Journal articles: 'NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS'

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Cai, Yixiao, Song Chen, Kathryn Grandfield, Håkan Engqvist, and Wei Xia. "Fabrication of translucent nanoceramics via a simple filtration method." RSC Advances 5, no. 121 (2015): 99848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17866e.

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Yang, B. M., C. M. Kao, W. P. Sung, C. P. Yang, and T. Y. Chen. "Removing of Nano-Particles from Semiconductor Wastewater Using a Hybrid Treatment System." Advanced Materials Research 528 (June 2012): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.71.

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Packaging process is one of the main manufacturing steps in the wafer fabrication industries. However, nano-particles would be produced during the packaging process. The produced nano-particle-contained wastewater has characteristics of dark color and high turbidity. Because the nano-particles would usually result in the clogging of the membrane filtration system when it is used for water treatment and reclamation, the application of a pre-treatment system is required to extend the membrane life. The objective of this study was to develop a pre-treatment system for packaging wastewater treatment before membrane system was applied for further water quality improvement. In this laboratory-scale study, a hybrid treatment system containing a chemical coagulation/flocculation followed by ultra-filtration (UF) membrane technology was developed for the wafer fabrication wastewater treatment. The chemical coagulation/flocculation unit was used as the pre-treatment process to improve the efficiency of the following ultra-filtration (UF) membrane system. The packaging wastewater was collected from a wafer fabrication factory and used to evaluate the feasibility of the coagulation/flocculation process on nano-scale particle removal. Results show that approximately 98% of turbidity could be removed at pH 7 when 2.2 mg/L of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) (used as coagulant) and 0.5 mg/L of polyacrylamide (cPAM) (used as flocculant) were added during the coagulation/flocculation process. Results indicate that the coagulation/flocculation is a feasible pre-treatment process for nano-particle removal before UF membrane is applied for further water purification. Results from this study will be helpful in designing a scale-up system for practical applications.

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Ryu, Hyunwook, Suhan Kim, Jaebum Kim, and Sung Hyuk Park. "Experimental Study and Modeling of Nano-Filtration Process for Controlling Mineral Concentrations." Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17640/kswst.2016.24.6.65.

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Liu, Yunfeng, Yongfan Tang, Qiuhao Chang, Chentao Ma, Shunhua He, and Li Yuan. "Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 2786–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0475.

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Abstract The efficient and sustainable development of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin has higher technical requirements for reservoir acidizing alteration technology. However, the acidification effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs was hampered by the drawbacks such as uncontrollable acidification rate of the reservoir, the large friction resistance, and the great acid filtration. A novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent CTG-1 is prepared based on nano-silica and combined with amide compounds. The influence of different factors on the acid filtration performance and heat- and shear-resistant capacity of carbonate rock reservoirs were analyzed, and then the mechanism of nano-silica gelling agent for acid filtration reduction in carbonate rock reservoirs is revealed. The research results showed that the filtration resistance of acid solution decreases slightly with the increase in the content of nano-silica gelling agent and reservoir pressure. The viscosity, fluid loss coefficient, and friction-reducing rate are as high as 25 mPa s, 2.4 × 10−2 m3 min1/2, and 71%, respectively, showing significantly better result than that of commonly used commercial gelling agents. The development of nano-silica gelling agent provides a reliable reference for effectively improving the acidification and stimulation effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs.

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Xia, Shengji, Yukun Wan, Nana Li, and Yu Zhao. "Investigation of combined fouling behavior in nano-filtration process under various feed conditions." Separation Science and Technology 51, no. 4 (November 24, 2015): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2015.1117104.

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Stendahl, K., C. Färm, I. Fritzdorf, and H. Ulmert. "The REAL process – a process for recycling sludge from water works." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.567.

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In order to produce drinking water, coagulants – such as aluminium salts – are widely used for precipitation and separation of impurities from raw water. The residual from the process is sludge, which presents a disposal problem. The REAL process is a method for recycling the aluminium from the sludge. In a first step, the aluminium hydroxide is dissolved in sulphuric acid. In a second step, an ultra filtration will separate all suspended matter and large molecules, leaving a concentrate of 15–20% dry solids. The permeate will contain the trivalent aluminium ions together with 30–50% of the organic contaminants. In a third step, by concentrating the permeate in a nano filter, the concentration of aluminium will be high enough to, in a fourth step, be precipitated with potassium sulphate to form a pure crystal: potassium aluminium sulphate. The potassium aluminium sulphate is comparable to standard aluminium sulphate. The process will give a residual in form of a concentrate from the ultra filtration, representing a few per cent of the incoming volume. This paper presents the results from a long time pilot-scale continuous test run at Västerås water works in Sweden, as well as calculations of costs for full-scale operations.

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Shen, Ying, Dawei Li, Bingyao Deng, Qingsheng Liu, Huizhong Liu, and Tong Wu. "Robust polyimide nano/microfibre aerogels welded by solvent-vapour for environmental applications." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 8 (August 2019): 190596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190596.

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Due to the high porosity, resilience and ultra-low density, polymer nanofibre-derived aerogels (NFAs) have been widely investigated in recent years. However, welding of the fibrous networks of NFAs, which has been proved extremely essential to their structural performance, still remains a major challenge. Herein, electrospun polyimide (PI) nano/microfibres were used as building blocks to construct hierarchically porous aerogels through a solid-templating technique. By further welding the adjacent nano/microfibres at their cross-points in a controllable fashion by solvent-vapour, super elasticity was achieved for the aerogels, with a recoverable ultimate strain of 80%. It is noteworthy that this process is free from cross-linking, heating and significant structure changing (i.e. chemical structure, crystallinity and fibrous network). Additionally, the porous structure of PI nano/microfibre aerogels (PI-N/MFAs) could be tuned by adjusting the organization of microfibres from a disordered/ordered cellular to a uniform structure. The as-obtained aerogels showed ultra-low density (4.81 mg cm −3 ), high porosity (99.66%), and comparable or higher recoverable compressive strain and stress relative to the other nanofibre-based aerogels. Furthermore, we showed the potential of such an aerogel for particle or aerosol filtration. PI nanofibre aerogels composite filters (PI-NFACFs) manifested excellent performance in PM 2.0 filtration (99.6% filtration efficiency with 115 Pa pressure drop). Therefore, this study brought a new perspective on the simple preparation of nanofibre-based aerogels for air filtration.

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Hamza, Sarah hakim, Nazik N. Mahmood, Sinan I. Mohammed, and Shatha F. Khaleel. "Utilizing Nanotechnology to Solve Drilling Problems in Iraqi Oil Fields." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1.587.

