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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanomaterials recyclability'
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1
Liu, Yangkaixi, Jing Tian, Longquan Xu, Yi Wang, Xu Fei, and Yao Li. "Multilayer graphite nano-sheet composite hydrogel for solar desalination systems with floatability and recyclability." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 46 (2020): 20181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04409a.
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The application of carbon-based nanomaterials with high photothermal conversion efficiencies in solar desalination has the advantages of economy, environmental protection, availability and sustainability.
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Jančíková, Veronika, and Michal Jablonský. "The role of deep eutectic solvents in the production of cellulose nanomaterials from biomass." Acta Chimica Slovaca 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2022-0008.
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Abstract In recent years, the demand for environment-friendly products has been on an increasing trend among researchers and industry for sustainable development. Deep eutectic solvents are green solvents which, due to their properties (biodegradability, recyclability, low cost, availability, easy preparation, low toxicity, chemical and thermal stability), can be used in various fields such as polymer chemistry, which includes nanocellulose isolation and polysaccharides processing. Several studies have illustrated the effectiveness of using deep eutectic solvents instead of the conventional reaction system to produce and disperse nanomaterials. This work summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents in the isolation of cellulosic nanomaterials from different types of biomass. Deep eutectic solvents demonstrate high effectiveness in swelling lignocellulosic biomass and producing cellulose nanomaterials. Overall, deep eutectics solvents represent an innovative and effective pretreatment process for the fractionation of raw cellulose-containing fibres to promote subsequent isolation of nanomaterials made from cellulose.
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Cho, Yukio, Cole D. Fincher, Yet-Ming Chiang, and Julia Ortony. "A Recyclable Solid Electrolyte for Li-Ion Batteries Composed of Supramolecular Nanostructures." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 55 (August 28, 2023): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01552665mtgabs.
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The recyclability of Li-ion batteries is a critical goal but is technically challenging and often impractical due to the complex structure of mixed materials and the irreversible process of production. We investigated the use of organic small molecule self-assembled nanoribbons as an electrolyte material because they offer precise spatial arrangement, high surface areas, tunable surface chemistry, and most notably here, reversible structural formation. In this study, we synthesized nanoribbons by self-assembly of aramid-containing amphiphiles that overcome structural stability problems, and we systematically modified the surface chemistry to promote Li-ion conductivity. We investigated the performance and transport mechanism of these supramolecular nanomaterials as a solid electrolyte for Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, we show direct recyclability of the end-of-life cell. Figure 1
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Zhao, Jing, Victoria E. Lee, Rui Liu, and Rodney D. Priestley. "Responsive Polymers as Smart Nanomaterials Enable Diverse Applications." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030155.
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Responsive polymers undergo reversible or irreversible physical or chemical modifications in response to a change in environment or stimulus, e.g., temperature, pH, light, and magnetic or electric fields. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), which constitute a diverse set of morphologies, including micelles, vesicles, and core-shell geometries, have been successfully prepared from responsive polymers and have shown great promise in applications ranging from drug delivery to catalysis. In this review, we summarize pH, thermo-, photo-, and enzymatic responsiveness for a selection of polymers. We then discuss the formation of NPs made from responsive polymers. Finally, we highlight how NPs and other nanomaterials are enabling a wide range of smart applications with improved efficiency, as well as improved sustainability and recyclability of polymeric systems.
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Alguacil, Francisco Jose. "Nanomaterials for CO2 Capture from Gas Streams." Separations 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11010001.
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Since CO2 is an important component of gas emissions, its removal from gas streams is of the utmost importance to fulfill various environmental requirements. The technologies used to accomplish this removal are based mainly on absorption, as well as adsorption and membrane processing. Among the materials used in the above separation processes, materials in nano forms offer a potential alternative to other commonly used macromaterials. The present work reviews the most recent publications (2023) about CO2 capture using different nanomaterials, and whilst most of these publications were dedicated to investigating the above, several presented data on the separation of CO2 from other gases, namely nitrogen and methane. Furthermore, a number of publications investigated the recyclability of nanomaterials under continuous use, and just three of the references were about computational modeling; all others were experimental papers, and only one reference used a real industrial gas.
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Ghazzy, Asma, Lina Yousef, and Afnan Al-Hunaiti. "Visible Light Induced Nano-Photocatalysis Trimetallic Cu0.5Zn0.5-Fe: Synthesis, Characterization and Application as Alcohols Oxidation Catalyst." Catalysts 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12060611.
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Here, we report a visible light-induced-trimetallic catalyst (Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) prepared through green synthesis using Tilia plant extract. These nanomaterials were characterized for structural and morphological studies using powder x-ray diffraction (P-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The spinel crystalline material was ~34 nm. In benign reaction conditions, the prepared photocatalyst oxidized various benzylic alcohols with excellent yield and selectivity toward aldehyde with 99% and 98%; respectively. Aromatic and aliphatic alcohols (such as furfuryl alcohol and 1-octanol) were photo-catalytically oxidized using Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4, LED light, H2O2 as oxidant, 2 h reaction time and ambient temperature. The advantages of the catalyst were found in terms of reduced catalyst loading, activating catalyst using visible light in mild conditions, high conversion of the starting material and the recyclability up to 5 times without loss of the selectivity. Thus, our study offers a potential pathway for the photocatalytic nanomaterial, which will contribute to the advancement of photocatalysis studies.
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Fontánez, Kenneth, Diego García, Dayna Ortiz, Paola Sampayo, Luis Hernández, María Cotto, José Ducongé, et al. "Biomimetic Catalysts Based on Au@TiO2-MoS2-CeO2 Composites for the Production of Hydrogen by Water Splitting." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010363.
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The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by water splitting has been studied, using catalysts based on crystalline TiO2 nanowires (TiO2NWs), which were synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure. This nanomaterial was subsequently modified by incorporating different loadings (1%, 3% and 5%) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface, previously exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets, and CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2NPs). These nanomaterials, as well as the different synthesized catalysts, were characterized by electron microscopy (HR-SEM and HR-TEM), XPS, XRD, Raman, Reflectance and BET surface area. HER studies were performed in aqueous solution, under irradiation at different wavelengths (UV-visible), which were selected through the appropriate use of optical filters. The results obtained show that there is a synergistic effect between the different nanomaterials of the catalysts. The specific area of the catalyst, and especially the increased loading of MoS2 and CeO2NPs in the catalyst substantially improved the H2 production, with values of ca. 1114 μm/hg for the catalyst that had the best efficiency. Recyclability studies showed only a decrease in activity of approx. 7% after 15 cycles of use, possibly due to partial leaching of gold nanoparticles during catalyst use cycles. The results obtained in this research are certainly relevant and open many possibilities regarding the potential use and scaling of these heterostructures in the photocatalytic production of H2 from water.
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Miao, Hui, Kelong Ma, Shiwei Hu, Ruiqian Li, Lin Sun, and Yumin Cui. "Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Aniline Catalyzed by One-Dimensional Manganese Hydroxide Nanomaterials." Synlett 30, no. 05 (February 18, 2019): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612108.
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The aerobic oxidative coupling of aniline is an effective process for producing aromatic azo compounds, which are widely used in the organic chemical industry. The development of heterogeneous catalysts for this reaction would be advantageous because of their recyclability and convenience in posttreatment. In this work, one-dimensional Mn(OH)2 nanostructure with various shapes were synthesized through the adjustment of various surfactants. The as-synthesized Mn(OH)2 nanobelts and nanowires showed superior catalytic activity in the activation of oxygen and aniline. Aromatic azo compounds with a variety of substituents were produced through the coupling of the corresponding anilines without additives under ambient conditions.
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Fu, Hao, Weiwei Liu, Junqing Li, Wenguang Wu, Qian Zhao, Haoming Bao, Le Zhou, et al. "High-Density-Nanotips-Composed 3D Hierarchical Au/CuS Hybrids for Sensitive, Signal-Reproducible, and Substrate-Recyclable SERS Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12142359.
