Academic literature on the topic 'Namibia National Association of Women in Business'

The paper examines if gender matters in the use of emails in the enterprises of Namibia. The paper is based on the usefulness of emails in business organizations, using the Namibia Enterprise Survey data collected from 580 enterprises by the World Bank in 2014/2015 in order to test a null hypothesis that there is no association in the use of emails between women and men top-managed enterprises in Namibia. The paper finds out that there is an association with men in top-managed enterprises using more emails than women’s top-managed organizations. This finding signifies the institutionalized gender digital divide in enterprises, signalling the marginal benefit of advantages accruing from emails in the enterprises that are top managed by women. Hence, gender matters.

The chambers and associations in Pakistan are mainly represented by men. Meantime the representation of women entrepreneurs is also gaining momentum. Women entrepreneurs have formed chambers in the country to explore potentials and create platform for resolving issues arising during undertaking businesses. The study identified that women have potential and are working hard. Yet they are at takeoff position to get success in expanding the business set-up and getting recognition. The government has brought some changes in the rules for establishing trade organization and allowed formation of separate chambers for women considering their participation in different businesses. It is observed that some efforts have been made by women members under the umbrella of Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FPCCI) to organize conferences and roundtables to promote and explore business skill of women. The FPCCI, as the apex trade body of the country, organized national and international exhibitions in which they have given equal opportunities to women as men. However, women entrepreneurs are still facing problems due to lack of business knowledge while operating business.

From September 2020 to April 2022, the “DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs” project is being implemented within the “Erasmus +” program. Project coordinator is the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Project partners are National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Austria; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Latvia; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Italy; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Croatia; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs – SEGE, Greece. Project overall objective is to develop a training program that will train experts in order to offer trainings and mentorship sessions that are tailored to the needs of the female entrepreneurs digitalizing their business and help them overcome the obstacles they face in the digitalization. As a result of analyzing the relevance of digitalization in small business for women entrepreneurs in Ukraine the conclusion was made that important areas of digitalization are: search for ideas for business and substantiate these ideas using digital technologies; creation and promotion of business websites; presentation and promotion of business in social networks; implementation of a CRM system at the enterprise. A training program is proposed to prepare experts who will then train women entrepreneurs who run small businesses. The program is designed in such a way that women entrepreneurs have mastered precisely those areas of knowledge that are recognized as the most important in the studies. The program consists of a number of trainings on the following topics: "Training techniques for women entrepreneurs in small business", "Search and Substantiation of Ideas for Business", " Development, deployment, analysis and promotion of the web site ", "Introduction to Social Media Marketing (SMM), "Implementation of digital technologies on the example of the Bitrix24 CRM system".

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in nutrient intakes and nutritional status of rural adult women (≥18–60 years) and the association of sociodemographic characteristics with overweight/obesity.DesignCommunity-based cross-sectional studies carried out during 1975–79 to 2011–12 by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) were used. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and waist circumference, carried out during the surveys, were used. Association and logistic regression analyses between sociodemographic characteristics and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were conducted using a complex samples procedure.SettingTen NNMB states of India.SubjectsNon-pregnant and non-lactating rural women aged ≥18–60 years covered during the above periods from ten states in India.ResultsThe prevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined from 52 % during 1975–79 to 34 % during 2011–12, while that of overweight/obesity has increased from 7 % to 24 % during the same period. Median intakes of most of the nutrients have increased over the same period, although they were below recommended levels. The chance of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was significantly (P<0·01) higher among women aged 40–60 years, those belonging to Christian religion and other backward communities, women living in pucca houses, literate women, women engaged in service and business, and those having higher per capita income.ConclusionsPrevalence of chronic energy deficiency has declined significantly; however, overweight/obesity has increased during the same period. This increase in overweight/obesity may be attributed to increased consumption of fatty foods, sedentary lifestyle and improved socio-economic status. There is a need to educate the community about regular physical exercise, low intakes of fats and oils, and a balanced diet.

Women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan has been booming in recent years, and it has made a significant impact on social and economic expansion. However, it is notable that these businesses are smaller in size and considered less profitable when compared with men’s entrepreneurial efforts. This dilemma encourages the investigation of the success factors that contribute to the performance of women-owned businesses (WOBs) within this understudied region. Factors that may determine the success of WOB in Pakistan are divided into four broad headings: the entrepreneur’s characteristics, internal business environment, external business environments, and supportive factors. This study also explores the direct and moderating role of perceived national culture within the framework. The results demonstrate that the entrepreneur’s characteristics, external business environments, and supportive factors are positively related to the performance of WOB, while the internal business environment is of little significance. Furthermore, while perceived national culture does not influence the performance of WOB, it weakens the relationship between the entrepreneur’s characteristics and performance but strengthens the impact of supportive factors on the performance of the WOB. This study leads to a solid awareness about the critical success factors, the perceived national culture, and their association with the performances of WOB within Pakistan.

