Journal articles on the topic 'Nanocomposite Capacitive Based Proximity Sensors'
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1
Moheimani, Reza, Paniz Hosseini, Saeed Mohammadi, and Hamid Dalir. "Recent Advances on Capacitive Proximity Sensors: From Design and Materials to Creative Applications." C 8, no. 2 (May 5, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c8020026.
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Capacitive proximity sensors (CPSs) have recently been a focus of increased attention because of their widespread applications, simplicity of design, low cost, and low power consumption. This mini review article provides a comprehensive overview of various applications of CPSs, as well as current advancements in CPS construction approaches. We begin by outlining the major technologies utilized in proximity sensing, highlighting their characteristics and applications, and discussing their advantages and disadvantages, with a heavy emphasis on capacitive sensors. Evaluating various nanocomposites for proximity sensing and corresponding detecting approaches ranging from physical to chemical detection are emphasized. The matrix and active ingredients used in such sensors, as well as the measured ranges, will also be discussed. A good understanding of CPSs is not only essential for resolving issues, but is also one of the primary forces propelling CPS technology ahead. We aim to examine the impediments and possible solutions to the development of CPSs. Furthermore, we illustrate how nanocomposite fusion may be used to improve the detection range and accuracy of a CPS while also broadening the application scenarios. Finally, the impact of conductance on sensor performance and other variables that impact the sensitivity distribution of CPSs are presented.
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Lai, Po-Cheng, and Sheng-Sheng Yu. "Cationic Cellulose Nanocrystals-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels: Achieving 3D Printable Capacitive Sensors with High Transparency and Mechanical Strength." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050688.
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Hydrogel ionotronics are intriguing soft materials that have been applied in wearable electronics and artificial muscles. These applications often require the hydrogels to be tough, transparent, and 3D printable. Renewable materials like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with tunable surface chemistry provide a means to prepare tough nanocomposite hydrogels. Here, we designed ink for 3D printable sensors with cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CCNCs) and zwitterionic hydrogels. CCNCs were first dispersed in an aqueous solution of monomers to prepare the ink with a reversible physical network. Subsequent photopolymerization and the introduction of Al3+ ion led to strong hydrogels with multiple physical cross-links. When compared to the hydrogels using conventional CNCs, CCNCs formed a stronger physical network in water that greatly reduced the concentration of nanocrystals needed for reinforcing and 3D printing. In addition, the low concentration of nanofillers enhanced the transparency of the hydrogels for wearable electronics. We then assembled the CCNC-reinforced nanocomposite hydrogels with stretchable dielectrics into capacitive sensors for the monitoring of various human activities. 3D printing further enabled a facile design of tactile sensors with enhanced sensitivity. By harnessing the surface chemistry of the nanocrystals, our nanocomposite hydrogels simultaneously achieved good mechanical strength, high transparency, and 3D printability.
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Zuk, Samuel, Alena Pietrikova, and Igor Vehec. "Capacitive touch sensor." Microelectronics International 35, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-12-2017-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the possibilities of mechanical switch replacement by capacitive film touch sensor in applications requiring high reliability and short response time. Advantage of replacing mechanical switch by capacitive touch sensor is no mechanical wear and possible implementation of sensor in application where the switch could not be used or where the flexibility of the sensor substrate is required. The aim of this work is to develop a capacitive touch sensor with the advantage of maximum mechanical resistance, short response time and high sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach Based on various possible sensors layouts, the authors realized 18 different (14 self-capacitance and four mutual capacitance) topologies of capacitive sensor for touch applications. Three different technologies – PCB, LTCC and polymer technology – were used to characterize sensor’s behaviour. For precise characterization of different layouts realized on various substrates, the authors used integrated circuit FDC2214 capacitance-to-digital converter. Findings Sensing range of the capacitive touch (proximity) sensor is affected by the per cent of area covered by the sensor, and it does not depend on topology of sensor. The highest sensing range offers PCB technology. Flexible substrates can be used as proper substituent to rigid PCB. Originality/value The novelty of this work lies in finding the touch capacitive sensors that allow shorter switching times compared to standard mechanical switches.
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Xia, Fan, Umme Zakia, Carlo Menon, and Behraad Bahreyni. "Improved Capacitive Proximity Detection for Conductive Objects through Target Profile Estimation." Journal of Sensors 2019 (September 8, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3891350.
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The accuracy of a capacitive proximity sensor is affected by various factors, including the geometry and composition of the nearby object. The quantitative regression models that are used to seek out the relationship between the measured capacitances and distances to objects are highly dependent on the geometrical properties of the objects. Consequently, the application of capacitive proximity sensors has been mainly limited to detection of objects rather than estimation of distances to them. This paper presents a capacitive proximity sensing system for the detection of metallic objects with improved accuracy based on target profile estimation. The presented approach alleviates large errors in distance estimation by implementing a classifier to recognize the surface profiles before using a suitable regression model to estimate the distance. The sensing system features an electrode matrix that is configured to sweep a series of inner-connection patterns and produce features for profile classification. The performance of the sensing modalities is experimentally assessed with an industrial robot. Two-term exponential regression models provide a high degree of fittings for an object whose shape is known. Recognizing the shape of the object improved the regression models and reduced the close-distance measurement error by a factor of five compared to methods that did not take the geometry into account. The breakthroughs made through this work will make capacitive sensing a viable low-cost alternative to existing technologies for proximity detection in robotics and other fields.