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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides an unprecedented opportunity for fingerprinting identification and trace-level detection in chemistry, biomedicine, materials, and so on. Although great efforts have been devoted to fabricating sensitive plasmonic nanomaterials, it is still challenging to batch-produce a SERS substrate with high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and perfect recyclability. Here, we describe a facile fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical Au/CuS nanocomposites, in which high-density Au nanotips enable highly SERS-active sensing, and the well-defined microflower (MF) geometry produces perfect signal reproducibility (RSD < 5%) for large laser spot excitations (>50 μm2), which is particularly suitable for practical on-site detection with a handheld Raman spectrometer. In addition, a self-cleaning ability of this Au/CuS Schottky junction photocatalyst under sunlight irradiation allows complete removal of the adsorbed analytes, realizing perfect regeneration of the SERS substrates over many cycles. The mass-production, ultra-sensitive, high-reproducibility, and fast-recyclability features of hierarchical Au/CuS MFs greatly facilitate cost-effective and field SERS detection of trace analytes in practice.
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Lowe, Brandon, Jabbar Gardy, and Ali Hassanpour. "The Role of Sulfated Materials for Biodiesel Production from Cheap Raw Materials." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020223.
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There is an urgent need to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, yet to date the decarbonization of the transportation industry has been slow and of particular difficulty. While fossil fuel replacements such as biodiesel may aid the transition to a less polluting society, production at the industrial scales required is currently heavily dependent on chemical catalysis. Conventional two-step homogenous routes require the challenging separation of catalyst from the obtained product; however, heterogenous solid catalysts bring new considerations such as material stability, surface area, porosity, deactivation effects, and reduced reactivities under mild conditions. Nanomaterials present an attractive solution, offering the high reactivity of homogenous catalysts without complex recyclability issues. Slightly less reactive, acidic sulfated nanomaterials may also demonstrate greater stability to feedstock impurity, extending lifetime and improved versatility to a range of starting feeds. There remains, however, much work to be done in demonstrating the full-scale feasibility of such catalysts. This review explores recent developments over time in acidic sulfated nanocatalysis for biodiesel production, with particular focus on metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, silica-supported nanomaterials, and acidic carbon nanocatalysts. Included are various summaries of current progress in the literature, as well as recommendations for future research.
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Ansari, Mohammad Azam. "Nanotechnology in Food and Plant Science: Challenges and Future Prospects." Plants 12, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12132565.
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Globally, food safety and security are receiving a lot of attention to ensure a steady supply of nutrient-rich and safe food. Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of technical processes, including the development of new materials and the enhancement of food safety and security. Nanomaterials are used to improve the protective effects of food and help detect microbial contamination, hazardous chemicals, and pesticides. Nanosensors are used to detect pathogens and allergens in food. Food processing is enhanced further by nanocapsulation, which allows for the delivery of bioactive compounds, increases food bioavailability, and extends food shelf life. Various forms of nanomaterials have been developed to improve food safety and enhance agricultural productivity, including nanometals, nanorods, nanofilms, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanolayers, and nanosheets. Such materials are used for developing nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanomaterials to induce plant growth, genome modification, and transgene expression in plants. Nanomaterials have antimicrobial properties, promote plants’ innate immunity, and act as delivery agents for active ingredients. Nanocomposites offer good acid-resistance capabilities, effective recyclability, significant thermostability, and enhanced storage stability. Nanomaterials have been extensively used for the targeted delivery and release of genes and proteins into plant cells. In this review article, we discuss the role of nanotechnology in food safety and security. Furthermore, we include a partial literature survey on the use of nanotechnology in food packaging, food safety, food preservation using smart nanocarriers, the detection of food-borne pathogens and allergens using nanosensors, and crop growth and yield improvement; however, extensive research on nanotechnology is warranted.
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Ning, Jingheng, Min Wang, Xin Luo, Qiongcan Hu, Rong Hou, Weiwei Chen, Donger Chen, Jianhui Wang, and Jun Liu. "SiO2 Stabilized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Highly Effective Catalyst for the Degradation of Basic Fuchsin in Industrial Dye Wastewaters." Molecules 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 2573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102573.
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Catalytic degradation of organic pollutants by nanomaterials is an effective way for environmental remediation. The Fenton reaction involving H2O2 oxidation catalysed by Fe3+ is an advisable way for wastewater degradation. Herein, Fe3O4/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were prepared as catalyst by coprecipitation and sol-gel methods, and this catalyst is used for degradation of fuchsin in wastewater by H2O2. The Fenton reaction between H2O2 and Fe3O4 is proposed to explain the catalytic performance. The coating of SiO2 on Fe3O4 nanoparticles could dramatically stabilize the Fe3O4 in aqueous solution and prevent their oxidation. More importantly, the magnetic property of Fe3O4 nanoparticles endows them with good recyclability. Thus, due to the outstanding catalytic results, almost 100% removal degradation was achieved within 5 min over a wide pH value range at room temperature, which is better than that without catalysts. Temperature is a positive factor for improving the degradation rate, but room temperature is selected as the best temperature for economic and energy savings reasons, because more than 98% of fuchsins can still be degraded at room temperature. Moreover, these Fe3O4/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles exhibit excellent magnetic recyclability and stable properties after repeated utilization. Therefore, these as-presented Fe3O4/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with low-cost and high performance are expected to be applied in practical industry wastewater degradation.
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Saikumari, N., and K. S. Sudhakhar. "Extensive function of green synthesized titania nanoparticles: Photodegradation of Congo red." September 2023 22, no. 9 (October 1, 2023): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.9.599.
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Several extensive research studies have explored the advantages of green templates in the synthesis of structure and morphology-controlled photocatalytic nanomaterials. This paper compares the abilities of zingiber rhizome extract (ZE) and tapioca starch extracts (TS) in modifying the surface and optical properties of titania nanoparticles (TNP) synthesized by solgel technique. The synthesized nanocatalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques. While zingiber (ginger) extract effectively promotes the formation of dual anatase and rutile phases, tapioca extract supports formation of the single anatase phase of titania. These two extracts were examined for the degradation of Congo red in the presence of sunlight. The photomineralization and recyclability of catalysts were evaluated through total organic content analysis. The easy recovery and reusability of zingiber and tapioca biomasses, along with good control over the growth of nanoparticles, enable them to be implicit novel green templates in the successful synthesis of photoactive mesoporous nanotitania.
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Ajeesha, T. L., Ashwini Anantharaman, Jeena N. Baby, and Mary George. "Structural, Magnetic, Electrical and Photo-Fenton Properties of Copper Substituted Strontium M-Hexagonal Ferrite Nanomaterials via Chemical Coprecipitation Approach." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17132.
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Copper substituted strontium ferrite nano spinels were synthesized by facile chemical coprecipitation method. Structural properties of all the nano materials were examined using Powder X-ray Diffraction of size ranging 22–50 nm and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy which further revealed the formation of hexagonal spinel structure. The analysis of FT-IR spectra of all the samples confirmed the formation of M–O bond with spinel structure having characteristic peaks at 422 cm-1 and 586 cm-1. All the samples were subjected to dielectric studies at room temperature. A quite narrow band gap around 1.5–1.6 eV for all the samples indicates that these ferrites can behave as visible light photocatalysts. The as synthesized nano spinels were proposed to be promising heterogeneous Photo-Fenton catalysts under visible light for the degradation of organic pollutants. The photo catalytic degradation results revealed 94% degradation for all the prepared nano catalysts. The materials displayed remarkable photo-stability with recyclability up to five consecutive cycles. VSM studies of the materials exhibited weak ferromagnetic property with high surface area. Therefore, these magnetic materials presented no significant loss in activity specifying an exceptional capacity of ferrites to remove organic pollutants from wastewater.
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Lei, Yu, Bin He, Shujun Huang, Xinyan Chen, and Jian Sun. "Facile Fabrication of 1-Methylimidazole/Cu Nanozyme with Enhanced Laccase Activity for Fast Degradation and Sensitive Detection of Phenol Compounds." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 4712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154712.
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Facile construction of functional nanomaterials with laccase-like activity is important in sustainable chemistry since laccase is featured as an efficient and promising catalyst especially for phenolic degradation but still has the challenges of high cost, low activity, poor stability and unsatisfied recyclability. In this paper, we report a simple method to synthesize nanozymes with enhanced laccase-like activity by the self-assembly of copper ions with various imidazole derivatives. In the case of 1-methylimidazole as the ligand, the as-synthesized nanozyme (denoted as Cu-MIM) has the highest yield and best activity among the nanozymes prepared. Compared to laccase, the Km of Cu-MIM nanozyme to phenol is much lower, and the vmax is 6.8 times higher. In addition, Cu-MIM maintains excellent stability in a variety of harsh environments, such as high pH, high temperature, high salt concentration, organic solvents and long-term storage. Based on the Cu-MIM nanozyme, we established a method for quantitatively detecting phenol concentration through a smartphone, which is believed to have important applications in environmental protection, pollutant detection and other fields.
