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Journal articles on the topic 'Nano-ripples'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Toyoda, Noriaki, Buddhi Tilakaratne, Iram Saleem, and Wei-Kan Chu. "Cluster beams, nano-ripples, and bio applications." Applied Physics Reviews 6, no. 2 (June 2019): 020901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5030500.

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2

Siegel, J., P. Slepička, J. Heitz, Z. Kolská, P. Sajdl, and V. Švorčík. "Gold nano-wires and nano-layers at laser-induced nano-ripples on PET." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 7 (January 2010): 2205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.09.074.

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3

Masciullo, Cecilia, Rossana Dell'Anna, Ilaria Tonazzini, Roman Böettger, Giancarlo Pepponi, and Marco Cecchini. "Hierarchical thermoplastic rippled nanostructures regulate Schwann cell adhesion, morphology and spatial organization." Nanoscale 9, no. 39 (2017): 14861–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02822a.

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4

Chao, Liang-Chiun, Yao-Kai Li, and Wan-Chun Chang. "Growth of ZnO quantum dots on Si nano ripples." Materials Letters 65, no. 11 (June 2011): 1615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.027.

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5

Yuan, Dong Qing, and Jian Ting Xu. "Periodic Nanostructure on 65Mn Produced by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.490.

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The periodic microstructures on 65Mn plate were induced by the irradiation of the femtosecond laser with the laser wavelength of 800 nm and the pulse length of 130 fs. The parallel periodic ripples structures were observed at the laser fluence of 1 J/cm2 with different pulses number( N=5,50,400,800) which lied parallel to the laser electric polarization field vector. For 400 pulses, the nano-holes arrays were generated to interrupt the consistent ripples structures.For 800 pulses, initial nano-holes evolution to the grooves, which the direction were uncertainly. Further experiments have been made to induce large area consitent ripple structures by scanning, at the laser fluence of 1 J/cm2 with speed v=500μm/s. 2D arrays were induced by accurate processing control

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6

Li, Chen, Yong Yang, Lijun Yang, Zhen Shi, Pengfei Yang, and Guanghua Cheng. "In Vitro Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Bio-Inspired Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Surfaces Modified by Combined Laser Micro/Nano Structuring." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 25, 2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071494.

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The bioactivity and biocompatibility play key roles in the success of dental and orthopaedic implants. Although most commercial implant systems use various surface microstructures, the ideal multi-scale topographies capable of controlling osteointegration have not yielded conclusive results. Inspired by both the isotropic adhesion of the skin structures in tree frog toe pads and the anisotropic adhesion of the corrugated ridges on the scales of Morpho butterfly wings, composite micro/nano-structures, including the array of micro-hexagons and oriented nano-ripples on titanium alloy implants, were respectively fabricated by microsecond laser direct writing and femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures, to improve cell adherence, alignment and proliferation on implants. The main differences in both the bioactivity in simulated body fluid and the biocompatibility in osteoblastic cell MC3T3 proliferation were measured and analyzed among Ti-6Al-4V samples with smooth surface, micro-hexagons and composite micro/nano-structures, respectively. Of note, bioinspired micro/nano-structures displayed the best bioactivity and biocompatibility after in vitro experiments, and meanwhile, the nano-ripples were able to induce cellular alignment within the micro-hexagons. The reasons for these differences were found in the topographical cues. An innovative functionalization strategy of controlling the osteointegration on titanium alloy implants is proposed using the composite micro/nano-structures, which is meaningful in various regenerative medicine applications and implant fields.

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7

Alyobi, Mona, Chris Barnett, and Richard Cobley. "Nano-Scale Movement Induced In Graphene Ripples by Multi-Probe Microscopy." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.22.

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Abstract— An Omicron low temperature multi-probe technique is used for manipulation of mechanically exfoliated suspended and attached graphene sheets on SiO2 substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are used to detect the graphene sheets and determine their thicknesses and quality, respectively. The interaction of the etched tungsten tip with the graphene is used to lift and release the sheet and induce artificial ripples. Both suspended and attached sheets onto the substrates show different behaviour in response to bias voltage. IndexTerms: graphene,multi-probe microscopy, ripples.

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8

Karmakar, P. "Regularly spaced conducting or magnetic stripe formation in nano ripples." Applied Surface Science 258, no. 9 (February 2012): 4125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.07.038.

