Academic literature on the topic 'Nanomedicine-drug delivery applications'

Nanoparticle drug delivery system is used for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine because of beneficial properties, such as better encapsulation, bioavailability, control release, and lower toxic effect. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nano scale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. There are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc. in the treatment of various diseases.The controlled self-assembly of organic and inorganic materials may enable their use in theranostic applications. This review presents an overview of a recent advanced nanoparticle system that can be used as a potential drug delivery carrier and focuses on the potential applications of nanoparticles in various biomedical fields for human health care.

Current research into the role of engineered nanoparticles in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for medical purposes has developed numerous fascinating nanocarriers. This paper reviews the various conventionally used and current used carriage system to deliver drugs. Due to numerous drawbacks of conventional DDSs, nanocarriers have gained immense interest. Nanocarriers like polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and engineered nanomaterials are used as carriage systems for targeted delivery at specific sites of affected areas in the body. Nanomedicine has rapidly grown to treat certain diseases like brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many others. These nanomedicines can improve drug bioavailability and drug absorption time, reduce release time, eliminate drug aggregation, and enhance drug solubility in the blood. Nanomedicine has introduced a new era for drug carriage by refining the therapeutic directories of the energetic pharmaceutical elements engineered within nanoparticles. In this context, the vital information on engineered nanoparticles was reviewed and conferred towards the role in drug carriage systems to treat many ailments. All these nanocarriers were tested in vitro and in vivo. In the coming years, nanomedicines can improve human health more effectively by adding more advanced techniques into the drug delivery system.

AbstractThe term “nanotechnology” was coined by Norio Taniguchi in the 1970s to describe the manipulation of materials at the nano (10−9) scale, and the term “nanomedicine” was put forward by Eric Drexler and Robert Freitas Jr. in the 1990s to signify the application of nanotechnology in medicine. Nanomedicine encompasses a variety of systems including nanoparticles, nanofibers, surface nano-patterning, nanoporous matrices, and nanoscale coatings. Of these, nanoparticle-based applications in drug formulations and delivery have emerged as the most utilized nanomedicine system. This review aims to present a comprehensive assessment of nanomedicine approaches in vascular diseases, emphasizing particle designs, therapeutic effects, and current state-of-the-art. The expected advantages of utilizing nanoparticles for drug delivery stem from the particle's ability to (1) protect the drug from plasma-induced deactivation; (2) optimize drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution; (3) enhance drug delivery to the disease site via passive and active mechanisms; (4) modulate drug release mechanisms via diffusion, degradation, and other unique stimuli-triggered processes; and (5) biodegrade or get eliminated safely from the body. Several nanoparticle systems encapsulating a variety of payloads have shown these advantages in vascular drug delivery applications in preclinical evaluation. At the same time, new challenges have emerged regarding discrepancy between expected and actual fate of nanoparticles in vivo, manufacturing barriers of complex nanoparticle designs, and issues of toxicity and immune response, which have limited successful clinical translation of vascular nanomedicine systems. In this context, this review will discuss challenges and opportunities to advance the field of vascular nanomedicine.

Targeted drug delivery, also known as smart drug delivery or active drug delivery, is a subcategory of nanomedicine. Using this strategy, the medication is delivered into the infected organs in the patient’s body or to the targeted sites inside the cells. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the active pharmaceutical agents, conjugation of biomacromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, monoclonal antibodies, aptamers, and nanoparticulate drug carriers, has been mostly recommended by scientists in the last decades. Several covalent conjugation pathways are used for biomacromolecules coupling with nanomaterials in nanomedicine including carbodiimides and “click” mediated reactions, thiol-mediated conjugation, and biotin-avidin interactions. However, choosing one or a combination of these methods with suitable coupling for application to advanced drug delivery is essential. This review focuses on new and high impacted published articles in the field of nanoparticles and biomacromolecules coupling studies, as well as their advantages and applications.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are receiving growing attention by the scientific biomedical community. Among the different types of inorganic nanomaterials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles have emerged as promising multifunctional platforms for nanomedicine. Since their introduction in the drug delivery landscape in 2001, mesoporous materials for drug delivery are receiving growing scientific interest for their potential applications in the biotechnology and nanomedicine fields. The ceramic matrix efficiently protects entrapped guest molecules against enzymatic degradation or denaturation induced by pH and temperature as no swelling or porosity changes take place as a response to variations in the surrounding medium. It is possible to load huge amounts of cargo into the mesopore voids and capping the pore entrances with different nanogates. The application of a stimulus provokes the nanocap removal and triggers the departure of the cargo. This strategy permits the design of stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanodevices.

