Journal articles: 'Nanomedicine – Research'

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Qiao, Huiting, Libin Wang, Jintao Han, Yingmao Chen, Daifa Wang, and Deyu Li. "The Mutual Beneficial Effect between Medical Imaging and Nanomedicine." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/764095.

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The reports on medical imaging and nanomedicine are getting more and more prevalent. Many nanoparticles entering into the body act as contrast agents, or probes in medical imaging, which are parts of nanomedicines. The application extent and the quality of imaging have been improved by nanotechnique. On one hand, nanomedicines advance the sensitivity and specificity of molecular imaging. On the other hand, the biodistribution of nanomedicine can also be studiedin vivoby medical imaging, which is necessary in the toxicological research. The toxicity of nanomedicine is a concern which may slow down the application of nanomedical. The quantitative description of the kinetic process is significant. Based on metabolic study on radioactivity tracer, a scheme of pharmacokinetic research of nanomedicine is proposed. In this review, we will discuss the potential advantage of medical imaging in toxicology of nanomedicine, as well as the advancement of medical imaging prompted by nanomedicine.

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Munir, Muhammad Usman. "Nanomedicine Penetration to Tumor: Challenges, and Advanced Strategies to Tackle This Issue." Cancers 14, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14122904.

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Nanomedicine has been under investigation for several years to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics, having minimal pharmacological effects clinically. Ineffective tumor penetration is mediated by tumor environments, including limited vascular system, rising cancer cells, higher interstitial pressure, and extra-cellular matrix, among other things. Thus far, numerous methods to increase nanomedicine access to tumors have been described, including the manipulation of tumor micro-environments and the improvement of nanomedicine characteristics; however, such outdated approaches still have shortcomings. Multi-functional convertible nanocarriers have recently been developed as an innovative nanomedicine generation with excellent tumor infiltration abilities, such as tumor-penetrating peptide-mediated transcellular transport. The developments and limitations of nanomedicines, as well as expectations for better outcomes of tumor penetration, are discussed in this review.

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Wang, Ruibing, Paul S. Billone, and Wayne M. Mullett. "Nanomedicine in Action: An Overview of Cancer Nanomedicine on the Market and in Clinical Trials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/629681.

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Nanomedicine, defined as the application of nanotechnology in the medical field, has the potential to significantly change the course of diagnostics and treatment of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. In comparison with traditional cancer diagnostics and therapy, cancer nanomedicine provides sensitive cancer detection and/or enhances treatment efficacy with significantly minimized adverse effects associated with standard therapeutics. Cancer nanomedicine has been increasingly applied in areas including nanodrug delivery systems, nanopharmaceuticals, and nanoanalytical contrast reagents in laboratory and animal model research. In recent years, the successful introduction of several novel nanomedicine products into clinical trials and even onto the commercial market has shown successful outcomes of fundamental research into clinics. This paper is intended to examine several nanomedicines for cancer therapeutics and/or diagnostics-related applications, to analyze the trend of nanomedicine development, future opportunities, and challenges of this fast-growing area.

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Susa, Francesca, Tania Limongi, Bianca Dumontel, Veronica Vighetto, and Valentina Cauda. "Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as a Reliable Tool in Cancer Nanomedicine." Cancers 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11121979.

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Fast diagnosis and more efficient therapies for cancer surely represent one of the huge tasks for the worldwide researchers’ and clinicians’ community. In the last two decades, our understanding of the biology and molecular pathology of cancer mechanisms, coupled with the continuous development of the material science and technological compounds, have successfully improved nanomedicine applications in oncology. This review argues on nanomedicine application of engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) in oncology. All the most innovative processes of EVs engineering are discussed together with the related degree of applicability for each one of them in cancer nanomedicines.

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Bai, Xue, Zara L. Smith, Yuheng Wang, Sam Butterworth, and Annalisa Tirella. "Sustained Drug Release from Smart Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101623.

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Although nanomedicine has been highly investigated for cancer treatment over the past decades, only a few nanomedicines are currently approved and in the market; making this field poorly represented in clinical applications. Key research gaps that require optimization to successfully translate the use of nanomedicines have been identified, but not addressed; among these, the lack of control of the release pattern of therapeutics is the most important. To solve these issues with currently used nanomedicines (e.g., burst release, systemic release), different strategies for the design and manufacturing of nanomedicines allowing for better control over the therapeutic release, are currently being investigated. The inclusion of stimuli-responsive properties and prolonged drug release have been identified as effective approaches to include in nanomedicine, and are discussed in this paper. Recently, smart sustained release nanoparticles have been successfully designed to safely and efficiently deliver therapeutics with different kinetic profiles, making them promising for many drug delivery applications and in specific for cancer treatment. In this review, the state-of-the-art of smart sustained release nanoparticles is discussed, focusing on the design strategies and performances of polymeric nanotechnologies. A complete list of nanomedicines currently tested in clinical trials and approved nanomedicines for cancer treatment is presented, critically discussing advantages and limitations with respect to the newly developed nanotechnologies and manufacturing methods. By the presented discussion and the highlight of nanomedicine design criteria and current limitations, this review paper could be of high interest to identify key features for the design of release-controlled nanomedicine for cancer treatment.