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9

Liu, W. D., L. M. Ye, and K. X. Liu. "Micro-nano scale ripples on metallic glass induced by laser pulse." Journal of Applied Physics 109, no. 4 (February 15, 2011): 043109–043109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3552914.

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10

Liu, Bin, Wenjun Wang, Gedong Jiang, Xuesong Mei, Kedian Wang, Jiuhong Wang, and Zibao Wang. "Evolution of nano-ripples on stainless steel irradiated by picosecond laser pulses." Journal of Laser Applications 26, no. 1 (February 2014): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4824310.

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11

Du, Guangqing, Yanmin Wu, Noor Uddin, Qing Yang, Feng Chen, Yu Lu, Hao Bian, and Xun Hou. "Ultrafast thermal dynamics of nano-ripples formation via laser double pulses excitation." Optics Communications 375 (September 2016): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.04.064.

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12

Cansizoglu, Mehmet F., Mesut Yurukcu, and Tansel Karabacak. "Ripple Formation during Oblique Angle Etching." Coatings 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040272.

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Chemical removal of materials from the surface is a fundamental step in micro- and nano-fabrication processes. In conventional plasma etching, etchant molecules are non-directional and perform a uniform etching over the surface. However, using a highly directional obliquely incident beam of etching agent, it can be possible to engineer surfaces in the micro- or nano- scales. Surfaces can be patterned with periodic morphologies like ripples and mounds by controlling parameters including the incidence angle with the surface and sticking coefficient of etching particles. In this study, the dynamic evolution of a rippled morphology has been investigated during oblique angle etching (OAE) using Monte Carlo simulations. Fourier space and roughness analysis were performed on the resulting simulated surfaces. The ripple formation was observed to originate from re-emission and shadowing effects during OAE. Our results show that the ripple wavelength and root-mean-square roughness evolved at a more stable rate with accompanying quasi-periodic ripple formation at higher etching angles (θ > 60°) and at sticking coefficient values (Sc) 0.5 ≤ Sc ≤ 1. On the other hand, smaller etching angle (θ < 60°) and lower sticking coefficient values lead to a rapid formation of wider and deeper ripples. This result of this study can be helpful to develop new surface patterning techniques by etching.

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13

Sulania, I., A. Tripathi, D. Kabiraj, S. Varma, and D. K. Avasthi. "keV Ion-Induced Effective Surface Modifications on InP." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 4163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.an13.

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In the present study, we have analyzed the changes in surface morphology leading to formation of periodic structures known as ripples which arise due to an interplay between sputtering and surface diffusion. The 1.5 keV Ar atoms with a flux of 14.8 mA/cm2 are used in the present study. The InP(100) samples were bombarded at an incidence angle of 45° to the normal at a base pressure of 1 × 10−6 Torr at room temperature with fluences varying from 4 × 1016 to 3.2 × 1017 atoms/cm2. The rippled InP(100) surface was characterized with AFM. An increase in the ripple wavelengths, from 60 nm to 150 nm with the fluence has been observed. The width of the ripples varies from 38 nm to 128 nm and ripple amplitude varies from 0.8 nm to 16 nm with increasing fluence. One can control the dimension of the ripples in nano scale by controlling the fluence. Scaling studies have been performed to understand the mechanism responsible for such kind of surface evolution. The roughness parameter, α was found to be between 0.65 to 0.75 and the growth parameter, β, as 1.14±0.12. The XPS characterization has also been employed to study the changes in the behavior of the InP with varying fluence.

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14

Grenzer, J., A. Mücklich, S. Grigorian, U. Pietsch, D. P. Datta, T. K. Chini, S. Hazra, and M. K. Sanyal. "High-temperature induced nano-crystal formation in ion beam-induced amorphous silicon ripples." physica status solidi (a) 204, no. 8 (August 2007): 2555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200675655.

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15

Voronov, D. L., P. Gawlitza, S. Braun, and H. A. Padmore. "Spontaneous formation of highly periodic nano-ripples in inclined deposition of Mo/Si multilayers." Journal of Applied Physics 122, no. 11 (September 21, 2017): 115303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991377.

