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Panagiotopoulou, V. C., K. Davda, H. S. Hothi, J. Henckel, A. Cerquiglini, W. D. Goodier, J. Skinner, A. Hart, and P. R. Calder. "A retrieval analysis of the Precice intramedullary limb lengthening system." Bone & Joint Research 7, no. 7 (July 2018): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.77.bjr-2017-0359.r1.
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Objectives The Precice nail is the latest intramedullary lengthening nail with excellent early outcomes. Implant complications have led to modification of the nail design. The aim of this study was to perform a retrieval study of Precice nails following lower-limb lengthening and to assess macroscopical and microscopical changes to the implants and evaluate differences following design modification, with the aim of identifying potential surgical, implant, and patient risk factors. Methods A total of 15 nails were retrieved from 13 patients following lower-limb lengthening. Macroscopical and microscopical surface damage to the nails were identified. Further analysis included radiology and micro-CT prior to sectioning. The internal mechanism was then analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to identify corrosion. Results Seven male and three female patients underwent 12 femoral lengthenings. Three female patients underwent tibial lengthening. All patients obtained the desired length with no implant failure. Surface degradation was noted on the telescopic part of every nail design, less on the latest implants. Microscopical analysis confirmed fretting and pitting corrosion. Following sectioning, black debris was noted in all implants. The early designs were found to have fractured actuator pins and the pin and bearings showed evidence of corrosive debris. The latest designs showed evidence of biological deposits suggestive of fluid ingress within the nail but no corrosion. Conclusion This study confirms less internal corrosion following modification, but evidence of titanium debris remains. We recommend no change to current clinical practice. However, potential reuse of the Precice nail, for secondary limb lengthening in the same patient, should be undertaken with caution. Cite this article: V. C. Panagiotopoulou, K. Davda, H. S. Hothi, J. Henckel, A. Cerquiglini, W. D. Goodier, J. Skinner, A. Hart, P. R. Calder. A retrieval analysis of the Precice intramedullary limb lengthening system. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:476–484. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.77.BJR-2017-0359.R1.
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Natasya, Titania, Muthia Embun Khairafah, Murna Sari Br Sembiring, and Laura Nazrifah Hutabarat. "Corrosion Factors on Nail." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v5i1.33159.
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Corrosion is a chemical phenomenon in metal materials that can occur due to physical, chemical or biological processes. Physical processes are characterized by the destruction of metal morphology, chemical processes are characterized by chemical processes that occur in metals, and biological processes are characterized by the activity of destructive bacteria on metals. In this practicum, corrosion experiments were carried out on nails. The subjects in this study were 6 nails. This research was conducted by quantitative method, namely Experiment. The experimental method is a quantitative research method used to determine the effect of the independent variable (treatment) on the dependent variable (outcome) under controlled conditions. The result of his research is that the fastest and most visible corrosion is in plastic cups which are given hot water as a medium.
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Wu, Haoliang, Jing Yu, Jiajia Zhou, Weiwen Li, and Christopher K. Y. Leung. "Experimental Study on Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Soil Nail with Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Grout." Infrastructures 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6110161.
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Conventionally, a soil nail is a piece of steel reinforcement installed inside a hole drilled into the slope and filled with cement paste (CP) grout. Chloride penetration is a major deterioration mechanism of conventional soil nails as the CP grout is easy to crack with an uncontrollable crack opening when the soil nail is subject to loading or ground movements. Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) are a class of fiber-reinforced material exhibiting excellent crack control even when loaded to several percent of strain, and therefore, ECCs have great potential to replace traditional CP grout in soil nails for achieving a long service life. In this study, the chloride ion transport characteristics and electrically accelerated corrosion process of steel rebar in ECC and CP grouts are systematically studied. The rapid chloride ion penetration test results showed a reduction of 76% and 58% passing charges in ECC with 0.15% and 0.3% pre-loading strain, respectively, as compared to that in un-cracked CP. Furthermore, the accelerated corrosion experimental data showed that ECC under pre-loading strain still exhibited a coefficient of chloride ion diffusion that is 20–50% lower than CP grout due to the ability to control crack width. Service life calculations based on experimentally measured parameters showed that the predicted corrosion rate and corrosion depth of soil nails in ECC grout were much lower than those in CP grout. The findings can facilitate the design of soil nails with excellent durability and long service life.
