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Journal articles on the topic 'Nanodiamond (ND)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Dias, Lucas D., Fábio M. S. Rodrigues, Mário J. F. Calvete, Sónia A. C. Carabineiro, Marisa D. Scherer, Anderson R. L. Caires, Josephus G. Buijnsters, José L. Figueiredo, Vanderlei S. Bagnato, and Mariette M. Pereira. "Porphyrin–Nanodiamond Hybrid Materials—Active, Stable and Reusable Cyclohexene Oxidation Catalysts." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121402.

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The quest for active, yet “green” non-toxic catalysts is a continuous challenge. In this work, covalently linked hybrid porphyrin–nanodiamonds were prepared via ipso nitro substitution reaction and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The amine-functionalized nanodiamonds (ND@NH2) and 2-nitro-5,10,15,20-tetra(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrin covalently linked to nanodiamonds (ND@βNH-TPPpCF3) were tested using Allium cepa as a plant model, and showed neither phytotoxicity nor cytotoxicity. The hybrid nanodiamond–copper(II)–porphyrin material ND@βNH-TPPpCF3-Cu(II) was also evaluated as a reusable catalyst in cyclohexene allylic oxidation, and displayed a remarkable turnover number (TON) value of ≈265,000, using O2 as green oxidant, in the total absence of sacrificial additives, which is the highest activity ever reported for said allylic oxidation. Additionally, ND@βNH-TPPpCF3-Cu(II) could be easily separated from the reaction mixture by centrifugation, and reused in three consecutive catalytic cycles without major loss of activity.
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2

Zhu, Yong Wei, Feng Xu, Jian Liang Shen, Bai Chun Wang, and Xiang Yang Xu. "Nanodiamond Modified with SHP." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.19.

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A stirring mill, an ultrasonic bath and a high-speed shearing emulsifier were adopted to modify the surface characteristics of nanodiamond (ND) respectively. The ζ-potential, size distribution and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of ND were measured to evaluate its properties. Results show that the ζ-potential of ND modified with SHP (either by Mechano-chemical Modification or Ultrasonic measurement) drops sharply. Results also show that the rotating speed of the emulsifier exerts little influence on the size D5 but great influence on the size D95 of ND.
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3

Garg, Sweta, Ashish Garg, Nitendra K. Sahu, and Awesh K. Yadav. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nanodiamond-Doxorubicin (Dox) Conjugate for Effective Delivery against MCF-7 Cell Lines." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (August 23, 2019): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3400.

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In this work, we have introduced a carbon nanomaterial (nanodiamond), to bind with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) with via amide bond conjugation for cancer drug delivery and therapy. Nanodiamond (ND) was initially carboxylated by the surface modification along the treatment with strong alkaline solution (H2SO4:HNO3) and then activated the carboxyl moiety of ND with the addition of EDC. Anticancer drugs were bound to the ND through a succession of chemical modifications by adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The ND-Drug conjugate was analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy (MS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Particle size, Zeta potential, Drug release, SRB assay against MCF-7 cells, and DNA fragmentation. Spectroscopic analysis confirms the conjugation of nanodiamond with different anticancer drug. AFM photomicrograph represents the surface morphological features of ND-DOX conjugates. In- vitro investigation showed that ND-DOX conjugates have slow and sustained drug release characteristics. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies, an enormous cytotoxic potential of ND-Drug conjugates were showed against cancer cell line. Above all findings were suggested that the ND-DOX conjugates may be a potential inhibitor of MCF-7 cancer cells to act as a drug candidate. According to all these data it can be confirm that the ND-DOX conjugates could be an effective agent for drug delivery and could be promising in future for tumor targeting strategy. Keywords: Nanodiamond, Sustained Release, Drug Delivery, Cytotoxicity, Conjugates
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4

Bosak, Alexei, Marc Dubois, Ekaterina Korobkina, Egor Lychagin, Alexei Muzychka, Grigory Nekhaev, Valery Nesvizhevsky, et al. "Effect of Nanodiamond Sizes on the Efficiency of the Quasi-Specular Reflection of Cold Neutrons." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020703.

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Nanomaterials can intensively scatter and/or reflect radiation. Such processes and materials are of theoretical and practical interest. Here, we study the quasi-specular reflections (QSRs) of cold neutrons (CNs) and the reflections of very cold neutrons (VCNs) from nanodiamond (ND) powders. The fluorination of ND increased its efficiency by removing/replacing hydrogen, which is otherwise the dominant cause of neutron loss due to incoherent scattering. The probability of the diffuse reflection of VCNs increased for certain neutron wavelengths by using appropriate ND sizes. Based on model concepts of the interaction of CNs with ND, and in reference to our previous work, we assume that the angular distribution of quasi-specularly reflected CNs is narrower, and that the probability of QSRs of longer wavelength neutrons increases if we increase the characteristic sizes of NDs compared to standard detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs). However, the probability of QSRs of CNs with wavelengths below the cutoff of ~4.12 Å decreases due to diffraction scattering on the ND crystal lattice. We experimentally compared the QSRs of CNs from ~4.3 nm and ~15.0 nm ND. Our qualitative conclusions and numerical estimates can help optimize the parameters of ND for specific practical applications based on the QSRs of CNs.
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5

Kim, Youngjun, Dukhee Lee, Soo Kim, Eunah Kang, and Chang Kim. "Nanocomposite Synthesis of Nanodiamond and Molybdenum Disulfide." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070927.

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A chemically conjugated nanodiamond (ND)/MoS2 nanocomposite was synthesized with amine-functionalized MoS2 and acyl chloride-coordinated ND. The chemical structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized to examine the dispersion of MoS2 on the ND platform. The results revealed that the degree of dispersion was enhanced with increasing ratio of MoS2 nanosheets to ND. Moreover, the nanosheets consisted of several molecular interlayers that were well-dispersed on the ND platform, thereby forming a nanophase. The efficient electrocapacity of the ND/MoS2 nanocomposite was considerably greater than that of the MoS2 electrode alone. Furthermore, the nanophase distribution of MoS2 on ND with a graphitic shell provided a large surface area and reduced the diffusion distance of ions and electrons. Therefore, the nanophase electrode showed higher electrochemical capacitance than that of the MoS2 electrode alone.
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6

Soltamova, Alexandra A., P. G. Baranov, Ivan V. Ilyin, A. Y. Vul', S. V. Kidalov, F. M. Shakhov, G. V. Mamin, N. I. Silkin, S. B. Orlinskii, and M. K. Salakhov. "Nitrogen Centers in Nanodiamonds: EPR Studies." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.1239.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin echo (ESE) at X-band (9.4 GHz) and W-band (94 GHz) have been used to study defects in natural diamond nanocrystals, detonation nanodiamond (ND) with a size of  4.5 nm and detonation ND after high-pressure high-temperature (HTHP) sintering with a size of  8.5 nm. Based on identification of atomic nitrogen centers N0 and nitrogen pairs N2+ detected by means of the high frequency EPR and ESE in natural diamond nanocrystals, atomic nitrogen centers N0 have been discovered in nanodiamond core in detonation ND and detonation ND after sintering. In addition EPR signal of multi-vacancy centers with spin 3/2 seems to be observed in diamond core of detonation ND.
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7

Qin, Songlv, Mingjun Cui, Shihui Qiu, Haichao Zhao, Liping Wang, and Afang Zhang. "Dopamine@Nanodiamond as novel reinforcing nanofillers for polyimide with enhanced thermal, mechanical and wear resistance performance." RSC Advances 8, no. 7 (2018): 3694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10688b.

