Journal articles: 'Nanoflowers'

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Gqoba, Siziwe S., Rafael Rodrigues, Sharon Lerato Mphahlele, Zakhele Ndala, Mildred Airo, Paul Olawale Fadojutimi, Ivo A. Hümmelgen, Ella C. Linganiso, Makwena J. Moloto, and Nosipho Moloto. "Hierarchical Nanoflowers of Colloidal WS2 and Their Potential Gas Sensing Properties for Room Temperature Detection of Ammonia." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091491.

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A one-step colloidal synthesis of hierarchical nanoflowers of WS2 is reported. The nanoflowers were used to fabricate a chemical sensor for the detection of ammonia vapors at room temperature. The gas sensing performance of the WS2 nanoflowers was measured using an in-house custom-made gas chamber. SEM analysis revealed that the nanoflowers were made up of petals and that the nanoflowers self-assembled to form hierarchical structures. Meanwhile, TEM showed the exposed edges of the petals that make up the nanoflower. A band gap of 1.98 eV confirmed a transition from indirect-to-direct band gap as well as a reduction in the number of layers of the WS2 nanoflowers. The formation of WS2 was confirmed by XPS and XRD with traces of the oxide phase, WO3. XPS analysis also confirmed the successful capping of the nanoflowers. The WS2 nanoflowers exhibited a good response and selectivity for ammonia.

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Xue, Zeyang, Feiyang Li, Chunhu Yu, Jianfeng Huang, Feihu Tao, Zhengyu Cai, Hui Zhang, and Lizhai Pei. "Low temperature synthesis of SnSr(OH)₆ nanoflowers and photocatalytic performance for organic pollutants." International Journal of Materials Research 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2021-8333.

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Abstract A simple low temperature hydrothermal route has been used for the synthesis of strontium tin hydroxide (SrSn(OH)6) nanoflowers. The synthesized SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers were investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and solid ultraviolet−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers are composed of nanorods with hexagonal structure, length and diameter of about 2 µm and 30–100 nm, respectively. The growth process of the SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers is proposed as the Ostwald ripening and crystal splitting process based on the morphological evolution from different hydrothermal conditions. The band gap of the nanoflowers is 3.53 eV. The SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers were utilized for the photocatalytic degradation of gentian violet under ultraviolet light irradiation. The roles of various factors including irradiation time and nanoflower dosage on the photocatalytic activity of the SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers are discussed. The possible photocatalytic mechanism for gentian violet degradation using the SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers was determined by radical trapping experiments. The SrSn(OH)6 nanoflowers possess good stability and are an efficient photocatalyst for the removal of organic pollutants.

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Khan, Muhammad Arif, Nafarizal Nayan, Shadiullah, Mohd Khairul Ahmad, Soon Chin Fhong, Muhammad Tahir, Riyaz Ahmad Mohamed Ali, and Mohamed Sultan Mohamed Ali. "Advanced Nanoscale Surface Characterization of CuO Nanoflowers for Significant Enhancement of Catalytic Properties." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092700.

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In this work, advanced nanoscale surface characterization of CuO Nanoflowers synthesized by controlled hydrothermal approach for significant enhancement of catalytic properties has been investigated. The CuO nanoflower samples were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), high-angular annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) with elemental mapping, energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and UV–Vis spectroscopy techniques. The nanoscale analysis of the surface study of monodispersed individual CuO nanoflower confirmed the fine crystalline shaped morphology composed of ultrathin leaves, monoclinic structure and purified phase. The result of HR-TEM shows that the length of one ultrathin leaf of copper oxide nanoflower is about ~650–700 nm, base is about ~300.77 ± 30 nm and the average thickness of the tip of individual ultrathin leaf of copper oxide nanoflower is about ~10 ± 2 nm. Enhanced absorption of visible light ~850 nm and larger value of band gap energy (1.68 eV) have further supported that the as-grown material (CuO nanoflowers) is an active and well-designed surface morphology at the nanoscale level. Furthermore, significant enhancement of catalytic properties of copper oxide nanoflowers in the presence of H2O2 for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) with efficiency ~96.7% after 170 min was obtained. The results showed that the superb catalytic performance of well-fabricated CuO nanoflowers can open a new way for substantial applications of dye removal from wastewater and environment fields.

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Upadhyay, Archana, Huan Yang, Bilal Zaman, Lei Zhang, Yundi Wu, Jinhua Wang, Jianguo Zhao, Chenghong Liao, and Qian Han. "ZnO Nanoflower-Based NanoPCR as an Efficient Diagnostic Tool for Quick Diagnosis of Canine Vector-Borne Pathogens." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020122.

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a unique technique in molecular biology and biotechnology for amplifying target DNA strands, and is also considered as a gold standard for the diagnosis of many canine diseases as well as many other infectious diseases. However, PCR still faces many challenges and issues related to its sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and turnaround time. To address these issues, we described the use of unique ZnO nanoflowers in PCR reaction and an efficient ZnO nanoflower-based PCR (nanoPCR) for the molecular diagnosis of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs). A total of 1 mM of an aqueous solution of ZnO nanoflowers incorporated in PCR showed a significant enhancement of the PCR assay with respect to its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of two important CVBDs, Babesia canis vogeli and Hepatozoon canis. Interestingly, it drastically reduced the turnaround time of the PCR assay without compromising the yield of the amplified DNA, which can be of benefit for veterinary practitioners for the improved management of diseases. This can be attributed to the favorable adsorption of ZnO nanoflowers to the DNA and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanoflowers. The unique ZnO nanoflower-assisted nanoPCR greatly improved the yield, purity, and quality of the amplified products, but the mechanism behind these properties and the effects and changes due to the different concentrations of ZnO nanoflowers in the PCR system needs to be further studied.

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Lee, Su Jung, Hongje Jang, and Do Nam Lee. "Inorganic Nanoflowers—Synthetic Strategies and Physicochemical Properties for Biomedical Applications: A Review." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091887.

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Nanoflowers, which are flower-shaped nanomaterials, have attracted significant attention from scientists due to their unique morphologies, facile synthetic methods, and physicochemical properties such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced charge transfer and carrier immobility, and an increased surface reaction efficiency. Nanoflowers can be synthesized using inorganic or organic materials, or a combination of both (called a hybrid), and are mainly used for biomedical applications. Thus far, researchers have focused on hybrid nanoflowers and only a few studies on inorganic nanoflowers have been reported. For the first time in the literature, we have consolidated all the reports on the biomedical applications of inorganic nanoflowers in this review. Herein, we review some important inorganic nanoflowers, which have applications in antibacterial treatment, wound healing, combinatorial cancer therapy, drug delivery, and biosensors to detect diseased conditions such as diabetes, amyloidosis, and hydrogen peroxide poisoning. In addition, we discuss the recent advances in their biomedical applications and preparation methods. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current trends and potential future directions in nanoflower research. The development of inorganic nanoflowers for biomedical applications has been limited to date. Therefore, a diverse range of nanoflowers comprising inorganic elements and materials with composite structures must be synthesized using ecofriendly synthetic strategies.