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Tanaka, Hiroyoshi, Takuya Nakazawa, Atsushi Enomoto, Atsushi Masamune, and Mitsunobu Kano. "Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Fibrotic Barriers to Nanomedicine in the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment." Cancers 15, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15030724.

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Pancreatic cancer is notorious for its dismal prognosis. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect theory posits that nanomedicines (therapeutics in the size range of approximately 10–200 nm) selectively accumulate in tumors. Nanomedicine has thus been suggested to be the “magic bullet”—both effective and safe—to treat pancreatic cancer. However, the densely fibrotic tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer impedes nanomedicine delivery. The EPR effect is thus insufficient to achieve a significant therapeutic effect. Intratumoral fibrosis is chiefly driven by aberrantly activated fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix (ECM) components secreted. Fibroblast and ECM abnormalities offer various potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we detail the diverse strategies being tested to overcome the fibrotic barriers to nanomedicine in pancreatic cancer. Strategies that target the fibrotic tissue/process are discussed first, which are followed by strategies to optimize nanomedicine design. We provide an overview of how a deeper understanding, increasingly at single-cell resolution, of fibroblast biology is revealing the complex role of the fibrotic stroma in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and consider the therapeutic implications. Finally, we discuss critical gaps in our understanding and how we might better formulate strategies to successfully overcome the fibrotic barriers in pancreatic cancer.

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Foldvari, Marianna. "Nanomedicine research in Canada." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.088.

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Zhao, Xiaojun. "Nanomedicine Research in China." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.090.

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Hunziker, Patrick. "Nanomedicine Research in Switzerland." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.097.

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Eaton, Mike. "Nanomedicine: Industry-wise research." Nature Materials 6, no. 4 (April 2007): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1879.

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Ramachandran, Gurumurthy, John Howard, Andrew Maynard, and Martin Philbert. "Handling Worker and Third-Party Exposures to Nanotherapeutics During Clinical Trials." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00714.x.

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Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field in the academic as well as commercial arena. While some had predicted nanomedicine sales to reach $20.1 billion in 2011, the actual growth was much more rapid, with the global nanomedicine market being valued at $53 billion in 2009, and forecast to increase at an annual growth rate of 13.5% to reach more than $100 billion in 2014. In 2006, more than 130 nanotechnology-based drugs and delivery systems had entered preclinical, clinical, or commercial development. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reviewed 18 marketing authorization applications for nanomedicines in 2010. In 2011, 22 drugs that had been approved by the FDA, and 87 Phase I and Phase II clinical trials were listed in the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) data base, www.clinicaltrials.gov. Although the fastest growing areas of nanomedicine are applications in medical imaging and diagnosis using contrast-enhancing agents, most nanomedicine research and commercialization is in the area of cancer drug therapy, including nano gold shells.

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Zhao, Bin, Sa Chen, Ye Hong, Liangliang Jia, Ying Zhou, Xinyu He, Ying Wang, Zhongmin Tian, Zhe Yang, and Di Gao. "Research Progress of Conjugated Nanomedicine for Cancer Treatment." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071522.

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The conventional cancer therapeutic modalities include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although immunotherapy and targeted therapy are also widely used in cancer treatment, chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of tumor treatment. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomedicine is believed to be an emerging field to further improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Until now, there are more than 17 kinds of nanomedicine for cancer therapy approved globally. Thereinto, conjugated nanomedicine, as an important type of nanomedicine, can not only possess the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics with great precision but also achieve controlled drug release to avoid adverse effects. Meanwhile, conjugated nanomedicine provides the platform for combining several different therapeutic approaches (chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, thermodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, etc.) with the purpose of achieving synergistic effects during cancer treatment. Therefore, this review focuses on conjugated nanomedicine and its various applications in synergistic chemotherapy. Additionally, the further perspectives and challenges of the conjugated nanomedicine are also addressed, which clarifies the design direction of a new generation of conjugated nanomedicine and facilitates the translation of them from the bench to the bedside.

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Hoskins, Clare. "Cancer Nanomedicine." Cancers 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082127.

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This Special Issue on Cancer Nanomedicine within Cancers brings together 46 cutting-edge papers covering research within the field along with insightful reviews and opinions reflecting our community [...]

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Lammers, Twan, Larissa Y. Rizzo, Gert Storm, and Fabian Kiessling. "Personalized Nanomedicine." Clinical Cancer Research 18, no. 18 (July 24, 2012): 4889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1414.