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In this study, to achieve a homogeneous dispersion of nanodiamond (ND) in a polyimide (PI) matrix and a strong interfacial adhesion between ND and the PI matrix, a biomimetic nondestructive dopamine chemistry was employed for surface modification of ND.
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8

Xu, Xiang Yang, Z. M. Yu, Y. W. Zhu, and B. C. Wang. "Dispersion and Stability of Nanodiamond in Clean Oil." Materials Science Forum 471-472 (December 2004): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.471-472.779.

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Nanodiamond prepared by detonation synthesis using explosives as the precursor exhibits serious agglomeration characteristics in non-polar medium such as clean oil. Mechanochemical measures were introduced to modify nanodiamond (ND) surface, improve its dispersion behavior and actualize suspension stability. Hyperdispersants’s adsorption can be intensified with the participations of mechanical forces, and the main mechanism of hyperdispersant may lie in the steric stabilization of its adsorption layer founded on ND surface. After the eagglomeration and dispersion treatments, a suspension containing ND particles with the average diameter of around 55 nm can be prepared and it can be reserved for over 6 months without any sedimentation.
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9

Passeri, Daniele, Emanuela Tamburri, Maria Letizia Terranova, and Marco Rossi. "Polyaniline–nanodiamond fibers resulting from the self-assembly of nano-fibrils: a nanomechanical study." Nanoscale 7, no. 34 (2015): 14358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr02096d.

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Nanomechanical characterization of micrometric fibers of polyaniline (PANI) doped with nanodiamond (ND) particles resulting from the self-assembling of PANI/ND nano-fibrils has been performed using torsional harmonics atomic force microscopy.
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10

Perevedentseva, Elena, Nsrein Ali, Artashes Karmenyan, Ilya Skovorodkin, Renata Prunskaite-Hyyryläinen, Seppo Vainio, Chia-Liang Cheng, and Matti Kinnunen. "Optical Studies of Nanodiamond-Tissue Interaction: Skin Penetration and Localization." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223762.

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In this work, several optical-spectroscopic methods have been used to visualize and investigate the penetration of diamond nanoparticles (NPs) of various sizes (3–150 nm), surface structures and fluorescence properties into the animal skin in vitro. Murine skin samples have been treated with nanodiamond (ND) water suspensions and studied using optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). An analysis of the optical properties of the used nanodiamonds (NDs) enables the selection of optimal optical methods or their combination for the study of nanodiamond–skin interaction. Among studied NDs, particles of 100 nm in nominal size were shown to be appropriate for multimodal imaging using all three methods. All the applied NDs were able to cross the skin barrier and penetrate the different layers of the epidermis to finally arrive in the hair follicle niches. The results suggest that NDs have the potential for multifunctional applications utilizing multimodal imaging.
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11

Nunes, D., J. B. Correia, and P. A. Carvalho. "Nanodiamond Dispersions in Nanostructured Metals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S5 (August 2012): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013025.

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A microstructure refined to the nanometer scale originates mechanical property improvements [1]. However ultra-fine grain metals present low thermal stability, requiring the presence of particle dispersions to delay coarsening by grain boundary pinning. Nanoscale dispersions of diamond or graphite offer therefore thermal stability potential, combined with high hardness and thermal conductivity for diamond, and self-lubricating properties in the case of graphite. Copper-diamond (Cu-nD) and copper-graphite (Cu-G), nickel-diamond (Ni-nD) and nickel-graphite (Ni-G), as well as tungsten-diamond (W-nD) and tungsten-graphite (W-G) nanostructured composites have been produced by mechanical synthesis and subsequent heat-treatments. Fundamental challenges involve bonding carbon phases to the chosen matrices: copper exhibits an intrinsically difficult bonding with carbon; while tungsten is a strong carbide former; with Ni exhibiting intermediate characteristics. In addition, carbon phases are prone to amorphization by high-energy milling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed homogeneous particle distributions and intimate bonding between the metallic matrix and the carbon phases. Ring diffraction patterns of the chemically extracted carbon phases demonstrated that nanodiamond milled with Cu preserved crystallinity (Figure 1), while an essentially amorphous nature could be inferred for graphite. Systematic variation of the processing parameters enabled to minimize carbide formation with Ni and W matrices. Heat-treatment of the nanostructured of Ni-nD composites induced the transformation of nanodiamond into onion-like carbons (OLC) inside the Ni nanostructured matrix (Figure 2). Hardening mechanisms and the load transfer ability to the reinforcement particles, as well as thermal stability, have been evaluated through microhardness tests.
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12

Tanaka, Toshihiko, Yasuhiro F. Miura, Tetsuya Aoyama, Kazunori Miyamoto, Yoshiya Akagi, Masanobu Uchiyama, and Eiji Osawa. "Diamond-rich crystalline nanosheets seeded with a Langmuir monolayer of arachidic acid on water." RSC Advances 12, no. 41 (2022): 26575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra04757h.

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Crystalline nanosheets with thickness of ∼25 nm were grown from a Langmuir monolayer of arachidic acid at the interface between air and a dilute aqueous nanodiamond (ND) solution. They are hydrated colloidal crystals of homogeneous ND particles.
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13

Овчаренко, А. Г., and М. С. Василишин. "DIAFILTRATION OF NANODIAMOND HYDROSOLS." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 5(45) (October 31, 2022): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.45.5.022.

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Промышленные наноалмазы (НА), получаемые жидкофазной очисткой шихты, обладают коллоидными свойствами, поэтому наиболее целесообразно с целью сохранения высокой дисперсности таких алмазов дальнейшую очистку поверхности вести в жидкой дисперсионной среде. С увеличением дисперсности алмазов эффективность отмывки с поверхности остатков кислот снижается по нескольким причинам: рост величины удельной адсорбции, агрегация частиц повышает удерживающую способность дисперсионной среды внутри агрегатов, образование седиментационно-устойчивых дисперсий. Последнее обстоятельство оказывает решающее влияние на достижение качества в технологии промышленной очистки НА. Для отмывки устойчивых золей НА была использована технология с помощью ультрафильтрационных мембран, при которой удалялся растворитель и растворенные примеси из седиментационно-устойчивых дисперсий НА. При этом исключаются потери алмаза с промывными водами и возможно подбирать оптимальные температурные режимы при замене дисперсионной среды чистым растворителем. Industrial nanodiamonds (ND) obtained by liquid-phase purification of the charge have colloidal properties, therefore it is most advisable to conduct further surface cleaning in a liquid dispersion medium in order to maintain the high dispersion of such diamonds. With an increase in the dispersion of diamonds, the efficiency of washing acid residues from the surface decreases for several reasons: an increase in the value of specific adsorption, aggregation of particles increases the retention capacity of the dispersion medium inside the aggregates, the formation of sedimentation-stable dispersions. The latter circumstance has a decisive influence on the achievement of quality in the technology of industrial cleaning on. To wash stable sols ND, a technology using ultrafiltration membranes was used, in which solvent and dissolved impurities were removed from sedimentation-resistant dispersions ND. At the same time, diamond losses with washing waters are excluded and it is possible to select optimal temperature conditions when replacing the dispersion medium with a pure solvent.
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14

Fox, Kate, Rahul Ratwatte, Marsilea A. Booth, Hoai My Tran, and Phong A. Tran. "High Nanodiamond Content-PCL Composite for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050948.