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Ramalingame, Rajarajan, Amoog Lakshmanan, Florian Müller, Ulrike Thomas, and Olfa Kanoun. "Highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors for robotic applications based on carbon nanotubes and PDMS polymer nanocomposite." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-8-87-2019.
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Abstract. Flexible tactile pressure sensor arrays based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are gaining importance, especially in the field of robotics because of the high demand for stable, flexible and sensitive sensors. Some existing concepts of pressure sensors based on nanocomposites exhibit complicated fabrication techniques and better sensitivity than the conventional pressure sensors. In this article, we propose a nanocomposite-based pressure sensor that exhibits a high sensitivity of 25 % N−1, starting with a minimum load range of 0–0.01 N and 46.8 % N−1 in the range of 0–1 N. The maximum pressure sensing range of the sensor is approximately 570 kPa. A concept of a 4×3 tactile sensor array, which could be integrated to robot fingers, is demonstrated. The high sensitivity of the pressure sensor enables precision grasping, with the ability to sense small objects with a size of 5 mm and a weight of 1 g. Another application of the pressure sensor is demonstrated as a gait analysis for humanoid robots. The pressure sensor is integrated under the foot of a humanoid robot to monitor and evaluate the gait of the robot, which provides insights for optimizing the robot's self-balancing algorithm in order to maintain the posture while walking.
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Rahayu, Maya, Muhammad Nurkholis Widlan, Ashari Ashari, and Hutama Arif Bramantyo. "Smart Trash with Web Integrated Volume Monitoring and Sorting System via MQTT Protocol." E-JOINT (Electronica and Electrical Journal Of Innovation Technology) 3, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/e-joint.v1i3.1373.
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The increasing human population makes each year its production increases significantly. People's ignorance to separate the types of waste has triggered various disasters. Many studies have aimed at tackling this problem, such as smart trash bins that can sort various types of organic and inorganic materials and detect waste. However, intelligent trash can products with many functions are not all integrated into one product. In this research, a product has been created that can integrate various smart trash functions with a volume monitoring system and sorting metal, non-metal, and organic waste types monitored via the web using the MQTT Protocol. This research prototype consists of several devices, namely smart trash equipped with proximity sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, and infrared sensors. In addition, this intelligent trash is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the height of the trash. The Wi-Fi module integrated this system with web applications and the MQTT protocol. Based on the test, the system has been running well since the sensor data collection test is 70%, the delay test from the sensor input to the actuator is 3.48 s, the ultrasonic sensor reading accuracy is 97.16%, and the throughput on the monitoring website is 5084.75 bytes/sec.The increasing human population makes each year its production increases significantly. People's ignorance to separate the types of waste has triggered various disasters. Many studies have aimed at tackling this problem, such as smart trash bins that can sort various types of organic and inorganic materials and detect waste. However, intelligent trash can products with many functions are not all integrated into one product. In this research, a product has been created that can integrate various smart trash functions with a volume monitoring system and sorting metal, non-metal, and organic waste types monitored via the web using the MQTT Protocol. This research prototype consists of several devices, namely smart trash equipped with proximity sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, and infrared sensors. In addition, this intelligent trash is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the height of the trash. The Wi-Fi module integrated this system with web applications and the MQTT protocol. Based on the test, the system has been running well since the sensor data collection test is 70%, the delay test from the sensor input to the actuator is 3.48 s, the ultrasonic sensor reading accuracy is 97.16%, and the throughput on the monitoring website is 5084.75 bytes/sec.
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Hsieh, Gen-Wen, Liang-Cheng Shih, and Pei-Yuan Chen. "Porous Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomer Hybrid with Zinc Oxide Nanowire for Wearable, Wide-Range, and Low Detection Limit Capacitive Pressure Sensor." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020256.
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We propose a flexible capacitive pressure sensor that utilizes porous polydimethylsiloxane elastomer with zinc oxide nanowire as nanocomposite dielectric layer via a simple porogen-assisted process. With the incorporation of nanowires into the porous elastomer, our capacitive pressure sensor is not only highly responsive to subtle stimuli but vigorously so to gentle touch and verbal stimulation from 0 to 50 kPa. The fabricated zinc oxide nanowire–porous polydimethylsiloxane sensor exhibits superior sensitivity of 0.717 kPa−1, 0.360 kPa−1, and 0.200 kPa−1 at the pressure regimes of 0–50 Pa, 50–1000 Pa, and 1000–3000 Pa, respectively, presenting an approximate enhancement by 21−100 times when compared to that of a flat polydimethylsiloxane device. The nanocomposite dielectric layer also reveals an ultralow detection limit of 1.0 Pa, good stability, and durability after 4000 loading–unloading cycles, making it capable of perception of various human motions, such as finger bending, calligraphy writing, throat vibration, and airflow blowing. A proof-of-concept trial in hydrostatic water pressure sensing has been demonstrated with the proposed sensors, which can detect tiny changes in water pressure and may be helpful for underwater sensing research. This work brings out the efficacy of constructing wearable capacitive pressure sensors based on a porous dielectric hybrid with stress-sensitive nanostructures, providing wide prospective applications in wearable electronics, health monitoring, and smart artificial robotics/prosthetics.
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Humud, Hammad R. "PANI/MWCNT based humidity sensor." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 33 (January 8, 2019): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i33.147.