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Frommer, Adrien, Robert Roedl, Georg Gosheger, Julian Hasselmann, Cordula Fuest, Gregor Toporowski, Andrea Laufer, Henning Tretow, Martin Schulze, and Bjoern Vogt. "Focal osteolysis and corrosion at the junction of Precice Stryde intramedullary lengthening device." Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.107.bjr-2021-0146.r1.
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Aims This study aims to enhance understanding of clinical and radiological consequences and involved mechanisms that led to corrosion of the Precice Stryde (Stryde) intramedullary lengthening nail in the post market surveillance era of the device. Between 2018 and 2021 more than 2,000 Stryde nails have been implanted worldwide. However, the outcome of treatment with the Stryde system is insufficiently reported. Methods This is a retrospective single-centre study analyzing outcome of 57 consecutive lengthening procedures performed with the Stryde nail at the authors’ institution from February 2019 until November 2020. Macro- and microscopic metallographic analysis of four retrieved nails was conducted. To investigate observed corrosion at telescoping junction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were performed. Results Adjacent to the nail’s telescoping junction, osteolytic changes were observed in bi-planar radiographs of 20/57 segments (35%) after a mean of 9.5 months (95% confidence interval 7.2 to 11.9) after surgery. A total of 8/20 patients with osseous alterations (40%) reported rest and ambulation pain of the lengthened segment during consolidation. So far, 24 Stryde nails were retrieved and in 20 (83%) macroscopic corrosion was observed at the nail’s telescoping junction. Before implant removal 11/20 radiographs (55%) of lengthened segments with these 20 nails revealed osteolysis. Implant retrieval analysis by means of SEM showed pitting and crevice corrosion. EDX detected chromium as the main metallic element of corrosion. Conclusion Patients are exposed to the risk of implant-related osteolysis of unclear short- and long-term clinical consequences. The authors advocate in favour of an early implant removal after osseous consolidation. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):425–436.
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Yanagisawa, Yuta, Yoshinaka Shimizu, Toshiji Mukai, Yuya Sano, Kenji Odashima, Naoko Ikeo, Haruka Saito, Kensuke Yamauchi, Tetsu Takahashi, and Hiroyuki Kumamoto. "Biodegradation behaviors of magnesium(Mg)-based alloy nails in autologous bone grafts: In vivo study in rabbit skulls." Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 20 (January 2022): 228080002210952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22808000221095230.
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Objective: In this study, autologous bone grafts using bone-fixing nails made of magnesium-zinc-calcium ternary alloys were performed using rabbit skulls. Material and methods: Two types of nails for bone fixation were prepared: 2.5 mm width, 3 mm length and 2.5 mm width, 2 mm length. A disk-shaped bone with a diameter of 5 mm was resected from the parietal bone and fixed with a 3 mm long nail. As a control group, a 2 mm long nail was driven into the existing bone. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. The resected samples were observed with micro X-ray CT, and embedded in methyl methacrylate to prepare non-decalcified specimens. The in vivo localization of elements was examined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: Micro X-ray CT images of samples showed volume reduction due to degradation in both the bone graft and control groups. No significant difference in the amount of degradation between the two groups was observed, however characteristic degradation processes were observed in each group. The samples stained with alizarin red S showed amorphous areas around the nails, which were considered as corrosion products and contacted directly with the newly formed bones. EDS analysis showed that corrosion products were mainly composed of magnesium and oxygen at an early stage, while calcium and phosphorus were detected on the surface layer during the long-term observation. Conclusions: The degradation speed of the magnesium alloy nails varied depending on the shapes of the nails and surrounding tissue conditions. A calcium phosphate layer was formed on the surface of magnesium alloy nails, suggesting that the degradation rate of the nail was slow.
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Santoso, Aman, Novita Agustin, Sumari Sumari, Siti Marfuah, Rini Retnosari, Ihsan Budi Rachman, Anugrah Ricky Wijaya, and Muhammad Roy Asrori. "Synthesis of methyl esters from palm oil, candlenut oil, and sunflower seed oil and their corrosion phenomena on iron nail." AIMS Materials Science 9, no. 5 (2022): 719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2022044.