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Jaramillo, Oscar A., Reshmi Raman, and Marina E. Rincón. "Effect of the Nucleation Layer on TiO2 Nanoflowers Growth via Solvothermal Synthesis." MRS Proceedings 1479 (2012): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1604.

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ABSTRACTTiO2 nanoflowers were obtained on modified ITO substrates by solvothermal synthesis. Surface modification was achieved with a layer of TiO2 seeds/nucleus obtained by dip-coating at various pH and dip cycles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy results indicated that at all nucleation conditions there was a dual population of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanoflowers. For a particular pH, the effect of increasing the number of dips was to increase the size and number of the nanoflowers, whereas for a fixed number of dips, the increase in pH causes a decrease in nanoflower population. The comparison with solvothermal films obtained on unmodified substrates indicates that TiO2 nanoflowers grew up on the nucleation sites. These microstructural changes determine the active surface area and sensing properties of the solvothermal films. At room temperature, no evidence of superior ethanol sensing properties was found for TiO2 nanoflowers, which show larger resistivity than TiO2 nanoparticles.

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Zheng, Lu, Yining Sun, Jing Wang, He Huang, Xin Geng, Yi Tong, and Zhi Wang. "Preparation of a Flower-Like Immobilized D-Psicose 3-Epimerase with Enhanced Catalytic Performance." Catalysts 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8100468.

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In this present study, we proposed a smart biomineralization method for creating hybrid organic–inorganic nanoflowers using a Co2+-dependent enzyme (D-psicose 3-epimerase; DPEase) as the organic component and cobalt phosphate as the inorganic component. The prepared nanoflowers have many separated petals that have a nanometer size. Under optimum conditions (60 °C and pH of 8.5), the nanoflower can display its maximum activity (36.2 U/mg), which is about 7.2-fold higher than free DPEase. Furthermore, the immobilized DPEase presents enhanced pH and thermal stabilities. The DPEase-nanoflower maintained about 90% of its activity after six reaction cycles, highlighting its excellent reusability.

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Xiang, Chao, Tingting Chen, Yan Zhao, Jianhai Sun, Kaisheng Jiang, Yongzhen Li, Xiaofeng Zhu, Xinxiao Zhang, Ning Zhang, and Ruihua Guo. "Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoflowers for Low-Concentration Formaldehyde Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 2133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132133.

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In this work, SnO2 nanoflowers were prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal process. The morphology and structure of SnO2 nanoflowers were characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD, which demonstrated the good crystallinity of the SnO2 tetrahedron structure of the as-synthesized materials. In addition, the sensing properties of SnO2 nanoflowers were studied in detail. It was found that the SnO2 nanoflower-based gas sensor exhibits excellent gas response (9.2 to 120 ppm), fast response and recovery (2/15 s to 6 ppm), good linearity of correlation between response (S) vs. concentration (C) (lgS = 0.505 lgC − 0.147, R2 = 0.9863), superb repeatability, and selectivity at 300 °C. The outstanding performance can also be attributed to the high specific surface area ratio and size of SnO2 nanoflowers close to the thickness of the electron depletion layer that can provide abundant active sites, promote the rate of interaction, and make it easier for gas molecules to diffuse into the interior of the material. Therefore, SnO2 nanoflowers can be an ideal sensing material for real-time monitoring of low-concentration HCHO.

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Amna, Touseef. "Shape-controlled synthesis of three-dimensional zinc oxide nanoflowers for disinfection of food pathogens." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 73, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2018): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0195.

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Abstract The antibacterial activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers has been investigated and presented in this article. Classic three-dimensional nanoflowers have been prepared by hydrothermal method using zinc acetate dihydrate Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O as the sole precursor. The X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirm the formation of ZnO crystals. Consequently, on the basis of morphological and chemical observations, the chemical reaction mechanism of ZnO nanoflowers was also proposed. Antibacterial activity was carried out against food-borne pathogen, Escherichia coli, which is ubiquitous in distribution among food-laden wastes. The experimental procedures for the antibacterial test included a spectroscopic method with different concentrations (5–20 μg/mL) of ZnO nanoflowers to unearth the minimum inhibitory concentration. Our investigation suggests that the lowest concentration of ZnO nanoflower solution that can hamper the growth of this microbial strain was 5 μg/mL.

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Jing Han, Siow, Mariam Ameen, Mohamad Fahrul Radzi Hanifah, Aqsha Aqsha, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Juhana Jaafar, and Soorathep Kheawhom. "Catalytic Evaluation of Nanoflower Structured Manganese Oxide Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080822.

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An electrochemical nanoflowers manganese oxide (MnO2) catalyst has gained much interest due to its high stability and high specific surface area. However, there are a lack of insightful studies of electrocatalyst performance in nanoflower MnO2. This study assesses the electrocatalytic performances of nanoflower structure MnO2 for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a zinc–air battery as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The prepared catalyst was characterized in term of morphology, crystallinity, and total surface area. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were used to evaluate the electrochemical behaviors of the as-prepared nanoflower-like MnO2. The discharge performance test for zinc–air battery with a MnO2 catalyst was also conducted. The results show that the MnO2 prepared at dwell times of 2, 4 and 6 h were nanoflowers, nanoflower mixed with nanowires, and nanowires with corresponding specific surface areas of 52.4, 34.9 and 32.4 g/cm2, respectively. The nanoflower-like MnO2 catalyst exhibits a better electrocatalytic performance towards both ORR and OER compared to the nanowires. The number of electrons transferred for the MnO2 with nanoflower, nanoflower mixed with nanowires, and nanowire structures is 3.68, 3.31 and 3.00, respectively. The as-prepared MnO2 nanoflower-like structure exhibits the best discharge performance of 31% higher than the nanowires and reaches up to 30% of the theoretical discharge capacity of the zinc–air battery.

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Luo, Jianyi, Yudong Li, Xiwei Mo, Youxin Xu, and Qingguang Zeng. "Metal-seed planting fabrication of W–W18O49 core shell nanoflowers for gas sensors." RSC Advances 7, no. 47 (2017): 29844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03006a.

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In this study, a new kind of metal oxide nanoflower has been controllably synthesized on pre-designed regions of a substrate by a metal-seed planting method, in which the nanoflowers only appear where the metal seeds are planted.

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Uras, Ibrahim Seyda, Baris Karsli, Belma Konuklugil, Ismail Ocsoy, and Ayse Demirbas. "Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites of Aspergillus terreus Extract and Its Compounds with Antimicrobial Properties." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054638.