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Afzal, Obaid, Abdulmalik S. A. Altamimi, Muhammad Shahid Nadeem, Sami I. Alzarea, Waleed Hassan Almalki, Aqsa Tariq, Bismillah Mubeen, et al. "Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery: From History to Therapeutic Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 4494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244494.

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Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system.

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Ahmad, Javed, Ameeduzzafar, Mohammad Z. Ahmad, and Habban Akhter. "Surface-Engineered Cancer Nanomedicine: Rational Design and Recent Progress." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 11 (April 24, 2020): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200214110645.

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: Cancer is highly heterogeneous in nature and characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cells’ growth. It is responsible for the second leading cause of death in the world. Nanotechnology is explored profoundly for sitespecific delivery of cancer chemotherapeutics as well as overcome multidrug-resistance (MDR) challenges in cancer. The progress in the design of various smart biocompatible materials (such as polymers, lipids and inorganic materials) has now revolutionized the area of cancer research for the rational design of nanomedicine by surface engineering with targeting ligands. The small tunable size and surface properties of nanomedicines provide the opportunity of multiple payloads and multivalent-ligand targeting to achieve drug efficacy even in MDR cancer. Furthermore, efforts are being carried out for the development of novel nano-pharmaceutical design, focusing on the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents simultaneously which is called theranostics to assess the progress of therapy in cancer. This review aimed to discuss the physicochemical manipulation of cancer nanomedicine for rational design and recent progress in the area of surface engineering of nanomedicines to improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics in MDR cancer as well. Moreover, the problem of toxicity of the advanced functional materials that are used in nanomedicines and are exploited to achieve drug targeting in cancer is also addressed.

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Salvati, Anna, and Klaas Poelstra. "Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine: Lessons Learned from Liver Targeting and Opportunities for Drug Innovation." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010217.

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Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the recent examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs. In this review, we compare properties and advantages of smaller targeted drug constructs on the one hand, and larger nanomedicines carrying higher drug payload on the other hand. With examples from ongoing research in our Department and experiences from drug delivery to liver fibrosis, we illustrate opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine and current challenges that the field needs to address in order to further improve their success.

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SM, Afonin. "Multilayer piezo engine for nanomedicine research." MOJ Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 4, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojabb.2020.04.00128.

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Hogle, Linda F. "Concepts of Risk in Nanomedicine Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 809–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00709.x.

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Risk is the most often cited reason for ethical concern about any medical science or technology, particularly those new technologies that are not yet well understood, or create unfamiliar conditions. In fact, while risk and risk-benefit analyses are but one aspect of ethical oversight, ethical review and risk assessment are sometimes taken to mean the same thing. This is not surprising, since both the Common Rule and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) foreground procedures for minimizing risk for human subjects and require local IRBs to engage in some sort of risk-benefit analysis in decisions to approve or deny proposed research. Existing ethical review and oversight practices are based on the presumption that risk can be clearly identified within the planned activities of the protocol, that metrics can reasonably accurately predict potential hazards, and that mitigation measures can be taken to deal with unintended, harmful, or catastrophic events.

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Pujals, Silvia, and Lorenzo Albertazzi. "Super-resolution Microscopy for Nanomedicine Research." ACS Nano 13, no. 9 (August 19, 2019): 9707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05289.

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Jain, N. K. "Status of nanomedicine research in India." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.092.

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Maojo, V., S. Chiesa, F. Martin-Sanchez, J. Kern, G. Potamias, J. Crespo, M. Garcia-Remesal, et al. "International Efforts in Nanoinformatics Research Applied to Nanomedicine." Methods of Information in Medicine 50, no. 01 (2011): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3414/me10-02-0012.

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Summary Background: Nanomedicine and nanoinformatics are novel disciplines facing substantial challenges. Since nanomedicine involves complex and massive data analysis and management, a new discipline named nanoinformatics is now emerging to provide the vision and the informatics methods and tools needed forsuch purposes. Methods from biomedical informatics may prove applicable with some adaptation despite nanomedicine involving different biophysical and biochemical characteristics of nanomaterials and corresponding differences in information complexity. Objectives: We analyze recent initiatives and opportunities for research in nanomedicine and nanoinformatics as well as the previous experience of the authors, particularly in the context of a European project named ACTION-Grid. In this project the authors aimed to create a collaborative environment in biomedical and nanomedical research among countries in Europe, Western Balkans, Latin America, North Africa and the USA. Methods: We review and analyze the rationale and scientific issues behind the new fields of nanomedicine and nanoinformatics. Such a review is linked to actual research projects and achievements of the authors within their groups. Results: The work of the authors at the intersection between these two areas is presented. We also analyze several research initiatives that have recently emerged in the EU and USA context and highlight some ideas for future action at the international level. Conclusions: Nanoinformatics aims to build new bridges between medicine, nanotechnology and informatics, allowing the application of computational methods in the nano-related areas. Opportunities for world-wide collaboration are already emerging and will be influential in advancing the field.