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<abstract> <p>Biodiesel products show corrosive properties. Biodiesel contains components of saturated and unsaturated esters which tend to be unstable, sensitive to light, temperature, and metal ions. Thus, the study aims to synthesize biodiesel from various vegetable oils (palm oil, sunflower seed oil, and candlenut oil), and to analyze its corrosiveness to ferrous nails and characterization of biodiesel. The research stages were: synthesis of methyl ester and its characterization, and corrosion test. The results showed that the methyl ester characteristics of the samples meet requirements with SNI7182 : 2015. In GC-MS results, the largest components of methyl esters from candlenut oil and sunflower seed oil were 35.04% methyl oleate and 46.79% methyl oleate respectively, while in palm oil, the largest components were 41.60% methyl oleate and 41.16%. methyl palmitate. Corrosion test showed that the corrosion rate of ferrous nail in biodiesel at room temperature was lower than 70 ℃. Based on GC-MS and SEM results, biodiesel contained high unsaturated fatty acids and had a corrosion rate, i.e., at room temperature, the methyl ester of palm oil, candlenut oil, and sunflower seed oil were 0.006 mpy, 0.011 mpy, and 0.011 mpy respectively, while at 70 ℃, they were 0.011 mpy, 0.016 mpy, and 0.017 mpy, respectively. The results corresponded to SEM results at high temperature and significantly high content of unsaturated fatty acids. It was indicated by the formation of pits.</p> </abstract>
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Bane, Marin, Florin Miculescu, Ana Iulia Blajan, Mihaela Dinu, and Iulian Antoniac. "Failure Analysis of some Retrieved Orthopedic Implants Based on Materials Characterization." Solid State Phenomena 188 (May 2012): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.188.114.
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The aim of this paper is to determine causes of failure of orthopedic implants like intramedullary nail based on explants analysis and materials characterization. The clinical performance, corrosion characteristics and metallurgical properties of some retrieved titanium femoral nails have been examined. The macroscopic and the microscopic investigation of explants help us to describe the breaking mechanism and to identify the potential causes that led to implant failure.
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Hothi, Harry, Sean Bergiers, Johann Henckel, Alexis D. Iliadis, William David Goodier, Jonathan Wright, John Skinner, Peter Calder, and Alister J. Hart. "Analysis of retrieved STRYDE nails." Bone & Joint Open 2, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.28.bjo-2021-0126.
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Aims The aim of this study was to present the first retrieval analysis findings of PRECICE STRYDE intermedullary nails removed from patients, providing useful information in the post-market surveillance of these recently introduced devices. Methods We collected ten nails removed from six patients, together with patient clinical data and plain radiograph imaging. We performed macro- and microscopic analysis of all surfaces and graded the presence of corrosion using validated semiquantitative scoring methods. We determined the elemental composition of surface debris using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and used metrology analysis to characterize the surface adjacent to the extendable junctions. Results All nails were removed at the end of treatment, having achieved their intended lengthening (20 mm to 65 mm) and after regenerate consolidation. All nails had evidence of corrosion localized to the screw holes and the extendable junctions; corrosion was graded as moderate at the junction of one nail and severe at the junctions of five nails. EDS analysis showed surface deposits to be chromium rich. Plain radiographs showed cortical thickening and osteolysis around the junction of six nails, corresponding to the same nails with moderate – severe junction corrosion. Conclusion We found, in fully united bones, evidence of cortical thickening and osteolysis that appeared to be associated with corrosion at the extendable junction; when corrosion was present, cortical thickening was adjacent to this junction. Further work, with greater numbers of retrievals, is required to fully understand this association between corrosion and bony changes, and the influencing surgeon, implant, and patient factors involved. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):599–610.
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Cheng, Y. M., and Wen Bing Wei. "Application of Innovative GFRP Pipe Soil Nail System in Hong Kong." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 3006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.3006.