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Due to its distinct, atypical features and possible applications, three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanoflowers have sparked considerable interest. Copper (II) ions were employed as inorganic components in this study, whereas various extracts from Aspergillus terreus and their extracted main components were used as organic components. Extracts from A. terreus and its isolated principal component molecules can first form complexes with copper ions, and these complexes subsequently become nucleation sites for primary copper phosphate crystals, showing interactions using an easy and successful self-assembly template synthesis technique. Therefore, the process results in the formation of 3D nanoflowers among the A. terreus extract and its remoted important additives in addition to copper ions, ensuing in a completely unique round flower-like shape containing loads of nanopetals under the most excellent conditions along with pH, attention of organic–inorganic additives, temperature, and the quantity of copper nitrate on nanoflower formation. Furthermore, A. terreus and its isolated major components, Cu3(PO4)2 nanoflowers, seemed to have a remarkable antibacterial effect. Our findings highlight the benefits of nanoflowers made with A. terreus and its isolated secondary metabolites of inorganic structures, which could be used in industrial biocatalysts, biosensors, and environmental chemistry.

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Lian, Qi, Han Liu, Xuefang Zheng, Dandan Jia, Chun Liu, and Dongjun Wang. "Synthesis of polyacrylonitrile nanoflowers and their controlled pH-sensitive drug release behavior." RSC Advances 10, no. 27 (2020): 15715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01427c.

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The schematic preparation of a new kind of pH-sensitive PAN nanoflower and its potential application for UC therapy. PAN (TBP) nanoflowers at pH 7.4 showed good sustained-release (t_83% = 260 h), which best fitted the Riger–Peppas model.

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Jamnongkan, Tongsai, Ornthiwa Jaroensuk, Anchan Khankhuean, Apirat Laobuthee, Natee Srisawat, Autchara Pangon, Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit, Pongthipun Phuengphai, Amnuay Wattanakornsiri, and Chih-Feng Huang. "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Mechanical, Thermal, and Antibacterial Properties of PLA/ZnO Nanoflower Biocomposite Filaments for 3D Printing Application." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030600.

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Functionalities of 3D printing filaments have gained much attention owing to their properties for various applications in the last few years. Innovative biocomposite 3D printing filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) composited with ZnO nanoflowers at varying contents were successfully fabricated via a single-screw extrusion technique. The effects of the varying ZnO nanoflower contents on their chemical, thermal, mechanical, and antibacterial properties were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile testing, as well as qualitative and quantitative antibacterial tests, respectively. It was found that the ZnO nanoflowers did not express any chemical reactions with the PLA chains. The degrees of the crystallinity of the PLA/ZnO biocomposite filaments increased when compared with those of the neat PLA, and their properties slightly decreased when increasing the ZnO nanoflower contents. Additionally, the tensile strength of the PLA/ZnO biocomposite filaments gradually decreased when increasing the ZnO nanoflower contents. The antibacterial activity especially increased when increasing the ZnO nanoflower contents. Additionally, these 3D printing filaments performed better against Gram-positive (S. aureus) than Gram-negative (E. coli). This is probably due to the difference in the cell walls of the bacterial strains. The results indicated that these 3D printing filaments could be utilized for 3D printing and applied to medical fields.

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Wang, Jing, and Mingzhe Gan. "DNA Nanoflowers’ Amelioration of Lupus Symptoms in Mice via Blockade of TLR7/9’s Signal." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 16030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416030.

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Inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (INH-ODN) can exert an immunomodulatory effect to specifically block TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To extend the half-life of INH-ODN in vivo, the phosphorothioate backbone, instead of the native phosphodiester, is preferred due to its strong resistance against nuclease degradation. However, its incomplete degradation in vivo may lead to potential risk. To solve these problems and enhance the blockage of TLR7 and TLR9, we prepared highly compressed DNA nanoflowers with prolonged native DNA backbones and repeated INH-ODN motifs. Three therapeutic types of nanoflower, incorporating INH-ODN sequences, including IRS 661, IRS 869, and IRS 954, were prepared by rolling circle amplification and were subcutaneously injected into MRL/lpr mice. The TLR7 blocker of the IRS 661 nanoflower and the TLR9 antagonist of the IRS 869 nanoflower could decrease autoantibodies, reduce cytokine secretion, and alleviate lupus nephritis in mice. However, the IRS 954 nanoflower, the TLR7 and TLR9 dual antagonist, did not have additive or opposing effects on lupus nephritis but only showed a decrease in serum IFNα, suggesting that the TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist may have a competition mechanism or signal-dependent switching relationship. INH-ODN nanoflowers were proposed as a novel and potential therapeutic nucleic acids for SLE.

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Le, Xuan Ai, Thao Nguyen Le, and Moon Il Kim. "Dual-Functional Peroxidase-Copper Phosphate Hybrid Nanoflowers for Sensitive Detection of Biological Thiols." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010366.

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An effective strategy to detect biological thiols (biothiols), including glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), and homocysteine (Hcy), holds significant incentive since they play vital roles in many cellular processes and are closely related to many diseases. Here, we demonstrated that hybrid nanoflowers composed of crystalline copper phosphate and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) served as a functional unit exhibiting dual catalytic activities of biothiol oxidase and HRP, yielding a cascade reaction system for a sensitive one-pot fluorescent detection of biothiols. The nanoflowers were synthesized through the anisotropic growth of copper phosphate petals coordinated with the amine/amide moieties of HRP, by simply incubating HRP and copper(II) sulfate for three days at room temperature. Copper phosphates within the nanoflowers oxidized target biothiols to generate H2O2, which activated the entrapped HRP to oxidize the employed Amplex UltraRed substrate to produce intense fluorescence. Using this strategy, biothiols were selectively and sensitively detected by monitoring the respective fluorescence intensity. This nanoflower-based strategy was also successfully employed for reliable quantification of biothiols present in human serum, demonstrating its great potential for clinical diagnostics.

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Selvaraj, Rengaraj, Kezhen Qi, Uiseok Jeong, Kholood Al Nofli, Salma Al-Kindy, Mika Sillanpää, and Younghun Kim. "A Simple Surfactant-Free Solution Phase Synthesis of Flower-like In2S3 Hierarchitectures and their Photocatalytic Activities." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol19iss2pp29-36.

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Flower-like In2S3 hierarchical nanostructures were successfully prepared via a facile solution-phase route, using thiacetamide as both sulfur source and capping agent. Our experimental results demonstrated that the morphology of these In2S3 nanostructures can be easily modified by changing the ratio of In(NO3)3/thiacetamide. With the ratio increasing from 1:1.5 to 1:6, the In2S3 crystals exhibited flower-like morphology of varying size. XRD and HRTEM of the flowers revealed the cubic structure of In2S3; morphological studies examined by SEM and TEM showed that the synthesized In2S3 nanostructure was a flower-like hierarchitecture assembled from nanoscale flakes. XPS and EDX analysis confirmed the stoichiometry of In2S3 nanoflowers. The optical properties were investigated by UV-vis DRS, which indicated that the In2S3 nanoflower samples possess a band gap from 1.90 to 1.97 eV. Furthermore, photocatalytic activity studies revealed that the prepared In2S3 nanoflowers exhibit an excellent photocatalytic performance, degrading rapidly the aqueous methylene blue dye solution under visible light irradiation. These results suggest that In2S3 nanoflowers will be a promising candidate for a photocatalyst working under the visible light range.