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Multifunctional scaffolds are becoming increasingly important in the field of tissue engineering. In this research, a composite material is developed using polycaprolactone (PCL) and detonation nanodiamond (ND) to take advantage of the unique properties of ND and the biodegradability of PCL polymer. Different ND loading concentrations are investigated, and the physicochemical properties of the composites are characterized. ND-PCL composite films show a higher surface roughness and hydrophilicity than PCL alone, with a slight decrease in tensile strength and a significant increase in degradation. Higher loading of ND also shows a higher osteoblast adhesion than the PCL alone sample. Finally, we show that the ND-PCL composites are successfully extruded to create a 3D scaffold demonstrating their potential as a composite material for tissue regeneration.
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15

Pan, Hong, Dan Xu, Qin Liu, Hui Qing Ren, and Min Zhou. "Preparation and Characterization of Corn Starch-Nanodiamond Composite Films." Applied Mechanics and Materials 469 (November 2013): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.469.156.

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Starch-based nanocomposite films were fabricated by the incorporation of different amounts of nanodiamond (ND) particles. These films were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, TGA, tensile testing and water vapor permeability measurement. It was observed that at low loadings, ND dispersed well in starch matrix. However, as the loading amount increased, aggregates as large as several micrometers appeared. The physical blending of ND with starch didnt change the thermal degradation mechanisms of starch films, only increased the char residues. As the ND loading increased, the tensile strength of composite films increased but the elongation at break decreased. However, the water vapor permeability increased as the loading of ND increased due to the increased microspores in films. With further modifications, ND may be considered as a novel of biocompatible nanofillers for reinforcement of biopolymers for food packaging applications.
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16

Mangal, Utkarsh, Ji-Young Seo, Jaehun Yu, Jae-Sung Kwon, and Sung-Hwan Choi. "Incorporating Aminated Nanodiamonds to Improve the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Resin-Based Biomedical Appliances." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050827.

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The creation of clinically patient-specific 3D-printed biomedical appliances that can withstand the physical stresses of the complex biological environment is an important objective. To that end, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of aminated nanodiamonds (A-NDs) as nanofillers in biological-grade acrylate-based 3D-printed materials. Solution-based mixing was used to incorporate 0.1 wt% purified nanodiamond (NDs) and A-NDs into UV-polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The ND and A-ND nanocomposites showed significantly lower water contact angles (p < 0.001) and solubilities (p < 0.05) compared to those of the control. Both nanocomposites showed markedly improved mechanical properties, with the A-ND-containing nanocomposite showing a statistically significant increase in the flexural strength (p < 0.001), elastic modulus (p < 0.01), and impact strength (p < 0.001) compared to the control and ND-containing groups. The Vickers hardness and wear-resistance values of the A-ND-incorporated material were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those of the control and were comparable to the values observed for the ND-containing group. In addition, trueness analysis was used to verify that 3D-printed orthodontic brackets prepared with the A-ND- and ND-nanocomposites exhibited no significant differences in accuracy. Hence, we conclude that the successful incorporation of 0.1 wt% A-ND in UV-polymerized PMMA resin significantly improves the mechanical properties of the resin for the additive manufacturing of precisive 3D-printed biomedical appliances.
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17

Kwon, Han Sang, Je Hong Park, Kwon Hoo Kim, Marc Leparoux, Jean Francois Silvain, and Akira Kawasaki. "Control of Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Dual-Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2037.

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Functionally graded aluminium (Al) matrix composite materials reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and silicon carbide nanoparticles (nSiC) or nanodiamond (nD) were fabricated using a powder-metallurgical route. The nSiC and nD were not only used as a reinforcement but also as an active solid mixing agent for dispersing the CNT in the Al powder. Dual-nanoparticle-reinforced functionally graded multiple-layered composites were found to exhibit different mechanical characteristics. In particular, the hardnesses of the CNT-and nSiC-reinforced composites were dramatically increased, being up to eight times greater (330 HV) than that of bulk pure Al. In the case of the combination of the CNT and nD nanoparticles, the reinforced Al matrix composites exhibited the highest flexural strength (about 760 MPa). This functionally graded dual-nanoparticle approach could also be applied to other nanoreinforced systems, such as ceramics or complex hybrid-matrix materials. Keywords: Carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanosilicon carbide (nSiC), nanodiamond (nD), functionally graded materials (FGM), Powder metallurgy
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18

Lan, Guojun, Yiyang Qiu, Jiangtao Fan, Xiaolong Wang, Haodong Tang, Wenfeng Han, Huazhang Liu, Hongyang Liu, Shuang Song, and Ying Li. "Defective graphene@diamond hybrid nanocarbon material as an effective and stable metal-free catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination." Chemical Communications 55, no. 10 (2019): 1430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc09361j.

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19

Du, Bo-wei, Le Trong Tien, Ching-Chang Lin, and Fu-Hsiang Ko. "Use of curcumin-modified diamond nanoparticles in cellular imaging and the distinct ratiometric detection of Mg2+/Mn2+ ions." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 15 (2021): 4459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1na00298h.

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20

Wang, Muhan, Kaixuan Zhang, Dongshuai Hou, and Pan Wang. "Microscopic insight into nanodiamond polymer composites: reinforcement, structural, and interaction properties." Nanoscale 12, no. 47 (2020): 24107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr07780a.

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Nanodiamond (ND)-reinforced polymer composites attract a great deal of attention; however, insufficient understanding of their reinforced behavior is greatly limiting their further design and application.
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21

Křivohlavá, Romana, Eva Neuhӧferová, Katrine Q. Jakobsen, and Veronika Benson. "Knockdown of microRNA-135b in Mammary Carcinoma by Targeted Nanodiamonds: Potentials and Pitfalls of In Vivo Applications." Nanomaterials 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060866.