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16

Ahsan, Md Shamim, Man Seop Lee, Mohammad Khairul Hasan, Young-Chul Noh, Ik-Bu Sohn, Farid Ahmed, and Martin B. G. Jun. "Formation mechanism of self-organized nano-ripples on quartz surface using femtosecond laser pulses." Optik 126, no. 24 (December 2015): 5979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.08.107.

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17

Ma, Yuncan, Vanthanh Khuat, and An Pan. "A simple method for well-defined and clean all-SiC nano-ripples in ambient air." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 82 (July 2016): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2016.02.026.

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18

Zhang, K., J. Deng, Y. Xing, Y. Lian, and G. Zhang. "Periodic nano-ripples structures fabricated on WC/Co based TiAlN coatings by femtosecond pulsed laser." Surface Engineering 31, no. 4 (January 8, 2015): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294414y.0000000448.

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19

Luo, Xiao, Shenglian Yao, Hongjun Zhang, Mingyong Cai, Weijian Liu, Rui Pan, Changhao Chen, Xiumei Wang, Luning Wang, and Minlin Zhong. "Biocompatible nano-ripples structured surfaces induced by femtosecond laser to rebel bacterial colonization and biofilm formation." Optics & Laser Technology 124 (April 2020): 105973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.105973.

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20

Guo, X. D., R. X. Li, Y. Hang, Z. Z. Xu, B. K. Yu, Y. Dai, B. Lu, and X. W. Sun. "Coherent linking of periodic nano-ripples on a ZnO crystal surface induced by femtosecond laser pulses." Applied Physics A 94, no. 2 (August 9, 2008): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4838-y.

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21

Kudryashov, Sergey I., Alena A. Nastulyavichus, Eteri R. Tolordava, Alexey N. Kirichenko, Irina N. Saraeva, Andrey A. Rudenko, Yulia M. Romanova, Andrey Yu Panarin, Andrey A. Ionin, and Tatiana E. Itina. "Surface-Enhanced IR-Absorption Microscopy of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria on Bactericidal Nanostructured Si Surfaces." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244488.

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Surface-enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) microscopy was used to reveal main chemical and physical interactions between Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and different laser-nanostructured bactericidal Si surfaces via simultaneous chemical enhancement of the corresponding IR-absorption in the intact functional chemical groups. A cleaner, less passivated surface of Si nanoripples, laser-patterned in water, exhibits much stronger enhancement of SEIRA signals compared to the bare Si wafer, the surface coating of oxidized Si nanoparticles and oxidized/carbonized Si (nano) ripples, laser-patterned in air and water. Additional very strong bands emerge in the SEIRA spectra on the clean Si nanoripples, indicating the potential chemical modifications in the bacterial membrane and nucleic acids during the bactericidal effect.

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22

Farid, Nazar, Daniel Nieto, and Gerard M. O'Connor. "Thin film enabling sub-250 nm nano-ripples on glass by low fluence IR picosecond laser irradiation." Optics & Laser Technology 108 (December 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.06.059.

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23

Aizawa, Inohara, and Wasa. "Femtosecond Laser Micro-/Nano-Texturing of Stainless Steels for Surface Property Control." Micromachines 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10080512.

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Surface geometry has had an influence on the surface property, in addition to the intrinsic surface energy, of materials. Many physical surface modification methods had been proposed to control the solid surface geometry for modification of surface properties. Recently, short-pulse lasers were utilized to perform nano-texturing onto metallic and polymer substrates for the improvement of surface properties. Most of the papers reported that the hydrophilic metallic surface was modified to have a higher contact angle than 120–150°. Little studies explained the relationship between surface geometry and surface properties. In the present study, the laser micro-/nano-texturing was developed to describe this surface-geometric effect on the static contact angles for pure water. Micropatterns with multi spatial frequencies are designed and synthesized into a microtexture. This tailored microtexture was utilized to prepare for computer aided machining (CAM) data to control the femtosecond laser beams. The nano-length ripples by laser induced periodic surface structuring (LIPSS) supposed onto this microtexture to form the micro-/nano-texture on the AISI304 substrate surface. Computational geometry was employed to describe this geometric profile. The fractal dimension became nearly constant by 2.26 and insensitive to increase of static contact angle (θ) for θ > 150°. Under this defined self-similarity, the micro-/nano-textured surface state was controlled to be super-hydrophobic by increasing the ratio of the highest spatial frequency in microtextures to the lowest one. This controllability of surface property on the stainless steels was supported by tailoring the wavelength and pitch of microtextures. Exposure testing was also used to evaluate the engineering durability of this micro-/nano-textured surface. Little change of the measured fractal dimension during the testing proved that this physically modified AISI304 surface had sufficient stability for its long-term usage in air.