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Wang, Lei, Xiaoting Huo, Ruya Guo, Qiang Zhang, and Jianhan Lin. "Exploring Protein-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers and Immune Magnetic Nanobeads to Detect Salmonella Typhimurium." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121006.

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Early screening of pathogenic bacteria is key to preventing and controlling outbreaks of foodborne diseases. In this study, protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers were synthesized for signal amplification and used with a calcium ion selective electrode (Ca-ISE) to establish a new enzyme-free assay for rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella. Calcium hydrophosphate crystals were first conjugated with polyclonal antibodies against Salmonella to synthesize immune calcium nanoflowers (CaNFs), and streptavidin modified magnetic nanobeads (MNBs) were conjugated with biotinylated monoclonal antibodies against Salmonella to form immune MNBs. After target bacteria were separated using immune MNBs to form magnetic bacteria, immune CaNFs were conjugated with magnetic bacteria to form nanoflower conjugated bacteria. Then, hydrogen chloride was used to release calcium ions from nanoflower conjugated bacteria. After magnetic separation, the supernatant was finally injected as a continuous-flow to fluidic chip with Ca-ISE for specific detection of calcium ions. The supernatant’s potential had a good linear relationship with bacteria concentration, and this assay was able to detect the S. Typhimurium cells as low as 28 colony forming units/mL within two hours. The mean recovery of target bacteria in spiked chicken samples was 95.0%. This proposed assay shows the potential for rapid, sensitive, and on-line detection of foodborne pathogens.

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Komen, Irina, Sabrya E. van Heijst, Martin Caldarola, Sonia Conesa-Boj, and L. Kuipers. "Revealing the nanogeometry of WS₂ nanoflowers by polarization-resolved Raman spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 17 (November 7, 2022): 173103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102381.

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Recent studies of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have revealed exciting optical properties, such as stable excitons and chiral light–matter interactions. Chemical vapor deposition techniques provide a platform for the fabrication of nanostructures with diverse geometries, ranging from horizontal flakes to flower-like structures. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used to characterize TMDs and their properties. Here, we use polarization-resolved Raman spectroscopy to probe the nanogeometry and orientation of [Formula: see text] nanoflower petals. Exciting the nanoflowers with linearly polarized light, we observe an enhanced Raman response from flower petals oriented along the excitation polarization direction. Furthermore, the helicity-resolved Raman response of vertically oriented wall-like flower petals exhibits clear differences with horizontally oriented flakes. Although the photoluminescence from the nanoflowers is strongly reduced, the Raman response upon excitation in resonance with the [Formula: see text] excitonic transition does reveal the presence of the exciton, which results in a distinct temperature dependence of the Raman response.

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Virk, Hardev Singh. "Fabrication of Nanoflowers and other Exotic Patterns." Solid State Phenomena 201 (May 2013): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.201.159.

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A wide variety of metallic and metal oxide nanoflowers and other exotic patterns have been fabricated using different techniques. We have created copper and cupric oxide nanoflowers using two different techniques: electro-deposition of copper in polymer and anodic alumina templates, and cytyltrimethal ammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal method, respectively. Zinc oxide and manganese oxide nanoflowers have been synthesized by thermal treatment. Characterization of nanoflowers is done in the same way as for nanowires using XRD, SEM, TEM and FESEM. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images record some interesting morphologies of metallic copper nanoflowers. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) has been used to determine morphology and composition of copper oxide nanoflowers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the monoclinic phase of CuO in the crystallographic structure of copper oxide nanoflowers. Nanoflowers find interesting applications in industry. There is an element of random artistic design of nature, rather than science, in exotic patterns of nanoflowers fabricated in our laboratory.

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Zhang, Tie Min, Guo Qing Miao, Jun Fu, Dong Mei Ban, Zhen Jiang Shen, Hong Lin, Xu Zou, and Hong Yan Peng. "InGaAs Nanoflowers Grown by MOCVD." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.747.

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InGaAs nanoflowers have been prepared on InP substrates by MOCVD, using TMIn, TMGa and AsH3 as reactive precursors at 420 oC. Through observation by scanning electron microscopy, we find that InGaAs nanoflowers are composed with blades and rods. The flower patterns are controlled by the growth temperature. The nanoflowers of InGaAs are disappeared, when we alter the growth temperature up and down. The InGaAs nanoflowers are In0.98Ga0.02As.

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Zhao, Yi-Xin, Hao-Sen Kang, Wen-Qin Zhao, You-Long Chen, Liang Ma, Si-Jing Ding, Xiang-Bai Chen, and Qu-Quan Wang. "Dual Plasmon Resonances and Tunable Electric Field in Structure-Adjustable Au Nanoflowers for Improved SERS and Photocatalysis." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092176.

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Flower-like metallic nanocrystals have shown great potential in the fields of nanophononics and energy conversion owing to their unique optical properties and particular structures. Herein, colloid Au nanoflowers with different numbers of petals were prepared by a steerable template process. The structure-adjustable Au nanoflowers possessed double plasmon resonances, tunable electric fields, and greatly enhanced SERS and photocatalytic activity. In the extinction spectra, Au nanoflowers had a strong electric dipole resonance located around 530 to 550 nm. Meanwhile, a longitudinal plasmon resonance (730~760 nm) was obtained when the number of petals of Au nanoflowers increased to two or more. Numerical simulations verified that the strong electric fields of Au nanoflowers were located at the interface between the Au nanosphere and Au nanopetals, caused by the strong plasmon coupling. They could be further tuned by adding more Au nanopetals. Meanwhile, much stronger electric fields of Au nanoflowers with two or more petals were identified under longitudinal plasmon excitation. With these characteristics, Au nanoflowers showed excellent SERS and photocatalytic performances, which were highly dependent on the number of petals. Four-petal Au nanoflowers possessed the highest SERS activity on detecting Rhodamine B (excited both at 532 and 785 nm) and the strongest photocatalytic activity toward photodegrading methylene blue under visible light irradiation, caused by the strong multi-interfacial plasmon coupling and longitudinal plasmon resonance.

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Umar, Ahmad, Ahmed A. Ibrahim, Mohsen A. Alhamami, S. Hussain, Hassan Algadi, Faheem Ahmed, Hassan Fouad, and Sheikh Akbar. "Synthesis and gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanoflowers for hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) detection." Materials Express 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2023.2317.