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Nanodiamonds (ND) serve as RNA carriers with potential for in vivo application. ND coatings and their administration strategy significantly change their fate, toxicity, and effectivity within a multicellular system. Our goal was to develop multiple ND coating for effective RNA delivery in vivo. Our final complex (NDA135b) consisted of ND, polymer, antisense RNA, and transferrin. We aimed (i) to assess if a tumor-specific coating promotes NDA135b tumor accumulation and effective inhibition of oncogenic microRNA-135b and (ii) to outline off-targets and immune cell interactions. First, we tested NDA135b toxicity and effectivity in tumorospheres co-cultured with immune cells ex vivo. We found NDA135b to target tumor cells, but it binds also to granulocytes. Then, we followed with NDA135b intravenous and intratumoral applications in tumor-bearing animals in vivo. Application of NDA135b in vivo led to the effective knockdown of microRNA-135b in tumor tissue regardless administration. Only intravenous application resulted in NDA135b circulation in peripheral blood and urine and the decreased granularity of splenocytes. Our data show that localized intratumoral application of NDA135b represents a suitable and safe approach for in vivo application of nanodiamond-based constructs. Systemic intravenous application led to an interaction of NDA135b with bio-interface, and needs further examination regarding its safety.
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22

Xia, Shao Ling, Lin Qi Zhang, Dong Mei Wang, Wen Jun Zou, Jin Peng, and Shao Kui Cao. "Tribology Study of Nanodiamond Hybrid Polyurethane/Epoxy Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Materials." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1533.

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Tribology behavior of Nanodiamond(ND) polyurethane(PU)/epoxy(EP) interpenetrating polymer networks hybrid materials were tested by friction wear testing machine. Results showed that when EP content was 30%, resultant PU/EP IPNs exhibited best wear resistance. For ND-PU/EP IPNs hybrids, when the ND addition was 0.2wt%, the best wear resistant ability was obtained. Under dry condition, the effect of wear parameters, such as rotational speed, load and central distance to friction and abrasion value were also investigated.
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23

Wang, Jinhui, Shangpeng Li, and Hongbin Ma. "Evolution of Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of As-Extruded ND/ZK60 Composite during Hot Compression Deformation." Metals 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10091191.

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The effects of temperature, strain rate, and strain on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of as-extruded nanodiamond reinforced ZK60 composite during hot compression was systematically studied. The results revealed that the precipitating MgZn2 and the nanodiamond (ND) particles distributed in the grain interiors hindered the motion of dislocations. The ND particles act as nucleation points and promote the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of the composites during the hot compression deformation, the flow stress of ND/ZK60 increases with strain rate increases and temperature decreases. {101¯2} extension twins are nucleated and grown in the coarse grains as the compressive strain increasing. Meanwhile, the fine grains of DRX generate and present first an increasing then a decreasing trend. The result of Schmid factor and kernel average misorientation indicates that high-density dislocation caused by dislocation climbing and cross slip aggregated in composites with increasing strain. Therefore, the work hardening trend of the composite is strengthened.
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24

Kausar, Ayesha. "Mechanical, thermal, conductivity, and electrochemical behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polyaniline-grafted-nanodiamond nanocomposite." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 5 (November 5, 2018): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718809801.

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This study reports on novel poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PVDF/PEDT) blend and nanocomposite. Polyaniline functional nanodiamond (PANI-ND) was prepared through in situ route and reinforced in blend to form PVDF/PEDT/PANI-ND. Field-emission scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed consistently dispersed and interlinked bead-like morphology owing to physical interaction in matrix–nanodiamond. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed spherical nanoparticles dispersed in the matrix. Tensile strength and modulus for neat PVDF/PEDT blend were found to be 44.2 MPa and 20.2 GPa, respectively. PVDF/PEDT/PANI-ND 5 with 5 wt% PANI-ND showed high tensile strength and modulus of 61.5 MPa and 152.7 GPa. In this way, strength and modulus of PVDF/PEDT/PANI-ND 5 was 22% and 87% (respectively) higher than the pristine blend. Nanofiller reinforcement (5 wt%) also enhanced the 10% degradation temperature from 421°C (neat blend) to 555°C and maximum decomposition temperature from 466°C to 588°C. Moreover, PANI-ND addition from 0.1–5 wt% enhanced the electrical properties from 10−3–2.1 S cm−1(at room temperature). At 100°C, electrical conductivity of all nanocomposite was increased and maximum value was attained for PVDF/PEDT/PANI-ND 5 (3.0 S cm−1). PVDF/PEDT/PANI-ND 5 electrode exposed rapid Li+-ion diffusion, electron transfer, and electrical conductivity profile. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy exhibited specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency of 900 mA h g−1and 90% after 300 cycles.
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Chandra Sekhar Singh, Bhaludra. "Toxicity Analysis of Hybrid Nanodiamond/Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on Allium cepa L." Journal of Toxicology 2022 (September 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5903409.

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Background and Objective. The study of the toxicity of hybrid nanoparticles is necessary before they are synthesized in the laboratory and used in any particular applications. The toxic behaviour of nanoparticles can cause harm for the living species on the Earth. The production of biocompatible hybrid nanoparticles is important. Hence, this study is aimed at determining that nanodiamond/Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles were prepared and used for the toxicity analysis on Allium cepa L. Materials and Methods. The chemicals of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, FeCl3.6H2O, FeCl2.4H2O, NaCl, and NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich chemicals, USA) were utilized in this study. A statistical analysis was performed on the results with a prevalence of p < 0.05 . Results. A novel ND/Fe3O4 nanocomposite material was successfully synthesized by the in-situ method and characterized by various characterization techniques. The analysis of X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of an ND/Fe3O4 nanocomposite with both participating phases. The saturation magnification of the ND/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is 13.2 emu/g, whereas for a pure Fe3O4 nanomaterial, it is 47 emu/g. The weight rates of ND and Fe3O4 existent in the nanocomposite are 28% and 72%, respectively. From the electrical conductivity analysis, ND/Fe3O4 exhibits conductivity in the order of 27 times more compared to ND. Conclusion. The result implies that the product ND/Fe3O4 has both magnetic and electrical properties. The biocompatibility of the synthesized ND/Fe3O4 material was studied based on the in-vitro method.
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Yang, Zhen, Yan Huang, and Yuzhu Xiong. "A functional modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber." RSC Advances 10, no. 68 (2020): 41857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07404g.

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A modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nanozinc oxide (MGO/ND/nanoZnO) functional hybrid filler is designed and prepared to improve the vulcanization efficiency of a rubber composite and to reduce the use of ZnO.
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Zhao, Yong Qing, Kin Tak Lau, and Hu Lin Li. "Manufacture of a Homogenous Nano-Diamond/Poly (Lactic Acid) Bio-Engineered Composite." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1221.

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A novel nanocomposite based on nanodiamond (ND) powder and Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) for potential bio-engineered applications was fabricated for the first time by using melting compound methods. Its structure and mechanical properties were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile property test. The results showed that as compared with pure PLA, ND/PLA nanocomposites possessed higher modulus, higher strength and comparable elongation at break, in other words, the mechanical properties of PLA were significantly improved by incorporating ND powder into it. This is presumably due to homogeneous dispersion of ND cluster, good interfacial bonding and unique ND bridge structures in the ND/PLA nanocomposites.
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Zhao, Xuxin, Tao Wang, Yaoyao Li, Lei Huang, and Stephan Handschuh-Wang. "Polydimethylsiloxane/Nanodiamond Composite Sponge for Enhanced Mechanical or Wettability Performance." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060948.