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Nanotechnology is a recent technology which is used in all industry sectors. In the oil and gas industry, this technology is commonly used due to its importance in solving the problems encountered while drilling operations and production stages. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the drilling process by adding nano-materials to drilling fluids in order to reduce drilling problems. This research is extended to previous research that published in journal of petroleum research and studies to compared the effect of nano-materials [Commercial nano-materials Multi Walled Carbone Nano Tube (MWCNT) and nano silicon oxide (SiO2) with nano-silica (rice husks, that prepared in PRDC labs) on water base drilling mud properties]. All characterization tests were achieved by the Nanotechnology and advanced materials researches center it is belongs to the University of Technology. The investigated properties of drilling mud included rheological properties and filtration. All tests are conducted according to API specifications (American Petroleum Institute). The results show an improvement in the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength) and filtration after adding the commercial MWCNT, nano silicon dioxide(Sio2) and the prepared nano-silica (rice husks) to the water based mud. The results of plastic viscosity of MWCNT,Sio2 and nano silica(rice husks) are 12,20,8 cp after adding 0.7 gm to the water base mud while the amount of filter is 11.8 ml after adding nano particle size of MWCNT , nanoSio2 and 11.6 after adding nano silica(rice husks). The prepared nano silica (rice husks) gave results similar to the results of the commercial nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, using of nano silica (rice husks) can be cost effective due to producing these materials locally instead of using the commercial nano SiO2.

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Verma, Bharti, Chandrajit Balomajumder, Manigandan Sabapathy, and Sarang P. Gumfekar. "Pressure-Driven Membrane Process: A Review of Advanced Technique for Heavy Metals Remediation." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050752.

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Pressure-driven processes have come a long way since they were introduced. These processes, namely Ultra-Filtration (UF), Nano-Filtration (NF), and Reverse-Osmosis (RO), aim to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment, thereby aiming at a cleaner production. Membranes may be polymeric, ceramic, metallic, or organo-mineral, and the filtration techniques differ in pore size from dense to porous membrane. The applied pressure varies according to the method used. These are being utilized in many exciting applications in, for example, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and wastewater treatment. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the principle behind the different pressure-driven membrane technologies and their use in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The transport mechanism has been elaborated, which helps in the predictive modeling of the membrane system. Fouling of the membrane is perhaps the only barrier to the emergence of membrane technology and its full acceptance. However, with the use of innovative techniques of fabrication, this can be overcome. This review is concluded with perspective recommendations that can be incorporated by researchers worldwide as a new problem statement for their work.

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Fang, Jing, Ranjan Jana, Jon A. Tunge, and Bala Subramaniam. "Continuous homogeneous hydroformylation with bulky rhodium catalyst complexes retained by nano-filtration membranes." Applied Catalysis A: General 393, no. 1-2 (February 2011): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.12.011.

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Jackiewicz-Zagórska, Anna, Karol Mika, Agata Penconek, and Arkadiusz Moskal. "Non-Woven Filters Made of PLA via Solution Blowing Process for Effective Aerosol Nanoparticles Filtration." Processes 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122598.

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With the development of civilization, the awareness of the impact of versatile aerosol particles on both human health and the environment is growing. New materials are needed to purify the air to control this impact The aspect of processing the produced waste is not negligible. In view of the above, this study proposes utilizing the solution blow spinning process (SBS) for manufacturing a biodegradable filtration structure that ensures high efficiency of nanoobject filtration, with a low pressure drop. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used to produce a nanofiber layer on the coconut substrate. The advantage of this method is the ability to blow fibers with diameters in the nano-scale, applying relatively simple, cost-effective, and easy to scale-up equipment. This work selected appropriate process parameters to produce good quality filters. Moreover, the process conditions influence on the morphology of the obtained structures and, thus, also the filtration properties, were examined. For tested solutions, i.e., 4% and 6%, the mean fiber diameter decreased as the concentration decreased. Therefore, the overall filtering efficiency increased as the concentration of the used solution decreased. The produced structures exhibited approximately 70% filtration efficiency for particles ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 μm with a pressure drop of less than 60 Pa. Obtained results are optimistic and are a step in producing efficient, biodegradable filters to remove nanoparticles from air.

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Aminzare, M., Mehdi Mazaheri, F. Golestani-fard, H. R. Rezaie, and R. Ajeian. "Sintering behavior of nano alumina powder shaped by pressure filtration." Ceramics International 37, no. 1 (January 2011): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.07.027.

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Choi, Won-Youl, No-Suk Park, Mark R. Wiesner, and Jong-Oh Kim. "Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant photocatalytic metal membrane embedded with self-organized TiO2 nano tube." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 963–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.066.

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A self-organized nano-structured, photocatalytic TiO2 membrane with large surface area of anatase crystallites was successfully fabricated by anodization. The nano-structured anodized TiO2 membrane was characterized using SEM, XRD and TEM techniques and the operational parameters to fabricate such as anodization time and applied anodic potential were also investigated. The anodized TiO2 membrane showed high photocatalytic performance in terms of refractory organics decomposition, bacteria inactivation and membrane permeability, which suggests that problems of conventional photocatalytic treatment and membrane filtration in water and wastewater treatment may be reduced using this combined process.

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Lackowski, Marcin, Andrzej Krupa, and Anatol Jaworek. "Nanofabric nonwoven mat for filtration smoke and nanoparticles." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0023.

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The process of production of filtration mats of various thickness from PVC and PVDF polymers by the electrospinning method is presented in the paper. Filtration of nanoparticles and submicron particles is an important problem in industry and health protection systems, in particular in air-conditioning and ventilation appliances. This problem can be effectively solved by application of non-woven fibrous filtration mats. The experimental investigations of mechanical properties of nanofibrous filtration mats produced by electrospinning and the measurements of removal efficiency of submicron particles from flowing gas have indicated potential usefulness of these nanomats for gas cleaning of air-conditioning systems and/or ventilation ducts. The experimental results obtained for cigarette smoke of a mass median diameter of about 1 μm, used as test particles, have shown that nonwoven nanofibrous filtration mats produced by electrospinning have a good filtration efficiency for nano- and submicron particles, owing to a pressure drop similar to HEPA filters. Particles of this size are particularly difficult to be removed from the flow by a conventional method, for example, by a cyclone or electrostatic precipitator.

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Uozumi, H., K. Kobayashi, Chitoshi Masuda, and M. Yoshida. "Fabrication Process of Carbonaceous Fiber Reinforced Al and/or Mg Alloy(s) Composites by Squeeze Casting." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.209.

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Carbonaceous fiber has high strength, high modulus and high thermal conductivity. Preforms were fabricated by suction filtration method. Regardless of fiber type, the buckling strength and elastic modulus of preforms increased with quantity of aluminum borate (AlBO) whisker addition. The carbon nano tube (CNT) preforms were not buckled but only elastically compressed. Carbonaceous fiber reinforced Al, Mg composites were fabricated by squeeze casting. CF+AlBO hybrid reinforced composites were fabricated with 5% or less deformation. On the other hand, 60% deformation was found in CNT+50AlBO hybrid reinforced composites.

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Yi, X. S., S. L. Yu, W. X. Shi, S. Wang, L. M. Jin, N. Sun, C. Ma, and L. P. Sun. "Separation of oil/water emulsion using nano-particle (TiO2/Al2O3) modified PVDF ultrafiltration membranes and evaluation of fouling mechanism." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 3 (February 1, 2013): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.565.