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Shee, Nirmal K., and Hee-Joon Kim. "Self-Assembled Nanomaterials Based on Complementary Sn(IV) and Zn(II)-Porphyrins, and Their Photocatalytic Degradation for Rhodamine B Dye." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123598.
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A series of porphyrin triads (1–6), based on the reaction of trans-dihydroxo-[5,15-bis(3-pyridyl)-10,20-bis(phenyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) (SnP) with six different phenoxy Zn(II)-porphyrins (ZnLn), was synthesized. The cooperative metal–ligand coordination of 3-pyridyl nitrogens in the SnP with the phenoxy Zn(II)-porphyrins, followed by the self-assembly process, leads to the formation of nanostructures. The red-shifts and remarkable broadening of the absorption bands in the UV–vis spectra for the triads in CHCl3 indicate that nanoaggregates may be produced in the self-assembly process of these triads. The emission intensities of the triads were also significantly reduced due to the aggregation. Microscopic analyses of the nanostructures of the triads reveal differences due to the different substituents on the axial Zn(II)-porphyrin moieties. All these nanomaterials exhibited efficient photocatalytic performances in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible light irradiation, and the degradation efficiencies of RhB in aqueous solution were observed to be 72~95% within 4 h. In addition, the efficiency of the catalyst was not impaired, showing excellent recyclability even after being applied for the degradation of RhB in up to five cycles.
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Fatimah, Is, Ganjar Fadillah, Ika Yanti, and Ruey-an Doong. "Clay-Supported Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Catalytic Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050825.
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Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing heterogeneous catalysts have attracted great attention in the last decade. The use of solid catalysts, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticle support materials, exhibited better performance compared with the use of homogeneous catalysts, which is mainly related to their stability in hostile environments and recyclability and reusability. Various solid supports have been reported to enhance the performance of metal and metal oxide catalysts for AOPs; undoubtedly, the utilization of clay as a support is the priority under consideration and has received intensive interest. This review provides up-to-date progress on the synthesis, features, and future perspectives of clay-supported metal and metal oxide for AOPs. The methods and characteristics of metal and metal oxide incorporated into the clay structure are strongly influenced by various factors in the synthesis, including the kind of clay mineral. In addition, the benefits of nanomaterials from a green chemistry perspective are key aspects for their further considerations in various applications. Special emphasis is given to the basic schemes for clay modifications and role of clay supports for the enhanced mechanism of AOPs. The scaling-up issue is suggested for being studied to further applications at industrial scale.
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Banu, Aakhila, Arnet Maria Antony, Balappa Somappa Sasidhar, Shivaputra A. Patil, and Siddappa A. Patil. "Palladium Nanoparticles Grafted onto Phytochemical Functionalized Biochar: A Sustainable Nanozyme for Colorimetric Sensing of Glucose and Glutathione." Molecules 28, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 6676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186676.
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The devising and development of numerous enzyme mimics, particularly nanoparticles and nanomaterials (nanozymes), have been sparked by the inherent limitations imposed by natural enzymes. Peroxidase is one of the enzymes that is extensively utilized in commercial, medical, and biological applications because of its outstanding substrate selectivity. Herein, we present palladium nanoparticles grafted on Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) seed-derived biochar (BC-AHE@Pd) as a novel nanozyme to imitate peroxidase activity en route to the rapid and colorimetric detection of H2O2, exploiting o-phenylenediamine as a peroxidase substrate. The biogenically generated BC-AHE@Pd nanocatalyst was synthesized utilizing Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extract as the reducing agent for nanoparticle formation, while the residue became the source for biochar. Various analytical techniques like FT-IR, GC-MS, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, SAED pattern, p-XRD, and ICP-OES, were used to characterize the BC-AHE@Pd nanocatalyst. The intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of the BC-AHE@Pd nanocatalyst was extended as a prospective nanosensor for the estimation of the biomolecules glucose and glutathione. Moreover, the BC-AHE@Pd nanocatalyst showed recyclability up to three recycles without any significant loss in activity.
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Onu, Matthew Adah, Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru, Helen Uchenna Modekwe, and Peter Apata Olubambi. "Valorization of Plastic Wastes for the Development of Adsorbent Designed for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 04, no. 04 (December 29, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2304055.
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Plastic waste accrual in the environment has been identified as the topmost significant global issue related to modern civilization. Traditional waste disposal methods, such as open burning, landfilling, and incineration, have increased greenhouse gas emissions in economic and material losses. Unless immediate action is made to curtail demand, prolong product lifespans, enhance waste management, and encourage recyclability, plastic pollution will increase due to an almost threefold increase in plastic use spurred by growing populations and affluence. Plastic production primarily is from crude oil or gas despite more than a fourfold growth from ~6.8 million tonnes in 2000 to ~30 million tonnes in 2019; only ~6% of the world’s total plastics production is made from recycled plastics. The competitiveness and profitability of secondary markets may increase with the establishment of recycled content objectives and advancements in recycling technology. In this review, emerging approaches and the creation of value-added materials from waste plastics such as carbon nanotubes and other carbonaceous nanomaterials production, the environmental impacts of plastic waste, African status concerning plastic waste, the importance of modern techniques in plastic waste management, and the circular economy impact on plastic waste utilization are the high points of this study.
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Torres, Cynthia E. I., Thelma S. Quezada, Israel López, Idalia G. de la Fuente, Francisco E. L. Rodríguez, Oxana V. Kharissova, and Boris I. Kharisov. "Development of Sorbent Materials based on Polymer Waste and their Compounds with Nanomaterials for Oil Spill Remediation." Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 14, no. 3 (October 26, 2020): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210514666200207112215.
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Aims: The purpose of this work was to obtain a hydrophobic sorbent material with potential applications in oil spill remediation. Background: The accidents due to oil spills cause long-term ecological damage, especially in the aquatic environment. The cleaning of oil spills can be carried out by many methods and techniques, being absorbents the most attractive due to the possibility of recovery and complete elimination of the hydrocarbons in situ from the water surface. In recent years, interest in polymeric materials for oil spill remediation has increased due to its low cost, high stability, and recyclability. Objective: The objective of this work was the development of sorbent materials based on polymer wastes, such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), obtained from recycled bottles, and recycled Polyurethane (PU), for its application in the recovery of oil spills. Methods: Sorbent materials were prepared from polymer wastes, using salt molds for the formation of porous materials with a composition of PU of 5, 10 and 15%, which were subsequently hydrophobized using carbon nanotubes or silica nanoparticles by dip-coating technique. Results and Discussion: The obtained hydrophobic sorbent materials were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulting absorbent has shown capacity to separate oil from water; the best result was obtained by the sponge of PET-PU (10% PU) hydrophobized with a suspension with low multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) concentration, obtaining an absorption capacity of 2.01 g/g. Conclusion: Besides the standard sorption capacity, these cheap sorbent materials had interesting properties like low density, high hydrophobicity and buoyancy, which could be applied in other applications related to solving oil spills.
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Corchero, Raquel, Rosario Rodil, Ana Soto, and Eva Rodil. "Nanomaterial Synthesis in Ionic Liquids and Their Use on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Pollutants." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020411.
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The unique properties of ionic liquids make them suitable candidates to prepare nanoscale materials. A simple method that uses exclusively a corresponding bulk material and an ionic liquid—in this case, [P6,6,6,14]Cl—was used to prepare AgCl nanoparticles and AgCl@Fe3O4 or TiO2@Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposites. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photodegradation of atenolol as a model pharmaceutical pollutant in wastewater was investigated under ultraviolet–visible light irradiation using the different synthesized nanocatalysts. In the presence of 0.75 g·L−1 AgCl nanoparticles, a practically complete degradation of 10 ppm of atenolol was obtained after 30 min, following pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The effect of different variables (concentrations, pH, oxidant agents, etc.) was analyzed. The recyclability of the nanocatalyst was tested and found to be successful. A degradation mechanism was also proposed. In order to improve the recovery stage of the nanocatalyst, the use of magnetic nanocomposites is proposed. Under the same experimental conditions, a slightly lower and slower degradation was achieved with an easier separation. The main conclusions of the paper are the suitability of the use of ionic liquids to prepare different nanocatalysts and the effectiveness of these at degrading an emerging pollutant in wastewater treatment.