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Allon, Irit, Nava Levine, and Ignacio Baanante. "Building the European Nanomedicine Research and Innovation Area: 10 years funding innovative research projects." Precision Nanomedicine 2, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33218/prnano2(2).190404.1.

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EuroNanoMed (ENM) is an ERA-NET for nanomedicine. ERA.NET is an EU funded network which had been established to support and increase the coordination of European research programmes and related funding. It is a platform for funding agencies and ministries to develop joint activities and programmes with the aim of coordinating high-quality research in diverse research fields, in this case nanomedicine, across national borders. It has been 10 years since the establishment of EuroNanoMed presently in its third phase. For those 10 years, Research and Innovation funding organizations in Europe and beyond have been joining forces to fund excellent innovative research projects in the main 3 topics defined by the European Technology Platform on Nanomedicine: targeted drug delivery, diagnostics and regenerative medicine. Ten joint transnational calls have been launched (the 10th call is ongoing). So far, 90 transnational projects have been funded, including 460 research groups from over 20 countries. In the Joint Transnational Call 2017—co-funded by national and regional funding organizations and the European Commission—16 projects were funded with a total investment of 14 million euros, including 3.3 million euros from the European Commission. In addition to EuroNanoMed's main activity of funding transnational innovative research projects, it collaborates with sister initiatives in nanomedicine and translational research. ENM has organised review seminars as well as safety, ethics and regulatory affairs training workshops. The purpose of this article is to summarise the activities of EuroNanoMed over the last 10 years.

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Ortíz, Raúl, Francisco Quiñonero, Beatriz García-Pinel, Marco Fuel, Cristina Mesas, Laura Cabeza, Consolación Melguizo, and Jose Prados. "Nanomedicine to Overcome Multidrug Resistance Mechanisms in Colon and Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Progress." Cancers 13, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092058.

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The development of drug resistance is one of the main causes of cancer treatment failure. This phenomenon occurs very frequently in different types of cancer, including colon and pancreatic cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, nanomedicine has improved the delivery and efficacy of drugs, and has decreased their side effects. In addition, it has allowed to design drugs capable of avoiding certain resistance mechanisms of tumors. In this article, we review the main resistance mechanisms in colon and pancreatic cancers, along with the most relevant strategies offered by nanodrugs to overcome this obstacle. These strategies include the inhibition of efflux pumps, the use of specific targets, the development of nanomedicines affecting the environment of cancer-specific tissues, the modulation of DNA repair mechanisms or RNA (miRNA), and specific approaches to damage cancer stem cells, among others. This review aims to illustrate how advanced nanoformulations, including polymeric conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic and carbon-based nanoparticles, are allowing to overcome one of the main limitations in the treatment of colon and pancreatic cancers. The future development of nanomedicine opens new horizons for cancer treatment.

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Kaur, Tranum, Nafiseh Nafissi, Olla Wasfi, Katlyn Sheldon, Shawn Wettig, and Roderick Slavcev. "Immunocompatibility of Bacteriophages as Nanomedicines." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/247427.

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Bacteriophage-based medical research provides the opportunity to develop targeted nanomedicines with heightened efficiency and safety profiles. Filamentous phages also can and have been formulated as targeted drug-delivery nanomedicines, and phage may also serve as promising alternatives/complements to antibiotics. Over the past decade the use of phage for both the prophylaxis and the treatment of bacterial infection, has gained special significance in view of a dramatic rise in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance bacterial strains. Two potential medical applications of phages are the treatment of bacterial infections and their use as immunizing agents in diagnosis and monitoring patients with immunodeficiencies. Recently, phages have been employed as gene-delivery vectors (phage nanomedicine), for nearly half a century as tools in genetic research, for about two decades as tools for the discovery of specific target-binding proteins and peptides, and for almost a decade as tools for vaccine development. As phage applications to human therapeutic development grow at an exponential rate, it will become essential to evaluate host immune responses to initial and repetitive challenges by therapeutic phage in order to develop phage therapies that offer suitable utility. This paper examines and discusses phage nanomedicine applications and the immunomodulatory effects of bacteriophage exposure and treatment modalities.

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Bhatia, Pooja, Suhas Vasaikar, and Anil Wali. "A landscape of nanomedicine innovations in India." Nanotechnology Reviews 7, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2017-0196.

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AbstractNanomedicine is one of the emerging technologies and a branch of nanotechnology finding applications in healthcare. Many countries, including India, are pursuing active research programs in nanomedicine to explore novel healthcare solutions to address specific healthcare needs of the society. At present, the government of India, through its various agencies, is funding nanomedicine research in India. It is anticipated that in the next 5 years or so, several nanomedicine-based products shall reach the market. Thereby, it becomes pertinent to evaluate the extent of India’s involvement in activities related to innovation in nanomedicine. However, a comprehensive landscape of nanomedicine innovation in India is currently lacking. This paper attempts to profile the status of research and innovation in the field of nanomedicine in India. The current study evaluates the innovation on the basis of five indicators: financial ecosystem, technology source, research translation, bibliographic data (patents and publications), and regulation. Public-private partnerships and international collaborations are also discussed in the paper. The landscape elucidates current status of nanomedicine in India and may be relevant for policy-related matters.