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The current method of soil nail construction in Hong Kong is both labour intensive as well as expensive and a search for new soil nail material is required. In the present pilot test, light weight high strength and high corrosion resistance GFRP pipe with Tube a’ Manchette grouting technique is used as soil nail instead of the conventional steel reinforcement. It is found that this material can be handled easily on site with difficult access. From extensive laboratory as well as field tests, it is demonstrated that this new soil nail technique has various advantages for use in Hong Kong and many developed cities. The field test results on this innovative soil nail will be discussed in this paper.
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Ghiban, Brandusa, Iulian Antoniac, Gheorghe Dan, Alexandru Ghiban, and Razvan Ene. "Metallurgical Failure Analysis of Intramedullary Nail Used for Femoral Fracture Stabilization." Key Engineering Materials 695 (May 2016): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.695.178.
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Currently orthopedics challenge is the use of intramedullary nails to straighten diaphyseal femoral fractures. In this paper it was conducted a case study on an intramedullary nail used for femoral fracture stabilization, in the case of one young patient. The evolution was unfavorable to the fracture site and the implant failed after three month of first surgical intervention. Intramedullary nail dimensions were 300mm length and 10mm in diameter. The following investigations were made in order to establish the failure causes: determination of the chemical composition through spectral analysis, macrostructural analysis using stereomicroscopy, optical microstructural analysis using optical microscopy, fractographic analysis using scanning electron microscopy. The final conclusions showed that the metallic biomaterial used for manufacturing the intramedullary nail was approximately an austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L, but with major microstructural defects. Macro-structural analysis revealed the presence of two zones of cracking, which are very rare at austenitic stainless steels. Also breaking with a fragile character has radial front tear propagation. In longitudinal section, cracks were evidenced due to the extraction operation and also the presence of corrosion products was shown. From fractographic analysis it was determined that intramedullary nail failure was predominantly through the mechanism of brittle fracture that took place at the point of maximum bending of the implant fragile.
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Losertová, Monika, Jaromír Drápala, Kateřina Konečná, and Leopold Pleva. "Study of Fracture Feature of Titanium Based Alloys for Biocompatible Implants after Removal from Human Body." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.449.
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The study of microstructure and fracture surfaces was performed on specimens of reconstruction plate, reconstruction nail and elastic nail. The composition and phase analysis of microstructure was performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) JEOL JSM - 6490LV equipped with EDS INCA X - ACT probe. Examination of fracture surfaces by SEM confirmed that damage was not simply due to fatigue but contained evidence of corrosion and mechanical fretting as well.
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Zelinka, Samuel L., and Douglas R. Rammer. "Modeling the Effect of Nail Corrosion on the Lateral Strength of Joints." Forest Products Journal 62, no. 3 (May 2012): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/0015-7473-62.3.160.
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Hernández, Y., O. Troconis de Rincón, A. Torres, S. Delgado, J. Rodríguez, and O. Morón. "Relación entre la velocidad de corrosión de la armadura y el ancho de fisuras en vigas de concreto armado expuestas a ambientes que simulan el medio marino." Revista ALCONPAT 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v6i3.152.