Nanoparticles are often considered as efficient drug delivery vehicles for precisely dispensing the therapeutic payloads specifically to the diseased sites in the patient’s body, thereby minimizing the toxic side effects of the payloads on the healthy tissue. However, the fundamental physics that underlies the nanoparticles’ intrinsic interaction with the surrounding cells is inadequately elucidated. The ability of the nanoparticles to precisely control the release of its payloads externally (on-demand) without depending on the physiological conditions of the target sites has the potential to enable patient- and disease-specific nanomedicine, also known as Personalized NanoMedicine (PNM). In this dissertation, magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) were utilized for the first time to enable important functions, such as (i) field-controlled high-efficacy dissipation-free targeted drug delivery system and on-demand release at the sub-cellular level, (ii) non-invasive energy-efficient stimulation of deep brain tissue at body temperature, and (iii) a high-sensitivity contrasting agent to map the neuronal activity in the brain non-invasively. First, this dissertation specifically focuses on using MENs as energy-efficient and dissipation-free field-controlled nano-vehicle for targeted delivery and on-demand release of a anti-cancer Paclitaxel (Taxol) drug and a anti-HIV AZT 5’-triphosphate (AZTTP) drug from 30-nm MENs (CoFe2O4-BaTiO3) by applying low-energy DC and low-frequency (below 1000 Hz) AC fields to separate the functions of delivery and release, respectively. Second, this dissertation focuses on the use of MENs to non-invasively stimulate the deep brain neuronal activity via application of a low energy and low frequency external magnetic field to activate intrinsic electric dipoles at the cellular level through numerical simulations. Third, this dissertation describes the use of MENs to track the neuronal activities in the brain (non-invasively) using a magnetic resonance and a magnetic nanoparticle imaging by monitoring the changes in the magnetization of the MENs surrounding the neuronal tissue under different states. The potential therapeutic and diagnostic impact of this innovative and novel study is highly significant not only in HIV-AIDS, Cancer, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease but also in many CNS and other diseases, where the ability to remotely control targeted drug delivery/release, and diagnostics is the key.

In this presentation it is demonstrated that the unique magnetic properties of superparamagnetic cobalt-spinel ferrite nanoparticles can be employed in several novel applications. A method to selectively capture and remove pathogens from infected organisms to improve longevity is presented. Evidence is provided to show that automated methods using modified forms of hemofiltration or peritoneal dialysis could be used to eliminate the particle/pathogen or particle/infected cell conjugates from the organism postoperatively. It is shown that disparately functionalized nanoparticles can be used in concert as drug carrier and release mechanisms. Lastly, we provide preliminary evidence to support the use of magnetic nanoparticles for controlling reaction kinetics.