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Omar, Rishabh Anand, Neetu Talreja, Mohammad Ashfaq, and Divya Chauhan. "Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial (2D-NMs)-Based Polymeric Composite for Oil–Water Separation: Strategies to Improve Oil–Water Separation." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 10988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410988.
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Oil leakage and organic solvent industrial accidents harm the ecosystem, especially aquatic and marine life. Oil–water separation is required to combat this issue, which substantially enhances the ecosystem and recovery of oils from water bodies. In this aspect, significant efforts have been made by scientists to develop newer composite materials that efficiently separate oils from water bodies with exceptional recyclability. Membrane filtration is an efficient option for oil–water separation due to its ability to separate oil from water without involving any chemicals. However, relatively less water permeability and a high degree of surface fouling limit their applicability. The advent of two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) gives newer insight in developing membranes due to their exceptional characteristics like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, selectivity, antifouling ability, flexibility, and stability. Incorporating 2D-NMs within the polymeric membranes makes them exceptional candidates for removing oil from water. Moreover, 2D-NMs offer rapid sorption/desorption rates and boost water transportation. Additionally, 2D-NMs provide roughness that significantly enhances the fouling resistance in the polymeric membrane. This review focuses on properties of 2D-NM-based polymeric membrane and their roles in oil–water separation. We also discussed strategies to improve the oil–water separation efficiency. Finally, we discussed oil–water separation’s outlook and prospects using 2D-NM-based polymeric membranes. This review might provide new insight to the researchers who work on oil–water separation.
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Wang, Hongyu, Chaohai Wang, Junwen Qi, Yubo Yan, Ming Zhang, Xin Yan, Xiuyun Sun, Lianjun Wang, and Jiansheng Li. "Spiderweb-Like Fe-Co Prussian Blue Analogue Nanofibers as Efficient Catalyst for Bisphenol-A Degradation by Activating Peroxymonosulfate." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030402.
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Prussian blue and its analogues (PBA) based nanomaterials have been widely applied to removing pollutants in the recent years. However, easy aggregation and poor recycling largely limit their practical applications. In this work, spiderweb-like Fe-Co Prussian blue analogue/polyacrylonitrile (FCPBA/PAN) nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and applied to degrading bisphenol-A (BPA) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Detailed characterization demonstrated that a high loading of FCPBA (86% of FCPBA in FCPBA/PAN) was successfully fixed on the PAN nanofibers. 67% of BPA was removed within 240 min when 500 mg·L−1 PMS and 233 mg·L−1 FCPBA/PAN were introduced in 20 mg·L−1 BPA solution at initial pH of 2.8. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical inhibition experiments were performed to identify the possible degradation mechanism. For comparison, a low loading of FCPBA nanofibers (0.6FCPBA/PAN nanofibers, 43% of FCPBA in FCPBA/PAN) were also prepared and tested the catalytic performance. The results showed that the activity of FCPBA/PAN was much higher than 0.6FCPBA/PAN. Furthermore, a FCPBA/PAN packed column was made as a reactor to demonstrate the reusability and stability of FCPBA/PAN nanofibers, which also exhibited the bright future for the industrial application. This work makes it possible to fabricate efficient PBA nanocatalysts with excellent recyclability and promotes the application of PBA in industrial areas.
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Jali, Sandile, Turup Pandurangan Mohan, Festus Maina Mwangi, and Krishnan Kanny. "A Review on Barrier Properties of Cellulose/Clay Nanocomposite Polymers for Packaging Applications." Polymers 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16010051.
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Packaging materials are used to protect consumer goods, such as food, drinks, cosmetics, healthcare items, and more, from harmful gases and physical and chemical damage during storage, distribution, and handling. Synthetic plastics are commonly used because they exhibit sufficient characteristics for packaging requirements, but their end lives result in environmental pollution, the depletion of landfill space, rising sea pollution, and more. These exist because of their poor biodegradability, limited recyclability, etc. There has been an increasing demand for replacing these polymers with bio-based biodegradable materials for a sustainable environment. Cellulosic nanomaterials have been proposed as a potential substitute in the preparation of packaging films. Nevertheless, their application is limited due to their poor properties, such as their barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties, to name a few. The barrier properties of materials play a pivotal role in extending and determining the shelf lives of packaged foods. Nanofillers have been used to enhance the barrier properties. This article reviews the literature on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Cellulose extraction stages such as pretreatment, bleaching, and nanoparticle isolation are outlined, followed by cellulose modification methods. Finally, a brief discussion on nanofillers is provided, followed by an extensive literature review on the barrier properties of cellulose/clay nanocomposite polymers. Although similar reviews have been presented, the use of modification processes applied to cellulose, clay, and final nanocomposites to enhance the barrier properties has not been reviewed. Therefore, this article focuses on this scope.
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M, Vijayatha, Vijayalaxmi B, Sajeeda Md, Ravali B, Venkatesham K, Kalpana M, Padma B, and Hari Padmasri Aytam. "Visible and Solar Light Degradation of Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin using Titania Nanocomposite." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 2275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.28239.
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A simple sol-gel approach was used to synthesize TiO2 nanoparticles and its composite TiO2-PEG (TPG) using polyethylene glycol (PEG). The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM -EDX, TEM, UV-DRS, photoluminescence, Raman, XPS and BET-surface area techniques. The development of non-toxic, cost-effective, biocompatible and efficient polymeric nanocomposite increases the mechanical, thermophysical and physico-chemical properties of prepared nanomaterials. PEG affected the reaction with the crystallization process of the prepared titania nanoparticles to a great extent. The antibiotics ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin of fluoroquinolone class are widely used to treat certain bacterial infections and at the same time their residues generate serious health issues due to the lack of proper waste water treatment systems thus causing environmental pollution. The present study is thus focused on synthesizing efficient titania PEG nanocomposite to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in both solar and visible light. Efficiency of degradation was achieved maximum upto 74% with TPG and 64% with pure TiO2 nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin in visible light, similarly the degradation of norfloxacin was achieved 65% with TPG and 57% with TiO2 nanoparticles. Sunlight irradiation resulted in the degradation of ciprofloxacin to 80.2% with TPG and 77% with TiO2 nanoparticles whereas it was 78.7% with TPG and 68.6% with TiO2 nanoparticles for the degradation of norfloxacin. These results indicate that the catalyst TPG showed higher activity in presence of solar and visible light than TiO2 nanoparticles. Recyclability was also studied showing the stability of the photocatalyst used even after five successive runs.
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Ali, Sundas, F. Akbar Jan, Rahat Ullah, Wajidullah, Naimat Ullah, and Salman. "UV-light-driven cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanocatalysts: synthesis, characterization, therapeutic and environmental applications; kinetics and thermodynamic study of photocatalytic degradation of Eosin B and Methyl Green dyes." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 4 (January 20, 2022): 1040–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.637.
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Abstract Cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized through hydrothermal route and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA).The band gap of CdS nanoparticles was found to be 2.38 eV. CdS NPs are crystalline aggregates with hexagonal structure as shown by SEM and XRD analysis. TGA study revealed that the synthesized nanomaterials were very stable to temperature and only 6.54% total loss occurred during heating range (25 °C–600 °C).The CdS NPs were used for the first time against the degradation of Eosin B (EB) and Methyl green (MG) dyes in aqueous solution.The degradation of EB and MG over CdS nanocatalysts followed second order kinetics. The predicted activation energies for both the dyes' reactions were 61.1 kJ/mol and 32.11 kJ/mol, respectively. About 95% and 90% dye degradation was observed at the time interval of 160 minutes for EB and MG, respectively. High percent degradation of EB was observed at high pH (pH 0) while at low pH (pH 4) high percent degradation was found for MG dye. Maximum dye degradation was found at the optimal dose (0.03 g/L) of the catalyst and at low dye concentration. The rate of EB and MG dye degradation was found to increase with increase in temperature up to 45 °C. The recyclability study showed that CdS nanoparticles could be reused for the degradation of the given dyes. Good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was shown by CdS NPs. From the biocompatibility it was confirmed that CdS NPS are bioincompatible compatible.