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Polyaniline Multi wall Carbon nanotube (PANI/MWCNTs) nanocomposite thin films have been prepared by Plasma jet polymerization at low frequency on glass substrate with preliminary deposited aluminum electrodes to form Al/PANI-MWCNT/Al surface-type capacitive humidity sensors, the gap between the electrodes about 50 μm and the MWCNTs weight concentration varied between 0, 1, 2, 3, 4%. The diameter of the MWCNTs was in the range of 8-15 nm and the length 10-55 μm. The capacitance-humidity relationships of the sensors were investigated at humidity levels from 35 to 90% RH. The electrical properties showed that the capacity increased with increasing relative humidity, and that the sensitivity of the sensor increases with the increase of the additive (MWCNTs); while each of the response time and the recovery time increasing with concentration. The change in MWCNTs concentration leads to a change in the energy gap as well as the initial capacity. The capacitance increases linearly with the relative humidity at MWCNTs concentration of 3% for thus the possibility of manufacturing humidity sensor with good specifications at this concentration.
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Chowdhury, Azmal Huda, Borzooye Jafarizadeh, Nezih Pala, and Chunlei Wang. "Wearable Capacitive Pressure Sensor for Contact and Non-Contact Sensing and Pulse Waveform Monitoring." Molecules 27, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206872.
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Sensitive and flexible pressure sensors have invoked considerable interest for a broad range of applications in tactile sensing, physiological sensing, and flexible electronics. The barrier between high sensitivity and low fabrication cost needs to be addressed to commercialize such flexible pressure sensors. A low-cost sacrificial template-assisted method for the capacitive sensor has been reported herein, utilizing a porous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite-based dielectric layer. The sensor shows high sensitivity of 2.42 kPa−1 along with a low limit of detection of 1.46 Pa. The high sensitivity originates from adding MWCNT to PDMS, increasing the composite polymer’s dielectric constant. Besides this, the pressure sensor shows excellent stability at a cyclic loading of 9000 cycles, proving its reliability for long-lasting application in tactile and physiological sensing. The high sensitivity of the sensor is suitable for the detection of small deformations such as pulse waveforms as well as tactile pressure sensing. In addition, the paper demonstrates a simultaneous contact and non-contact sensing capability suitable for dual sensing (pressure and proximity) with a single data readout system. The dual-mode sensing capability may open opportunities for realizing compact systems in robotics, gesture control, contactless applications, and many more. The practicality of the sensor was shown in applications such as tactile sensing, Morse code generator, proximity sensing, and pulse wave sensing.
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Nouri, Hanen, Dhivakar Rajendran, Rajarajan Ramalingame, and Olfa Kanoun. "Homogeneity Characterization of Textile-Integrated Wearable Sensors based on Impedance Spectroscopy." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176530.
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One of the main challenges during the integration of a carbon/polymer-based nanocomposite sensor on textile substrates is the fabrication of a homogeneous surface of the nanocomposite-based thin films, which play a major role in the reproducibility of the sensor. Characterizations are therefore required in every fabrication step to control the quality of the material preparation, deposition, and curing. As a result, microcharacterization methods are more suitable for laboratory investigations, and electrical methods can be easily implemented for in situ characterization within the manufacturing process. In this paper, several textile-based pressure sensors are fabricated at an optimized concentration of 0.3 wt.% of multiwalledcarbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite material in PDMS. We propose to use impedance spectroscopy for the characterization of both of the resistive behavior and capacitive behavior of the sensor at several frequencies and under different loads from 50 g to 500 g. The impedance spectra are fitted to a model composed of a resistance in series with a parallel combination of resistance and a constant phase element (CPE). The results show that the printing parameters strongly influence the impedance behavior under different loads. The deviation of the model parameter α of the CPE from the value 1 is strongly dependent on the nonhomogeneity of the sensor. Based on an impedance spectrum measurement followed by parameter extraction, the parameter α can be determined to realize a novel method for homogeneity characterization and in-line quality control of textile-integrated wearable sensors during the manufacturing process.
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Maya Rahayu, Muhammad Nurkholis Widlan, Ashari, and Hutama Arif Bramantyo. "Smart Trash with Web Integrated Volume Monitoring and Sorting System via MQTT Protocol." E-JOINT (Electronica and Electrical Journal Of Innovation Technology) 3, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/e-joint.v3i1.1558.
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The increasing human population makes each year its production increase significantly. People's ignorance to separate the types of waste has triggered various disasters. Many studies have aimed at tackling this problem, such as smart trash bins that can sort various types of organic and inorganic materials and detect waste. However, it can products with many functions are not all integrated into one product. Purpose of this research is to provide a product that can integrate various smart trash bin functions with a volume monitoring system and sorting metal, non-metal, and organic waste types monitored via the web using the MQTT Protocol. This research prototype consists of several devices, namely smart trash bin equipped with proximity sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, and infrared sensors. In addition, this system is equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the height of the trash. The Wi-Fi module integrated this system with web applications and the MQTT protocol. Based on the test, the system has been running well since the sensor data collection test is 70%, the delay test from the sensor input to the actuator is 3.48 s, the ultrasonic sensor reading accuracy is 97.16%, and the throughput on the monitoring website is 5084.75 bytes/sec.
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Rossignatti, Beatriz Cotting, Amanda Portes Vieira, Martin Schwellberger Barbosa, Luís Miguel Gomes Abegão, and Hugo José Nogueira Pedroza Dias Mello. "Thin Films of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposites with CeO2 and WO3 Metal Oxides Applied to the Impedimetric and Capacitive Transducer Stages in Chemical Sensors." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030578.