[ES] La presente tesis doctoral titulada "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" se centra en el diseño, síntesis, caracterización y evaluación de distintos nanodispositivos híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos. En concreto, se utilizan como soporte nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice y nanopartículas de oro para su aplicación biomédica, en concreto en el campo del cáncer de mama. En el primer capítulo se introduce el marco general en el que se engloban los estudios realizados. Se presentan los conceptos relacionados con nanotecnología y nanomedicina, así como la interacción de las nanopartículas a nivel biológico con el organismo y las células. Finalmente, se introducen conceptos básicos del cáncer de mama y la aplicación de nanomateriales como terapia. A continuación, en el segundo capítulo, se exponen los objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral que son abordados en los siguientes capítulos experimentales. En el tercer capítulo se describe el primer nanomaterial para la liberación controlada de dos inhibidores (navitoclax y S63845) de las proteínas anti- apoptóticas de la familia Bcl-2. Este sistema se ha diseñado con el objetivo de superar la resistencia a navitoclax en un modelo celular de cáncer de mama triple negativo. En concreto, se han preparado nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con navitoclax y S63845, y funcionalizadas con un aptámero dirigido a la proteína de superficie MUC1, que actúa como puerta molecular. En este trabajo hemos demostrado que las nanopartículas diseñadas son internalizadas preferentemente por células tumorales de cáncer de mama. También hemos demostrado la capacidad de las nanopartículas de revertir la resistencia a navitoclax en un modelo celular de cáncer de mama triple negativo. Además, ponemos de manifiesto la disminución del principal efecto adverso (trombocitopenia) asociado a la administración del navitoclax en su formulación libre, gracias a la encapsulación en las nanopartículas. En el capítulo cuatro se presenta un sistema sensible a pH para la liberación controlada de un cargo fluorescente y la maquinaria de edición génica basada en el sistema CRISPR/Cas9, dirigido a la edición del gen codificante de la proteína fluorescente verde (GFP, del inglés gren fluorescent protein). El nanodispositivo está constituido por nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice cargadas con rodamina B, funcionalizadas con polietilenimina y revestidas con el plásmido codificante del sistema CRISPR/Cas9. En este trabajo se ha demostrado el escape lisosomal de las nanopartículas, mediado por el efecto esponja de protones de la PEI. Asimismo, mostramos un nanodispositivo pionero en su campo, basado en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice, capaz de realizar la doble función de llevar a cabo la edición del gen codificante de GFP y la liberación exitosa del cargo fluorescente. En el quinto, y último, capítulo experimental se propone una nueva aproximación para realizar una terapia enzimática prodroga empleando nanopartículas de oro como transportadores enzimáticos. En este caso, se aborda la funcionalización de nanopartículas de oro con la enzima peroxidasa de rábano (HRP, del inglés horseradish peroxidase), capaz de transformar la prodroga inocua ácido indol-3-acético en especies radicales que resultan tóxicas para las células tumorales. En este capítulo se ha demostrado el efecto terapéutico del nanodispositivo en combinación con la prodroga en modelos celulares de cáncer de mama de los subtipos luminal A y triple negativo. Además, se ha confirmado la eficacia terapéutica del sistema en esferoides tumorales formados por células de cáncer de mama triple negativo. Por último, se presentan en el capítulo seis las conclusiones extraídas del desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo contribuirán al desarrollo de nuevos nanomateriales inteligentes con aplicación en diversas áreas de la nanomedicina.
[CA] La present tesi doctoral titulada "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" se centra en el disseny, síntesi, caracterització i avaluació de diferents nanodispositius híbrids orgànic-inorgànics. En concret, s'utilitzen com a suport nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice i nanopartícules d'or per a la seua aplicació biomèdica, en concret en el camp del càncer de mama. En el primer capítol s'introdueix el marc general en el qual s'engloben els estudis realitzats. Es presenten els conceptes relacionats amb la nanotecnologia i nanomedicina, així com la interacció de les nanopartícules a nivell biològic amb l'organisme i les cèl·lules. Finalment, s'introdueixen conceptes bàsics del càncer de mama i l'aplicació de nanomaterials com a teràpia. A continuació, en el segon capítol, s'exposen els objectius de la present tesi doctoral que són abordats en els següents capítols experimentals. En el tercer capítol es descriu el primer nanomaterial utilitzat per a l'alliberament controlat de dos inhibidors (navitoclax i S63845) de les proteïnes anti-apoptòtiques de la família Bcl-2. Aquest sistema s'ha dissenyat amb l'objectiu de superar la resistència a navitoclax en un model cel·lular de càncer de mama triple negatiu. En concret, s'han preparat nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb navitoclax i S63845, i funcionalitzades amb un aptàmer dirigit a la proteïna de superfície MUC1, que actua com a porta molecular. En aquest treball hem demostrat que les nanopartícules dissenyades són internalitzades preferentment per cèl·lules tumorals de càncer de mama. També hem demostrat la capacitat de les nanopartícules de revertir la resistència a navitoclax en un model cel·lular de càncer de mama triple negatiu. A més, posem de manifest la disminució del principal efecte advers (trombocitopènia) associat a l'administració del navitoclax en la seua formulació lliure, gràcies a l'encapsulació en les nanopartícules. En el capítol quatre es presenta un sistema sensible a pH per a l'alliberament controlat d'una càrrega fluorescent i la maquinària d'edició gènica basada en el sistema CRISPR/Cas9, dirigit a l'edició gènica del gen codificant de la proteïna fluorescent verda (GFP, del anglés gren fluorescent protein). El nanodispositiu està constituït per nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice carregades amb rodamina B, funcionalitzades amb polietilenimina i revestides amb el plàsmid codificant del sistema CRISPR/Cas9. En aquest treball s'ha demostrat la fuga lisosomal de les nanopartícules, mediat per l'efecte esponja de protons de la PEI. Així mateix, vam mostrar un nanodispositiu pioner en el seu camp, basat en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, capaç de realitzar la doble funció de dur a terme l'edició del gen codificant de la GFP i l'alliberament exitós de la càrrega fluorescent. En el cinqué i últim capítol experimental es proposa una nova aproximació per a realitzar una teràpia enzimàtica prodroga emprant nanopartícules d'or com a transportadors enzimàtics. En aquest cas, s'aborda la funcionalització de nanopartícules d'or amb l'enzim peroxidasa de rave (HRP, del anglés horseradish peroxidase), capaç de transformar la prodroga innòcua àcid indol-3-acètic en espècies radicals que resulten tòxiques per a les cèl·lules tumorals. En aquest capítol s'ha demostrat l'efecte terapèutic del nanodispositiu en combinació amb la prodroga en models cel·lulars de càncer de mama dels subtipus luminal A i triple negatiu. A més, s'ha confirmat l'eficàcia terapèutica del sistema en esferoides tumorals formats per cèl·lules de càncer de mama triple negatiu. Finalment, en el capítol sis es presenten les conclusions extretes del desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi doctoral. Els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi contriburan al desenvolupament de nous nanomaterials intel·ligents amb aplicació en diverses àrees de la nanomedicina.
[EN] This Ph.D. thesis entitled "Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications" is focused on the design, synthesis, characterisation, and evaluation of several hybrid organic-inorganic nanomaterials. We have developed mesoporous silica nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications, specifically in the breast cancer area. The first chapter includes an overview of the concepts related to the research performed. Introductory notions about nanotechnology and biomedicine are presented, as well as the basis of the interactions of nanoparticles with biological systems. Finally, breast cancer disease and the application of nanomaterials as therapy are described. Next, in the second chapter, the objectives addressed in the following experimental chapters are displayed. In the third chapter, we present the first nanomaterial for the controlled delivery of two inhibitors (navitoclax and S63845) of the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins. This nanosystem has been designed to overcome navitoclax resistance in a triple-negative breast cancer cellular model. We have prepared mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with navitoclax and S63845 and functionalised with an aptamer targeting MUC1 surface protein as a molecular gate. In this work, the specific targeting of the nanodevice to breast cancer cells has been demonstrated. The ability to overcome navitoclax resistance has been shown in navitoclax-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells. Furthermore, navitoclax encapsulation in the nanoparticles has proved to reduce the main adverse effect (thrombocytopenia) associated with free formulated drug administration. In the fourth chapter, we describe a pH-responsive nanosystem for the controlled co-delivery of a fluorescent cargo and the genome-editing machinery based on CRISPR/Cas9, which targets the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding gene. The nanodevice consists of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with rhodamine B, functionalised with polyethyleneimine, and capped with the CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid. In the present work, we have shown the lysosomal scape capacity of the nanodevice enhanced by the proton sponge effect of PEI. We have also demonstrated a pioneering mesoporous silica-based nanodevice efficient in the simultaneous genome editing of the GFP gene (as a model gene) and the successful release of a fluorescent cargo (as a model drug). In the fifth and last experimental chapter, we propose a new approximation to develop enzyme prodrug therapy using gold nanoparticles as enzyme carriers. In this case, we use gold nanoparticles functionalised with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which transforms the non-toxic prodrug indol-3-acetic acid into radical species toxic to tumour cells. In this chapter, the therapeutic effect of the nanodevice in combination with the prodrug has been demonstrated in two breast cancer cell subtypes (luminal A and triple-negative breast cancers). Also, the therapeutic effect of the material has been corroborated in multicellular tumour spheroid-like cultures formed by triple-negative breast cancer cells. Finally, in the sixth chapter, the conclusions derived from the presented studies and the general conclusions of this Ph.D. thesis are released. The obtained results will promote the development of new smart nanomaterials with diverse biomedical applications.
Gema Vivo-Llorca thanks the Generalitat Valenciana for her fellowship ACIF/2017/072. Vicente Candela-Noguera thanks the Spanish Government for his fellowship FPU15/02753. We would like to thank Servier for the workart used in the figures of this manuscript (Servier Medical Art https://smart.servier.com/). We thank the Spanish Government (project RTI2018-100910-B-C41 (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE); SAF2017-84689-R-B (MCUI/AEI/FEDER, UE)) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEO/2018/024 and PROMETEO/2019/065) for support.
Vivo Llorca, G. (2021). Mesoporous silica and gold-based nanodevices: new controlled delivery platforms for biomedical applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172713
TESIS

