with biomedical applications of these nanomaterials. It includes benefits from both worlds: highly powerful nanocarriers to drug delivery and diagnosis spawned the concept, enabling the emergence of personalized medicine. This chapter discusses the state of various nanocarriers' art in the form of NPs and nanodevices applications in medical diagnosis and disease treatments. It presents key insights and current advancements into the intriguing biomedical applications of NPs, including bioimaging of biological surroundings and their significance as a critical early detection tool for various diseases. It also describes their types and limitations concerning conventional means. The topic has attracted significant attention and interest as diagnostic and treating nanocarriers' can target various illnesses faced by the healthcare providers suggested by several researchers over the past decade. Additionally, with recent advances in nanoscience and nanoscale materials, the creation of different diagnostic or therapeutic devices is also discussed briefly. Along with nanocarrier systems' therapeutic and diagnostic aims, physicochemical advantages even considerable potential to be studied concerning health system, which is useful for protecting active drug molecules from degradation, targeted and site-specific drug deliveries are also discussed. Despite the numerous technological, scientific, regulatory, and legal hurdles that nanomedicine faces, researchers are driven to develop new medications and nanomedicine devices. As a result, the development of nanoparticle-based drug delivery and diagnostic devices could help improve patient comfort and convenience while also lowering treatment costs.