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Sohaimi, K. S. A., J. Jaafar, and N. Rosman. "Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) as Photocatalyst: A Review." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 19, no. 5 (October 19, 2023): 901–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n5.2774.
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Water pollution has increased worldwide, sparking interest in photocatalysis, a viable water treatment approach. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a good photocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation due to its excellent crystallinity, high yield and recyclability, low cost, photo-corrosion resistance, small band gap (2.3 eV), improved electron mobility, and broad absorption range. Pure V2O5's photocatalytic efficiency is limited by inefficient photonic and quantum processes, and its tiny structure enables photogenerated carriers to recombine, reducing efficiency. This prevents widespread use of V2O5. This mini-review examines V2O5 as a potent visible-light photocatalyst, focusing on its structure, synthesis methods, and modifications that improve its efficiency. Hydrothermal, sol-gel, co-precipitation, solvothermal, and others are reviewed. The methods employed affect the photocatalyst's efficiency. Photogenerated electron-hole separation, charge transfer to catalyst surface or across two-phase catalyst interfaces, and reactive species interaction with hazardous contaminants are all affected. Photoredox uses have been explored for dyes, phenols, and pharmaceutical wastes. According to a review of the past decades, V2O5 has primarily been used for the degradation of dye pollutants, with fewer applications for pharmaceutical wastes and other pollutants. More research on V2O5's capabilities and qualities on diverse target pollutants is needed. This mini-review discusses present obstacles in producing vanadium pentoxide-based systems and future research prospects. Despite its potential as a photocatalyst, V2O5 has not been thoroughly researched as an electron storage material. Numerous investigations have shown that V2O5 can store energy like lithium batteries. This finding will likely motivate researchers and newcomers to explore V2O5's potential to synthesise nanomaterials with increased electron storage capacity, making it a good day-night photocatalyst. This review should improve future V2O5 research.
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Hien, Lam Pham Thanh, Le Truong Anh Huy, Pham Dan Thanh, Le Thi Kieu Thi, Bui Khanh Le, Le Nguyen Dang Khoa, Doan Quoc Vinh, et al. "Preparation of activated red mud and its application for removal of hydrogen sulfide in air." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i2.474.
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Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste from the Bayer process for aluminum production. Red mud reservoirs are usually considered as a potential environmental risk. The treatment of red mud is costly due to the lack of an effective and economical treatment technology. On the other hand, the main components of red mud are Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, and Na2O, which could be employed as a promising precursor for the preparation of various nanomaterials. In this study, we prepared activated red mud by thermal and acid treatment method and applied it for adsorption of H2S in air. The red mud was activated under different temperatures (i.e., 200, 400, 600, and 800 oC for 4 h), types of acid (i.e., H2SO4 and HCl), and acid concentrations (i.e., 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 M). The produced materials were then applied for H2S removal in air with concentration of 90 – 110 mg/m3 using a fix-bed adsorption column test. Results showed that red mud activated at 800 oC and with 1.5 M H2SO4 solution had the highest adsorption capacity of 29.38 mg/g with an average removal efficiency of 80.2%. The effects of gas flow rate and initial H2S concentration were also investigated, and the highest removal capacity was achieved at an inlet concentration of 100 mg/m3 and flow rate of 1 L/min. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were employed for modelling the H2S adsorption by this material and the experimental result was more fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The thermal desorption and recyclability test were also conducted for evaluating the practical application of activated red mud material and 200 oC was the suggested desorption temperature with 81.7% adsorption capacity recovery.
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Coetzee, Divan, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Jiri Militky, and Michal Petru. "Influence of Nanoparticles on Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Composites." Polymers 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040742.
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This review analyzes thermal and electrically conductive properties of composites and how they can be influenced by the addition of special nanoparticles. Composite functional characteristics—such as thermal and electrical conductivity, phase changes, dimensional stability, magnetization, and modulus increase—are tuned by selecting suitable nanoparticle filler material. The conductivity of composites can be related to the formation of conductive pathways as nanofiller materials form connections in the bulk of a composite matrix. With increasing use of nanomaterial containing composites and relatively little understanding of the toxicological effects thereof, adequate disposal and recyclability have become an increasing environmental concern.
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Tran Duc, Luong, Quyen Mai Le, and Mui Pham Thi Thu. "Fabrication of the superhydrophobic and oleophilic graphene-based sponge for the treatment of oil- and organic solvent-contaminated wastewater." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 11, no. 4 (November 5, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2022.061.
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Graphene, a 2D nanomaterial, has been extensively studied and applied in many applications including, but not limited to, energy storage, environmental treatment, additives for paints, rubber, and composite, sensors, and electronic devices. In this work, graphene-based sponge was facilely fabricated by simply immersing melamine sponge into well-dispersed graphene nanoplaletes solution. The prepared graphene sponge revealed superhydrophobic and oleophillic properties in nature. The graphene-based sponge showed remarkable adsorption performance toward oils and organic solvents with the adsorption capacity ranging from 40 to 70 folds of sponge’s weight. The sponge also exhibited high recyclability, which is considered as a promising material for the practical application.
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Turco, Antonio, and Cosimino Malitesta. "Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater by a Polydimethylsiloxane/oxMWCNTs Porous Nanocomposite." Water 12, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 3471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123471.
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User-friendly and energy-efficient methods able to work in noncontinuous mode for in situ purification of olive mill wastewater (OMW) are necessary. Herein we determined the potential of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes entrapped in a microporous polymeric matrix of polydimethylsiloxane in the removal and recovery of phenolic compounds (PCs) from OMW. The fabrication of the nanocomposite materials was straightforward and evidenced good adsorption capacity. The adsorption process is influenced by the pH of the OMW. Thermodynamic parameters evidenced the good affinity of the entrapped nanomaterial towards phenols. Furthermore, the kinetics and adsorption isotherms are studied in detail. The presence of oil inside the OMW can speed up the uptake process in batch adsorption experiments with respect to standard aqueous solutions, suggesting a possible use of the nanocomposite for fast processing of OMW directly in the tank where they are stored. Moreover, the prepared nanocomposite is safe and can be easily handled and disposed of, thus avoiding the presence of specialized personnel. After the adsorption process the surface of the nanomaterial can be easily regenerated by mild treatments with diluted acetic acid, thus permitting both the recyclability of the nanomaterial and the recovery of phenolic compounds for a possible use as additives in food and nutraceutical industries and the recovery of OMW for fertirrigation.
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Liu, Jun, Meng Jie Chang, Menken Tenggeer, and Hui Ling Du. "Fabrication of Highly Hydrophobic Polyurethane Foam for the Oil-Absorption Application." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.169.
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Hydrophobic polyurethane (PU) sponge for oil absorption application was fabricated by ZnO nanomaterial coating and stearic acid modification on ZnO surface. The contact angle and oil absorbent capacity ability of the obtained sponge were measured. It was demonstrated that both ZnO nanoparticle and ZnO nanorod coated PU sponge (ZnO NPs-PU and ZnO NRs-PU) showed good hydrophobicity and oil absorbent ability. ZnO NPs-PU and ZnO NRs-PU sponges have absorbent capacities of 18~92 times and 20~98 times of their own weight for different organic liquids, respectively. Moreover, the absorption capacity of the ZnO NRs-PU sponge did not deteriorate over 50 cycles. Therefore, the ZnO NRs-PU sponge has excellent recyclability for future application.
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Anboo, Shamini, Sie Yon Lau, Jibrail Kansedo, Pow-Seng Yap, Tony Hadibarata, and Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. "Synthesis of Enzyme-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Particles." MATEC Web of Conferences 377 (2023): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337701011.