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Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and gas sensing properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers grown by facile simple solution process. The synthesized ZnO nanoflowers were examined by various techniques to explore their structural, morphological, optical, compositional and gas sensing properties. The details morphological and structural characterizations revealed that the synthesized material possessed flower-shaped morphologies in the nanoscale range with a wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure of ZnO. The high-intense peaks of the synthesized ZnO nanoflowers confirmed high crystallinity. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnO nanoflowers were used as an electrode material to fabricate a facile and low-cost gas sensor to detect hydrogen sulphide (H2S). At an ideal working temperature of 150 °C, the ZnO nanoflowers electrode-based gas sensor displayed remarkable selectivity, good response (48 s), and recovery (97 s) time. Moreover, the fabricated gas sensor exhibited a maximum gas response of 139 (Rg/Ra) towards 50 ppm hydrogen sulphide gas at 150 °C. The unique performance of the ZnO nanoflowers-based gas sensor was attributed to the large surface area of the ZnO nanoflowers, which enabled the fabricated sensor to be a contender for the detection of H2S gas among the wide variety of reported sensors.

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Umar, Ahmad, Mohammad Akhtar, Tubia Almas, Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohammed Al-Assiri, Yoshitake Masuda, Qazi Rahman, and Sotirios Baskoutas. "Direct Growth of Flower-Shaped ZnO Nanostructures on FTO Substrate for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Crystals 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080405.

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The proposed work reports that ZnO nanoflowers were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a solution process at low temperature. The high purity and well-crystalline behavior of ZnO nanoflowers were established by X-ray diffraction. The morphological characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers were clearly revealed that the grown flower structures were in high density with 3D floral structure comprising of small rods assembled as petals. Using UV absorption and Raman spectroscopy, the optical and structural properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied. The photoelectrochemical properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied by utilizing as a photoanode for the manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fabricated DSSC with ZnO nanoflowers photoanode attained reasonable overall conversion efficiency of ~1.40% and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of ~4.22 mA cm−2 with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.615 V and a fill factor (FF) of ~0.54. ZnO nanostructures have given rise to possible utilization as an inexpensive and efficient photoanode materials for DSSCs.

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Gwon, Kihak, Jong-Deok Park, Seonhwa Lee, Jong-Sung Yu, and Do Nam Lee. "Biocompatible Core–Shell-Structured Si-Based NiO Nanoflowers and Their Anticancer Activity." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (January 23, 2022): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020268.

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Compared to most of nano-sized particles, core–shell-structured nanoflowers have received great attention as bioactive materials because of their high surface area with the flower-like structures. In this study, core–shell-structured Si-based NiO nanoflowers, Si@NiO, were prepared by a modified chemical bath deposition method followed by thermal reduction. The crystal morphology and basic structure of the composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET) and porosity analysis (BJT), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The electrochemical properties of the Si@NiO nanoflowers were examined through the redox reaction of ascorbic acid with the metal ions present on the surface of the core–shell nanoflowers. This reaction favored the formation of reactive oxygen species. The Si@NiO nanoflowers showed excellent anticancer activity and low cytotoxicity toward the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), respectively, demonstrating that the anticancer activities of the Si@NiO nanoflowers were primarily derived from the oxidative capacity of the metal ions on the surface, rather than from the released metal ions. Thus, this proves that Si-based NiO nanoflowers can act as a promising candidate for therapeutic applications.

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26

Li, Xiang, Yan Xiong, Ming Duan, Haiqin Wan, Jun Li, Can Zhang, Sha Qin, Shenwen Fang, and Run Zhang. "Investigation on the Adsorption-Interaction Mechanism of Pb(II) at Surface of Silk Fibroin Protein-Derived Hybrid Nanoflower Adsorbent." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051241.

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For further the understanding of the adsorption mechanism of heavy metal ions on the surface of protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, a novel protein-derived hybrid nanoflower was prepared to investigate the adsorption behavior and reveal the function of organic and inorganic parts on the surface of nanoflowers in the adsorption process in this study. Silk fibroin (SF)-derived and copper-based protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers of SF@Cu-NFs were prepared through self-assembly. The product was characterized and applied to adsorption of heavy metal ion of Pb(II). With Chinese peony flower-like morphology, the prepared SF@Cu-NFs showed ordered three-dimensional structure and exhibited excellent efficiency for Pb(II) removal. On one hand, the adsorption performance of SF@Cu-HNFs for Pb(II) removal was evaluated through systematical thermodynamic and adsorption kinetics investigation. The good fittings of Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models indicated the monolayer adsorption and high capacity of about 2000 mg g−1 of Pb(II) on SF@Cu-NFs. Meanwhile, the negative values of Δ r G m ( T ) θ and Δ r H m θ proved the spontaneous and exothermic process of Pb(II) adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption mechanism of SF@Cu-HNFs for Pb(II) removal was revealed with respect to its individual organic and inorganic component. Organic SF protein was designated as responsible ‘stamen’ adsorption site for fast adsorption of Pb(II), which was originated from multiple coordinative interaction by numerous amide groups; inorganic Cu3(PO4)2 crystal was designated as responsible ‘petal’ adsorption site for slow adsorption of Pb(II), which was restricted from weak coordinative interaction by strong ion bond of Cu(II). With only about 10% weight content, SF protein was proven to play a key factor for SF@Cu-HNFs formation and have a significant effect on Pb(II) treatment. By fabricating SF@Cu-HNFs hybrid nanoflowers derived from SF protein, this work not only successfully provides insights on its adsorption performance and interaction mechanism for Pb(II) removal, but also provides a new idea for the preparation of adsorption materials for heavy metal ions in environmental sewage in the future.

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Zhang, Xian, and Fengqiong Shi. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Hierarchical ZnO Nanoflowers and Photocatalytic Activities for Organic Dyes." International Journal of Nanoscience 13, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x14500239.

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We have successfully synthesized three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical ZnO nanostructure through a simple hydrothermal synthetic approach, namely nanoflowers. We have also studied the growth process of nanoflowers based on a series of experiments. In addition, the comparative photocatalytic studies showed the photocatalytic activities of the nanoflowers are obviously over two times than that of nanorods in the photodegradation of organic dyes.

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Song, Fengyan, Hao Sun, Hailong Ma, and Hui Gao. "Porous TiO2/Carbon Dot Nanoflowers with Enhanced Surface Areas for Improving Photocatalytic Activity." Nanomaterials 12, no. 15 (July 23, 2022): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12152536.

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Electron–hole recombination and the narrow-range utilization of sunlight limit the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium oxide (TiO2). We synthesized carbon dots (CDs) and modified TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like mesoporous structure, i.e., porous TiO2/CDs nanoflowers. Among such hybrid particles, the CDs worked as photosensitizers for the mesoporous TiO2 and enabled the resultant TiO2/CDs nanoflowers with a wide-range light absorption. Rhodamine B (Rh-B) was employed as a model organic pollutant to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2/CDs nanoflowers. The results demonstrated that the decoration of the CDs on both the TiO2 nanoflowers and the (commercially available AEROXIDE TiO2) P25 NPs enabled a significant improvement in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency compared with the pristine TiO2. The TiO2/CDs nanoflowers, with their porous structure and larger surface areas compared to P25, showed a higher efficiency to prevent local aggregation of carbon materials. All of the results revealed that the introduced CDs, with the unique mesoporous structure, large surface areas and loads of pore channels of the prepared TiO2 NPs, played important roles in the enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2/CDs hybrid nanoflowers.