Pour pallier le problème d’efficacité de la plupart des médicaments disponibles sur le marché aujourd’hui, lié à des manques de spécificité et de solubilité, notamment dans le cadre du traitement du cancer, la nanomédecine, via les nanoparticules présente une alternative de grande importance. Dans ce domaine, les nanoparticules de silice ont récemment attiré une énorme attention de la part des scientifiques. Cependant, des problèmes d’élimination liés à la solidité du matériau entravent aujourd’hui sa traduction clinique. Afin d’élucider cette problématique, nous présentons, dans cette thèse, l’utilisation de nanoparticules de silice hybrides dont l’une est mésoporeuse et l’autre sous forme de nanocapsule dépourvue de porosité. Les particules qui sont sphériques ont été préparées en incorporant un groupement imine dans leur charpente afin de les rendre sensibles au pH bas, sachant que les tissus cancéreux présentent une certaine acidité par comparaison aux tissus sains. Les matériaux préparés se montrent particulièrement sensibles aux milieux acides similaires aux conditions dans les milieux cancéreux. Dans le même temps, ces particules exposent une bonne stabilité en milieu à pH neutre similaire aux conditions physiologiques. Des études in vitro réalisées avec la particule mésoporeuse sur une lignée de cellule cancéreuse issue du sein humain démontrent une bonne et rapide internalisation. De plus, lorsque le matériau est chargé avec un médicament hydrophobe très puissant utilisé dans le traitement du cancer du sein, le système en résultant indique une efficacité de grande ampleur en tuant une forte majorité des cellules cancéreuses, contrairement au système basé sur la particule non cassable et au médicament isolé. Parallèlement, les nanocapsules chargées avec un autre agent anticancéreux se montrent particulièrement cytotoxiques vis-à-vis de cellules cancéreuses très communes et qui l’internalisent de manière très rapide
To overcome the limitations of most of the drugs avaible nowadays on the market due to their lack of solubility and specifity in cancer treatment for instance, nanomedicine plays an emerging role as an alternative. In that field, nanoparticles are endowed with several advantages, leading them to be highly considered for drug delivery systems preparation. In this respect, silica nanoparticles have recently a great deal of attention from the scientists. Nevertheless, some issues related to the in vivo elimination of silica materials represent the main obstacle impeding their clinical translation. To elucidate this problematic, we report, in this thesis, the use of breakable hybrid organosilica nanoparticles where one is mesoporous and the other one consists in a nanocapsule without porosity. Such materials have been prepared by incorporating an imine-based linker in the particles framework in order to make them pH-responsive. The advantage of the pH sensitivity relies on the fact that cancerous media present certain acidity as compared to those healthy. The particles exhibit a high pH sensitivity where, at low pH, they fully break down, while a good stability is observed in physiological conditions. Furthermore, in vitro studies performed with a drug delivery system based on the mesoporous particle and a highly hydrophobic drug show a remarkable efficiency towards a cancer cell line from human breast, which moreover, rapidly internalises the material. The nanocapsule loaded with a hydrophilic drug also demonstrates a fast internalisation towards a commonly used cancer line which does not resist to the system and thus dies by a very high rate