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Relación entre la velocidad de corrosión de la armadura y el ancho de fisuras en vigas de concreto armado expuestas a ambientes que simulan el medio marino RESUMENEsta investigación presenta una relación empírica entre la velocidad de corrosión de la armadura y la velocidad de ensanchamiento de fisuras por corrosión del recubrimiento de concreto en vigas, con o sin aplicación de carga. Se evaluaron vigas de concreto armado, expuestas a un proceso de corrosión natural mediante el rociado con solución salina al 3,5 %p/p de NaCl, para acelerar el proceso corrosivo de la armadura, mediante ensayos electroquímicos. El ancho de fisuras se evaluó mensualmente para estimar la relación existente entre éste y la pérdida de sección de la armadura. Los resultados demuestran que existe una relación directa entre la propagación del ancho de fisuras y la velocidad de corrosión, observando fisuras de mayor ancho en vigas cargadas.Palabras clave: corrosion; concreto armado; vigas cargadas; ancho de fisuras. Reinforcement corrosion rate and crack width relationship in concrete beams exposed to simulated marine environment ABSTRACTThis investigation presents an empirical correlation between the rebar corrosion rate and the corrosion-induced crack width propagation rate produced on beam's concrete cover, with or without load application to these beams. Reinforced concrete beams were evaluated, exposed to a natural corrosion process by spraying with 3.5 %w/w NaCl solution, to accelerate the rebar corrosion process, was performed with electrochemical tests. The beams corrosion-cracking evaluation was performed once every month, to determine the relation between crack width and the rebar corrosion loss. The results showed a direct relation between crack width propagation and rebar corrosion rate, showing wider cracks in the loaded beams.Keywords: corrosion; reinforced concrete; loaded beams; crack widths. Relação entre a velocidade de corrosão da armadura e a largura das fissuras em vigas de concreto armado expostas a ambientes que simulam o ambiente marinho RESUMOEsta pesquisa apresenta uma relação empírica entre a taxa de corrosão da armadura e a abertura de fissuras por efeito da corrosão da armadura em vigas de concreto, com ou sem aplicação de carga. Foram avaliadas vigas de concreto armado, expostas a um processo de corrosão natural por pulverização com solução salina a concentração de 3,5% de NaCl, para acelerar o processo de corrosão da armadura, mediante ensaios eletroquímicos. A abertura das fissuras foi avaliada mensalmente para estimar a relação entre ela e a perda de seção da armadura. Os resultados mostram que existe uma relação direta entre a propagação da abertura da fissura e a taxa de corrosão, observando a ocorrência de fissuras de maior abertura nas vigas sob carga.Palavras-chave: corrosão; vigas de concreto armado sob carga; abertura de fissuras.
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Takanashi, Ryuya, Kei Sawata, Yoshihisa Sasaki, and Akio Koizumi. "Withdrawal strength of nailed joints with decay degradation of wood and nail corrosion." Journal of Wood Science 63, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-016-1600-5.
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Hlava, Paul, Jeff Braithwaite, and Rob Sorensen. "Microprobe study of diode corrosion." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100163538.
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A few diodes from a production lot were discovered to have unacceptable current leak rates after about 5 years of storage. Inspection revealed the presence of copper sulfide deposits that bridged the external body of the diode and presumably provided a leakage path. Figure 1 shows the physical configuration of a diode. The function of this device is performed by a silicon-based semiconductor that is bonded between two cylinders of tungsten with copper headpins (Cu wire with a flat “nail-head” formed on one end) brazed to the opposite ends of the cylinders. A toroidal ring of glass protects the Si chip. All exposed metal parts are covered by an immersion plating of Ag. Then the entire assembly is coated with black epoxy and a band of green ink is applied to the cathode end. During storage, each diode was placed in a cardboard holder and secured in stacks of about ten with rubber bands.Analytical and environmental exposure studies were performed at Allied Signal and Sandia to determine the cause and potential long-term significance of this corrosion-related degradation problem. The objective of the analytical work was to characterize the corrosion product and help identify the corrosion mechanism. Tools included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, SIMS, and x-ray diffraction.
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Olawale, O., J. O. Bello, B. T. Ogunsemi, U. C. Uchella, A. P. Oluyori, and N. K. Oladejo. "Optimization of chicken nail extracts as corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in 2M H2SO4." Heliyon 5, no. 11 (November 2019): e02821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02821.
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Kumar, Prashant. "Clinical Performance of Intramedullary Nailing system for Tibia Fractures: A Retrospective study." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 7, no. 03 (June 25, 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/124.