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Ravindran, Selvan, Amlesh J. Tambe, Jitendra K. Suthar, Digamber S. Chahar, Joyleen M. Fernandes, and Vedika Desai. "Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 7 (August 7, 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666190614150708.

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Background: Nanomedicine is increasingly used to treat various ailments. Biocompatibility of nanomedicine is primarily governed by its properties such as bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics. One of the major advantages of nanomedicine is enhanced bioavailability of drugs. Biotransformation of nanomedicine is important to understand the pharmacological effects of nanomedicine. Biokinetics includes both pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of nanomedicine. Physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials have extensive influence on bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine. Method: We carried out a structured peer-reviewed research literature survey and analysis using bibliographic databases. Results: Eighty papers were included in the review. Papers dealing with bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine are found and reviewed. Bioavailability and biotransformation along with biokinetics are three major factors that determine the biological fate of nanomedicine. Extensive research work has been done for drugs of micron size but studies on nanomedicine are scarce. Therefore, more emphasis in this review is given on the bioavailability and biotransformation of nanomedicine along with biokinetics. Conclusion: Bioavailability results based on various nanomedicine are summarized in the present work. Biotransformation of nanodrugs as well as nanoformulations is also the focus of this article. Both in vitro and in vivo biotransformation studies on nanodrugs and its excipients are necessary to know the effect of metabolites formed. Biokinetics of nanomedicine is captured in details that are complimentary to bioavailability and biotransformation. Nanomedicine has the potential to be developed as a personalized medicine once its physicochemical properties and its effect on biological system are well understood.

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Lou, Jenny W., Lauren Philp, Wenxiu Hou, Connor D. Walsh, Jianqiao Liu, Danielle M. Charron, and Gang Zheng. "Highlights from the latest in nanomedicine research." Nanomedicine 13, no. 9 (May 2018): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2018-0043.

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Wang, Sophie L., Upendra Chitgupi, and Jonathan F. Lovell. "Highlights from the latest research in nanomedicine." Nanomedicine 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm.14.208.

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Xu, Xiao-Xue, Si-Yi Chen, Ning-Bo Yi, Xin Li, Si-Lin Chen, Zhixin Lei, Dong-Bing Cheng, and Taolei Sun. "Research progress on tumor hypoxia-associative nanomedicine." Journal of Controlled Release 350 (October 2022): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.003.

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Yaminsky, Igor. "Outlook into the nanomedicine research in Russia." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 2006): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.095.

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Al-Jamal, Khuloud T., and Kostas Kostarelos. "European nanomedicine research, training and regulation consolidates." Nanomedicine 1, no. 4 (December 2006): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.1.4.491.

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Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi. "Nanomedicine: Insights from a Bibliometrics-Based Analysis of Emerging Publishing and Research Trends." Medicina 55, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55120785.

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Background and Objectives: Nanomedicine, a term coined by the American engineer Eric Drexler (1955) and Robert Freitas Jr. (1952) in the nineties, can be defined as a complex, multi-disciplinary branch of medicine, in which nano-technologies, molecular biotechnologies, and other nano-sciences are applied at every step of disease management, from diagnosis (nano-diagnostics) to treatment (nano-therapeutics), prognosis, and monitoring of biological parameters and biomarkers. Nanomedicine is a relatively young discipline, which is increasingly and exponentially growing, characterized by emerging ethical issues and implications. Nanomedicine has branched out in hundreds of different sub-fields. Materials and Methods: A bibliometrics-based analysis was applied mining the entire content of PubMed/MEDLINE, using “nanomedicine” as a Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search term. Results: A sample of 6696 articles were extracted from PubMed/MEDLINE and analyzed. Articles had been published in the period from 2003 to 2019, showing an increasing trend throughout the time. Six thematic clusters emerged (first cluster: molecular methods; second cluster: molecular biology and nano-characterization; third cluster: nano-diagnostics and nano-theranostics; fourth cluster: clinical applications, in the sub-fields of nano-oncology, nano-immunology and nano-vaccinology; fifth cluster: clinical applications, in the sub-fields of nano-oncology and nano-infectiology; and sixth cluster: nanodrugs). The countries with the highest percentages of articles in the field of nanomedicine were the North America (38.3%) and Europe (35.1%). Conclusions: The present study showed that there is an increasing trend in publishing and performing research in the super-specialty of nanomedicine. Most productive countries were the USA and European countries, with China as an emerging region. Hot topics in the last years were nano-diagnostics and nano-theranostics and clinical applications in the sub-fields of nano-oncology and nano-infectiology.