Gold nanoparticles exhibit a combination of physical, chemical, optical, and electronic properties unique from all other nanotechnologies. These structures can provide a highly multifunctional platform with which to diagnose and treat diseases and can dramatically enhance a variety of photonic and electronic processes and devices. The work herein highlights some newly emerging applications of these phenomena as they relate to the targeted diagnosis and treatment of cancer, improved charge carrier generation in photovoltaic device materials, and strategies for enhanced spectrochemical analysis and detection. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the design, synthesis, and molecular functionalization of gold nanotechnologies, and provides a framework from which to discuss the unique photophysical properties and applications of these nanoscale materials and their physiological interactions in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 discusses ongoing preclinical research in our lab investigating the use of near-infrared absorbing gold nanorods as photothermal contrast agents for laser ablation therapy of solid tumors. In Chapter 4, we present recent work developing a novel strategy for the targeted treatment of hormone-dependent breast and prostate tumors using multivalent gold nanoparticles that function as highly selective and potent endocrine receptor antagonist chemotherapeutics. In Chapter 5, we discuss a newly-emerging tumor-targeting strategy for nanoscale drug carriers which relies on their selective delivery to immune cells that exhibit high accumulation and infiltration into breast and brain tumors. Using this platform, we further investigate the interactions of nanoscale drug carriers and imaging agents to a transmembrane protein considered to be the single most prevalent and single most important contributor to drug resistance and the failure of chemotherapy. Chapter 6 presents work from a series of studies exploring enhanced charge carrier generation and relaxation in a hybrid electronic system exhibiting resonant interactions between photovoltaic device materials and plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Chapter 7 concludes by presenting studies investigating the contributions from so-called “dark” plasmon modes to the spectrochemical diagnostic method known as surface enhanced Raman scattering.