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Wang, Zichao, Pei Liu, Ziyi Fang, and He Jiang. "Trypsin/Zn3(PO4)2 Hybrid Nanoflowers: Controlled Synthesis and Excellent Performance as an Immobilized Enzyme." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 11853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911853.

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Immobilized enzymes are a significant technological approach to retain enzyme activity and reduce enzyme catalytic cost. In this work, trypsin-incorporated Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers were prepared via mild precipitation and coordination reactions. The controllable preparation of hybrid nanoflowers was achieved by systematically investigating the effects of the raw-material ratio, material concentration and reaction temperature on product morphology and physicochemical properties. The enzyme content of hybrid nanoflowers was about 6.5%, and the maximum specific surface area reached 68.35 m2/g. The hybrid nanoflowers exhibit excellent catalytic activity and environmental tolerance compared to free trypsin, which was attributed to the orderly accumulation of nanosheets and proper anchoring formation. Further, the enzyme activity retention rate was still higher than 80% after 12 repeated uses. Therefore, trypsin/Zn3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers—which combine functionalities of excellent heat resistance, storage stability and reusability—exhibit potential industrial application prospects.

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Shaheen, A., Shahid Hussain, G. J. Qiao, Mohamed H. Mahmoud, Hassan Fouad, and M. S. Akhtar. "Nanosheets Assembled Co₃O₄ Nanoflowers for Supercapacitor Applications." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3113.

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The energy storage has become universal concern with increasing global economy and population. Therefore, it becomes a great challenge to develop renewable energy sources to meet the increasing energy demand. We have successfully synthesized Co3O4 nanoflowers by a simple hydrothermal method for supercapacitor applications. The morphology and structure were analyzed by SEM/TEM and XRD. The electrochemical properties of the Co3O4 nanoflowers of the Co3O4 nanoflowers were measured by CV, GCD, and EIS. The resulting material exhibited a specific capacitance of 3491 mF/cm2 at a current density of 20 mA/cm2 with good cyclic stability in 6 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with Co3O4 nanoflowers as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode showed high energy storage capacity (2102 mF/cm2) and good cyclic stability. Therefore, this work shows great potential of Co3O4 nanoflowers as a supercapacitor cathode material.

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Zhang, Mei, Raoul Peltier, Manman Zhang, Haojian Lu, Haidong Bian, Yangyang Li, Zhengtao Xu, Yajing Shen, Hongyan Sun, and Zuankai Wang. "In situ reduction of silver nanoparticles on hybrid polydopamine–copper phosphate nanoflowers with enhanced antimicrobial activity." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 27 (2017): 5311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00610a.

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32

Bourfaa, Fouzia, Abderhamane Boutelala, Mohamed Salah Aida, Nadir Attaf, and Yusuf Selim Ocak. "Influence of Seed Layer Surface Position on Morphology and Photocatalysis Efficiency of ZnO Nanorods and Nanoflowers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (January 4, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4072351.

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ZnO nanorods and nanoflowers were synthesized by a hydrothermal method via different surface substrate positions at 120°C for 3 h as a growth time. The influence of seed layer surface position on the growth of ZnO nanostructures was observed by the variation of ZnO morphologies from nanorods to nanoflowers. Both analyses XRD and EDS proved the pure wurtzite phase with high crystallinity quality and preferential growth along the c-axis. As displayed from the scanning of surface morphology through SEM, a large amount of ZnO nanorods and nanoflowers were deposited on the full substrate surface. Diverse ZnO photocatalysts were used to study the photodegradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye by UV light. The organic dye MB was decolorized by the most efficient photocatalyst among the ZnO-tested nanostructures. The results showed an improvement of the degradability of this dye from 54% to 81% for ZnO nanoflowers compared to nanorods. Thus, ZnO nanoflowers are the best photocatalyst which have the high efficiency photodegradation and the large rate constant.

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Li, Feitao, Siyao Wan, Dong Wang, and Peter Schaaf. "Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 14 (January 20, 2023): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.14.14.

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This work reports the formation of nanoflowers after annealing of Au/Ni bilayers deposited on SiO2/Si substrates. The cores of the nanoflowers consist of segregated Ni silicide and Au parts and are surrounded by SiOx branches. The SiO2 decomposition is activated at 1050 °C in a reducing atmosphere, and it can be enhanced more by Au compared to Ni. SiO gas from the decomposition of SiO2 and the active oxidation of Si is the source of Si for the growth of the SiOx branches of the nanoflowers. The concentration of SiO gas around the decomposition cavities is inhomogeneously distributed. Closer to the cavity border, the concentration of the Si sources is higher, and SiOx branches grow faster. Hence, nanoflowers present shorter and shorter branches as they are getting away from the border. However, such inhomogeneous SiO gas concentration is weakened in the sample with the highest Au concentration due to the strong ability of Au to enhance SiO2 decomposition, and nanoflowers with less difference in their branches can be observed across the whole sample.

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Lin, Zian, Yun Xiao, Ling Wang, Yuqing Yin, Jiangnan Zheng, Huanghao Yang, and Guonan Chen. "Facile synthesis of enzyme–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers and their application as an immobilized trypsin reactor for highly efficient protein digestion." RSC Adv. 4, no. 27 (2014): 13888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00268g.

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Hybrid nanoflowers were synthesized by a novel approach. The nanoflowers exhibited an enhanced enzymatic activity and can be used as an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) for highly efficient protein digestion.

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35

Zhao, Bin, Feng Chen, Qiwei Huang, and Jinlong Zhang. "Brookite TiO2 nanoflowers." Chemical Communications, no. 34 (2009): 5115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b909883f.

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Tong, Junhua, Songtao Li, Chao Chen, Yulan Fu, Fengzhao Cao, Lianze Niu, Tianrui Zhai, and Xinping Zhang. "Flexible Random Laser Using Silver Nanoflowers." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040619.

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A random laser was achieved in a polymer membrane with silver nanoflowers on a flexible substrate. The strong confinement of the polymer waveguide and the localized field enhancement of silver nanoflowers were essential for the low-threshold random lasing action. The lasing wavelength can be tuned by bending the flexible substrate. The solution phase synthesis of the silver nanoflowers enables easy realization of this type of random lasers. The flexible and high-efficiency random lasers provide favorable factors for the development of imaging and sensing devices.

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Lan, Guo, Zhiqiang Xie, Zhenwei Huang, Shengchen Yang, Xuhai Zhang, Yuqiao Zeng, and Jianqing Jiang. "Amorphous Alloy: Promising Precursor to Form Nanoflowerpot." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/263681.