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Ottonelli, Ilaria, Riccardo Caraffi, Giovanni Tosi, Maria Angela Vandelli, Jason Thomas Duskey, and Barbara Ruozi. "Tunneling Nanotubes: A New Target for Nanomedicine?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042237.

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Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), discovered in 2004, are thin, long protrusions between cells utilized for intercellular transfer and communication. These newly discovered structures have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in homeostasis, but also in the spreading of diseases, infections, and metastases. Gaining much interest in the medical research field, TNTs have been shown to transport nanomedicines (NMeds) between cells. NMeds have been studied thanks to their advantageous features in terms of reduced toxicity of drugs, enhanced solubility, protection of the payload, prolonged release, and more interestingly, cell-targeted delivery. Nevertheless, their transfer between cells via TNTs makes their true fate unknown. If better understood, TNTs could help control NMed delivery. In fact, TNTs can represent the possibility both to improve the biodistribution of NMeds throughout a diseased tissue by increasing their formation, or to minimize their formation to block the transfer of dangerous material. To date, few studies have investigated the interaction between NMeds and TNTs. In this work, we will explain what TNTs are and how they form and then review what has been published regarding their potential use in nanomedicine research. We will highlight possible future approaches to better exploit TNT intercellular communication in the field of nanomedicine.

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King, Nancy M. P. "Nanomedicine First-in-Human Research: Challenges for Informed Consent." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00710.x.

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First-in-human (FIH) research has several characteristics that require special attention with respect to ethics and human subjects protections. At least some nanomedical technologies may also have characteristics that merit special attention in clinical research, as other papers in this symposium show. This paper considers how to address these characteristics in the consent form and process for FIH nanomedicine research, focusing principally on experimental nanotherapeutic interventions but also considering nanodiagnostic interventions.It is essential, as a starting point, to recognize that the consent form and process are by no means the primary protectors of human subjects (although they are sometimes so regarded). Instead, consideration of the form and content of informed consent becomes relevant only after a clinical trial has been reviewed and deemed scientifically and ethically acceptable.Two convergent types of challenges to informed consent are posed by nanomedicine FIH research. First, some issues appear generally applicable to FIH research, but have specific nanomedicine implications.

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Zeng, Zihua, Ching-Hsuan Tung, and Youli Zu. "Aptamer-Equipped Protamine Nanomedicine for Precision Lymphoma Therapy." Cancers 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12040780.

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Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is the most common T-cell lymphoma in children. ALCL cells characteristically express surface CD30 molecules and carry the pathogenic ALK oncogene, both of which are diagnostic biomarkers and are also potential therapeutic targets. For precision therapy, we report herein a protamine nanomedicine incorporated with oligonucleotide aptamers to selectively target lymphoma cells, a dsDNA/drug payload to efficiently kill targeted cells, and an siRNA to specifically silence ALK oncogenes. The aptamer-equipped protamine nanomedicine was simply fabricated through a non-covalent charge-force reaction. The products had uniform structure morphology under an electron microscope and a peak diameter of 103 nm by dynamic light scattering measurement. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that under CD30 aptamer guidance, the protamine nanomedicine specifically bound to lymphoma cells, but did not react to off-target cells in control experiments. Moreover, specific cell targeting and intracellular delivery of the nanomedicine were also validated by electron and confocal microscopy. Finally, functional studies demonstrated that, through combined cell-selective chemotherapy using a drug payload and oncogene-specific gene therapy using an siRNA, the protamine nanomedicine effectively killed lymphoma cells with little toxicity to off-target cells, indicating its potential for precision therapy.

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Fatehi, Leili, Susan M. Wolf, Jeffrey McCullough, Ralph Hall, Frances Lawrenz, Jeffrey P. Kahn, Cortney Jones, et al. "Recommendations for Nanomedicine Human Subjects Research Oversight: An Evolutionary Approach for an Emerging Field." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 716–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00703.x.

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Nanomedicine is yielding new and improved treatments and diagnostics for a range of diseases and disorders. Nanomedicine applications incorporate materials and components with nanoscale dimensions (often defined as 1-100 nm, but sometimes defined to include dimensions up to 1000 nm, as discussed further below) where novel physiochemical properties emerge as a result of size-dependent phenomena and high surface-to-mass ratio. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics are a subset of nanomedicine products that enter the human body. These include drugs, biological products (biologics), implantable medical devices, and combination products that are designed to function in the body in ways unachievable at larger scales. Nanotherapeutics and in vivo nanodiagnostics incorporate materials that are engineered at the nanoscale to express novel properties that are medicinally useful. These nanomedicine applications can also contain nanomaterials that are biologically active, producing interactions that depend on biological triggers. Examples include nanoscale formulations of insoluble drugs to improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, drugs encapsulated in hollow nanoparticles with the ability to target and cross cellular and tissue membranes (including the bloodbrain barrier) and to release their payload at a specific time or location, imaging agents that demonstrate novel optical properties to aid in locating micrometastases, and antimicrobial and drug-eluting components or coatings of implantable medical devices such as stents.