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Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely utilized in material science, chemical engineering, and environmental science due to its excellent properties. By utilizing fillers, so-called composite materials can be obtained with enhanced mechanical, wettability, or thermal conductivity performance. Here, we present a simple, cost-effective approach to vary either the mechanical properties (Young’s modulus) or surface wettability of bulk PDMS and PDMS sponges simply by adding nanodiamond filler with different surface terminations, either oxidized (oND) or hydrogenated (reduced, rND) nanodiamond. Minuscule amounts of oxidized nanodiamond particles as filler showed to benefit the compressive Young’s modulus of composite sponges with up to a 52% increase in its value, while the wettability of composite sponges was unaffected. In contrast, adding reduced nanodiamond particles to PDMS yielded inclined water contact angles on the PDMS/nanodiamond composite sponges. Finally, we show that the PDMS/rND composites are readily utilized as an absorbent for oil/water separation problems. This signifies that the surface termination of the ND particle has a crucial effect on the performance of the composite.
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Yu, Yue, Masahiro Nishikawa, Ming Liu, Takahiro Tei, Sunil C. Kaul, Renu Wadhawa, Minfang Zhang, Junko Takahashi, and Eijiro Miyako. "Self-assembled nanodiamond supraparticles for anticancer chemotherapy." Nanoscale 10, no. 19 (2018): 8969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00641e.

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Chemically functionalized nanodiamonds (NDs) were transformed into supraparticle (SP) nanoclusters via self-assembly. The ND–SP nanoclusters were biocompatible and internalized by cancer cells, and markedly enhanced anticancer drug efficacy compared to conventional nanomedicines.
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Fernandes-Junior, Wilson Silva, Leticia Fernanda Zaccarin, Geiser Gabriel Oliveira, Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, Cristiane Kalinke, Juliano Alves Bonacin, Jai Prakash, and Bruno Campos Janegitz. "Electrochemical Sensor Based on Nanodiamonds and Manioc Starch for Detection of Tetracycline." Journal of Sensors 2021 (March 8, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6622612.

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The use of nanostructured materials is already well-known as a powerful tool in the development of electrochemical sensors. Among several immobilization strategies of nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical sensors, the use of low-cost and environmentally friendly polymeric materials is highlighted. In this context, a new nanostructured biocomposite electrode is proposed as an electrochemical sensor for the analysis and determination of tetracycline. The composite electrode consists of a modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a nanodiamond-based (ND) and manioc starch biofilm (MS), called ND-MS/GCE. The proposed sensor showed better electrochemical performance in the presence of tetracycline in comparison to the unmodified electrode, which was attributed to the increase in the electroactive surface area due to the presence of nanodiamonds. A linear dynamic range from 5.0 × 10 − 6 to 1.8 × 10 − 4 mol L−1 and a limit of detection of 2.0 × 10 − 6 mol L−1 were obtained for the proposed sensor. ND-MS/GCE exhibited high repeatability and reproducibility for successive measurements with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.3% and 1.5%, respectively. The proposed electrode was successfully applied for the detection of tetracycline in different kinds of water samples, presenting recoveries ranging from 86 to 112%.
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Zhao, Li, Yuki Nakae, Hongmei Qin, Tadamasa Ito, Takahide Kimura, Hideto Kojima, Lawrence Chan, and Naoki Komatsu. "Polyglycerol-functionalized nanodiamond as a platform for gene delivery: Derivatization, characterization, and hybridization with DNA." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (March 24, 2014): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.64.

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A gene vector consisting of nanodiamond, polyglycerol, and basic polypeptide (ND-PG-BPP) has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. The ND-PG-BPP was synthesized by PG functionalization of ND through ring-opening polymerization of glycidol on the ND surface, multistep organic transformations (–OH → –OTs (tosylate) → –N3) in the PG layer, and click conjugation of the basic polypeptides (Arg8, Lys8 or His8) terminated with propargyl glycine. The ND-PG-BPP exhibited good dispersibility in water (>1.0 mg/mL) and positive zeta potential ranging from +14.2 mV to +44.1 mV at neutral pH in Milli-Q water. It was confirmed by gel retardation assay that ND-PG-Arg8 and ND-PG-Lys8 with higher zeta potential hybridized with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic attraction, making them promising as nonviral vectors for gene delivery.
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Zhuang, Jianjian, Junsong Liu, Yange Liu, Hongdong Li, Di Wang, and Lesheng Teng. "Enhanced proliferation inhibition of HL60 cells treated by synergistic all-trans retinoic acid/blue light/nanodiamonds." RSC Advances 7, no. 62 (2017): 38895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04093h.

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This work explores a strategy using drug all-transretinoic (ATRA) combined with nanodiamond (ND) and blue light (BL) irradiation on the typical HL60 cell line, to establish a approach for improving the treatment efficacy of human leukemia cells.
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Şevik, Hüseyin, Selma Özarslan, and Hajo Dieringa. "Assessment of the Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Mg-1Zn-0.6Ca/Diamond Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244399.

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In this work, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the Mg-1Zn-0.6Ca matrix alloy (ZX10), reinforced by adding various amounts of nanodiamond particles (0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%), prepared by the ultrasound-assisted stir-casting method, were investigated as they are deemed as potential implant materials in biomedical applications. Microstructure, nanoindentation, mechanical tensile, immersion, and potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed for evaluating the influence of the addition of nanodiamond particles on the alloy’s mechanical and biocorrosion properties. The results revealed that the addition of nanodiamond particles causes a reduction in the alloy’s grain size. The alloy’s nanohardness and elastic modulus values increased when the amount of added nanodiamond particles were increased. The nanocomposite with an addition of 0.5% ND showed the best composition with regard to an acceptable corrosion rate as the corrosion rates are too high with higher additions of 1 or 2% NDs. At the same time, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation improved slightly compared to the matrix alloy.
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34

V, Lapina, Pavich T, Bushuk S, and Kalvinkovskaya J. "New bioengineering approaches for immunotherapy." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2023): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2023.10.00321.

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New approaches for immunotherapy based on nanodiamond particles have been developed. The possible ways of conjugate synthesis comprising antibody as targeting vector, nanodiamond particles as carrier, chlorine e6 as photosensitizer, have been demonstrated. Spectral-luminescent properties of the conjugates have been studied. It has been shown that the conjugate obtained effectively binds to cells in vitro. It was observed that chlorine e6 immobilized on ND particles reveals its photodynamic activity under illumination and induces death of cells. Based on obtained results, possible advanced therapeutic strategies for novel medicine technologies have been proposed
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Liu, Meiying, Dazhuang Xu, Ke Wang, Fengjie Deng, Qing Wan, Guangjian Zeng, Qiang Huang, Xiaoyong Zhang, and Yen Wei. "Nanodiamond based supermolecular nanocomposites: preparation and biocompatibility evaluation." RSC Advances 5, no. 117 (2015): 96983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19248j.

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36

Guo, Xin, Yajun You, Aida Bao, Pinggang Jia, Jijun Xiong, and Junshuai Li. "Recent Progress of Nanodiamond Film in Controllable Fabrication and Field Emission Properties." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030577.