Abstract:Although women have made tremendous gains at work, a striking degree of sex segregation still exists. For a generation of women who were working in low-paying, administrative support positions during the promising era of Title VII, affirmative action did not offer upward mobility. In the 1970s, as employers and regulators began implementing affirmative action amid the gendered structure of internal labor markets, women who were already in clerical roles remained outside the managerial pipeline. Women in 9to5, the National Association of Working Women, sought to bridge the gap between female-dominated clerical and male-dominated managerial ladders using collective action. Yet business and government did not enforce affirmative action such that the clustering of women in low-paid clerical positions constituted discrimination on the basis of sex. Work experience on the clerical ladder remains inadequate training for positions on the managerial ladder.

Рост женского предпринимательства во всем мире стал глобальной тенденцией, что позволило называть эти явления тихой революцией. В Африке этот сегмент экономики развивается стремительно. Актуальность заявленной проблематики объясняется как этими тенденциями, так и статистическими данными. В странах Черной Африки, расположенных южнее Сахары (Ангола, Бенин, Ботсвана, Буркина-Фасо, Бурунди, Габон, Гамбия, Гана, Кения, Намибия, Нигерия, Руанда, Танзания, ЮАР и др.), по данным статистики, женщины являются руководителями в среднем около трети всех компаний, в Сенегале доля женщин-предпринимателей и руководителей компаний достигает 37%, в Ботсване – 32%, в Южной Африке 26%. Благополучными считаются условия для развития женского бизнеса в Сенегале, Гане, Нигерии, Кот-д’Ивуаре, Уганде. Несмотря на значительный вклад в развитие экономики целого ряда африканских стран, женщины встречают препятствия на пути к качественному образованию, а женский бизнес в регионе ограничен в доступных инвестициях и инфраструктуре. Поддержку женскому бизнесу оказывают различные международные организации, такие, как Международная ассоциация «Франкофония», а также региональные организации и проекты. Региональные социальные структуры концентрируют свою деятельность на финансово-экономической, информационной поддержке и образовании. Так, Фонд поддержки женщин Кот-д’Ивуара (FAFCI) выделяет для развития бизнеса микрокредиты. Другие, как сотовый оператор Orange, в центр программы поддержки ставит развитие цифрового образования среди женщин в бизнесе, что позволяет не только учиться, но и развивать нужные связи в профильных некоммерческих организациях. Предлагаемое исследование направлено на выявление отраслей, в которых в основном работают женщины-предприниматели, на анализ удобных условий для развития предпринимательства, возглавляемого женщинами, а также тех препятствий, которые возникают на пути развития их бизнеса, и на предложение решений, которые могли бы снять эти проблемы. The growth of women's entrepreneurship around the world has become a global trend, which makes it possible to call these phenomena a quiet revolution. In Africa, this segment of the economy is developing rapidly. The relevance of the stated issues is explained both by these trends and by statistical data. In the countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Africa, etc.), according to statistics, women are leaders on average, about a third of all companies; in Senegal, the share of women entrepreneurs and company managers reaches 37%, in Botswana - 32%, in South Africa 26%. Conditions for the development of women's businesses in Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire, and Uganda are considered favorable. Despite significant contributions to the economic development of a number of African countries, women face barriers to quality education, and women-owned businesses in the region are limited in available investment and infrastructure. Support for women's business is provided by various international organizations, such as the International Association Francophonie, as well as regional organizations and projects. Regional social structures concentrate their activities on financial, economic, information support and education. Thus, the Women's Fund of Côte d'Ivoire (FAFCI) provides microloans for business development. Others, like the mobile operator Orange, place the development of digital education among women in business at the center of their support program, which allows them not only to study, but also to develop the necessary connections in specialized non-profit organizations. The proposed study aims to identify the industries in which women entrepreneurs mainly work, to analyze the favorable conditions for the development of women-led entrepreneurship, as well as the obstacles that arise in the development of their businesses, and to propose solutions that could remove these Problems.

Using regionally linked facility and household surveys, we measured the quality of integrated antenatal care and malaria in pregnancy services in Kenya, Namibia, Senegal, and Tanzania. We examined country heterogeneities for the association of integrated antenatal and malaria service quality scores with insecticide-treated bed net (ITN) use in pregnant women and children under-five and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp-2) uptake. Malaria in pregnancy service quality was low overall. Our findings suggest modest, positive associations between malaria in pregnancy quality and ITN use and IPTp-2 uptake across pooled models and for most studied countries, with evidence of heterogeneity in the strength of associations and relevant confounding factors. Antenatal care quality generally was not associated with the study outcomes, although a positive interaction with malaria in pregnancy quality was present for pooled ITN use models. The improved quality of malaria services delivered during formal antenatal care can help address low coverage and usage rates of preventive malaria interventions in pregnancy and childhood. Study findings may be used to target quality improvement efforts at the sub-national level. Study methods may be adapted to identify low-performing facilities for intervention and adaption to other areas of care, such as HIV/AIDS, child immunizations, and postnatal care.