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There is a recognized need for the development of cost-effective, stable, fast, and optimized novel materials for technological applications. Substantial research has been undertaken on the role of polymeric nanocomposites in sensing applications. However, the use of PANI-based nanocomposites in impedimetric and capacitive electrochemical sensors has yet to be understood. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the sensitivity and linearity of electrochemical pH sensors and the composition of nanocomposites. Thin films of PANI/CeO2 and PANI/WO3 were deposited via spin coating for characterization and application during the electrochemical impedance and capacitance spectroscopy (EIS and ECS) transduction stages. The findings showed that the optimized performance of the devices was extended not only to the sensitivity but also to the linearity. An increase of 213% in the ECS sensitivity of the PANI/CeO2 compared to the metal oxide and an increase of 64% in the ECS linearity of the PANI/WO3 compared to the polymeric sensitivity were reported. This study identified the structure–property relationship of nanocomposite thin films of PANI with metal oxides for use in electrochemical sensors. The developed materials could be applied in devices to be used in different fields, such as food, environment, and biomedical monitoring.
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Ahmad, Waqas, Bushra Jabbar, Imtiaz Ahmad, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Minas M. Stylianakis, George Kenanakis, and Rabia Ikram. "Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors Based on Polyethylene Oxide/CuO/Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Nanofibers." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041037.
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Polymer composites are favorite materials for sensing applications due to their low cost and easy fabrication. In the current study, composite nanofibers consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO), oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles with 1% and 3% of fillers (i.e., PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 1%, and PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 3%) were successfully developed through electrospinning for humidity sensing applications. The composite nanofibers were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX analysis. Firstly, they were loaded on an interdigitated electrode (IDE), and then the humidity sensing efficiency was investigated through a digital LCR meter (E4980) at different frequencies (100 Hz–1 MHz), as well as the percentage of relative humidity (RH). The results indicated that the composite nanofibers containing 1% and 3% MWCNT, combined with CuO in PEO polymer matrix, showed potent resistive and capacitive response along with high sensitivity to humidity at room temperature in an RH range of 30–90%. More specifically, the PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 1% nanocomposite displayed a resistive rapid response time within 3 s and a long recovery time of 22 s, while the PEO–CuO–MWCNT: 3% one exhibited 20 s and 11 s between the same RH range, respectively.
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Fu, Biying, Lennart Jarms, Florian Kirchbuchner, and Arjan Kuijper. "ExerTrack—Towards Smart Surfaces to Track Exercises." Technologies 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8010017.
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The concept of the quantified self has gained popularity in recent years with the hype of miniaturized gadgets to monitor vital fitness levels. Smartwatches or smartphone apps and other fitness trackers are overwhelming the market. Most aerobic exercises such as walking, running, or cycling can be accurately recognized using wearable devices. However whole-body exercises such as push-ups, bridges, and sit-ups are performed on the ground and thus cannot be precisely recognized by wearing only one accelerometer. Thus, a floor-based approach is preferred for recognizing whole-body activities. Computer vision techniques on image data also report high recognition accuracy; however, the presence of a camera tends to raise privacy issues in public areas. Therefore, we focus on combining the advantages of ubiquitous proximity-sensing with non-optical sensors to preserve privacy in public areas and maintain low computation cost with a sparse sensor implementation. Our solution is the ExerTrack, an off-the-shelf sports mat equipped with eight sparsely distributed capacitive proximity sensors to recognize eight whole-body fitness exercises with a user-independent recognition accuracy of 93.5% and a user-dependent recognition accuracy of 95.1% based on a test study with 9 participants each performing 2 full sessions. We adopt a template-based approach to count repetitions and reach a user-independent counting accuracy of 93.6%. The final model can run on a Raspberry Pi 3 in real time. This work includes data-processing of our proposed system and model selection to improve the recognition accuracy and data augmentation technique to regularize the network.
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Koryahin, Victor, Zinovy Mykytyuk, Oksana Blavt, Liubov Dolnikova, and Volodymyr Stadnyk. "Didactic Opportunities of Information-Communication Technologies in the Control of Physical Education." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 20, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.2.06.
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The study objective is to justify and implement information and communication technologies in the test control of the development level of the frequency of movements, as a manifestation of speed qualities in the process of physical education.
Materials and Methods. To solve the research tasks, the study used the methods of comparing and contrasting, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, formalization and technical modeling.
Results. An electronic device for the exercise controlling the movement frequency of the hands to evaluate speed qualities was developed for the research purpose. The device is designed on the basis of capacitive type proximity sensors. The signal received by the sensors is processed in the microcontroller unit during the test and transmitted to the personal computer via the communication interface. On a personal computer, using the developed software, they control the time of completion of the test task.
Conclusions. The developed information and communication technologies based on electronic monitoring device embodies a new approach to addressing the challenge of improving the performance of speed control in physical education by ensuring that objective and reliable test data are obtained promptly.
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Nugroho, Ernes Cahyo, Anton Respati Pamungkas, and Ika Parlina Purbaningtyas. "Rancang Bangun Alat Pemilah Sampah Otomatis Berbasis Arduino Mega 2560." Go Infotech: Jurnal Ilmiah STMIK AUB 24, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.36309/goi.v24i2.96.
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Dumpster management system on Village/Warukkalong Village, RT/RW: 05/01, Kecamatan Kwadungan, Ngawi, East Java still conventional, i.e. the place one container of trash and garbage not disposed of according the trash, which affects trash piled up on one container of trash that impact to the declining environmental quality. Automatic trash can is one of the alternatives that can be used to sort out the type of garbage so that waste management more effectively in order to increase comfort and maximum possible waste reduction. Parser tools architecture garbage garbage sorting type aiming for, so that waste can be separated based on the type of waste, whether inorganic or organic waste garbage can be processed. The garbage will be disaggregated automatically by using a Sensor. The sensor used in auto IE trash proximity capacitive to detect an-organic, as well as inductive proximity to detect the types of bins, and Ultrasonic sensors to detect the height of the garbage and LCD to display the condition and type of garbage. The results of testing on the bin automatically is the maximum size that can be entered approximately 5 cm x 10 cm with a time of 10-17 seconds from the first go in the garbage into the trash until the end.