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The interest in the field electron emission cathode nanomaterials is on the rise due to the wide applications, such as electron sources, miniature X-ray devices, display materials, etc. In particular, nanodiamond (ND) film is regarded as an ideal next-generation cathode emitter in the field emission devices, due to the low or negative electron affinity, small grain size, high mechanical hardness, low work function, and high reliability. Increasing efforts are conducted on the investigation of the emission structures, manufacturing cost, and field emission properties improvement of the ND films. This review aims to summarize the recent research, highlight the new findings, and provide a roadmap for future developments in the area of ND film electron field emitter. Specially, the optimizing methods of large-scale, high-quality, and cost-effective synthesis of ND films are discussed to achieve more stable surface structure and optimal physical properties. Additionally, the mainstream strategies applied to produce high field emission performance of ND films are analyzed in detail, including regulating the grain size/boundary, hybrid phase carbon content, and doping element/type of ND films; meanwhile, the problems existing in the related research and the outlook in this area are also discussed.
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37

Fouda, Shaimaa M., Mohammed M. Gad, Passent Ellakany, Maram A. Al Ghamdi, Soban Q. Khan, Sultan Akhtar, Mohamed S. Ali, and Fahad A. Al-Harbi. "Flexural Properties, Impact Strength, and Hardness of Nanodiamond-Modified PMMA Denture Base Resin." International Journal of Biomaterials 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6583084.

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Purpose. Investigate the effect of low nanodiamond (ND) addition and autoclave polymerization on the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base. Methods. A total of 240 heat polymerized PMMA were fabricated with low ND concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5%, and unmodified as control. The specimens were divided equally into group I: conventionally polymerized PMMA by water bath and group II: polymerized by the autoclave. The impact strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were tested using the Charpy-type impact-testing machine and three-point bending test, respectively. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the fractured surfaces. Surface hardness was measured by a hardness tester with a Vickers diamond. The bonding and interaction between the PMMA and ND particles were analyzed by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). Results. ND addition significantly increased the flexural strength of groups I and II ( p < 0.001 , p = 0.003 ); it was highest (128.8 MPa) at 0.25% ND concentration for group I and at 0.1% for group II. Elastic modulus increased at 0.1% ND for both groups ( p = 0.004 , p = 0.373 ), but the increase was statistically significant for group I only. Impact strength showed no significant change with the addition of ND in groups I and II ( p = 0.227 , p = 0.273 ), as well as surface hardness in group I ( p = 0.143 ). Hardness decreased significantly with 0.25%ND in group II. Conclusion. The addition of ND at low concentration increased the elastic modulus and flexural strength of conventionally and autoclave polymerized denture base resin. Autoclave polymerization significantly increased the flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of unmodified PMMA and hardness of 0.5% ND group.
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38

Salaam, Amanee D., Patrick Hwang, Roberus McIntosh, Hadiyah N. Green, Ho-Wook Jun, and Derrick Dean. "Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (July 1, 2014): 937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.107.

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The field of nanomedicine has emerged as an approach to enhance the specificity and efficacy of cancer treatments as stand-alone therapies and in combination with standard chemotherapeutic treatment regimens. The current standard of care for metastatic cancer, doxorubicin (DOX), is presented with challenges, namely toxicity due to a lack of specificity and targeted delivery. Nano-enabled targeted drug delivery systems can provide an avenue to overcome these issues. Nanodiamonds (ND), in particular, have been researched over the past five years for use in various drug delivery systems but minimal work has been done that incorporates targeting capability. In this study, a novel targeted drug delivery system for bone metastatic prostate cancer was developed, characterized, and evaluated in vitro. NDs were conjugated with the Asp–Gly–Glu–Ala (DGEA) peptide to target α2β1 integrins over-expressed in prostate cancers during metastasis. To facilitate drug delivery, DOX was adsorbed to the surface of the ND-DGEA conjugates. Successful preparation of the ND-DGEA conjugates and the ND-DGEA+DOX system was confirmed with transmission electron microscopy, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential measurements. Since traditional DOX treatment regimens lack specificity and increased toxicity to normal tissues, the ND-DGEA conjugates were designed to distinguish between cells that overexpress α2β1 integrin, bone metastatic prostate cancers cells (PC3), and cells that do not, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Utilizing the ND-DGEA+DOX system, the efficacy of 1 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL DOX doses increased from 2.5% to 12% cell death and 11% to 34% cell death, respectively. These studies confirmed that the delivery and efficacy of DOX were enhanced by ND-DGEA conjugates. Thus, the targeted ND-DGEA+DOX system provides a novel approach for decreasing toxicity and drug doses.
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39

Kabir, Imrana I., John C. Osborn, Weijian Lu, Jitendra P. Mata, Christine Rehm, Guan H. Yeoh, and Tunay Ersez. "Structure evolution of nanodiamond aggregates: a SANS and USANS study." Journal of Applied Crystallography 55, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576722002084.

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Ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (USANS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements, covering length scales from micrometres to nanometres, were made to investigate the structure of nanodiamonds (NDs) and their suspensions. These nanodiamonds were produced by two different techniques, namely by the detonation method and by the laser ablation of a carbon–hydrocarbon mixture. The (U)SANS results indicated the presence of structures four orders of magnitude larger than the dimensions of a single ND particle, consisting of aggregations of ND particles. This aggregation of the ND particles was studied by employing the contrast variation technique. Two different solvents, namely H2O and dimethyl sulfoxide (and their deuterated counterparts), were used to understand the role of hydrogen in the shape and size of the aggregates. The analysis of experimental data from SANS measurements also reveals the ND particles to have an ellipsoidal structure. Using a defined shape model and the SANS contrast variation technique, it was possible to characterize the non-diamond outer shell of the particles and determine the outer layer thickness. This clarification of the structure of the NDs will allow better preparation of suspensions/samples for various applications. Understanding the structure of NDs at multiple length scales also provides crucial knowledge of particle–particle interaction and its effect on the aggregation structures.
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Wu, Xue-Ying, Qi Zhao, Dong-Xue Zhang, Ya-Chuan Liang, Kui-Kui Zhang, Qian Liu, Lin Dong, and Chong-Xin Shan. "A self-calibrated luminescent thermometer based on nanodiamond-Eu/Tb hybrid materials." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 22 (2019): 7910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt00850k.

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41

Gandhi, Ashish Chhaganlal, Rajakar Selvam, Chia-Liang Cheng, and Sheng Yun Wu. "Room Temperature Magnetic Memory Effect in Nanodiamond/γ-Fe2O3 Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030648.

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We report a room temperature magnetic memory effect (RT-MME) from magnetic nanodiamond (MND) (ND)/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposites. The detailed crystal structural analysis of the diluted MND was performed by synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, revealing the composite nature of MND having 99 and 1% weight fraction ND and γ-Fe2O3 phases, respectively. The magnetic measurements carried out using a DC SQUID magnetometer show the non-interacting superparamagnetic nature of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in MND have a wide distribution in the blocking temperature. Using different temperature, field, and time relaxation protocols, the memory phenomenon in the DC magnetization has been observed at room temperature (RT). These findings suggest that the dynamics of MND are governed by a wide distribution of particle relaxation times, which arise from the distribution of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle size. The observed RT ferromagnetism coupled with MME in MND will find potential applications in ND-based spintronics.
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42

Raina, Ankush, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Ankush Anand, Sanjay Mohan, Rajiv Kumar, Subramanian Jayalakshmi, and Ramachandra Arvind Singh. "Nanodiamond Particles as Secondary Additive for Polyalphaolefin Oil Lubrication of Steel–Aluminium Contact." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061438.