Work stress is one key health outcome that is responsive to the work–family interface, particularly to the extent to which work and family life lead to conflict outside of their respective spheres. Previous scholarship examining work stress cross-nationally has highlighted the culturally specific work expectations that shape worker experiences in the workplace. However, those work expectations are shaped by cultural opportunities for women and men. This article adds to the literature on cross-national understandings of work using 2010 European Social Survey data ( N = 4,278 women and 3,712 men) to examine the extent to which country-level differences in gender equality shape the experiences of worker stress in 26 countries. After controlling for individual-level demands and resources (in the home and workplace), the analysis yields two key findings. First, there is an association between work-to-family conflict and worker stress for both women and men, but the association between family-to-work conflict and worker stress was evident only among women. Second, the gendered cultural context shapes women’s experience of workplace stress both directly and through moderating the negative influences of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict. The findings have specific significance for understanding how cultural context shapes whether workplace policies can be used as mechanisms to reduce worker stress.

In the challenging and volatile financial markets, an investor needs to change his financial objectives frequently, leading to a diversified portfolio of investments. The financial future of the individual investor depends on his rational decisionmaking. This research aims to evaluate various determinants of financial decision-making concerning working women in the National Capital Region, India. It examines the association of financial literacy, personal finance planning, and riskbehaviour with the financial decision-making of working females. The research also studies the different exogenous variables of financial literacy, including financial attitude (FA), financial behaviour (FB) and financial knowledge (FK). It utilises a quantitative approach for predicting relationships between the identified variables. The study is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale and was analysed through a partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The study results suggest a positive and significant association of financial literacy and personal finance planning with financial decision-making by working women. On the other hand, risk behaviour negatively affects financial decision-making. The findings also reveal that all three exogenous variables, financial attitude, financial behaviour and financial knowledge, have a strong relationship with financial literacy. The research is relevant for individual women investing in various financial avenues to take better decisions. This study also benefits financial managers and institutions to target as women are potential investors in a developing country like India.

Oceans cover the majority of the planet and are home to a vast quantity of diverse yet interconnected ecosystems. The volume of living space provided by the sea is 168 times greater than that provided by the earth’s landscapes (Clark et al. 5). Given the wealth of creatures living in the seas, as well as those in lakes, swamps, and rivers, and given the much-touted health aspects of aquatic flesh and the environmental nightmare linked with animal agriculture, should we turn to a diet of pollock, shrimp, and salmon? In the 18th and 19th centuries, a mercury wash was used to produce felt hats. In the process workers were exposed to and absorbed bits of the substance and developed mercury poisoning. As a consequence, those who were employed in the felt hat industry often stumbled about “in a confused state with slurred speech and trembling hands” and “were sometimes mistaken for drunks” (“Mad as a Hatter”). Mercury poisoning “attacks the nervous system, causing drooling, hair loss, uncontrollable muscle twitching, a lurching gait, and difficulties in talking and thinking” (“Mad as a Hatter”). From this comes the term made famous in Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, “mad as a hatter.” Between 1973 and 1997, fish consumption rose from 45 to 91 million metric tons (Delgado 1). The American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least twice a week for heart health (“Omega-3 Fatty Acids”). The National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition accepted “thousands of dollars from the fishing industry” to promote a recommendation that pregnant women eat “at least 12 ounces of fish per week” (“Fishy Recommendations” 23). Fish flesh is touted as “healthy meat” in comparison with the flesh of terrestrial animals. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are credited with helping everything from heart disease to diabetes, but fish flesh also contains deadly mercury (as well as “dioxins . . . and poly-chlorinated biphenyls”—PCBs) (“Omega-3 Fatty Acids”). Longer-living predator fish such as tuna, marlin, shark, mackerel, and swordfish “can have mercury concentrations that are hundreds or thousands of times, possibly even a million times, greater than concentrations in the water in which they swim” (Smith and Lourie 151).

Chapter 6 describes Headen’s successful application of Wood’s “coalition economics” to the automotive industry. Focusing on the Headen Motor Company, which Headen founded in Chicago in 1921, the chapter describes his amassing of a diverse coalition to finance the effort. Attracting investors, black and white, male and female, Northern and Southern, his coalition included business owners, ministers, political figures, journalists, fraternal and civic leaders, club women, and auto racing enthusiasts. Prominent members included national figures Robert S. Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender, former Carolina Congressman George Washington Murray, and Florida educator Blanche Armwood Beatty. The chapter also addresses Headen’s emergence as a leading proponent of transportation technologies in the black press; his technological vision; his growing interest in dirt-track racing; and his establishment in 1924 of the Afro-American Automobile Association, a motorist’s support organization.