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Milligan, Joshua J., and Soumen Saha. "A Nanoparticle’s Journey to the Tumor: Strategies to Overcome First-Pass Metabolism and Their Limitations." Cancers 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14071741.

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Nanomedicines represent the cutting edge of today’s cancer therapeutics. Seminal research decades ago has begun to pay dividends in the clinic, allowing for the delivery of cancer drugs with enhanced systemic circulation while also minimizing off-target toxicity. Despite the advantages of delivering cancer drugs using nanoparticles, micelles, or other nanostructures, only a small fraction of the injected dose reaches the tumor, creating a narrow therapeutic window for an otherwise potent drug. First-pass metabolism of nanoparticles by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) has been identified as a major culprit for the depletion of nanoparticles in circulation before they reach the tumor site. To overcome this, new strategies, materials, and functionalization with stealth polymers have been developed to improve nanoparticle circulation and uptake at the tumor site. This review summarizes the strategies undertaken to evade RES uptake of nanomedicines and improve the passive and active targeting of nanoparticle drugs to solid tumors. We also outline the limitations of current strategies and the future directions we believe will be explored to yield significant benefits to patients and make nanomedicine a promising treatment modality for cancer.

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Zafar, Hajra, Faisal Raza, Siyu Ma, Yawen Wei, Jun Zhang, and Qi Shen. "Recent progress on nanomedicine-induced ferroptosis for cancer therapy." Biomaterials Science 9, no. 15 (2021): 5092–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1bm00721a.

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Seigneuric, R., L. Markey, D. S.A. Nuyten, C. Dubernet, C. T.A. Evelo, E. Finot, and C. Garrido. "From Nanotechnology to Nanomedicine: Applications to Cancer Research." Current Molecular Medicine 10, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652410792630634.

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M. Rane, Yogesh, and Eliana B. Souto. "Perspectives in Nanomedicine-Based Research Towards Cancer Therapies." Current Nanoscience 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341311794653640.

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Gupta, Anuradha, Anas Ahmad, Aqib Iqbal Dar, and Rehan Khan. "Synthetic Lethality: From Research to Precision Cancer Nanomedicine." Current Cancer Drug Targets 18, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009617666170630141931.

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Cancer is an evolutionary disease with multiple genetic alterations, accumulated due to chromosomal instability and/or aneuploidy and it sometimes acquires drug-resistant phenotype also. Whole genome sequencing and mutational analysis helped in understanding the differences among persons for predisposition of a disease and its treatment non-responsiveness. Thus, molecular targeted therapies came into existence. Among them, the concept of synthetic lethality have enthralled great attention as it is a pragmatic approach towards exploiting cancer cell specific mutations to specifically kill cancer cells without affecting normal cells and thus enhancing anti-cancer drug therapeutic index. Thus, this approach helped in discovering new therapeutic molecules for development of precision medicine. Nanotechnology helped in delivering these molecules to the target site in an effective concentration thus reducing off target effects of drugs, dose and dosage frequency drugs. Researchers have tried to deliver siRNA targeting synthetic lethal partner for target cancer cell killing by incorporating it in nanoparticles and it has shown efficacy by preventing tumor progression. This review summarizes the brief introduction of synthetic lethality, and synthetic lethal gene interactions, with a major focus on its therapeutic anticancer potential with the application of nanotechnology for development of personalized medicine.

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Khushf, George. "Upstream ethics in nanomedicine: a call for research." Nanomedicine 2, no. 4 (August 2007): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.2.4.511.

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Izaac El, Hendry. "Multitasking Herbal Nanomedicine." Nanoscale Reports 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/nr1914.

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A frontier review from creative research works on nanotechnology and nanomedicine is presented in a systematic explanation. Based on multitasking healing system of herbal medicine identified in the beginning using a simple theoretical physics works, and the natural product of herbal medicine, the step by step guidance to develop important herbal nanomedicine is then enlightened. Such important herbal medicines with their unique and multitasking healing system were studied by implementing five point behavior parameters: (1). Optical property (OP), (2). Electronics and magnetics character (EMC), (3). Mechanical behavior (MB), (4). Chemical possessions (CP), and (5). Quantum movables (QM). Finally, the detail of output herbal nanomedicine is briefly elucidated. Our findings show that herbal nanomedicine are very promising for multitasking healing system which is absolutely different from normal synthetic drug which heals one target with one medicine.

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Wang, Yi-Feng, Lu Liu, Xue Xue, and Xing-Jie Liang. "Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: What can they really do in vivo?" F1000Research 6 (May 16, 2017): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9690.1.