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Demori, Marco, Marco Baù, Marco Ferrari, and Vittorio Ferrari. "Interrogation Techniques and Interface Circuits for Coil-Coupled Passive Sensors." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2018): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090449.
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Coil-coupled passive sensors can be interrogated without contact, exploiting the magnetic coupling between two coils forming a telemetric proximity link. A primary coil connected to the interface circuit forms the readout unit, while a passive sensor connected to a secondary coil forms the sensor unit. This work is focused on the interrogation of sensor units based on resonance, denoted as resonant sensor units, in which the readout signals are the resonant frequency and, possibly, the quality factor. Specifically, capacitive and electromechanical piezoelectric resonator sensor units are considered. Two interrogation techniques, namely a frequency-domain technique and a time-domain technique, have been analyzed, that are theoretically independent of the coupling between the coils which, in turn, ensure that the sensor readings are not affected by the interrogation distance. However, it is shown that the unavoidable parasitic capacitance in parallel to the readout coil introduces, for both techniques, an undesired dependence of the readings on the interrogation distance. This effect is especially marked for capacitance sensor units. A compensation circuit is innovatively proposed to counteract the effects of the parasitic input capacitance, and advantageously obtain distance-independent readings in real operating conditions. Experimental tests on a coil-coupled capacitance sensor with resonance at 5.45 MHz have shown a deviation within 1.5 kHz, i.e., 300 ppm, for interrogation distances of up to 18 mm. For the same distance range, with a coil-coupled quartz crystal resonator with a mechanical resonant frequency of 4.432 MHz, variations of less than 1.8 Hz, i.e., 0.5 ppm, have been obtained.
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Watanyulertsakul, Egkarin. "The Accuracy of Sorting Beverage Cans and Bottles for a Reverse Vending Machine." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 13, no. 1 (October 9, 2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2019131.189066.
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At present, there are many types of beverage packages such as cans and plastic bottles which lead to a large number of waste beverage cans. Furthermore, throwing beverage cans away without management tends to be an ineffective way to get optimal utilization of resources. Hence, the primary emphasis of this work is on the development of automatic sorting of beverage cans for reverse vending machines. In addition, the accuracy testing of sorting beverage cans by the machine was designed based on three techniques which are easy to implement and which will bring sustainable energy innovations with communities’ participation. There are two sampling groups of cans and plastic bottles in the experimental studies. The first group is the group which already has data in the system for using this in a prototype of sorting process. The latter one is the group without data in the system or which has never been used before.
Furthermore, the reverse vending machine has two types of proximity sensors; inductive and capacitive which work together. The experimental results of sorting beverage cans and bottles on two sample groups show that the average accuracy of sorting is 99.20%. The sorting of beverage cans and bottles based on magnetic hinge and barcode provides an average accuracy of 79.20% and 50.00%, respectively. Classifying using the proximity sensor has the fastest operation with an average of 2.66 seconds, followed by barcode and hinge. Those takes 4.01 and 5.21 seconds, respectively.
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Priyadharshini, Balashanmugam, and Prasad Valsalal. "An Improved Humidity Sensor with GO-Mn-Doped ZnO Nanocomposite and Dimensional Orchestration of Comb Electrode for Effective Bulk Manufacturing." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101659.
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The measurement and control of humidity is a major challenge that affects the sensing properties of sensors used in high-precision equipment manufacturing industries. Graphene Oxide(GO)-based materials have been extensively explored in humidity sensing applications because of their high surface area and functional groups. However, there is a lack of effective bulk-manufacturing processes for the synthesis of 2D-based nanocomposites with comb electrodes. Moreover, water intercalation within the layers of 2D materials increases recovery time. This work demonstrates the enhanced sensing characteristics of a capacitive/resistive GO-MnZnO nanocomposite humidity sensor produced using a cost-effective single-pot synthesis process. The in-plane sensing layer consistently improves sensitivity and reduces response time for a wide range of relative humidity measurements (10% to 90%). Interdigitated gold electrodes with varying numbers of fingers and spacing were fabricated using photolithography on a Si/SiO₂ for a consistent sensor device platform. The choice of nanomaterials, dimension of the sensor, and fabrication method influence the performance of the humidity sensor in a controlled environment. GO nanocomposites show significant improvement in response time (82.67 times greater at 40% RH) and sensitivity (95.7 times more at 60% RH). The response time of 4.5 s and recovery time of 21 s was significantly better for a wider range of relative humidity compared to the reduced GO-sensing layer and ZnMnO. An optimized 6 mm × 3 mm dimension sensor with a 28-fingers comb was fabricated with a metal-etching process. This is one of the most effective methods for bulk manufacturing. The performance of the sensing layer is comparable to established sensing nanomaterials that are currently used in humidity sensors, and hence can be extended for optimal bulk manufacturing with minimum electrochemical treatments.
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Mazumder, A. Z. M. Mainul Islam, Asanka Gurukandure, Amanda Siyanka Nellimale Kurian, Subramaniam Somasundaram, and Christopher John Easley. "Understanding Changes of Both Faradaic and Nonfaradaic Currents with Temperature in DNA Monolayer-Based Sensors on Gold Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 61 (October 9, 2022): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02612272mtgabs.