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Enzyme-incorporated hybrid nanostructures are the immobilization of enzymes and inorganic components that exhibits promising characteristics in various industries. The immobilization of enzymes onto nanomaterial is naturally based to accommodate the enzymatic activity, stability, recyclability as well as their catalytic functions. The designing of these conjugates can improve the overall enzymatic performance by imparting their novel properties onto the system in comparison to conventional free enzymes which experience drawbacks in terms of deactivation or denaturing. A facile and ultrafast method is described in this paper to synthesize a novel enzyme-incorporated lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflower (NF). The physical properties of the hybrid NF allow easier retrieval which indicates its higher reusability and recyclability value. The enzyme loading capacity was found to be 95.1% whereas, the catalytic performance of lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF at the optimal conditions resulted in a specific enzyme activity of 1752 U/g corresponding to an increment of 90.5% to that of free lipase. This indicates that the well-designed lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF to be highly efficient in industrial biocatalytic applications. Meanwhile, in future work, we aim to study its operational stability and reusability to enzymatically degrade biopolymers through hydrolysis process.
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Jiang, Caiyun, Ting Wu, Xin He, Yuping Wang, and Hong-zhen Lian. "Preparation of Thermo-Sensitive Molecular Imprinted SERS Substrate with Robust Recyclability for Detection of Ofloxacin." Chemosensors 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10110437.
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To this day, the preparation of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability has been the bottleneck to realizing SERS-based quantitative analysis in practical applications. In this paper, a thermo-sensitive imprinting SERS substrate material (TM@TiO2@Ag) is developed with a uniform structure and morphology, a controllable “hot spot” and photocatalytic regeneration. The as-prepared TM@TiO2@Ag nanocomposite is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, etc. After the effects of its thermo-sensitive property on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and SERS signals are investigated, this nanomaterial is used as the Raman-enhanced substrate for rapid and trace detection of ofloxacin (OFL) in water. It is found that, with the aid of unique structure and composition, temperature sensitivity, and molecule imprinting, the SERS sensor possesses considerably strong anti-interference ability not only to structure-unlike but also to structure-like co-existing substances, extremely low detectable concentration of 1.1 × 10−11 M for OFL at 1397 cm−1, as well as excellent reusability due to its photocatalytic degradation to target analytes.
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Xia, Kai, Yongfu Guo, Qijun Shao, Qu Zan, and Renbi Bai. "Removal of Mercury (II) by EDTA-Functionalized Magnetic CoFe2O4@SiO2 Nanomaterial with Core-Shell Structure." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2019): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111532.
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In order to reduce the difficulty and risk of operation, decrease the preparation time and improve the adsorption performance of magnetic nano-silicon adsorbent with core-shell structure, a carboxylated CoFe2O4@SiO2 was prepared by EDTA-functionalized method using a safe, mild and simple hydrothermal method. The results show that the prepared material of CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has a maximum adsorption capacity of 103.3 mg/g for mercury ions (Hg(II)) at pH = 7. The adsorption process of Hg(II) is a chemical reaction involving chelation and single-layer adsorption, and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Moreover, the removal of Hg(II) is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. The material characterization, before and after adsorption, shows that CoFe2O4@SiO2-EDTA has excellent recyclability, hydrothermal stability and fully biodegradable properties. To summarize, it is a potential adsorption material for removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions in practical applications.
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Gao, Xin, and Yunwu Li. "Monitoring Gases Content in Modern Agriculture: A Density Functional Theory Study of the Adsorption Behavior and Sensing Properties of CO2 on MoS2 Doped GeSe Monolayer." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103860.
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The reasonable allocation and control of CO2 concentration in a greenhouse are very important for the optimal growth of crops. In this study, based on density functional theory (DFT), an MoS2–GeSe monolayer was proposed to unravel the issues of the lower selectivity, poorer sensitivity and non-recyclability of traditional nanomaterial gas sensors. The incorporation of MoS2 units greatly enhanced the sensitivity of the pure GeSe monolayer to CO2 and the high binding energy also demonstrated the thermal stability of the doped structures. The ideal adsorption energy, charge transfer and recovery time ensured that the MoS2–GeSe monolayer had a good adsorption and desorption ability. This paper aimed to solve the matter of recycling sensors within agriculture. This research could provide the theoretical basis for the establishment of a potentially new generation of gas sensors for the monitoring of crop growth.
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Laayati, Mouhsine, Ali Hasnaoui, Nayad Abdallah, Saadia Oubaassine, Lahcen Fkhar, Omar Mounkachi, Soufiane El Houssame, Mustapha Ait Ali, and Larbi El Firdoussi. "M-Type SrFe12O19 Ferrite: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Amino Alcohols under Solvent-Free Conditions." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (July 11, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7960648.
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Magnetically separable strontium hexaferrite SrFe12O19 was prepared using the chemical coprecipitation method, and the nanostructured material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and BET analysis. The SEM images showed the homogeneity of the chemical composition of SrFe12O19 and uniform distribution of size and morphology. The pore size of the nanomaterial and its specific area were determined by BET measurements. Strontium hexaferrite SrFe12O19 exhibited a strong magnetic field, which is highly suitable in the heterogeneous catalysis as it can be efficiently separated from the reaction. The magnetic nanocatalyst showed high activity and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalysts for the epoxide ring-opening with amines affording β-amino alcohols under solvent-free conditions. When unsymmetrical epoxides were treated in the presence of aromatics amines, the regioselectivity was influenced by the electronic and steric factors. Total regioselectivity was observed for the reactions performed with aliphatic amines. The magnetically SrFe12O19 nanocatalyst showed excellent recyclability with continuously good catalytic activities after four cycles.
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Chaudhary, Kumar, Kumar, Chaudhary, Mehta, and Umar. "Ethylene Glycol Functionalized Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Hydrazine and p-Nitrophenol." Coatings 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9100633.
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The current work reports the successful synthesis of ethylene glycol functionalized gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3 Nps) as a proficient electrocatalytic material for the detection of hydrazine and p-nitrophenol. A facile hydrothermal approach was used for the controlled growth of Gd2O3 Nps in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) as a structure-controlling and hydrophilic coating source. The prepared material was characterized by several techniques in order to examine the structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and sensing properties. The thermal stability, resistance toward corrosion, and decreased tendency toward photobleaching made Gd2O3 nanoparticles a good candidate for the electrochemical sensing of p-nitrophenol and hydrazine by using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and amperometric methods at a neutral pH range. The modified electrode possesses a linear range of 1 to 10 µM with a low detection limit of 1.527 and 0.704 µM for p-nitrophenol and hydrazine, respectively. The sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, recyclability, linear range, detection limit, and applicability in real water samples made Gd2O3 Nps a favorable nanomaterial for the rapid and effectual scrutiny of harmful environmental pollutants.
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Mapossa, António B., Washington Mhike, José L. Adalima, and Shepherd Tichapondwa. "Removal of Organic Dyes from Water and Wastewater Using Magnetic Ferrite-Based Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites: A Review." Catalysts 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11121543.
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Heterogeneous photocatalysis using titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) has been widely studied in various applications, including organic pollutant remediation in aqueous systems. The popularity of these materials is based on their high photocatalytic activity, strong photosensitivity, and relatively low cost. However, their commercial application has been limited by their wide bandgaps, inability to absorb visible light, fast electron/hole recombination, and limited recyclability since the nanomaterial is difficult to recover. Researchers have developed several strategies to overcome these limitations. Chief amongst these is the coupling of different semi-conductor materials to produce heterojunction nanocomposite materials, which are both visible-light-active and easily recoverable. This review focuses on the advances made in the development of magnetic ferrite-based titanium oxide and zinc oxide nanocomposites. The physical and magnetic properties of the most widely used ferrite compounds are discussed. The spinel structured material had superior catalytic and magnetic performance when coupled to TiO2 and ZnO. An assessment of the range of synthesis methods is also presented. A comprehensive review of the photocatalytic degradation of various priority organic pollutants using the ferrite-based nanocomposites revealed that degradation efficiency and magnetic recovery potential are dependent on factors such as the chemical composition of the heterojunction material, synthesis method, irradiation source, and structure of pollutant. It should be noted that very few studies have gone beyond the degradation efficiency studies. Very little information is available on the extent of mineralization and the subsequent formation of intermediate compounds when these composite catalysts are used. Additionally, potential degradation mechanisms have not been adequately reported.
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Patel, Ravi Kumar, Sanjay Kumar, Amit Kumar Chawla, Prasenjit Mondal, Neelam, Benoit Teychene, and Jitendra K. Pandey. "Elimination of Fluoride, Arsenic, and Nitrate from Water Through Adsorption onto Nano-adsorbent: A Review." Current Nanoscience 15, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 557–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190101113651.