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Nanoporous copper is fabricated by dealloying the amorphous Ti2Cu alloy in 0.03 M HF electrolyte. The pore and ligament sizes of the nanoporous copper can be readily tailored by controlling the dealloying time. The as-prepared nanoporous copper provides fine and uniform nanoflowerpots to grow highly dispersed Au nanoflowers. The blooming Au nanoflowers in the nanoporous copper flowerpots exhibit both high catalytic activity and stability towards the oxidation of glucose, indicating that the amorphous alloys are ideal precursors to form nanoflowerpot which can grow functional nanoflowers.

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Jiang, Ning, Chuang Zhang, Meng Li, Shuai Li, Zhili Hao, Zhengqiang Li, Zhuofu Wu, and Chen Li. "The Fabrication of Amino Acid Incorporated Nanoflowers with Intrinsic Peroxidase-like Activity and Its Application for Efficiently Determining Glutathione with TMB Radical Cation as Indicator." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091099.

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The assessment of glutathione (GSH) levels is associated with early diagnostics and pathological analysis for various disorders. Among all kinds of techniques for detecting GSH, the colorimetric assay relying on the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by many nanomaterials with peroxidase-like activity attracts increasing attention owing to its outstanding merits, such as high sensitivity and high selectivity. However, the aggregation between the nanomaterials severely hinders the entrance of TMB into the “active site” of these peroxidase mimics. To address this problem, the D-amino acid incorporated nanoflowers possessing peroxidase-like activity with a diameter of 10–15 μm, TMB and H2O2 were employed to establish the detection system for determining the level of glutathione. The larger diameter size of the hybrid nanoflowers substantially averts the aggregation between them. The results confirm that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system presents a low limit of detection, wide linear range, perfect selectivity, good storage stability and desired operational stability for the detection of GSH relying on the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and favorable mechanical stability of the hybrid nanoflowers, indicating that the hybrid nanoflowers detection system has tremendous application potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

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Nguyen, Thang Phan, and Il Tae Kim. "In Situ Growth of W2C/WS2 with Carbon-Nanotube Networks for Lithium-Ion Storage." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12061003.

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The combination of W2C and WS2 has emerged as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. W2C possesses high conductivity but the W2C/WS2-alloy nanoflowers show unstable performance because of the lack of contact with the leaves of the nanoflower. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were employed as conductive networks for in situ growth of W2C/WS2 alloys. The analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning/transmission electron microscopy showed that the presence of CNTs affected the growth of the alloys, encouraging the formation of a stacking layer with a lattice spacing of ~7.2 Å. Therefore, this self-adjustment in the structure facilitated the insertion/desertion of lithium ions into the active materials. The bare W2C/WS2-alloy anode showed inferior performance, with a capacity retention of ~300 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. In contrast, the WCNT01 anode delivered a highly stable capacity of ~650 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The calculation based on impedance spectra suggested that the presence of CNTs improved the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient to 50 times that of bare nanoflowers. These results suggest the effectiveness of small quantities of CNTs on the in situ growth of sulfides/carbide alloys: CNTs create networks for the insertion/desertion of lithium ions and improve the cyclic performance of metal-sulfide-based lithium-ion batteries.

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Sharma, Vinay, Akbar Mohammad, Veenu Mishra, Archana Chaudhary, Kshipra Kapoor, and Shaikh M. Mobin. "Fabrication of innovative ZnO nanoflowers showing drastic biological activity." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 3 (2016): 2145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02391b.

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The present article highlights a facile approach towards the synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers using designed single molecular precursors (1 and 2) at room temperature. The relative biological activities of 1, 2 and ZnO nanoflowers have also been demonstrated.

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Acharyya, D., K. Y. Huang, P. P. Chattopadhyay, M. S. Ho, H. J. Fecht, and P. Bhattacharyya. "Hybrid 3D structures of ZnO nanoflowers and PdO nanoparticles as a highly selective methanol sensor." Analyst 141, no. 10 (2016): 2977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an00326e.

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The present study concerns the enhancement of methanol selectivity of three dimensional (3D) nanoflowers (NFs) of ZnO by dispersing nickel oxide (NiO) and palladium oxide (PdO) nanoparticles on the surface of the nanoflowers to form localized hybrid nano-junctions.

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Temel, Sinan, Fatma Ozge Gokmen, and Elif Yaman. "Effects of Deposition Time on Structural and Morphological Properties of Synthesized ZnO Nanoflowers Without Using Complexing Agent." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 27 (September 30, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n27p28.

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ZnO nanoflowers have been synthesized by chemical bath deposition technique at different deposition times without using complexing agent, so it is an environmentalist study. Effects of deposition time on structural and morphological properties of ZnO nanoflowers have been investigated by Xray diffraction (XRD) method and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). XRD patterns showed that the samples had hexagonal wurtzite structure and polycrystalline nature. Grain sizes, dislocation densities and lattice parameters of the samples have been calculated. According to these results, it has been determined that the ZnO nanoflowers synthesized in very short time like 30 minutes without using complexing agent, showed the best crystallization. When the images of ZnO nanoflowers have been examined, it has seen that the structure is formed continuously and independently from each other by nanorods. It has also seen that these nanorods combine to form a flower-like structure.

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P, Shyni, and Pradyumnan P P. "Evolution Of Bi₂Te₃ Nanoflowers Through Imperfect Orient Attachment Growth." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19827ecst.

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In this work, Bi2Te3 nanoflowers were successfully synthesized through hydrothermal method. The effect of reaction time on crystal growth and the morphological evolution of these nanoflowers were studied in detail. The obtained nanopowders were characterized by employing XRD, FESEM, EDAX, HRTEM, and Raman studies. The XRD results shows that rhombohedral Bi2Te3 is obtained, without any impurities, at a reaction time of 8, 24, and 36 hours. But along with Bi2Te3, elemental Te is obtained at a reaction time of 4 hours. A growth mechanism for the evolution of nanoflowers from primary nanoplates is proposed, based on the experimental results. The HRTEM images shows that an imperfect orient attachment of primary nano plates leads to the twisting and bending of nanoplates, resulting in well-formed nanoflowers. Lattice imperfections, including twinning boundaries, incoherent boundaries, and stacking faults, will reduce thermal conductivity and improve thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the material.

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Yin, Yuqing, Yun Xiao, Guo Lin, Qi Xiao, Zian Lin, and Zongwei Cai. "An enzyme–inorganic hybrid nanoflower based immobilized enzyme reactor with enhanced enzymatic activity." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 11 (2015): 2295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01697a.

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Ca₃(PO₄)₂–ChT hybrid nanoflowers were synthesized by a facile approach. The nanoflowers exhibited an enhanced enzymatic activity and can be used as an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) for highly efficient protein digestion.

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Cabana, Sonia, Alberto Curcio, Aude Michel, Claire Wilhelm, and Ali Abou-Hassan. "Iron Oxide Mediated Photothermal Therapy in the Second Biological Window: A Comparative Study between Magnetite/Maghemite Nanospheres and Nanoflowers." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081548.