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24

Guan, Ying Chun, Wei Zhou, Hong Yu Zheng, and Zhong Li Li. "Surface Modification of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Using Millisecond, Nanosecond and Femtosecond Lasers." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.695.

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Poor surface properties of magnesium alloys limit their extensive use in many applications. Laser surface engineering can be used to enhance surface-related properties of Mg alloys, and the purpose of this paper is to study the effect of laser pulse duration on surface of AZ91D Mg alloy. After millisecond-pulse laser treatment, ripples and cellular/dendrite as well as nanoscale -Mg17Al12 precipitates in the -Mg matrix were found in the surface microstructure, moreover, the melt depth was more than 150 micron. After nanosecond-pulse laser treatment, craters of 10 to 50 micron in diameter were observed on the surface due to plasma expansion and melted matter ejection during local boiling process, and the melt depth was nearly 15 micron. However, femtosecond-pulse laser treatment produced various micro- and nano-structures within a very thin layer on the surface.

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25

Lu, Zhang, Jiao, and Guan. "Large-Scale Fabrication of Nanostructure on Bio-Metallic Substrate for Surface Enhanced Raman and Fluorescence Scattering." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070916.

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The integration of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) has attracted increasing interest and is highly probable to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of spectroscopic investigations in biomedical fields. In this work, dual-mode SERS and SEF hierarchical structures have been developed on a single bio-metallic substrate. The hierarchical structure was composed of micro-grooves, nano-particles, and nano-ripples. The crystal violet was selected as reporter molecule and both the intensity of Raman and fluorescence signals were enhanced because of the dual-mode SERS−SEF phenomena with enhancement factors (EFs) of 7.85 × 105 and 14.32, respectively. The Raman and fluorescence signals also exhibited good uniformity with the relative standard deviation value of 2.46% and 5.15%, respectively. Moreover, the substrate exhibited high sensitivity with the limits of detection (LOD) as low as 1 × 10−11 mol/L using Raman spectroscopy and 1 × 10−10 mol/L by fluorescence spectroscopy. The combined effect of surface plasmon resonance and “hot spots” induced by the hierarchical laser induced periodical surface structures (LIPSS) was mainly contributed to the enhancement of Raman and fluorescence signal. We propose that the integration of SERS and SEF in a single bio-metallic substrate is promising to improve the sensitivity and reproducibility of detection in biomedical investigations.

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26

Khuat, Vanthanh, Tao Chen, Bo Gao, Jinhai Si, Yuncan Ma, and Xun Hou. "Uniform nano-ripples on the sidewall of silicon carbide micro-hole fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation and acid etching." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 24 (June 16, 2014): 241907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4883880.

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27

Yang, Zhiru, Chongchong Zhu, Nan Zheng, Dezheng Le, and Jianzhong Zhou. "Superhydrophobic Surface Preparation and Wettability Transition of Titanium Alloy with Micro/Nano Hierarchical Texture." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112210.

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Microstructures are applied to various hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces due to the role of adjusting the surface wettability. In this paper, a 1064 nm pulsed picosecond laser was applied to prepare a micro/nano hierarchical structure on the surface of the titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The microstructures consist of dimple arrays with various diameters, depths, and areal densities. They are obtained by controlling the pulse energy and the number of pulses. The nanostructures are periodic ripples, which are defined as laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS), and the dimensional parameter of LIPSS can be adjusted by changing the laser energy density and scanning speed. The contact angles of various laser textured surfaces were measured. It is found that the contact angle increases with the density of micro-textured surface increases, and the wetting state of textured surfaces conforms to the Cassie model. Some laser processed samples were subjected to low-temperature annealing treatment. It is observed that the low-temperature annealing process can accelerate the surface wettability transition significantly, which is attributed to the change of the hydroxyl groups on the surface. Finally, a superhydrophobic surface with the maximum contact angle of 144.58° is obtained.