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Nanodiamond (ND) particles are effective lubricant additives. Attention of research has shifted towards investigating the particles as secondary additives. ND particles provide more benefits as secondary additives than as the sole lubricant additive for steel–steel contacts. In this work, the influence of ND particles as secondary additives on oil lubrication of steel–aluminium tribopair (hard–soft contact) was examined. AISI 52100 steel balls were slid against AA2024 aluminium alloy discs, in the presence of polyalphaolefin (PAO) base oil, in boundary lubrication regime (applied normal load: 10 N to 50 N). Primary additives were copper oxide (CuO) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles. The addition of ND particles to PAO, with CuO and h-BN as primary additives, at the lowest applied normal load of 10 N: (i) decreased the volumetric wear of the aluminium discs by 28% and 63%, respectively, and (ii) decreased the coefficient of friction by 15% and 33%, respectively. At the highest applied normal load of 50 N, it: (i) decreased the volumetric wear of the aluminium discs by 20% and 38%, respectively, and (ii) decreased the coefficient of friction by 5.4% and 8%, respectively. ND particles as secondary additives significantly reduce energy loss and power loss as a consequence of an effective reduction in friction during sliding. Unique characteristics of ND particles—such as their (a) physicochemical and thermal properties, (b) ball bearing and polishing effects and (c) synergistic interaction with primary additives to form stable tribofilms—enhance the lubrication performance of steel–aluminium contact. ND particles in combination with h-BN nanoparticles showed the best performance, due to better synergy between the primary additive and the secondary additive. Results from the investigation indicate that ND particles taken as secondary additives in small amount (0.2 wt%) can improve oil lubrication performance of hard–soft contacts in engineering systems.
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Lee, Dong-Keun, Theodore Kee, Zhangrui Liang, Desiree Hsiou, Darron Miya, Brian Wu, Eiji Osawa, et al. "Clinical validation of a nanodiamond-embedded thermoplastic biomaterial." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 23, 2017): E9445—E9454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711924114.

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Detonation nanodiamonds (NDs) are promising drug delivery and imaging agents due to their uniquely faceted surfaces with diverse chemical groups, electrostatic properties, and biocompatibility. Based on the potential to harness ND properties to clinically address a broad range of disease indications, this work reports the in-human administration of NDs through the development of ND-embedded gutta percha (NDGP), a thermoplastic biomaterial that addresses reinfection and bone loss following root canal therapy (RCT). RCT served as the first clinical indication for NDs since the procedure sites involved nearby circulation, localized administration, and image-guided treatment progress monitoring, which are analogous to many clinical indications. This randomized, single-blind interventional treatment study evaluated NDGP equivalence with unmodified GP. This progress report assessed one control-arm and three treatment-arm patients. At 3-mo and 6-mo follow-up appointments, no adverse events were observed, and lesion healing was confirmed in the NDGP-treated patients. Therefore, this study is a foundation for the continued clinical translation of NDs and other nanomaterials for a broad spectrum of applications.
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Mangal, Utkarsh, Ji-Yeong Kim, Ji-Young Seo, Jae-Sung Kwon, and Sung-Hwan Choi. "Novel Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Containing Nanodiamond to Improve the Mechanical Properties and Fungal Resistance." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 3438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203438.

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Herein we evaluate the effect of nanodiamond (ND) incorporation on the mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposite. Three quantities of ND (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt.%) were tested against the control and zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO). Flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured using a three-point bending test, surface hardness was evaluated using the Vickers hardness test, and surface roughness was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), while fungal adhesion and viability were studied using Candida albicans. Samples were also analyzed for biofilm thickness and biomass in a saliva-derived biofilm model. All groups of ND-PMMA nanocomposites had significantly greater mean flexural strengths and statistically improved elastic modulus, compared to the control and ZrO groups (P < 0.001). The Vickers hardness values significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.001) with 0.3% and 0.5% ND. ND addition also gave significant reduction in fungal adhesion and viability (P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Finally, salivary biofilm formation was markedly reduced compared to the ZrO group. Hence, the incorporation of 0.1–0.5 wt.% ND with auto- polymerized PMMA resin significantly improved the flexural strength, elastic modulus, and surface hardness, and provided considerable fungal resistance.
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Dewi, Firli Rahmah Primula, Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih, Rasyidah Fauzia Ahmar, Na'ilah Insani Alifiyah, Vuanghao Lim, and Muhammad Darwin Prenggono. "Enhancing the Anticancer Activity of Squamocin for Breast Cancer Treatment Using Nanodiamond Nanoparticles: An In Vivo Study." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 30, no. 1 (August 29, 2022): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.30.1.131-139.

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Squamocin is one of the annonaceous acetogenins produced by the Annonaceae family and displays potent anti-cancer activity against cancer cell lines. This study aimed to investigate the growth inhibition activity of squamocin coupled with nanodiamond on rats (Rattus norvegicus)-induced breast cancer. Twenty-five female R. norvegicus were divided into five groups (n = 5), including normal control (without any treatment), negative control, group treated with nanodiamond only (ND), group treated with squamocin only (SQ), and the group treated with squamocin coupled with nanodiamond (NDSQ). All of the animal models were induced for breast cancer, except for the normal control group. Breast cancer induction was performed using two doses of N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) injection (50 and 30 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally and waited for 22 weeks until the tumor was detected to formed. Nanodiamond coupled with squamocin were administered by intraperitoneal injection (1.5 mg/kg body weight) for 5 weeks, one injection per 3 days. This study showed that the treatment with squamocin coupled with nanodiamond (NDSQ) significantly reduced the proliferation (Ki-67) and induced apoptosis (Caspase-3) of breast cancer cells, corresponding to the reduction of the thickness of the mammary ductal epithelium (p<0.001) and the lower level of CA-153 in serum. In addition, the treatment significantly reduced the malondioldehyde (MDA) and PI3KCA and increased the p53 level significantly. Altogether, in this study, we are the first to report the anti-cancer activity of squamocin in rat-induced breast cancer and the potency of nanodiamond as a carrier of squamocin to increase its anti-cancer activity.
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Huang, Ruoxuan, Shinan Han, Tianchi Zhang, Zichun Wang, Grinkevych Kostyantyn, Xiangnan Chen, and Jiujun Xu. "Characterization and tribology performance of polyaniline-coated nanodiamond lubricant additives." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 2190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0135.