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In the present study, nano-sized TiO2/Al2O3 modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (MM) were fabricated and then utilized for oil/water emulsion separation. The results showed that, compared with PVDF membrane (OM), the contact angle of MM decreased and hydrophilicity increased. The ultrafiltration (UF) of oil in water emulsions with transmembrane pressure (TMP) increasing results in a sharp fall in relative flux with time. The cake filtration models did not always predict the performance over the complete range of filtration times very well. In the initial 30 min, all the four cake models can simulate this UF process to a certain extent, and the suitability was: cake filtration > intermediate pore blocking > standard pore blocking > complete pore blocking models. However, they were no longer adapted well with UF time extent to 60 min, but only cake filtration (R2 = 0.9535) maintained a high adaptability. Surface and cross-sectional morphology of the membrane was investigated by SEM to make an advanced certificate of this UF mechanism.

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Liu, Tai Qi, Bin Bin Cao, Xiao Long Zhao, Chen Wang, Ruo Fan Zhang, Na Zhao, and Xi Chen. "Preparation and Characterization of Sandwich Structure Purification Material via Gas-Jet/Electrospinning Technique." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.14.

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Nano-TiO2 is a high efficient and no poisonous light induced catalyst. It is important how to immobilize it on some supporter for its application. In this paper, The Nylon-6 (PA-6) nanofibres bearing TiO2 nano-particles were prepared via gas-jet/electrospinning technique. The resulted materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX and TG techniques, and antibacterial activities of the resulted fibers were tested by Shake Flask method. The results show that fibers bearing nano-TiO2, in an average diameter from 60 to 65nm were prepared, and the antibacterial efficiency of these gas-jet/electrospun nanofibers can reach 99.74%. The titled fibers can be loaded in a sandwich structure nanofiber super-cleaning material by hot-press process, and its filtration efficiency can reach 99.50% with 1µm polystyrene microspheres as the filter media.

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Karthick, S. Arun, and N. Gobi. "Nano silver incorporated electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and spun bonded polypropylene composite for aerosol filtration." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 1342–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083715622428.

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Nowadays, nanofiber for filtration is drawing attention because of its large surface area and smaller pore size. In this study, aerosol filtration is carried out using nanocomposite filter made of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers with incorporated silver nanoparticles at different weight percentages of 5, 10, and 15 (based on the weight of polyacrylonitrile) sandwiched between polypropylene spun bonded nonwoven. Dimethylformamide acts as both solvent and reducing agent for polyacrylonitrile and the formation of silver nanoparticles, and the silver nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Further, Box–Behnken method was used to prepare filter media using areal density of nonwoven substrate, electrospinning time, and silver wt.% as process variables. Later, the developed filters were studied for aerosol filtration efficiency at face velocity of 5 cm/s against NaCl aerosol particles ranging from 0.3 to 10 µm, respectively, as well as studied for anti-bactericidal activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. From the study, the developed polyacrylonitrile/silver nanofiber filters possess 99% aerosol filtration efficiency with good anti-bactericidal activity, which potentially improves filter quality.

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Nallathambi, Gobi, Berly Robert, Sharon Preethi Esmeralda, Janani Kumaravel, and Vinitha Parthiban. "Development of SPI/AC/PVA nano-composite for air-filtration and purification." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 24, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-09-2019-0044.

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Purpose Development of high efficiency nanofibrous air filter membrane by electrospinning process, to address the air pollution (both the particulate matter and the gaseous components) problem, which has become a major environmental concern. Design/methodology/approach By exploiting the advantage of active sites on soy protein isolate (SPI), the very high surface area of micro-pore rich activated carbon (AC) and the biocompatibility and biodegradable nature of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The authors have developed a SPI/AC/PVA hybrid membrane. Spun-bond nonwoven substrate was used as the support material to enhance the mechanical properties and also the filter handling properties. The properties of nanofibrous membrane including morphology, air permeability, filtration efficiency and formaldehyde absorption test were carried out as per standard test methods. Findings SPI-based membrane offers a great potential in air filtration/purification applications. Its potential to capture glancing pollutants at the molecular level is because of the presence of numerous functional groups on the soy protein surface, which enhances the adsorption of particulate matter and toxic gases, even bacteria and viruses to its surface. Originality/value The results are anticipated to provide a potential method to promote the development of a nanofibrous membrane, which can act as a high performance, dual function and eco-friendly air filter/purifier.

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CRISTINA, BANCIU, BĂRA ADELA, CHIȚANU ELENA, MARINESCU VIRGIL, SBÂRCEA GABRIELA, and ION IOANA. "The effect of process parameters on the electrospun polystyrene fibers." Industria Textila 69, no. 04 (September 1, 2018): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.04.1481.

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Electrospinning is one of the methods for obtaining nano/microfibers, using polymeric solutions. These nanofibrous membranes are highly porous with interconnected pores, having high specific surface area and small pore size, making them a suitable candidate for filtration applications. The properties of electrospun fibers are influenced by polymer solution, solvent, solution concentration, viscosity, electrical conductivity, electrical voltage, spinneret to collector distance etc. Expanded polystyrene is a polymeric product that is usually used for insulation and packaging. Recycling expanded polystyrene into nanofibers with applications in filtration could be useful from an economic point of view. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of expanded polystyrene polymer solution characteristics (concentration, viscosity) and the process parameters (applied voltage, distance between the tip and the collector plate, flow rate of the polymer solution) on the morphology and the properties of the obtained electrospun fibers. Therefore, three EPS solutions with 10, 15 and 20% wt. concentration were prepared and were electrospun under processing conditions with an applied voltage of 12, 15 and 18 kV, a spinneret-to-collector distance of 20 cm, a flow rate of solution of 1.5 and 2 mL/hour, a spinneret diameter of 0.8 mm and stationary copper substrate. The morphology of the electrospun fibers was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile strength and elongation tests.

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Su, Weiyin, Lanfeng Hui, Xiaoyan Ma, Qian Yang, and Wanhong Sun. "Filtration efficiency improvement of air filter paper for fine particles by electrospinning technology." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 5220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5220-5233.

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Due to great advantages, such as simple operation, high porosity, and good fiber continuity, the working principle and research progress of electrospinning technology was studied and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) nanofibers were prepared via this process. Air filter paper was used as the receiving substrate to prepare electrospun nano air filter paper (NAFP). The PVOH concentration, static voltage, and receiving distance, were tested to explore the influence of spinning parameters on the filtration performance. Further, the microfiber morphology of the electrospun NAFP was observed. The performance of filter paper, including air permeability, pore size, initial resistance, filtration efficiency, and dust retention, were tested. The results showed that the electrospun NAFP had better filtration performance compared to the air filter paper, and simultaneously they had lower initial resistance and higher precision filtration efficiency. The nanofiber influenced the surface of the air filter paper, as it sharply reduced the pore size. When the spinning condition was 10%, 21 kV, and 15 cm, the pore size decreased approximately 0.6 times of the original, which meant the electrospun NAFP could capture particles ≥ 0.2 μm in size. Finally, after three repeated uses, the good filtration performance was maintained.