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In the past few decades, there has been explosive growth in the construction of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs), namely nanomedicines, owing to their unique properties compared with traditional drug formulations. However, because of a variety of challenges, few nanomedicines are on sale in the market or undergoing clinical trial at present. Thus, it is essential to look back and re-evaluate what these NDDSs can really do in vivo, why nanomedicines are regarded as potential candidates for next-generation drugs, and what the future of nanomedicine is. Here, we focus mainly on the properties of NDDSs that extend blood circulation, enhance penetration into deep tumor tissue, enable controllable release of the payload into the cytoplasm, and overcome multi-drug resistance. We further discuss how to promote the translation of nanomedicines into reality. This review may help to identify the functions of NDDSs that are really necessary before they are designed and to reduce the gap between basic research and clinical application.

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Gilani, Sadaf Jamal, Sarwar Beg, Chandra Kala, Mohammed Shivli Nomani, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Syed Sarim Imam, and Mohamad Taleuzzaman. "Chemically Nano-Engineered Theranostics for Phytoconstituents as Healthcare Application." Current Biochemical Engineering 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212711906666190723144111.

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Background: Nanomedicines are capable of disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and in monitoring the therapeutic result to provide appropriate tasks towards research goals. The best therapeutic pattern can be achieved by developing a theranostic nanomedicine, which is an emerging field. It has the advantage of loading phytoconstituents as drugs and is useful for both imaging and therapeutic function. Methods: Nowadays, the design of a novel drug delivery system of the herbal constituent is usually done through the nanotechnology approach. This technique increases the biological activity and counters the puzzles associated with plant medicines. Traditional medicine integration with nanocarriers as an NDDS is very essential in the management of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Results: The nanotechnology combination with plant science is a green revolution with a practical approach for decreasing the therapeutic side effects. The object of the study is to review herbal nanomedicine with an enhanced therapeutic profile and less toxicity. Conclusion: The development of herbal theranostic nanoformulation is very useful for the treatment of different diseases.

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Zhong, J., and L. C. Dai. "Targeting Liposomal Nanomedicine to Cancer Therapy." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 11, no. 5 (October 2012): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7785/tcrt.2012.500259.

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Wagner, Wolfgang, and Manfred Georg Krukemeyer. "Treatment of liver cancer by nanomedicine." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e13091-e13091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13091.

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e13091 Background: Oncological surgery as a therapy branch of general surgery is registering a rapid development in the form of neoadjuvant treatment. Therapies of liver tumors display diverse treatment alternatives. Methods: The administration of cytostatics coupled with and without iron oxides (Fe3O4) has been presented in an experimental series with 36 animals with prior implantation of an R1H rhabdomyosarcoma in the liver, since iron undergoes selective phagocytosis in the liver. In Group I, mitoxantrone is injected into the lateral tail vein of the animals (n = 12) in a dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight. Group III (n = 12 animals) received mitoxantrone coupled with iron oxide (Fe3O4), and Group II (n = 12 animals) received NaCl, in the same dosage for all groups. In the sonography and in the measurement of the volume, a significantly smaller tumor growth is found in Group II compared with Group I and III. The volume was measured manually postmortally in mm3(length x breadth x height). Results: The tumor volume showed the lowest growth in Group II, which was treated with mitoxantrone-coupled iron oxides. 3 animals from Group II died. The autopsy revealed no indication of the cause of death. There were neither thromboses nor allergic reactions in any of the animals. It can be clearly seen that Group I has a smaller mean volume and less scatter than Group II. The mean of Group I is also below that of Group II. Conclusions: It has been possible to demonstrate in animal studies that mitoxantrone-coupled iron oxide (Fe3O4) reduces the tumor volume in the liver to a greater extent that administration solely of mitoxantrone. The studies should be verified in a clinical study on humans.

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Shi, Jinjun, Philip W. Kantoff, Richard Wooster, and Omid C. Farokhzad. "Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities." Nature Reviews Cancer 17, no. 1 (November 11, 2016): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.108.

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Doroudian, Mohammad, Ronan MacLoughlin, Fergus Poynton, Adriele Prina-Mello, and Seamas C. Donnelly. "Nanotechnology based therapeutics for lung disease." Thorax 74, no. 10 (July 8, 2019): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213037.

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Nanomedicine is a multidisciplinary research field with an integration of traditional sciences such as chemistry, physics, biology and materials science. The application of nanomedicine for lung diseases as a relatively new area of interdisciplinary science has grown rapidly over the last 10 years. Promising research outcomes suggest that nanomedicine will revolutionise the practice of medicine, through the development of new approaches in therapeutic agent delivery, vaccine development and nanotechnology-based medical detections. Nano-based approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases will, in the not too distant future, change the way we practise medicine. This review will focus on the current trends and developments in the clinical translation of nanomedicine for lung diseases, such as in the areas of lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, asthma, bacterial infections and COPD.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanomedicine – Research'

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