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28

Azizi, Ali, and Sadollah Ebrahimi. "Uniaxial-Strain Effects in the Paclitaxel Drug Molecule Adsorption on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene." International Journal of Nanoscience 16, no. 02 (August 15, 2016): 1650027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x16500277.

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It has been recently investigated [A. Azizi and S. Ebrahimi, Nano 9, 1450088 (2004).] the Paclitaxel (PTX) anticancer drug molecule adsorption on nitrogen doped graphene (NG). However, the surface strain effect on adsorption is not considered in the literature. In this study, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we show that the PTX molecule adsorption can be tuned by exploiting the rippling effect of the strained NG. The dependence of the nitrogen concentration in the presence of ripples on the surface, arising due to thermal fluctuations, is examined. We have also considered the connection between the average distance of PTX from NG surface and the maximum induced deformation on the surface structure. It is demonstrated that the average distance of PTX from NG is increased with increasing the strain until a critical value is reached, and then it has remained almost constant. To this end, the dependence of the degree of ripple-type distortion of the surface on the PTX adsorption is investigated.

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29

Wang, Fang, Bowen Wang, Xuhui Zhang, Mengdi Lu, Yang Zhang, Changsen Sun, and Wei Peng. "High Sensitivity Humidity Detection Based on Functional GO/MWCNTs Hybrid Nano-Materials Coated Titled Fiber Bragg Grating." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051134.

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A high performance humidity sensor using tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) and functional graphene oxide (GO)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid nano-materials was proposed. The humidity-sensitive material with three-dimensional (3D) structure was synthesized by the MWCNTs and GOs. Comparing with traditional two dimensional (2D) GOs film, water molecules could be absorbed effectively due to the larger ripples and more holes in GO/MWCNTs layers. The water molecule will fill the entire space in the 3D structure instead of air, which further enhances the absorption efficiency of the hybrid nanomaterial. TFBG as a compact and robust surrounding complex dielectric constant sensing platform was utilized. The mode coupling coefficient or the amplitude of TFBG cladding mode will vary sharply with the imaginary part of permittivity of the hybrid nanomaterial, realizing the high performance RH sensing. In the experiments, we successfully demonstrated that this 3D structural nanomaterial composed by the MWCNTs and GOs has significant advantages for expanding the range of humidity detection (range from 30% to 90%) and enhancing the detection sensitivity (0.377 dB/% RH is twice more than humidity sensor with 2D GO film). The TFBG-based RH sensor also exhibits good repeatability and stability. Our proposed humidity sensor has potential application in environmental and healthy monitoring fields.

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30

Schnell, Georg, Ulrike Duenow, and Hermann Seitz. "Effect of Laser Pulse Overlap and Scanning Line Overlap on Femtosecond Laser-Structured Ti6Al4V Surfaces." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040969.

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Surface structuring is a key factor for the tailoring of proper cell attachment and the improvement of the bone-implant interface anchorage. Femtosecond laser machining is especially suited to the structuring of implants due to the possibility of creating surfaces with a wide variety of nano- and microstructures. To achieve a desired surface topography, different laser structuring parameters can be adjusted. The scanning strategy, or rather the laser pulse overlap and scanning line overlap, affect the surface topography in an essential way, which is demonstrated in this study. Ti6Al4V samples were structured using a 300 fs laser source with a wavelength of 1030 nm. Laser pulse overlap and scanning line overlap were varied between 40% and 90% over a wide range of fluences (F from 0.49 to 12.28 J/cm²), respectively. Four different main types of surface structures were obtained depending on the applied laser parameters: femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures (FLIPSS), micrometric ripples (MR), micro-craters, and pillared microstructures. It could also be demonstrated that the exceedance of the strong ablation threshold of Ti6Al4V strongly depends on the scanning strategy. The formation of microstructures can be achieved at lower levels of laser pulse overlap compared to the corresponding value of scanning line overlap due to higher heat accumulation in the irradiated area during laser machining.

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31

Donaghy, Clare, Ryan McFadden, Graham Smith, Sophia Kelaini, Louise Carson, Savko Malinov, Andriana Margariti, and Chi-Wai Chan. "Fibre Laser Treatment of Beta TNZT Titanium Alloys for Load-Bearing Implant Applications: Effects of Surface Physical and Chemical Features on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response and Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Attachment." Coatings 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9030186.