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Mustafa, Kamarul Asyikin, Azrul Azlan Hamzah, Jumril Yunas, and Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis. "Analysis on Mechanical Property for Varied Geometry and Structure Parameters of Silicon Based Filtration Membrane for Artificial Kidney." Materials Science Forum 889 (March 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.889.65.

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Silicon and Silicon Nitride are vigorously utilized and explored in micro and nano fabrication technology as they have excellent mechanical and electrical characteristics suitable for NEMS device application. In this study, both of them are analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics software to evaluate the strength capability of the material when used as filtration membrane in artificial kidney. The artificial filtration membrane is a crucial part in an artificial kidney system as it functions to filter out all wastes from blood stream. This paper investigates the effect of membrane thickness experiencing applied pressure of 1332.3 Pa and 7332.7 Pa on membrane deflection and von Mises stress at the center of the filtration membrane. Those mechanical characteristics at different pore geometry and structure are evaluated against applied pressure on the filtration membrane surface. The results show that the pore geometry and shape for a membrane with thickness of higher than 200 nm will not have significant influences on the deflection and stress characteristics. Therefore, thicker membrane will result to a more stable filtration process that would be able to withstand simulated blood stream pressure in an artificial kidney.

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Cheng, Xiao, Zhiwei Zhang, Lei Zhao, Cheng Deng, Chao Li, Yaohua Du, and Mengfu Zhu. "Multi-hierarchical nanofibre membranes composited with ordered structure/nano-spiderwebs for air filtration." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 11, no. 5 (October 2023): 110561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.110561.

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Konovalov, D. N., P. Lua, S. I. Lazarev, D. D. Konovalov, S. V. Kovalev, D. I. Kobelev, and N. A. Fedotov. "ELECTRO-NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS DURING SEPARATION OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION ON AMN-P AND OPMN-P MEMBRANES." Herald Of Technological University 25, no. 2 (2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2022_25_2_14.

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Muhammad, Syaifullah, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Shazlina Abd Hamid, Yonss M. Albadn, A. B. Suriani, Suraiya Kamaruzzaman, Azmi Mohamed, Abdulmutalib A. Allaq, and Esam Bashir Yahya. "Insights into Agricultural-Waste-Based Nano-Activated Carbon Fabrication and Modifications for Wastewater Treatment Application." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101737.

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The past few years have witnessed extensive global industrial development that has led to massive pollution to most available water resources. There is no alternative to sustainable development, and the utilization of agricultural waste for wastewater treatment has been always a novel milestone in sustainable development goals. Agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon exhibits high porosity, great surface area, and unique surface functional groups that promote it to becoming a future and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment applications. Several modification approaches have been made to further enhance the adsorption capacity and reusability of such adsorbents. In this review, we presented the potential of agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. We highlighted the fabrication process and properties of different nano-activated carbons in addition to different modification approaches to enhance its adsorption capacity. Finally, we critically discussed the recent advances in nano-activated carbon applications in water treatment including its role in drinking water filtration, organic dye removal, oil spill applications, heavy metals removal and the elimination of toxic compounds from wastewater.

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Fekete, Laura, Ákos Ferenc Fazekas, Cecilia Hodúr, Zsuzsanna László, Áron Ágoston, László Janovák, Tamás Gyulavári, Zsolt Pap, Klara Hernadi, and Gábor Veréb. "Outstanding Separation Performance of Oil-in-Water Emulsions with TiO2/CNT Nanocomposite-Modified PVDF Membranes." Membranes 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020209.

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Membrane filtration is an effective technique for separating micro- and nano-sized oil droplets from harmful oil-contaminated waters produced by numerous industrial activities. However, significant flux reduction discourages the extensive application of this technology; therefore, developing antifouling membranes is necessary. For this purpose, various titanium dioxide/carbon nanotube (TiO2/CNT) nanocomposites (containing 1, 2, and 5 wt.% multi-walled CNTs) were used for the modification of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafilter (250 kDa) membrane surfaces. The effects of surface modifications were compared in relation to the flux, the filtration resistance, the flux recovery ratio, and the purification efficiency. TiO2/CNT2% composite modification reduced both irreversible and total filtration resistances the most during the filtration of 100 ppm oil emulsions. The fluxes were approximately 4–7 times higher compared to the unmodified PVDF membrane, depending on the used transmembrane pressure (510, 900, and 1340 L/m2h fluxes were measured at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 MPa pressures, respectively). Moreover, the flux recovery ratio (up to 68%) and the purification efficiency (95.1–99.8%) were also significantly higher because of the surface modification, and the beneficial effects were more dominant at higher transmembrane pressures. TiO2/CNT2% nanocomposites are promising to be applied to modify membranes used for oil–water separation and achieve outstanding flux, cleanability, and purification efficiency.

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Przekop, Rafał, and Leon Gradoń. "Non-steady-state aerosol filtration in nanostructured fibrous media." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1945 (June 28, 2011): 2476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0063.

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The filtration of aerosol particles using composites of nano- and microsized fibrous structures is a promising method for the effective separation of nanoparticles from gases. A multi-scale physical system describing the flow pattern and particle deposition at a non-steady-state condition requires an advanced method of modelling. The combination of lattice Boltzmann and Brownian dynamics was used for analysis of the particle deposition pattern in a fibrous system. The dendritic structures of deposits for neutral and charged fibres and particles are present. The efficiency of deposition, deposit morphology, porosity and fractal dimension were calculated for a selected operational condition of the process.

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Gebhardt, Ronald. "Effect of filtration forces on the structure of casein micelles." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 1 (December 7, 2013): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576713029841.

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Pressure-driven membrane filtration is a widely used method to separate casein micelles (CM) from smaller components in milk. The structure of CM attached on the membrane has been investigated because in such a deposited state they reduce the performance of the filtration process. Scattering experiments with nano- and micrometre sized X-ray beams and a filtration setup with silicon micro-sieves as membranes were used. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) experiments above porous regions of the micro-sieves show that spherical CM become stretched in the direction of the filtration flow. The one-dimensional scattering functions extracted from the two-dimensional GISAXS patterns were analyzed by a single ellipsoidal form factor fit. According to the model, CM assume a prolate ellipsoidal shape at a trans-membrane pressure of Δp= 400 mbar (1 mbar = 100 Pa). With increasing trans-membrane pressure, the shape of the CM undergoes a transition towards an oblate structure between 400 and 600 mbar. Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments with a 200 nm beam allow for transmission experiments on CM in a single pore of the micro-sieve. Typical characteristics of the internal structure could not be identified in the scattering functions of CM subjected to filtration forces.