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The photothermal use of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming more and more popular and documented. Herein, we compared the photothermal (PT) therapy potential versus magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) modality of magnetic nanospheres, largely used in the biomedical field and magnetic multicore nanoflowers known among the best nanoheaters. The NPs were imaged using transmission electron microscopy and their optical properties characterized by UV-Vis-NIR-I-II before oxidation (magnetite) and after oxidation to maghemite. The efficiency of all NPs in MHT and PT in the preferred second near-infrared (NIR-II) biological window was carried out in water and in cancer cells. We show that, in water, magnetite nanoflowers are the most efficient nanoheaters for both modalities. Moreover, PT appears much more efficient than MHT at low NP dose, whatever the NP. In the cellular environment, for PT, efficiency was totally conserved, with magnetite nanoflowers as the best performers compared to MHT, which was totally lost. Finally, cell uptake was significantly increased for the nanoflowers compared to the nanospheres. Finally, the antitumor therapy was investigated for all NPs at the same dose delivered to the cancer cells and at reasonable laser power density (0.3 W/cm2), which showed almost total cell death for magnetite nanoflowers.

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Ndala, Zakhele, Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Siyabonga Nkabinde, Tshwarela Kolokoto, Obakeng Nchoe, Poslet Shumbula, Zikhona N. Tetana, Ella C. Linganiso, Siziwe S. Gqoba, and Nosipho Moloto. "Evaluating the Effect of Varying the Metal Precursor in the Colloidal Synthesis of MoSe2 Nanomaterials and Their Application as Electrodes in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091786.

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Herein we report on the use of different metal precursors in the synthesis of MoSe2 nanomaterials in order to control their morphology. The use of Mo(CO)6 as the metal precursor resulted in the formation of wrinkled few-layer nanosheets, while the use of H2MoO4 as the metal precursor resulted in the formation of nanoflowers. To investigate the effect of the morphologies on their performance as catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction, electrochemical characterization was done using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The MoSe2 nanoflowers were found to have superior electrochemical performance towards the hydrogen evolution reaction with a lower Tafel slope, on-set potential, and overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 compared to the wrinkled few-layer nanosheets. This was found to be due to the higher effective electrochemical surface area of the nanoflowers compared to the nanosheets which suggests a higher number of exposed edge sites in the nanoflowers.

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Javed, Sofia, Muhammad Aftab Akram, and Mohammad Mujahid. "Instant Microwave Synthesis of Titania Nanoflowers for Application in DSSCs." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.14.

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Nanoflowers are desirable in light driven applications like Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) due to their large surface area and greater light absorption capabilities. An instant, simple, cheap and environment friendly method of preparing titanium dioxide nanoflowers is presented. The nanoflowers are produced in a time as short as 5 minutes in aqueous conditions without the use of hazardous hydrofluoric acid or organic surfactants at 1 atm. pressure and low temperature of 100°C. Titanium dioxide commercial nanopowders are treated with microwaves in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution for small durations. The resulting powders are annealed at 450°C in air and characterization is performed using XRD, SEM and Raman spectroscopy.

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Luo, Minghan, Jiaxing Xu, Wenjie Xu, Yu Zheng, Gongde Wu, and Taeseop Jeong. "Photocatalytic Activity of MoS2 Nanoflower-Modified CaTiO3 Composites for Degradation of RhB under Visible Light." Nanomaterials 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2023): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13040636.

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Nanoflower-like MoS2 deposited on the surface of rectangular CaTiO3(CTO) was designed and synthesized via a simple template-free strategy. Through SEM, TEM, and other characterization methods, the MoS2 nanoflowers were confirmed to be well deposited on the surface of CTO. LED was used as the visible light source, and rhodamine B (RhB) in an aqueous solution was used as the model pollutant to assess the photodegradation activity of the samples. The results showed that the MoS2/CaTiO3(MCTO) composite significantly improved the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in water, compared with a single CTO, and with the MCTO-2 composite photocatalysts, 97% degradation of RhB was achieved in 180 min, and its photocatalytic activity was about 5.17 times higher than that of the bare CTO. The main reasons for enhancing photocatalytic performance are the strong interaction between the nanoflower-like MoS2 and rectangular CTO, which can lead to the effective separation of electron transfer and photoexcited electron–hole pairs in MCTO composites. This work provides a new notion for researching an effective method of recycling catalytic materials.

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Liu, Delei, Jianghao Liu, Peikan Ye, Haijun Zhang, and Shaowei Zhang. "Low-Temperature, Efficient Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Urchin-like Tantalum Diboride Nanoflowers." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082799.

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Urchin-like tantalum diboride (TaB2) nanoflowers were successfully synthesized via a high-efficiency and energy-saving methodology, molten-salt and microwave co-modified boro/carbothermal reduction, using less expensive B4C as a reducing agent. By taking advantage of the synergistic effects of the molten-salt medium and microwave heating conditions, the onset formation temperature of TaB2 was drastically reduced to below 1000 °C, and phase-pure powders of TaB2 nanoflowers were obtained at temperatures as low as 1200 °C within only 20 min. Notably, the present temperature conditions were remarkably milder than those (>1500 °C for several hours) required by conventional reduction methods, which use the strong, but expensive, reducing agent, elemental boron. The resulting urchin-like TaB2 nanoflowers consisted of numerous uniform single-crystalline nanowires with lengths up to 4.16 μm, and high aspect ratios >10. This result indicated that the as-synthesized urchin-like TaB2 nanoflowers possessed high specific surface area and anisotropic morphology, which were favorable not only for sintering, but also for toughening their bulk counterparts.

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Feng, Zhenyu, Shuo Wang, Guangchao Yin, Ramachandran Rajan, and Fuchao Jia. "Hierarchical SnO₂ nanoflower sensitized by BNQDs enhances the gas sensing performances to BTEX." Nanotechnology 33, no. 25 (April 1, 2022): 255602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5a85.

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Abstract In this study, the SnO2 nanoflowers with hierarchical structures sensitized by boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) were prepared through a simple hydrothermal method. It was applied for the detection of the BTEX vapors. Further investigation showed that the response value of SnO2 sensitized by different amounts of BNQDs to the BTEX gases have a certain improvement. Especially 10-BNQDs/SnO2 gas sensor exhibited a significant improvement in gas sensing performance and its response values to different BTEX gases was increased up to 2–4 folds compared with the intrinsic SnO2 sensor. In addition, SnO2 nanoflowers based gas sensor showed surprisingly fast response and recovery time for BTEX gases with 1–2 s. That can be attributed to the sensitization of BNQDs and the hierarchical structure of SnO2 nanoflowers, which provided an easy channel for the gas diffusion. An economically viable gas sensor based on BNQDs sensitized SnO2 nanoflowers exhibited a great potential in BTEX gas detection due to the simple synthesis method, environmentally friendly raw materials and excellent gas sensing performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanoflowers'

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