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A mismatch in bone and implant elastic modulus can lead to aseptic loosening and ultimately implant failure. Selective elemental composition of titanium (Ti) alloys coupled with surface treatment can be used to improve osseointegration and reduce bacterial adhesion. The biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-6Ta (TNZT) using fibre laser surface treatment were assessed in this work, due to its excellent material properties (low Young’s modulus and non-toxicity) and the promising attributes of fibre laser treatment (very fast, non-contact, clean and only causes changes in surface without altering the bulk composition/microstructure). The TNZT surfaces in this study were treated in a high speed regime, specifically 100 and 200 mm/s, (or 6 and 12 m/min). Surface roughness and topography (WLI and SEM), chemical composition (SEM-EDX), microstructure (XRD) and chemistry (XPS) were investigated. The biocompatibility of the laser treated surfaces was evaluated using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in vitro at various time points to assess cell attachment (6, 24 and 48 h), proliferation (3, 7 and 14 days) and differentiation (7, 14 and 21 days). Antibacterial performance was also evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Live/Dead staining. Sample groups included untreated base metal (BM), laser treated at 100 mm/s (LT100) and 200 mm/s (LT200). The results demonstrated that laser surface treatment creates a rougher (Ra value of BM is 199 nm, LT100 is 256 nm and LT200 is 232 nm), spiky surface (Rsk > 0 and Rku > 3) with homogenous elemental distribution and decreasing peak-to-peak distance between ripples (0.63 to 0.315 µm) as the scanning speed increases (p < 0.05), generating a surface with distinct micron and nano scale features. The improvement in cell spreading, formation of bone-like nodules (only seen on the laser treated samples) and subsequent four-fold reduction in bacterial attachment (p < 0.001) can be attributed to the features created through fibre laser treatment, making it an excellent choice for load bearing implant applications. Last but not least, the presence of TiN in the outermost surface oxide might also account for the improved biocompatibility and antibacterial performances of TNZT.

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32

Fraggelakis, Fotis, Girolamo Mincuzzi, Inka Manek-Hönninger, John Lopez, and Rainer Kling. "Generation of micro- and nano-morphologies on a stainless steel surface irradiated with 257 nm femtosecond laser pulses." RSC Advances 8, no. 29 (2018): 16082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01774c.

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33

Yang, Huizhu, Gedong Jiang, Wenjun Wang, and Xuesong Mei. "Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of Micro and Nano-Structures on CIGS/ITO Bilayer Films for Thin-Film Solar Cells." Materials 14, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 2413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092413.

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Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films have attracted considerable interest as potential photovoltaic solar cells. Moreover, several current studies are focusing on improving their conversion efficiency. This study proposes a method to process micro- and nanostructures onto the surface of CIGS/ITO bilayer films to broaden the field of solar cell application. The bilayer films exhibited optical characteristics different from those of a single-film during processing. Field intensities at different layer positions of the CIGS/ITO bilayer films were analyzed, and different structures were fabricated by varying a set of parameters. Ripples were obtained using a pulse energy of 0.15 μJ and scanning speeds in the range of 0.1–1 mm/s, but after increasing speed to 3–5 mm/s, ripple structures were produced that had a large period of several microns and spatial porous nanostructures. This pattern exhibited low reflectivity. Optimal structures were obtained at a scanning speed of 3.5 mm/s a pulse energy of 0.15 μJ, and a reflectivity lower than 5%. Large areas characterized by micron-sized ripple structures and accompanied by nanoscale porous structures presented high optical performance and efficiency, which can be used to broaden the application of thin film-based solar cells.

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34

Chan, Wai Lun, Ashwin Ramasubramaniam, Vivek B. Shenoy, and Eric Chason. "Relaxation kinetics of nano-ripples on Cu(001) surface." Physical Review B 70, no. 24 (December 2, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.70.245403.

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35

Wintersberger, Eugen, and Jay Oswald. "A Package for Fast FEM-based Simulation of X-ray Diffraction From Nano-structures." MRS Proceedings 1228 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1228-kk01-08.

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AbstractIn this work a novel package for the calculation of the diffracted intensity from nano-structures based on finite element simulations is presented. Besides a short introduction into the algorithm which we have developed two examples namely the diffraction from Si/SiGe systems with ripples and quantum dots with dislocations are shown.