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Maksimov, Y. V., A. S. Vereschaka, A. A. Vereschaka, A. S. Kudrov, D. N. Lytkin, D. L. Shegai, and A. I. Bulycheva. "Development and research of multilayer composite coatings with nano-dispersed structure which are deposited on cutting tools using assistance cathode-vacuum-arc processes." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-2 (March 10, 2013): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68031.

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The authors considered the problem of synthesis of multilayer coatings with nano-dispersed structure using the process of assistance filtered cathode-vacuum-arc deposition. The effect of high-energy assisting ions, generated by a special device (implanter), which the ВИТ-3 vacuum-arc setting was equipped with, is analyzed in the paper. The mechanisms of modifying the properties of the deposited coatings and cutting properties of carbide inserts with coatings obtained in assisting cathode-vacuum-arc deposition with filtration of ion-vapor flow are analyzed as well.

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Wasay, S. A., W. J. Parker, and P. J. Van Geel. "Contamination of a calcareous soil by battery industry wastes. II. Treatment." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2001): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-118.

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This study evaluated treatment of a soil that was heavily contaminated by the disposal of waste from a Pb battery industry. The site was of interest from a remediation point of view, since the soil contained substantial quantities of calcareous material. Treatment involved extraction of the metals from the soil using aqueous solutions of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). The impact of pH, EDTA concentration, and reaction time on the extent of leaching of Pb was evaluated. The leaching efficiency was found to be independent of pH over a range of values from 4 to 8.2. The leaching of Pb and Ca increased with EDTA concentration with 99% of the Pb removed at an EDTA dosage of 3.2 M/kg soil. The removal efficiencies of Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Zn were consistently less than that of Pb; however, with their lower initial concentrations, acceptable levels were achieved for all metals except Cd. A two-reaction model was successfully used to describe the results of a batch extraction test. The results indicated relatively rapid extraction kinetics for a substantial fraction of the Pb contamination. Treatment of the liquid effluent from the soil treatment process with nano-level filtration indicated that both the EDTA and Pb were consistently removed at efficiencies greater than 98%. The nano-filtration process was not affected by pH over a range of values from 4.8 to 7.6.Key words: soil washing, Pb, EDTA, pH effect, kinetic, leachate treatment.

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Jakubiak, Szymon, Justyna Tomaszewska, Anna Jackiewicz, Jakub Michalski, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski. "Polypropylene – zinc oxide nanorod hybrid material for applications in separation processes." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0032.

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Abstract Hybrid filter material was obtained via modification of polypropylene (PP) nonwoven with nanosize zinc oxide particles of a high aspect ratio. Modification was conducted as a three-step process, a variant of hydrothermal method used for synthesis of nano-ZnO, adopted for coating three dimensional polymeric nonwoven filters. The process consisted of plasma treatment of nonwoven to increase its wettability, deposition of ZnO nanoparticles and low temperature hydrothermal growth of ZnO rods. The modified nonwovens were investigated by a high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). It has been found that the obtained hybrid filters offer a higher filtration efficiency, in particular for so called most penetrating particle sizes.

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Thayumanavan, Menaka, Andy Srinivasan, and Senthil Arumugam. "Correlation model for fiber diameter of electro-spun membrane using KGM (1,N) model for nano-filtration." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210702268t.

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Nanofiltration is an important application for electro-spun fiber as it is well characterized by fine fiber diameter, huge density, high penetrability and flexibility. In this paper, the Poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) fiber diameter is determined experimentally by varying four factors such as voltage, flow rate, the distance between spinneret and collector, and mass fraction in the electrospinning process. The fiber diameter is measured through SEM analysis. A highly accurate kernel-based nonlinear multivariable grey model, KGM (1, 1) model is used for the prediction of nanofiber diameter for filtering particulate less than 500 nm. This is proved to be better when compared to the Grey Model First Order One Variable and Multivariable grey model. Based on simulated outcomes, filtration membranes are prepared and tested for filtration efficiency for the airborne particles relating its air permeability, porosity and quality factor.

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Ahmad, Hirra, Muhammad Zahid, Zulfiqar Ahmad Rehan, Anum Rashid, Saba Akram, Meshari M. H. Aljohani, Syed Khalid Mustafa, et al. "Preparation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nano-Filtration Membranes Modified with Functionalized Graphene Oxide for Textile Dye Removal." Membranes 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020224.

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Water scarcity has become one of the most significant problems globally. Membrane technology has gained considerable attention in water treatment technologies. Polymeric nanocomposite membranes are based on several properties, with enhanced water flux, high hydrophilicity and anti-biofouling behavior, improving the membrane performance, flexibility, cost-effectiveness and excellent separation properties. In this study, aminated graphene oxide (NH2-GO)-based PVDF membranes were fabricated using a phase-inversion method for textile dye removal. These fabricated membranes showed the highest water flux at about 170.2 (J/L.h−1.m−2) and 98.2% BSA rejection. Moreover, these membranes removed about 96.6% and 88.5% of methylene blue and methyl orange, respectively. Aminated graphene oxide-based polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes emerge as a good membrane material that enhances the membrane performance.

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MENDOZA, EDUARDO R. "COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO ENHANCE NANOSAFETY AND ADVANCE NANOMEDICINE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 17 (January 2012): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512008008.

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With the increasing use of nanoparticles in food processing, filtration/purification and consumer products, as well as the huge potential of their use in nanomedicine, a quantitative understanding of the effects of nanoparticle uptake and transport is needed. We provide examples of novel methods for modeling complex bio-nano interactions which are based on stochastic process algebras. Since model construction presumes sufficient availability of experimental data, recent developments in "nanoinformatics", an emerging discipline analogous to bioinfomatics, in building an accessible information infrastructure are subsequently discussed. Both computational areas offer opportunities for Filipinos to engage in collaborative, cutting edge research in this impactful field.

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El-Hadidy, Mohamed Abd Allah, and Alaa A. Alzulaibani. "Existence of a linear flows particle tracking model with a stochastic waiting time depending on the Gaussian jump length." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 26 (July 23, 2021): 2150426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921504261.

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This paper discusses the existence of the tracking model to detect a linear flows particle with a stochastic waiting time depending on the Gaussian jump length. This model is useful to measure the impurity quantification such as Radionuclides and Toxic Chemicals (particle) within the interaction medium (fluid) with minimum time and maximum probability. The particle flows linearly toward the origin (either from the left or the right). The flow line contains a nano programmed sensor (or nano UV detector). This sensor starts the tracking process for the particle (target) from the origin (filtration point) with speed equals one. We obtain the expected value of the tracking time until the sensor return to the origin with the target. Some competitive analysis depends on the uncertain values of the traveled distances which are derived to get necessary conditions for the sensor’s optimal distances. The numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of this model.

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36

Yuan, Teng, Jian Yin, Yingling Liu, Weiping Tu, and Zhuohong Yang. "Micro/Nanoscale Structured Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic Hybrid-Coated Mesh for High-Efficiency Oil/Water Separation." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061378.