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Electrochemical sensors are well studied for detecting DNA, RNA, small molecules, inorganic ions, etc. Using the latest DNA-based sensors, a change in the location of a redox reporter attached to an electrode-bound nucleic acid gives rise to faradaic current changes, which can be monitored by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and used for sensing of various analytes. However, the nonfaradaic current generated along with the faradaic current has often been viewed as a limiting factor in sensor performance and either subtracted or ignored. Nonfaradaic current can be suppressed somewhat by surface blocking and reduced electrode surface area, and our group recently introduced a differential potentiostat (DiffStat) that provided efficient, in-hardware subtraction. On the other hand, removal of nonfaradaic current may lead to loss of important information embedded within. Moreover, a change in temperature can affect both faradaic and nonfaradaic currents by altering the movement of DNA strands and other ions present in the solution. Usually, faradaic current is proportional to the temperature. However, temperature-dependent changes in nonfaradaic current have not been well studied in DNA monolayer-based sensors. In this study, the changes in both faradaic and nonfaradaic currents were monitored in an electrochemical DNA hybridization assay. A thiolated DNA (thio-DNA) monolayer was assembled onto gold electrodes, and current was measured at different square wave frequencies (1 to 1000 Hz). The DNA analyte and the methylene blue tagged DNA (MB-DNA) were hybridized with the thio-DNA separately to compare the signals. Using an in-house built Peltier controller, the effects of temperature were monitored during operation of an analyte-induced proximity assay with SWV readout. In-house written MATLAB code was developed to automatically analyze each set of raw SWV data. Within this code, a polynomial baseline was calculated in the vicinity of the redox potential of MB-DNA (around -200 mV) to allow faradaic and nonfaradaic currents to be separated, post assay. Two-dimensional heatmaps were generated to study the variation of these currents with both temperature and square wave frequency. The faradaic current increased up to a certain temperature and then decreased due to dissociation (or melting) of the DNA from the surface. The nonfaradaic current, on the other hand, increased with temperature in a viscosity-dependent manner and also increased with the square wave frequencies as expected from a capacitive, single exponential time decay. Current changes exhibited by the DNA sensors upon analyte binding and temperature fluctuation suggested that both faradaic and nonfaradaic signals could be used for multidimensional analysis of sensor responses in the future. Figure 1
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Козырь, П. С., and Р. Н. Яковлев. "A model for estimating the value of the applied pressure based on the analysis of tactile sensor signals using machine learning methods." Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физико-математические науки, no. 4 (December 27, 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26117/2079-6641-2021-37-4-119-130.
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В рамках настоящего исследования был проведен анализ существующих работ, посвященных интерпретации показаний тактильных сенсорных устройств, по результатам которого была предложена модель машинного обучения, позволяющая осуществлять оценку величины приложенного давления к поверхности тактильного сенсора давления емкостного типа. В качестве опорных моделей обработки и интерпретации сигналов данного устройства в работе рассматривались несколько методов машинного обучения: линейная регрессия, полиномиальная регрессия, регрессия дерева решений, частичная регрессия наименьших квадратов и полносвязная нейронная сеть прямого распространения. Обучение опорных моделей и апробация конечного решения проводилась на авторском наборе данных, включающем в себя более 3000 экземпляров данных. Согласно полученным результатам, наилучшее качество определения величины приложенного давления продемонстрирован решением на основе полносвязной нейронной сети прямого распространения. Коэффициент детерминации и средний модуль отклонения для данного решения на тестовой выборке составили 0,93 и 13,14 кПа соответственно. Currently, in the field of developing sensing systems for robotic means, one of the urgent tasks is the problem of interpreting the data of tactile pressure and proximity sensors. As a rule, the solution to this problem is complicated both by the dependence of the indicators of tactile sensors on the type of object’s material and by the design features of each individual device. In this study, an analysis of existing works devoted to the interpretation of the readings of tactile sensor devices was carried out. According to the analysis results a machine learning model was proposed that allows estimating the amount of pressure applied to the surface of a tactile pressure sensor of a capacitive type. The architecture of the proposed model includes two key blocks of data analysis, the first one is aimed at recognizing the type of interaction object’s material and the second is devoted to the direct assessment of the magnitude of the pressure applied to the sensor. Several machine learning methods were considered as supporting models for processing and interpreting the signals of this device: linear regression, polynomial regression, decision tree regression, partial least squares regression and a fully connected feedforward neural network.
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Serban, Bogdan-Catalin, Cornel Cobianu, Octavian Buiu, Marius Bumbac, Niculae Dumbravescu, Viorel Avramescu, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, et al. "Quaternary Oxidized Carbon Nanohorns—Based Nanohybrid as Sensing Coating for Room Temperature Resistive Humidity Monitoring." Coatings 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050530.