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36

Molle, Alessandro, Andrea Toma, Corrado Boragno, Ugo Valbusa, and Francesco Buatier de Mongeot. "Nanostructuring Rh(110) Surfaces by Ion Etching." MRS Proceedings 960 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-0960-n01-02.

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ABSTRACTThe ion irradiation of the Rh(110) surface results in the self-organised formation of various nano-structured morphologies like ripples, mounds, pyramids which have been thoroughly studied as a function of the incidence angle and of the impact energy of the impinging ions. A study of the evolution of the surface ripples at various impact energies above the hot-spot threshold, has been rationalized in terms of a contribution due to an ion-induced surface diffusion mechanism. In the very low ion incidence regime, where the formation of hot spots following ion impact is inhibited, the formation of a rhomboidal pyramid pattern is singled out and attributed to the predominant reorganization of surface adatom and vacancies produced in the topmost surface layers. The metastable rhomboidal pyramid pattern, was recently proven to have extraordinary chemical reactivity since it is endowed with a very high density of undercoordinated step sites runnin along the very open <1-12> azimuthal direction.

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37

MoberlyChan, Warren John, and Richard Schalek. "Ion Beam Induced Surface Modulations from Nano to Pico: Optimizing Deposition During Erosion and Erosion During Deposition." MRS Proceedings 1059 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-1059-kk01-07.

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ABSTRACTIon beams of sufficient energy to erode a surface can lead to surface modulations that depend on the ion beam, the material surface it impinges, and extrinsic parameters such as temperature and geometric boundary conditions. Focused Ion Beam technology both enables site-specific placement of these modulations and expedites research through fast, high dose and small efficient use of material. The DualBeam (FIB/SEM) enablesin situmetrology, with movies observing ripple formation, wave motion, and the influence of line defects. Nanostructures (ripples of >400nm wavelength to dots spaced <40nm) naturally grow from atomically flat surfaces during erosion, however, a steady state size may or may not be achieved as a consequence of numerous controlled parameters: temperature, angle, energy, crystallography. Geometric factors, which can be easily invoked using a FIB, enable a controlled component of deposition (and/or redeposition) to occur during erosion, and conversely allow a component of etching to be incurred during (ion-beam assisted) deposition. High angles of ion beam inclination commonly lead to “rougher” surfaces, however, the extreme case of 90.0° etching enables deposition of organized structures 1000 times smaller than the aforementioned, video-recorded nanostructures. Orientation and position of these picostructures (naturally quantized by their atomic spacings) may be controlled by the same parameters as for nanostructures (e.g. ion inclination and imposed boundary conditions, which are flexibly regulated by FIB). Judicious control of angles during FIB-CVD growth stimulates erosion with directionality that produces surface modulations akin to those observed for sputtering. Just as a diamond surface roughens from 1-D ripples to 2-D steps with increasing angle of ion sputtering, so do ripples and steps appear on carbon-grown surfaces with increase in angle of FIB-CVD. Ion beam processing has been a stalwart of the microelectronics industry, is now a vital tool for research of self-organizing nanostructures, and promises to be a focus for future picotechnology.

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38

Toyoda, Noriaki, and Isao Yamada. "Nano structure formation by gas cluster ion beam irradiations at oblique incidence." MRS Proceedings 849 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-849-kk7.9.

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ABSTRACTNano structure formations on Au surfaces by 20 keV Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) irradiation at an oblique incidence were studied. When the incident angle was close to 0° from the surface normal of Au targets, the Au surface was smoothed due to the lateral sputtering effects and there were no structure formations on the surfaces. However, ripples were formed on Au surfaces at incident angle of 60° without sample rotation. When the Au samples were irradiated with Ar-GCIB at 60° with sample rotation, cone like structures with 50nm in diameters were fabricated and the surface roughness had a maximum value. However, the surface roughness suddenly decreased over incident angle of 60°. Even though the surface roughness was the same in the cases with and without sample rotations at 85° incidence, ripple structures were formed parallel to the incoming GCIB directions when there was no rotation. The incident angle dependence of the sputtering depth decreased following cosθ dependence. Very efficient surface smoothing without removing materials were realized with oblique incidence.

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