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A novel micro/nanoscale rough structured superhydrophilic hybrid-coated mesh that shows underwater superoleophobic behavior is fabricated by spray casting or dipping nanoparticle–polymer suspensions on stainless steel mesh substrates. Water droplets can spread over the mesh completely; meanwhile, oil droplets can roll off the mesh at low tilt angles without any penetration. Besides overcoming the oil-fouling problem of many superhydrophilic coatings, this superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic mesh can be used to separate oil and water. The simple method used here to prepare the organic–inorganic hybrid coatings successfully produced controllable micro-nano binary roughness and also achieved a rough topography of micro-nano binary structure by controlling the content of inorganic particles. The mechanism of oil–water separation by the superhydrophilic and superoleophobic membrane is rationalized by considering capillary mechanics. Tetraethyl orathosilicate (TEOS) as a base was used to prepare the nano-SiO2 solution as a nano-dopant through a sol-gel process, while polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as the film binder and glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent; the mixture was dip-coated on the surface of 300-mesh stainless steel mesh to form superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic film. Properties of nano-SiO2 represented by infrared spectroscopy and surface topography of the film observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicated that the film surface had a coarse micro–nano binary structure; the effect of nano-SiO2 doping amount on the film’s surface topography and the effect of such surface topography on hydrophilicity of the film were studied; contact angle of water on such surface was tested as 0° by the surface contact angle tester and spread quickly; the underwater contact angle to oil was 158°, showing superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic properties. The effect of the dosing amount of cross-linking agent to the waterproof swelling property and the permeate flux of the film were studied; the oil–water separation effect of the film to oil–water suspension and oil–water emulsion was studied too, and in both cases the separation efficiency reached 99%, which finally reduced the oil content to be lower than 50 mg/L. The effect of filtration times to permeate flux was studied, and it was found that the more hydrophilic the film was, the stronger the stain resistance would be, and the permeate flux would gradually decrease along with the increase of filtration times.

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Chen, Chuchu, Xiangting Bu, Qian Feng, and Dagang Li. "Cellulose Nanofiber/Carbon Nanotube Conductive Nano-Network as a Reinforcement Template for Polydimethylsiloxane Nanocomposite." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091000.

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Both cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are nanoscale fibers that have shown reinforcing effects in polymer composites. It’s worth noting that CNF and CNT could form a three-dimensional nano-network via mixing and vacuum filtration, which exhibit excellent mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. In this study, the developed CNF/CNT film was applied as a nano-network template and immersed into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solutions. By controlling the immersed polydimethylsiloxane pre-polymer concentration, the PDMS/CNF/CNT nanocomposite with various PDMS contents were fabricated after a curing process. Morphological images showed that the CNF/CNT nano-network was well-preserved inside the PDMS, which resulted in significantly improved mechanical strength. While increasing the PDMS content (~71.3 wt %) gave rise to decreased tensile strength, the PDMS-30/CNF/CNT showed a fracture strain of 7.5%, which was around seven fold higher than the rigid CNF/CNT and still kept a desirable strength—Young’s modulus and conductivity of 18.3 MPa, 805 MPa, and 0.8 S/cm, respectively. Therefore, with the enhanced mechanical properties and the electrical conductivity, the prepared PDMS/CNF/CNT composite films may offer promising and broad prospects in the field of flexible devices.

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Jadhav, Arvind H., Xuan Thang Mai, Richard Appiah-Ntiamoah, Hanyeong Lee, Francis W. Y. Momade, Jeong Gil Seo, and Hern Kim. "Preparation and Characterization of Palmitoyl Grafted Cellulose Nano Absorbent for the Efficient Adsorption of Pyrene from Aqueous Solution." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7980–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11269.

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Palmitoyl grafted modified cellulose were prepared by simple chemical grafting method and applied as nano adsorbent for removal of pyrene from aqueous solution. The chemical properties and morphology of prepared nano-adsorbent were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, TGA, and contact angle. Results showed that palmitoyl successfully grafted on the surface of cellulose and possess effective organic functional groups for the adsorption of pyrene from aqueous solution. The adsorption performance of modified cellulose was significantly improved toward pyrene in aqueous solution. It is worthy to note that 0.25 g of palmitoyl grafted cellulose (PMC) removed 92% pyrene compared to unmodified cellulose which adsorbed 36% pyrene from 1.65 ppm aqueous solution of pyrene in very short contact time at room temperature. Results showed that, presence of various organic functional groups from palmitoyl chains grafted on cellulose backbone affected to pyrene removal. After completion of adsorption phenomenon nano-adsorbent can be removed by simply filtration process and reused several times. The adsorption capacity was studied under different experimental conditions and their effects on adsorption such as temperature, pH, and contact time were also studied. The kinetics and isotherms of material were also determined.

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Zhang, Chi, Shuo Chang, Gaoju Song, Jianlin Liu, and Henggen Shen. "Study on a Novel Filter Media Incorporating with Core Shell Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Material: Fabrication and Evaluation." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050731.

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Thermal performance of filter media plays a significant effect on the filtration efficiency of baghouse, especially its tolerance of high temperature air and chemical erosion. In this study, nano-encapsulated phase change material within the silica shell (NPCMs) is synthesized through a self-assembly method based on polymer—hyperbranched precursor polyethoxysiloxane (PEOS). Filter media is fabricated by NPCMs through a facile dip-dry-cure process to enhance its thermal regulation and serving durability. Filter media acts as frame-supporting of the functional structure NPCMs. Incorporating NPCMs into filter media optimizes the microstructure and filtration efficiency of baghouse. The penetration rate was reduced from 457 × 10−4% of the control filter media to 5 × 10−4%. Meanwhile, the novel filter media lowers the temperature up to 20 °C than the surroundings. The novel filter media exhibits not only better mechanical properties, but also much less tensile strength loss after suffering 100 thermal shock cycles with simultaneous chemical exposure, from 37.58% to 20.37%. Overall, the filter media incorporated with NPCMs demonstrates excellent performances on filter efficiency, thermal regulation, and environmental endurance, which has the potential for extending lifespans and enhancing operation stability of filter bags in industrial air pollutant control.

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Jamilu Usman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Yusuf Olabode Raji, Tijjani Hassan El-Badawy, Tijjani Abdullahi, and Jamila Baba Ali. "Facile Approach in Development of Superhydrophobic-Superoleophilic Kaolin-Based Hollow Fibre Ceramic Membrane." Open Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/ojst.v3i2.1473.