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Abstract The polyaniline (PANi)-coated nanodiamond (ND) composites were fabricated by the in situ polymerization process and dispersed in base oil as nanolubricant additives by ultrasonic-assisted dispersion. The morphology and microstructures of the nanocomposites were characterized. The in-house developed reciprocating tribo-device was utilized to conduct the tribological tests. An actual CrN piston ring–nitriding cylinder liner friction pair used in the diesel engine was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed nanolubricant additives. The wear tests were conducted under conditions that were close to the actual work condition of the selected friction pair. Furthermore, the anti-scuffing performance was also investigated and the associated mechanisms were analyzed. The results show the polymerization process inhibited the agglomeration of the NDs that were well dispersed in the PANi matrix. The stable hydrogen bonding interactions and the surface confinement effect promote the dispersion of the nanocomposites in organic base oil effectively. The developed additive can improve the friction and wear performance of the ring–cylinder liner friction pair by 12–19 and 15–24%, respectively, compared with the base oil. With the increase of temperature, the effectiveness of the nanolubricant additives is enhanced. Under the oil-starved condition, the friction pairs lubricated with PANi/ND lubricants can sustain a longer stable period with a lower friction force, and the anti-scuffing time is almost three times longer. Concerning the overall tribological performance, the optimal content of the PANi/ND additive in base oil is 2 wt%.
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47

Lin, Chii Ruey, Da Hua Wei, Minh Khoa Ben Dao, Ren Jei Chung, and Ming Hong Chang. "Nanocrystalline Diamond Particles Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.168.

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In this present work, nanodiamond (ND) particles were successfully prepared from commercial micron diamond powder at room temperature by high energy ball milling process using an oscillatory mill (SPEX8000). The size reduction and structural evolutions of the milled samples were investigated as a function of the milling time by means of X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The line broadening technique was used to determine the crystallite size and lattice strain. After 40 h of milling, obtained ND particles possessed uniform shape and 25 nm of average particle size. Also, energy dispersive X-ray results revealed the high purity of ND and demonstrated that the purification process using harsh acid mixture were effective to remove metal and non-diamond carbon impurities produced in milling stage. All results propose a scalable method to preparation ND particles as well as nanocrystalline materials.
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48

Liu, Long, Shun He, Zhiming Guo, Jian Li, Mingchun Zhao, and Yiping Wu. "Enhancing Degradation Resistance of Biomedical Mg-6Zn-0.5Zr Alloy by the Incorporation of Nanodiamond." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 6707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196707.

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The Mg-6Zn-0.5Zr (ZK60) alloy has attracted extensive attention as one of the hopeful biomedical material candidates for bone implant applications on account of its unique degradability, favorable biocompatibility as well as mechanical compatibility. Nevertheless, the rapid degradation rate in the biological environment is the major hurdle for its clinical application in the field of bone implants. In this study, nanodiamond (ND) was incorporated into ZK60 alloy via selective laser melting technology to enhance its degradation resistance. The results showed that compared with selective laser-melted ZK60 (SLMed ZK60), the selective laser-melted ZK60 with 6 wt.% ND (SLMed ZK60−6ND) possessed the better degradation resistance with the lower degradation rate of 0.5 ± 0.1 mm/year. The enhancement of the degradation resistance was attributed to the fact that ND could promote the deposition of apatite and build up a dense and insoluble protective layer through the dissociation of the carboxyl groups on the ND surface, which could effectively hinder the further degradation of the Mg matrix. Meanwhile, the compressive strength and hardness were improved mainly due to grain refinement strengthening and ND dispersion strengthening. In addition, the SLMed ZK60−6ND possessed good cytocompatibility. These results suggested that the SLMed ZK60−6ND, with enhanced degradation resistance, improved mechanical properties, and good cytocompatibility, was an excellent biomedical material candidate for bone implant applications.
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49

Fouda, Shaimaa M., Mohammed M. Gad, Passent Ellakany, Maram A. Al Ghamdi, Soban Q. Khan, Sultan Akhtar, Doaa M. Al Eraky, and Fahad A. Al-Harbi. "Effect of Low Nanodiamond Concentrations and Polymerization Techniques on Physical Properties and Antifungal Activities of Denture Base Resin." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 4331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244331.

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Background: Denture base resin has some drawbacks. This study investigated the impact of nanodiamonds (ND) and autoclave polymerization on the surface characteristics, translucency, and Candida albicans adherence in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin after thermocycling. Methods: Heat-polymerized PMMA discs (15 × 2 mm) with a total sample size n = 160 were studied. Specimens were categorized into two main groups (N = 80): conventional water-bath-polymerized PMMA (CP/PMMA) and autoclave-polymerized PMMA (AP/PMMA). Each group was subdivided according to the ND concentration into four groups (n = 20): unmodified PMMA as a control, and 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% ND–PMMA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to inspect the morphology of the ND and the ND–PMMA mixtures before heat polymerization. The specimens were exposed to thermal cycling (5000 cycles at 5 and 55 °C), then surface roughness was measured with a non-contact optical interferometric profilometer, contact angle with an automated goniometer, and translucency using a spectrophotometer. Colony-forming units (CFU) were used to determine the adherence of Candida albicans cells to the specimens. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests for pairwise comparison were utilized for the statistical analysis (α = 0.05). Results: Surface roughness was significantly reduced with ND addition to CP/PMMA (p ˂ 0.001), while the reduction was not statistically significant in AP/PMMA (p = 0.831). The addition of ND significantly reduced the contact angle, translucency, and Candida albicans count of CP/PMMA and AP/PMMA (p ˂ 0.001). The incorporation of ND in conjunction with autoclave polymerization of PMMA showed significant reduction in all tested properties (surface roughness, contact angle and Candida albicans adherence) except translucency (p = 0.726). Conclusions: ND addition to PMMA and autoclave polymerization improved the surface properties with respect to antifungal activities, while the translucency was adversely affected.
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50

Lin, Yu-Wei, Hung-Cheng Su, Emmanuel Naveen Raj, Kuang-Kai Liu, Chien-Jen Chang, Tzu-Chia Hsu, Po-Yun Cheng, et al. "Targeting EGFR and Monitoring Tumorigenesis of Human Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Using Nanodiamond-Conjugated Specific EGFR Antibody." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010111.

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Nanoprobes provide advantages for real-time monitoring of tumor markers and tumorigenesis during cancer progression and development. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a key protein that plays crucial roles for tumorigenesis and cancer therapy of lung cancers. Here, we show a carbon-based nanoprobe, nanodiamond (ND), which can be applied for targeting EGFR and monitoring tumorigenesis of human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The optimal fluorescent intensities of ND particles were observed in the human lung cancer cells and nude mice under in vivo imaging system. The fluorescence signal of ND particles can be real-time detected in the xenografted human lung tumor formation of nude mice. Moreover, the ND-conjugated specific EGFR antibody cetuximab (Cet) can track the location and distribution of EGFR proteins of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. ND-Cet treatment increased cellular uptake ability of nanocomposites in the EGFR-expressed cells but not in the EGFR-negative lung cancer cells. Interestingly, single ND-Cet complex can be directly observed on the protein G bead by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy. Besides, the EGFR proteins were transported to lysosomes for degradation. Together, this study demonstrates that ND-conjugated Cet can apply for targeting EGFR and monitoring tumorigenesis during lung cancer progression and therapy.
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