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Fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate are considered as major pollutants of water around the world, affecting millions of people mainly through the potable groundwater. Presence of these contaminants in drinking water can cause health issues like dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, blackfoot disease, blue-baby syndrome, reproductive disorders, skin cancer, thyroid dysfunction, hypertension etc. The removal of fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate is mainly carried out through ion-exchange, membrane, adsorption, and other chemical treatments. Owing to the cost competitiveness, energy consumption and customized operating procedure, adsorption has been a popular choice for the removal of these contaminants. The adsorbent based on natural material either in native form or modified at the surface, have gained the momentum to be utilized for fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate free drinking water because of their adequate disposability. Recently, adsorbent of nanomaterial has shown the significant potential for water treatment because of their higher surface area and tailored selectivity. Nanoadsorbents prepared by wet-chemical precipitation, co-precipitation, sol-gel, electro-coextrusion, hydrothermal, thermal refluxing methods etc. can be effectively employed at comparatively lower concentration for water treatment. The adsorption capacity, durability, recyclability, and toxicity of nano-adsorbent are further explored particularly, at commercial scale. The present article is mainly aimed to provide a comprehensive review about the applicability and challenges associated with the use of nano-adsorbents for the removal of fluoride, arsenic, and nitrate with a brief discussion on options and future perspective to meet the challenges of complexity for the selection of environmentfriendly adsorbents.
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Yadav, Lakshmi S. R., Rangashamaiah Venkatesh, Mahadevaiah Raghavendra, Thippeswamy Ramakrishnappa, Narayanappa Dhananjaya, and Ganganagappa Nagaraju. "Synthesis of Nano ZnO: A Catalyst for N-formylation of Aromatic Amines and Biodiesel Application." Current Nanomaterials 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405461505666200316121735.
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Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared from an easy, eco-friendly and cost-effective green combustion technique using an extract of turmeric root has been an immense attractive nanomaterial that is used widely in light emitting display systems, piezoeletricity, electric conductivity, and biological applications. The prepared samples were characterized for their structural and morphological study using various analytical techniques. Results: Crystallite size was calculated by both XRD as well as UV-visible absorption measurements and Crystallite size was found to be 14-36 nm. An equation was developed with the aid of an effective mass model (Brus 1986) to calculate the size of the particle as a function of the peak absorbance wavelength. The energy bandgap of the synthesized sample calculated to be in the range of 4.74 - 5.0 eV by UV-Vis spectra confirms the quantum confinement. ZnO nanocatalyst is used for the synthesis of biodiesel from garcinia gummigutta seed oil has been studied. The environmental friendly procedure was carried for the formylation of amines under solvent-free reaction condition and simple work-up giving pure products with prompt recyclability behavior are the main features of the reaction. Conclusion: In this work, ZnO NPs were synthesised using turmeric root extract as a fuel via green combustion method. It is an environmentally friendly, easy as well as cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles. ZnO NPs were examined through various equipments such as PXRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM studies. XRD study show the hexagonal wurtzite structure. it is a good catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from the pongamiapinnata oil. It also serves as a catalyst for the Nformylation reactions, which involves the clean procedure under milder reaction conditions with an excellent yield of the desired products
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Mudhar, Rajveer, Andiol Mucolli, Jim Ford, Cristian Lira, and Hamed Yazdani Yazdani Nezhad. "Electrical and Magnetic Properties of 3D Printed Integrated Conductive Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites for Sustainable Electronics Development." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110345.
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This article reports research on the development and implementation of new methods for structurally integrated and recyclable polymer based electronic products via multi-head fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing. The focus of this research is to propose an efficient FDM-3D printing process utilising multiple filaments with no interruption of the process to ensure the multi-material electronic product achieved is structurally integrated. Such research is an attempt towards development of recyclable rigid electronic structures via multi-material 3D printing, i.e., multiple conductive nanomaterial embedded thermoplastic and non-conductive thermoplastic layers (in coil forms, herein). Six radio frequency identification (RFID) tag coil geometries were selected for the study. The thermoplastic polymer used in this research was polylactic acid (PLA), and the conductive filament was carbon black nanoparticle embedded PLA at approx. 21 wt.%. The nozzle and filaments diameters examined were 1.75 mm. A MakerBot Replicator 2X 3D printer was partially disassembled to be equipped with a dual head, for our examinations. The research investigated the major challenges ahead of the proposed development, mainly, on the deteriorating effects on the quality of the integrated product (structural integrity, electric and magnetic properties) induced by the 3D printing process parameters (e.g., temperature). The most efficient nozzle and bed temperatures to prevent visible defects were found to be higher than the supplier’s recommendation, attributed to the uncertainties associated with the multi-material composition, and were found to require 248 °C and 100 °C for reliable and continued FDM printing, respectively. The measurements on the electric and magnetic properties, using 4-wire resistance and Hall effect method, respectively, were conducted to quantify process induced deteriorating effects, quantitatively. It has been examined whether the multi-material electronic structure can be achieved via uninterrupted (continuous) processing of polymer nanocomposite-based identification systems for recyclability purpose whilst maintaining the electromagnetic properties of it, a promising technology for reducing landfill. Recommendations were identified for best practices behind such development.
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Natrayan, L., S. Kaliappan, A. Saravanan, A. S. Vickram, P. Pravin, Mohamed Abbas, C. Ahamed Saleel, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, and Mohamed Sadiq Mohamed Saleem. "Recyclability and catalytic characteristics of copper oxide nanoparticles derived from bougainvillea plant flower extract for biomedical application." Green Processing and Synthesis 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2023-0030.
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Abstract This work aims to investigate the environmentally sustainable technique to synthesize the copper nanoparticles using bougainvillea flower ethanolic extract at ambient temperature. Copper nanoparticles have considerable potential for reducing the environment’s harmful pigments and nitrogen contaminants. The oxidized copper nanoscale catalysts are enclosed inside nanomaterial, which work as a benign and sustainable resource for capping agents. Ultraviolet spectroscopic, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray crystallography (XRD) techniques were used to evaluate the produced oxidized copper nanocrystals. The particles produced have been very robust, are cylindrical in form, and have an outer diameter of 12 nm. Furthermore, under normal conditions, copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials demonstrated strong photocatalytic efficiency in liquid media for the oxidation of Congo red, bromothymol blue, and 4-nitrophenol in an acidic solution acetic anhydride. Moreover, the CuO nanocrystalline enzyme could be readily vortexed or used for five cycles with an exchange rate of even over 90%. The evaporation process caused around 18% of the loss of weight between 25°C and 190°C, while soil organic breakdown caused almost 31% of the loss of weight around 700°C. As a result, the little reduction in enzymatic effectiveness of the recoverable multilayer CuO substrate might be attributed to catalytic degradation throughout spinning and processing.
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Wang, Sheng, Nannan Wang, Dan Kai, Bofan Li, Jing Wu, Jayven Chee Chuan YEO, Xiwei Xu, et al. "In-situ forming dynamic covalently crosslinked nanofibers with one-pot closed-loop recyclability." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36709-4.
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AbstractPolymeric nanofibers are attractive nanomaterials owing to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio and superior flexibility. However, a difficult choice between durability and recyclability continues to hamper efforts to design new polymeric nanofibers. Herein, we integrate the concept of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) to produce a class of nanofibers ⎯ referred to dynamic covalently crosslinked nanofibers (DCCNFs) via electrospinning systems with viscosity modulation and in-situ crosslinking. The developed DCCNFs possess homogeneous morphology, flexibility, mechanical robustness, and creep resistance, as well as good thermal and solvent stability. Moreover, to solve the inevitable issues of performance degradation and crack of nanofibrous membranes, DCCNF membranes can be one-pot closed-loop recycled or welded through thermal-reversible Diels-Alder reaction. This study may unlock strategies to fabricate the next generation nanofibers with recyclable features and consistently high performance via dynamic covalent chemistry for intelligent and sustainable applications.
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Basseem, Mohga, Abeer A. Emam, Fatma H. Kamal, Azaa M. Gamal, and Samia A. Abo Faraha. "Novel functionalized of ZnO with Sm3+, La3+, and Sr2+/ZnO single and tri-doped nanomaterials for photocatalytic degradation: synthesis, DFT, kinetics." Journal of Materials Science, August 23, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08829-1.