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have attracted considerable interest over the last few years due to their unique properties and behaviors provided by their small size. Such materials could be used in a wide range of applications such as diagnostics and drug delivery. Advantages of PNPs include controlled release, protection of drug molecules and its specific targeting, with concomitant increasing of the therapeutic index. In this work, novel sucrose and cholic acid based PNPs were prepared from different polymers, namely polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and PLGA-co-PEG copolymer. In these PNP carriers, cholic acid will act as a drug incorporation site and the carbohydrate as targeting moiety. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells usually involves endocytotic processes, which depend primarily on their size and surface characteristics. These properties can be tuned by the nanoparticle preparation method. Therefore, the nanoprecipitation and the emulsion-solvent evaporation method were applied to prepare the PNPs. The influence of various parameters, such as concentration of the starting solution, evaporation method and solvent properties on the nanoparticle size, size distribution and morphology were studied. The PNPs were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to assess their size distribution and morphology. The PNPs obtained by nanoprecipitation ranged in size between 90 nm and 130 nm with a very low polydispersity index (PDI < 0.3). On the other hand, the PNPs produced by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method revealed particle sizes around 300 nm with a high PDI value. More detailed information was found in AFM and SEM images, which demonstrated that all these PNPs were regularly spherical. ζ-potential measurements were satisfactory and evidenced the importance of sucrose moiety on the polymeric system, which was responsible for the obtained negative surface charge, providing colloidal stability. The results of this study show that sucrose and cholic acid based polymeric conjugates can be successfully used to prepare PNPs with tunable physicochemical characteristics. In addition, it provides novel information about the materials used and the methods applied. It is hoped that this work will be useful for the development of novel carbohydrate based nanoparticles for biomedical applications, specifically for targeted drug delivery.