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A silane coupling agent is an organosilicon compound with special structure possessing organic functional groups and hydrolysable groups. In this study, a superhydrophobic-superoleophilic nano-silica film on ceramic membrane was constructed by a modified Stöber technique by using tetraethoxy-silane (TEOS) and fluoroalkyl silane (FAS). The colloidal nano-silica based silane sol coating solution was synthesized via co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of TEOS and FAS. Particle size distribution of the colloidal nano-silica based silane sol was evaluated using particle size analyzer as depicted. The contents of the relative elements of the colloidal nano-silica based silane sol were examined using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectra. Extent of superhydrophobicity-superoleophilicity was determined using the contact angle measurements. The surface wettability of superhydrophobicity-superoleophilicity was determined using the contact angle measurements. Also, the effects of grafting times and coating cycles on the wettability of the modified kaolin-based hollow fiber membrane were determined. The results revealed that the modified kaolin-based hollow fiber membrane exhibited oil contact of 0o and water contact angle of 160o and, demonstrating its considerable antiwetting applications like in oil-water filtration process. While, with an increase in grafting times and coating cycles, the wettability of the superhydrophobic-superoleophilic nano-silica film was enhanced due to increase in surface roughness provided by the hydrolysable groups on the surface of the ceramic membrane. In conclusion, this study presents a feasible route to the surface superhydrophobicity-superoleophilicity testing of ceramic membranes

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Molina, Jesus, Gyula Vatai, Eszter Fogarassy, and Erika Bekassy-Molnar. "Application of membrane filtration to wastewater desalination." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.4.2008.5.

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The problem of wastewater with high content of salt is a frequent problem for the environmental authorities, because the existing municipal and industrial wastewater treatments are incapable to remove effectively inorganic compounds. In this paper an attempt was made to report new results with reverse osmosis (RO) and nano-filtration (NF) membranes to remove salts from fermentation wastewater.The basic target of the experiments was to find an industrial membrane, which can separate salts from fermentation wastewater with a high efficiency and the concentration of the clean water should satisfy the environmental regulation: salt concentration ≤ 2500 mg/L and COD concentration ≤ 1200 mgO 2 /L. RO process exhibited good salt rejection and effective removal of organics. The other aim of this study was to model the osmotic pressure and permeate flux in the wastewater using basic expressions, like van’t Hoff law and Rautenbach equations. The combination of the above models with experiment based constants gave a good tool for modeling salty wastewater.

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J, Nagendra, Akhil Suresh, Aswin S M, Jubal C. Bavan, and Keerthan R. "Antibacterial Coating on Filtration Membranes for Treatment of Cutting Fluid." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47969.

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Abstract: Cutting fluids has greater significance in manufacturing processes to ensure work-piece quality, to reduce tool wear, and to improve process productivity. The specific chemical composition of an applied coolant should be strongly dependent on the scope of application. Even small changes such as presence of microorganisms such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes etc. can influence the performance of cutting fluid and introduce risk of various skin diseases to the operator in the manufacturing processes considerably. In this project the antibacterial coating is brought into use by coating a thin layer of silver nano particles on a polypropylene filtration membrane. A coated and non-coated membrane was placed separately on the cutting fluid sump of a vertical milling machine. 10litres of cutting fluid with a Servo cut Soil content of 5% and distilled water with a concentration of 95% were used in the machine while a milling process was carried out. Then a sample of cutting fluid (about 250mL) was taken from the tank and preserved for testing purposes after passing through the filter membranes. On the same cutting fluid, the machine was run for another two days, and a third sample was taken at the end of the fourth day. The samples collected were tested at Azyme Biosciences Pvt Ltd for bacterial count (CFU/ml) and the results showed that the CFU/ ml in the sample filtered through the non-coated polypropylene filtration membrane was higher than in the sample filtered via coated polypropylene filtration membrane.

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Ahmadian, Amirhossein, Abbas Shafiee, Nojan Aliahmad, and Mangilal Agarwal. "Overview of Nano-Fiber Mats Fabrication via Electrospinning and Morphology Analysis." Textiles 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1020010.

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Electrospun nano-fibers exhibit two significant properties: a high surface-to-volume ratio and a relatively defect-free molecular structure. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, electro-spun materials are well suited for activities requiring increased physical contact, such as providing a site for a chemical reaction or filtration of small-sized physical materials. However, electrospinning has many shortcomings, including difficulties in producing inorganic nanofibers and a limited number or variety of polymers used in the process. The fabrication of nanofiber bundles via electrospinning is explored in this analytical study and the relationship between all effective electrospinning parameters and the relative abundance of various fiber morphologies. Numerous variables could impact the fabrication of nanofibers, resulting in a variety of morphologies such as uniform, entangled, individual beads, beads-on-string, etc. Therefore, adequate ambient conditions and selecting the appropriate polymer and solvent for achieving a homogenous polymer solution and uniform with desired nanofiber properties for different applications of electro-spun materials are examined. Finally, the promising applications of nano-fine fibers in various fields achieved via electrospinning are studied in this paper.

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Yu, S. L., W. X. Shi, Y. Lu, and J. X. Yang. "Characterization and anti-fouling performance of nano-Al2O3/PVDF membrane for Songhua River raw water filtration." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.138.

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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat ultrafiltration membranes modified by nano-sized alumina (Al2O3) particles were prepared by phase inversion process and their properties and anti-fouling performances were examined. The influence of three types of natural organic matters on the modified membrane fouling was also studied. Raw water was taken from two different locations, i.e., Harbin and Zhaoyuan, of Songhua River. Dissolved organic compounds in the raw water were fractionated using XAD resins into three fractions, i.e., hydrophobic fraction, transphilic fraction, and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The three adsorbed compounds were further eluted and dissolved into distilled water respectively to prepare the feed for the fouling tests. All solutions were adjusted to a concentration of 10.6 mg C/L, which equals to the total organic carbon (TOC) of the raw water. Results show that the addition of nano-Al2O3 particulars did not affect the inherent traits of the PVDF membranes, however, its surface hydrophilic properties were improved significantly with the addition of nanoparticles and anti-fouling performance was enhanced as well. The HPIs in the Songhua River were the main foulant, causing more fouling to membrane than hydrophobic and transphilic matters.

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Volponi, R., P. Spena, F. De Nicola, and L. Guadagno. "Multiscale Composites: Assessment of a Feasible Manufacturing Process." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (May 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6845310.

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A very interesting field of research on advanced composite materials is the possibility to integrate new functionalities and specific improvements acting on the matrix of the composite by means of a nanocharged resin. In this way, the composite becomes a so-called “multiscale composite” in which the different phases change from nano to macro scale. For example, the incorporation of nanoscale conductive fillers with intrinsically high electrical conductivity could allow a tailoring of this property for the final material. The properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) make them an effective candidate as fillers in polymer composite systems to obtain ultralight structural materials with advanced electrical and thermal characteristics. Nevertheless, several problems are related to the distribution in the matrix and to the processability of the systems filled with CNT. Existing liquid molding processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) can be adapted to produce carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) impregnated with CNT nanofilled resins. Unfortunately, the loading of more than 0.3-0.5% of CNT can lead to high resin viscosities that are unacceptable for such kind of processes. In addition to the viscosity issues that are related to the high CNT content, a filtration effect of the nanofillers caused by the fibrous medium may also lead to inadequate final component quality. This work describes the development of an effective manufacturing process of a fiber-reinforced multiscale composite panel, with a tetra-functional epoxy matrix loaded with carbon nanotubes to increase its electrical properties and with GPOSS to increase its resistance to fire. A first approach has been attempted with a traditional liquid infusion process. As already anticipated, this technique has shown considerable difficulties related both to the low level of impregnation achieved, due to the high viscosity of the resin, and to the filtration effects of the dispersed nanocharges. To overcome these problems, an opportunely modified process based on a sort of film infusion has been proposed. This modification has given an acceptable result in terms of impregnation and morphological arrangement of CNTs in nanofilled CFRP. Finally, the developed infiltration technique has been tested for the manufacture of a carbon fiber-reinforced panel with a more complex shape.