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AbstractPure zinc oxide, single-doped zinc oxide as 2 wt% of Lanthanum as (La DZ NPs), 2 wt% of Samarium (Sm DZ NPs), and 2 wt% of Strontium as (Sr DZ NPs), and tri-doped (Sm, La, Sr, T DZ NPs) were synthesized with a hydrothermal method. Additionally, these nanomaterials are used as an effective photocatalytic for the degradation of Reactive Red 43. These nanomaterials’ optical, particle size distribution, structural properties, and morphology were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet (UV) light, photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the point of zero charges (pHpzc). Molecular modeling simulation was calculated using density functional theory (DFT) to confirm some characterization. Moreover, these studies showed the crystal structure parameters changed with doped nanomaterials, and the experimental band gap fit theoretical calculation and demonstrated the reason for the widening of the band gap. An enhancement in the surface area of Sr DZ NPs recorded high value (SBET = 37.43 m2/g) indicated that it can be used as an efficient photocatalyst, where Sr DZ NPs showed the best photodegradation % of Reactive Red 43 dye with 93.43% compared to PZ (72.88%), La DZ NPs (52.54 3%), Sm DZ NPs (31.99%), and La, Sm, Sr T DZ NPs (20.55%). Furthermore, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model better fits the R2 values. Finally, the mechanism of degradation has been related to electronic configuration. In addition, the recyclability showed stability of nanomaterials under UV irradiation. Graphical abstract
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Wu, Tong, Quan Zhou, Guosheng Chen, Siming Huang, and Gangfeng Ouyang. "Rational Integration of Nanozyme Probe and Smartphone Device for On‐Site Analysis." Analysis & Sensing, December 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anse.202300084.
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On‐site detection featuring miniaturized, integrated analytical device and rapid data feedback has encouraged a great deal of attention, especially in the current context of pandemic diseases occurring with high frequency worldwide. This convenient detection device constitutes a stable recognition element and a portable signal treatment and readout module. In this regard, the enzyme‐mimic nanomaterials (nanozymes) with the merits of structural stability, cost efficiency, scale‐up synthesis and high recyclability well meet the requirements for recognition unit set‐up. While the all‐pervading smartphone, which enables the data collection through photography or wireless transmission, holds numerous opportunities in the design of hand‐held analytical device. In this review, we summarize the advances of nanozyme‐smartphone integrated platforms, with special emphasis of the signal transduction principles involving colorimetric, chemiluminescence, and electrochemical signals. The diversified on‐site applications in terms of biological, environment and food analysis are showcased. Finally, the current challenges as well as thefuture perspectives on nanozyme design, sensing diversity and smartphone analysis are discussed.
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Kantak, Maithili, and Pravin Shende. "In-vivo processing of nanoassemblies: a neglected framework for recycling to bypass nanotoxicological therapeutics." Toxicology Research, January 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfad001.
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Abstract The proof-of-concept of nanomaterials (NMs) in the fields of imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics shows the importance in biopharmaceuticals development due to structural orientation, on-targeting, and long-term stability. However, biotransformation of NMs and their modified form in human body via recyclable techniques are not explored owing to tiny structures and cytotoxic effects. Recycling of NMs offers advantages of dose reduction, re-utilization of the administered therapeutics providing secondary release, and decrease in nanotoxicity in human body. Therefore, approaches like in-vivo re-processing and bio-recycling are essential to overcome nanocargo system-associated toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and lung toxicity. After 3–5 stages of recycling process of some NMs of gold, lipid, iron oxide, polymer, silver, and graphene in spleen, kidney, and Kupffer’s cells retain biological efficiency in the body. Thus, substantial attention towards recyclability and reusability of NMs for sustainable development necessitates further advancement in healthcare for effective therapy. This review article outlines biotransformation of engineered NMs as a valuable source of drug carriers and biocatalyst with critical strategies like pH modification, flocculation, or magnetization for recovery of NMs in the body. Furthermore, this article summarizes the challenges of recycled NMs and advances in integrated technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, in-silico assay, etc. Therefore, potential contribution of NM’s life-cycle in the recovery of nanosystems for futuristic developments require consideration in site-specific delivery, reduction of dose, remodeling in breast cancer therapy, wound healing action, antibacterial effect, and for bioremediation to develop ideal nanotherapeutics.
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Anani, Osikemekha Anthony, Kenneth Kennedy Adama, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Aishatu Idris Habib, Vincent Kenechi Abanihi, and Kaushik Pal. "Application of nanofibrous protein for the purification of contaminated water as a next generational sorption technology: A review." Nanotechnology, February 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/acbd9f.
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Abstract Globally, wastes from agricultural and industrial activities cause water pollution. Pollutants such as microbes, pesticides, and heavy metals in contaminated water bodies beyond their threshold limits result in several diseases like mutagenicity, cancer, gastrointestinal problems, and skin or dermal issues when bioaccumulated via ingestion and dermal contacts. Several technologies have been used in modern times to treat wastes or pollutants such as membrane purification technologies (MPT) and ionic exchange methods (IEM). However, these methods have been recounted to be capital intensive, non-eco-friendly, and need deep technical know-how to operate thus, contributing to their inefficiencies and non-efficacies. This review work evaluated the application of Nanofibrils-protein for the purification of contaminated water. Findings from the study indicated that Nanofibrils protein is economically viable, green, and sustainable when used for water pollutant management or removal because they have outstanding recyclability of wastes without resulting in a secondary phase-pollutant. It is recommended to use residues from dairy industries, agriculture, cattle guano, and wastes from a kitchen in conjunction with nanomaterials to develop nanofibrils protein which has been recounted for the effective removal of micro and micropollutants from wastewater and water. The commercialization of nanofibrils protein for the purification of wastewater and water against pollutants has been tied to novel methods in nanoengineering technology, which depends strongly on the environmental impact in the aqueous ecosystem. So, there is a need to establish a legal framework for the establishment of a nano-based material for the effective purification of water against pollutants.
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Wang, Biao, Qingwang Liu, and Zhenzhong Fan. "A Mini Review: Application Progress of Magnetic Graphene Three-Dimensional Materials for Water Purification." Frontiers in Chemistry 8 (November 19, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.595643.
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Marine oil pollution, colored counterattacks, and heavy metal ions in the water will cause serious environmental problems and threaten human health. The three-dimensional material prepared by graphene, as a new nanomaterial, has a large specific surface area and surface chemical activity. Various impurities in the water can be absorbed, which is very suitable as a water purification material. Depositing Fe3O4 and other magnetic materials on graphene three-dimensional materials can not only increase recyclability but increase hydrophobicity. Therefore, magnetic graphene three-dimensional materials have a high potential for use in water purification. This article reviews the research progress and adsorption mechanism of magnetic graphene materials for water purification. Finally, the future research prospects of magnetic graphene materials have prospected.
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Mariño, Mayra A., Maria G. Paredes, Natalia Martinez, Daniela Millan, Ricardo A. Tapia, Domingo Ruiz, Mauricio Isaacs, and Paulina Pavez. "A ternary eutectic solvent for cellulose nanocrystal production: exploring the recyclability and pre-pilot scale-up." Frontiers in Chemistry 11 (August 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1233889.
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Deep eutectic solvents (DES) formed using choline chloride (ChCl), p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) of stoichiometry ChCl: pTSA (1:1) and (1:2), and its ternary eutectic mixtures with phosphoric acid (PA) 85% as an additive (ChCl: pTSA: PA) were evaluated for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) isolation. Initially, the hydrolytic efficiency to produce CNC of each DES was compared before and after adding phosphoric acid by Hammett acidity parameters and the Gutmann acceptor number. Moreover, different DES molar ratios and reaction time were studied at 80°C for CNC optimization. The nanomaterial characteristics were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ternary eutectic mixture ChCl: pTSA: PA molar ratio (1:1:1.35) was chosen as a suitable recyclable ternary system at the laboratory scale. A CNC yield of about 80% was obtained from the hydrolysis of commercial cellulose in five cycles of recovery, but it dropped to 35% in pre-pilot scaling. However, no variation in the average size of the resulting CNC was observed (132 ± 50 nm x 23 ± 4 nm), which presented high thermal stability (Tmax 362°C) and high crystallinity of about 80% after 3 h of reaction time.