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We report the relative humidity (RH) sensing response of a resistive sensor, employing sensing layers, based on a quaternary organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite comprising oxidized carbon nanohorns (CNHox), graphene oxide (GO), tin dioxide, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), at 1/1/1/1 and 0.75/0.75/1/1/1 mass ratios. The sensing structure comprises a silicon substrate, a SiO2 layer, and interdigitated transducer (IDT) electrodes. The sensing film was deposited via the drop-casting method on the sensing structure. The morphology and the composition of the sensing layers were investigated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and RAMAN spectroscopy. The organic–inorganic quaternary hybrid-based thin film’s resistance increased when the sensors were exposed to relative humidity ranging from 0 to 100%. The manufactured devices show a room temperature response comparable to that of a commercial capacitive humidity sensor and characterized by excellent linearity, rapid response and recovery times, and good sensitivity. While the sensor with CNHox/GO/SnO2/PVP at 0.75/0.75/1/1 as the sensing layer has the best performance in terms of linearity and recovery time, the structures employing the CNHox/GO/SnO2/PVP at 1/1/1/1 (mass ratio) have a better performance in terms of relative sensitivity. We explained each constituent of the quaternary hybrid nanocomposites’ sensing role based on their chemical and physical properties, and mutual interactions. Different alternative mechanisms were taken into consideration and discussed. Based on the sensing results, we presume that the effect of the p-type semiconductor behavior of CNHox and GO, correlated with swelling of PVP, dominates and leads to the overall increasing resistance of the sensing layer. The hard–soft acid–base (HSAB) principle also supports this mechanism.
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Moheimani, Reza, Nojan Aliahmad, Nahal Aliheidari, Mangilal Agarwal, and Hamid Dalir. "Thermoplastic polyurethane flexible capacitive proximity sensor reinforced by CNTs for applications in the creative industries." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80071-0.
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AbstractWearable sensing platforms have been rapidly advanced over recent years, thanks to numerous achievements in a variety of sensor fabrication techniques. However, the development of a flexible proximity sensor that can perform in a large range of object mobility remains a challenge. Here, a polymer-based sensor that utilizes a nanostructure composite as the sensing element has been presented for forthcoming usage in healthcare and automotive applications. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) composites are capable of detecting presence of an external object in a wide range of distance. The proximity sensor exhibits an unprecedented detection distance of 120 mm with a resolution of 0.3%/mm. The architecture and manufacturing procedures of TPU/CNTs sensor are straightforward and performance of the proximity sensor shows robustness to reproducibility as well as excellent electrical and mechanical flexibility under different bending radii and over hundreds of bending cycles with variation of 4.7% and 4.2%, respectively. Tunneling and fringing effects are addressed as the sensing mechanism to explain significant capacitance changes. Percolation threshold analysis of different TPU/CNT contents indicated that nanocomposites having 2 wt% carbon nanotubes are exhibiting excellent sensing capabilities to achieve maximum detection accuracy and least noise among others. Fringing capacitance effect of the structure has been systematically analyzed by ANSYS Maxwell (Ansoft) simulation, as the experiments precisely supports the sensitivity trend in simulation. Our results introduce a new mainstream platform to realize an ultrasensitive perception of objects, presenting a promising prototype for application in wearable proximity sensors for motion analysis and artificial electronic skin.
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Castells-Rufas, David, Juan Borrego-Carazo, Jordi Carrabina, Jordi Naqui, and Ernesto Biempica. "Continuous touch gesture recognition based on RNNs for capacitive proximity sensors." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, November 9, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01472-6.
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Lee, Donghan, Sumin Cho, Sunmin Jang, Sung Jea Park, and Dongwhi Choi. "Development of highly sensitive capacitive proximity sensor based on stacked monocharged electrets." Functional Composites and Structures, December 8, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/acaa19.
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Abstract Recently, the demand for miniaturization and high sensitivity of the capacitive proximity sensors has increased noticeably for development of sensor networks. However, the volume and weight of conventional sensor devices are emerging as limitations in the practical application. In this paper, the stacked electrets-based highly sensitive noncontact capacitive sensor system (SENS) is proposed. The SENS is fabricated in compact-sized and light weight because electrets, which are dielectric materials that have quasi-permanent injected electric charges so can form external electric field, substitute the transmitter electrode and the external power source. Also, sensitivity of the SENS is effectively improved by stacking electrets. For experimental analysis, the electrostatic properties of the stacked electrets, which are due to the injected charges, and resultant influences on the sensitivity of the SENS are studied. In addition, based on experimental results, a proximity notification system with the SENS is developed using a LabVIEW program to demonstrate the practicality of the SENS.
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Vijjapu, Mani Teja, Mohammed E. Fouda, Agamyrat Agambayev, Chun Hong Kang, Chun-Ho Lin, Boon S. Ooi, Jr-Hau He, Ahmed M. Eltawil, and Khaled N. Salama. "A flexible capacitive photoreceptor for the biomimetic retina." Light: Science & Applications 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00686-4.
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AbstractNeuromorphic vision sensors have been extremely beneficial in developing energy-efficient intelligent systems for robotics and privacy-preserving security applications. There is a dire need for devices to mimic the retina’s photoreceptors that encode the light illumination into a sequence of spikes to develop such sensors. Herein, we develop a hybrid perovskite-based flexible photoreceptor whose capacitance changes proportionally to the light intensity mimicking the retina’s rod cells, paving the way for developing an efficient artificial retina network. The proposed device constitutes a hybrid nanocomposite of perovskites (methyl-ammonium lead bromide) and the ferroelectric terpolymer (polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene). A metal-insulator-metal type capacitor with the prepared composite exhibits the unique and photosensitive capacitive behavior at various light intensities in the visible light spectrum. The proposed photoreceptor mimics the spectral sensitivity curve of human photopic vision. The hybrid nanocomposite is stable in ambient air for 129 weeks, with no observable degradation of the composite due to the encapsulation of hybrid perovskites in the hydrophobic polymer. The functionality of the proposed photoreceptor to recognize handwritten digits (MNIST) dataset using an unsupervised trained spiking neural network with 72.05% recognition accuracy is demonstrated. This demonstration proves the potential of the proposed sensor for neuromorphic vision applications.