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46

Mostafa, M. G., Yen-Hua Chen, Jiin-Shuh Jean, Chia-Chuan Liu, and Hsisheng Teng. "Adsorption and desorption properties of arsenate onto nano-sized iron-oxide-coated quartz." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.288.

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This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption and desorption properties of arsenate [As(V)] on nano-sized iron-oxide-coated quartz (IOCQ) through batch experiments. The coating of nano-sized iron oxide on the quartz surface was performed using the heat treatment process which aimed to utilize the adsorption properties of the nano-sized iron oxide and the filtration properties of the quartz. Environmental SEM-EDAX and BET techniques were used to analyze the surface morphology, elemental composition, surface area and the porosity of the adsorbent. SEM-EDAX analyses confirmed that arsenate was adsorbed on the IOCQ surface. BET results showed that the IOCQ adsorbent had higher pore volumes and high specific surface areas compared with the pure quartz. The study revealed that the adsorption rate of As(V) ion was very rapid and reached the equilibrium within 5 min. This study also revealed that almost 100% of As(V) removal was achieved within 5 minutes of adsorption reaction from the initial solution containing 1,000 μg-As(V)/L. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model suitably explained the sorption characteristics of As(V) onto IOCQ. This desorption study showed that the adsorbent could be reused after reacting with mild HCl solution but the concentration of acid eluant or pH has a great impact on the coated adsorbent surface. The results indicate that the nano-sized iron oxide-coated adsorbent is potentially suitable for removal of arsenate from drinking water.

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Zunita, Megawati. "Graphene Oxide-Based Nanofiltration for Hg Removal from Wastewater: A Mini Review." Membranes 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040269.

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Mercury (Hg) is one of heavy metals with the highest toxicity and negative impact on the biological functions of living organisms. Therefore, many studies are devoted to solving the problem of Hg separation from wastewater. Membrane-based separation techniques have become more preferable in wastewater treatment area due to their ease of operation, mild conditions and also more resistant to toxic pollutants. This technique is also flexible and has a wide range of possibilities to be integrated with other techniques. Graphene oxide (GO) and derivatives are materials which have a nanostructure can be used as a thin and flexible membrane sheet with high chemical stability and high mechanical strength. In addition, GO-based membrane was used as a barrier for Hg vapor due to its nano-channels and nanopores. The nano-channels of GO membranes were also used to provide ion mobility and molecule filtration properties. Nowadays, this technology especially nanofiltration for Hg removal is massively explored. The aim of the review paper is to investigate Hg removal using functionalized graphene oxide nanofiltration. The main focus is the effectiveness of the Hg separation process.

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Filippou, Polychronis, Soultana T. Mitrouli, and Patroklos Vareltzis. "Sequential Membrane Filtration to Recover Polyphenols and Organic Acids from Red Wine Lees: The Antioxidant Properties of the Spray-Dried Concentrate." Membranes 12, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040353.

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The vinification process produces a considerable amount of waste. Wine lees are the second most generated byproduct, representing around 14% of total vinification wastes. They are a valuable source of natural antioxidants, mainly polyphenols, as well as organic acids, such as tartaric acid. This paper deals with the application of an integrated, environment friendly membrane separation process to recover polyphenols and organic acids. A two-step membrane process is described, consisting of an ultra- and a nano-filtration process. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of all the process streams were determined. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was employed for identifying certain individual organic acids and polyphenols, while the antioxidant potential was determined by the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) (DPPH) radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing ability. A liquid concentrate stream containing 1351 ppm of polyphenols was produced and then spray dried. The resulting powder retained most of the polyphenols and antioxidant properties and was successfully applied to a real food system to retard lipid oxidation, followed by Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and the determination of oxymyoglobin content. The results show that membrane separation technology is an attractive alternative process for recovering value-added ingredients from wine lees.

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Nunes, Deivid Marques, João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno, and Fábio de Oliveira Arouca. "Analysis of the Collection Efficiency of Fiber Filters on the Filtration of Nano-Sized Particles from Aerosol." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.297.

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Several studies on removal of nanosized particles are being developed with the aim of minimizing the adverse effects nanoaerosols can cause to the environment and human health due to poor air quality. Moreover, scientific and technological studies have developed in the application of nanosized particles. In academy and industry there are many mechanisms to remove nanoparticles from aerosols, such as fiber filters. Thus, this study aims to analyze the performance of fibrous filters, such as polyester filters (porosity is 0.82 and thickness is 2.2 mm and fiber mean diameter of 26 μm. A nanoparticle generator constitutes an atomizer that was used to generate nanoaerosols of monodisperses polystyrene latex) in a size distribution from 20 nm to 200 nm. The performance of the fibrous media was evaluated through the analysis of removal efficiency of nanoaerossols, using a particle counter TSI model 3007 before and after the filtering device. The experimental system consists of a compressor, which generates air current; high efficiency filters, in order to generate ultra-pure air; an atomizer and a container of polystyrene solution to generate aerosol; diffusion dryer to remove silica humidity from the gas stream; a filtration device; and, a counter to particles. The results obtained showed that the efficiency of a filter decreases with increasing filtration rate and diameter in the range in work. The diffusion mechanism is dominant in the separation process.

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Nie, Shuangxi, Yuehua Zhang, Linmao Wang, Qin Wu, and Shuangfei Wang. "Preparation and Characterization of Nanocomposite Films Containing Nano-Aluminum Nitride and Cellulose Nanofibrils." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (August 3, 2019): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081121.

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Nanocomposites consisting of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nano-aluminum nitride (AlN) were prepared using a simple vacuum-assisted filtration process. Bleached sugarcane bagasse pulp was treated with potassium hydroxide and sodium chlorite, and was subsequently ultra-finely ground and homogenized to obtain CNFs. Film nanocomposites were prepared by mixing CNFs with various AlN amounts (0–20 wt.%). X-ray diffraction revealed that the crystal form of CNF-AlN nanocomposites was different to those of pure CNFs and AlN. The mechanical performance and thermal stability of the CNF-AlN nanocomposites were evaluated through mechanical tests and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The results showed that the CNF-AlN nanocomposites exhibited excellent mechanical and thermal stability, and represented a green renewable substrate material. This type of nanocomposite could present great potential for replacing traditional polymer substrates, and could provide creative opportunities for designing and fabricating high-performance portable electronics in the near future.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS'

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