Nanomedicine poses a new frontier in medical technology with the advantages of targeted delivery and patient specific design. In applications of nanoparticle targeted drug delivery, the delivery efficiency is controlled by the physical properties of the nanoparticle such as its size, shape, ligand density, as well as external environmental conditions such as flow rate and blood vessel diameter. Proper drug dosage choice relies on determination of the attachment and detachment rates of the nanoparticles at the active region and the understanding of the complex process of targeted drug delivery. A few particulate models have been proposed to study the adhesion individual spherical or non-spherical nanoparticles on receptor coated wall. Meanwhile, continuum convection-diffusion-reaction models have been widely used to calculate the drug concentration under various conditions, which usually assumes specific binding and de-binding constants. In reality, these binding and de-binding rates largely vary with physical properties of the particles and local flow conditions. However, there has not been any study that links the particulate level nanoparticle size and shape information to the system level bounded particle concentration. A hybrid particle binding dynamics and continuum convection-diffusion-reaction model is presented to study the effect of shear flow rate and particle size on binding efficiency. The simulated concentration of bounded nanoparticles agrees well with experimental results in flow chamber studies.

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing research fields with many applications in biology and medicine. At a heart of nanotechnology research is engineered nanostructures, which possess distinct optical, electronic, and magnetic properties based on their size, shape, and chemical composition. Researchers can now design their surface chemistry with small bi-functional organic molecules or amphiphillic polymers so that they are biocompatible and can be coated with bio-recognition molecules such as antibodies, aptamers, and peptides. Nanoparticles are used as a platform for drug delivery, as a physical trigger for controlling drug release, as a contrast agent for quantifying biological molecules. Thus, the applications of engineered nanostructures are diverse. In this presentation, an overview of the field of nanomedicine is described with an emphasis on results obtained from studying the in vivo interactions of nanostructures as it pertains to their applications in cancer.

Nowadays, magnetic materials are receiving special attention due to their potential applications in different fields and in particular in medicine. Magnetic micro-nano-particles have been progressively employed as support materials for enzyme immobilization, and have been used as drug-delivery vehicles, contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging as well as heat mediators for hyperthermia-based anti-cancer treatments and many other exciting biomedical applications. Magnetic materials have also attracted a big interest in the field of bone tissue regeneration because it has been demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles have effect of osteoinduction even without external magnetic force. Therefore, one of the most big challenge in this field is the production of magnetic materials with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In fact, the long-term effects in the human body of iron oxide (maghemite or magnetite), the most popular magnetic phase used in medicine and biotechnology, are not yet completely assessed. To this aim, in this work we developed an innovative biocompatible and bioresorbable superparamagnetic-like phase by doping nano-hydroxyapatite with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions (FeHA). Moreover the same magnetic nanoparticles were used as nano-particulate emulsifier for the preparation of hollow hybrid Fe-HA-poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) micro-nano-spheres. PLLA has been used because poly(α-hydroxy-esters) are the most frequently used synthetic polymers for biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, hydrolytic degradation process and proper mechanical properties. These micro-nanospheres could be used as new type of scaffold for hard tissue regeneration. In fact, spherical scaffold display several advantages respect to the monolithic counterpart e.g., (i) improving control over sustained delivery of therapeutic agents, signalling biomolecules and even pluripotent stem cells, (ii) serving as stimulus-sensitive delivery vehicles for triggered release, (iii) introducing porosity and/or improve the mechanical properties of bulk scaffolds by acting as porogen or reinforcement phase, (iv) supplying compartmentalized micro-reactors for dedicated biochemical processes, (v) functioning as cell delivery vehicle, and, finally, (vi) giving possibility of preparing injectable and/or mouldable formulations to be applied by using minimally invasive surgery. Moreover, the same magnetic materials could find applications in nanomedicine as a multifunctional carrier. Their magnetic functionality could be utilized to move them into the body towards target organs by an external magnetic field. Furthermore, the superparamagnetic feature of the nanoparticles could allow to tailor the release of the therapeutic agent by switching (on-off) the external magnetic field and/or to treat cancer cells by hyperthermia.

The rapidly evolving field of nanomedicine focuses on the design and application of multi-functional nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of diseases especially cancer1. Many of these nanomaterials are designed to serve as drug delivery or image contrast agents, or even to generate heat for hyperthermia (i.e. treatment), of cancer. Heating examples include gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for photothermal therapy3, and superparamagnetic nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia4.