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Qian, Zhongjie, Tianyi Li, Vigneshwar Sakthivelpathi, Sheila M. Goodman, Anthony B. Dichiara, Alexander Mamishev, and Jae-Hyun Chung. "Humidity Response of a Capacitive Sensor Based on Auxeticity of Carbon Nanotube-Paper Composites." Nano Express, April 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-959x/ac6764.
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Abstract Auxetic materials showing a negative Poisson’s ratio can offer unusual sensing capabilities due to drastic percolation changes. This study presents the capacitive response of wet-fractured carbon nanotube paper composites in exposure to humidity. A strained composite strip is fractured to produce numerous cantilevers consisting of cellulose fibers coated with carbon nanotubes. During stretching, the thin composite buckles in the out-of-plane direction, which causes auxetic behavior to generate the radially structured electrodes. The crossbar junctions forming among the fractured electrodes significantly increase capacitance and its response to humidity as a function of sensor widths. The molecular junctions switch electric characteristics between predominantly resistive- and capacitive elements. The resulting capacitive response is characterized for humidity sensing without the need for an additional absorption medium. The normalized capacitance change (ΔC/C) exhibits a sensitivity of 0.225 within the range of 40~80 % relative humidity. The novel auxetic behavior of a water-printed paper-based nanocomposite paves the way for inexpensive humidity and sweat sensors.
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Yassin, A. Y. "Synthesized polymeric nanocomposites with enhanced optical and electrical properties based on gold nanoparticles for optoelectronic applications." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 34, no. 1 (January 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-022-09402-3.
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AbstractIn the present work, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were synthesized in two ways: plant extract and laser ablation techniques. Then, Au-NPs were added to (PVP/PVA/CMC) blend (TB) to produce novel nanocomposites using the solution casting technique. X-ray diffraction analysis, Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy provided conclusive evidence for preparing Au-NPs through the above methods. The optical, structural, and dielectric properties of the prepared samples were prudently investigated and confirmed their semicrystalline nature. TEM study concluded that Au-NPs are more uniformly distributed in the TB/AuNPs-biosynthesized (TBAu-B) matrix than in the TB/Au-NPs prepared by laser ablation (TBAu-L) matrix. The decrease in interatomic distances increases the refractive index with an enhancement in optical properties. The change in loss tangent provided a deeper discernment into the relaxation dynamics that arose inside the current films. The electric modulus formalism verified the non-Debye behavior of charge carriers inside the TB-based nanocomposite samples. It also demonstrated a remarkable capacitive feature of the nanocomposite films. The dielectric characteristics of the TBAu-B nanocomposite sample have improved, where AC electrical conductivity reached 1.58 × 10−3 S/cm. Because of this favorable enhancement, the TBAu-B nanocomposite has the potential to be utilized in optoelectronic applications such as sensors.
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"PLC Based Industrial Trash Barrel." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2019): 3422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4543.119119.
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The Expeditious rise in the magnitude and kind of solid trashes deposited on the earth due to increase in the economic growth, industrialization and urbanization, is becoming a burgeoning problem for national and local governments to fortify protective and tenable management of waste. The segregation, Handing, Transport and disposal of waste needs to be properly managed inorder to minimise the risk to the health and safety of the public and the environment. The recessional value of waste is well accomplished only when it is segregated. In India the government spends over 25% of their budget on solid waste management. When the waste is segregated into multiple streams such as glass, metal, paper, plastic then it becomes more easy to recycle them and reuse them. Our intention is to separate the recyclable solid waste and collecting them in individual bins which could be used accordingly as per the applications. Programmble Logical Controller helps us just doing that under hard conditions. We use IR sensor, Capacitive and Inductive proximity sensors to detect each object which is moving on a conveyor belt and is segregated and collected in various bins with the help of gates, which is controlled by Programmable Logical Controller. The dust bin employs the sensing mechanism to distinguish between the wastes.
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Liao, Yaozhong, Pengyu Zhou, Dongyue Pan, Li-min Zhou, and Zhongqing Su. "An ultra-thin printable nanocomposite sensor network for structural health monitoring." Structural Health Monitoring, July 2019, 147592171985933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719859338.
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A nanocomposite-based sensor ink made from carbon black and polyvinyl pyrrolidone was developed for fabricating a new breed of sensor by an inkjet printing approach, to accommodate the general purposes of structural health monitoring. This ink can be directly deposited onto the surface of various substrates or engineering structures such as polyimide film via computer-aided design to configure nanocomposite sensor arrays or dense sensor networks. Strong structure adaptability and high flexibility make this sensor a promising candidate to alternate traditional piezoresistive and piezoelectric sensors, in signal acquisition of dynamic disturbance on complex engineering structures. Lightweight and without the need to use wires or cables, the printed sensor network significantly reduces the weight and volume penalty imposed on the host structures, even when the network is deployed at a large scale. It also minimizes the possibility of exfoliation of the sensors from the host structure under cyclic load. The printed pattern distinguishes superior performance in the perception of acousto-ultrasonic signals from static up to 500 kHz, with high signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, and fidelity. By virtue of the tunneling current between two adjacent nanoparticles that are in close proximity (within several nanometers), the printed sensor network is capable of perceiving ultrasonic waves. The fabrication process of the sensor network does not entail any specially made printing facilities, and the carbon black/polyvinyl pyrrolidone hybrid can easily be injected into an inkjet cartridge for printing. Several confirmatory experiments and a proof-of-concept test were carried out based on the printed sensor network to validate the capability of the printed sensor for structural health monitoring.