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Background: The tibia, or shinbone, is the common fracture long bone in body. There are two option includes, reamed and unreamed of surgical treatment of fractures. Reamed nail has some advantage but they significantly harmful the endosteal circulation. Unreamed nail surplus the endosteal circulation but provide a less stable fixation. Afterward, because of ability to lock the nail proximally and distally, closed intramedullary nailing turned into an acknowledged treatment for closed shaft cracks during the ninth decade. Aim: The main objective is to treat the tibia fractures by implanting the Intramedullary nailing system (Interlocking cannulated tibia nail and Expert tibia nail) manufactured by Auxein Medical Private Limited, Sonipat, India. Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, studied the results of intramedullary tibia nail in treatment of tibia fracture. A total of 25 consecutive patients were included in this study (11male, 14 female and average age 42.9 years). Fracture type was classified as per the Muller AO classification of fracture. Results: The outcomes of clinical treatment were obtained in our study; No pain (92%), Mild pain (8%) after 2 year follow up. The follow up of patients were taken on 4-week, 1-year, 2-year according to VAS score. Paired t test was performed for statistical data analysis using Minitab and values of p<.05 were taken to indicate significant value with confidence interval of 95%. No implant related problem have been found like loosening, bending, corrosion etc. Conclusion: Our outcomes with interlocking cannulated and Expert tibial interlocking nailing are empowering and exhibit the advantages of new nailing framework. It has been concluded that intramedullary tibia nailing system is best method for treatment of tibia fracture with good results and outcomes.
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Zuurmond, Rutger G., Peter Pilot, Aart D. Verburg, Pieter Buma, and Sjoerd K. Bulstra. "No significant corrosion after bridging nail osteosynthesis of a periprosthetic fractured femur: A retrieval report." Injury Extra 40, no. 1 (January 2009): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2008.10.005.
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Mahecha-Gómez, Andrey Felipe, Claudia Patricia Mejía-Villagrán, and Jhon Jairo Olaya-Flórez. "Aplicación de una metodología mixta para la selección de materiales resistentes a la corrosión en medios ácidos y salinos." Respuestas 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.265.
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Objetivo: En este artículo se presenta una metodología mixta de selección de materiales para determinar qué material presenta la mejor relación entre resistencia a la corrosión, propiedades mecánicas y costos. Metodología: El trabajo se llevó a cabo utilizando pruebas potenciodinámicas de extrapolación (Tafel) e impedancia electroquímica (EIS), sometiendo las muestras a medios corrosivos de NaCl (3%) y H2SO4 (5%). Las muestras utilizadas fueron el cerámico Zirconia no sinterizada y los aceros AISI 304L, AISI 316 y AISI 316L. Finalmente se aplicó una metodología de selección de materiales para escoger el material que presenta mejor comportamiento en este tipo de medios. Resultados: Como resultado, para las pruebas de extrapolación Tafel con 5% de ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), se obtuvo que el acero AISI 316 presenta la corriente de corrosión más baja y una pasivación a mayor potencia. En el medio electrolítico con 3%de NaCl, se observa que los valores de potencial de corrosión más altos se presentan en los aceros inoxidables, evidenciándose una menor velocidad de corrosión en los aceros de la serie 316. Conclusiones: Como resultado se obtuvo que el acero AISI 316 utilizado presenta el mejor comportamiento de resistencia a la corrosión en los medios Medios ácidos y salinos.Abstract Objective: This article presents a mixed materials selection methodology is presented to determine which material has the best balance between corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and costs. Methods: The work was realized using potentiodynamic tests of extrapolation (Tafel) and electrochemical impedance (EIS), subjecting the samples to corrosive media of NaCl (3%) and H2SO4 (5%). The samples used were zirconia, steel AISI 304L, AISI 316 and AISI 316L. Finally a mixed methodology was applied in the materials selection to choose the material that has better comportment in this type of electrolyte. Results: For Tafel extrapolation test with 5% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was obtained that AISI 316 steel which has the lowest current corrosion and passivation at higher power. In the electrolytic medium with 3 % NaCl, shows that higher values for corrosion potential present in stainless steels, showing a lower corrosion rate in the steels of the 316 series. Conclusions: The results showed that steel AISI 316 used presents the best performance to corrosion resistance in saline and acid.Palabras claves: Corrosión, Medios ácidos y salinos, Metodología mixta, Selección de materiales.
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Nurhikmah, Nurhikmah, and Minarni R. Jura. "Concentration Effect of Watermelon Skin Extracts (Albedo) as Organic Inhibitors on the Corrosion of Iron Nails in 3% NaCl Medium Solution." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 10, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2021.v10.i3.pp153-158.
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This study aimed to determine the concentration effect of skin extract in watermelon on the inhibition of corrosion rates of iron nails in the corrosive medium of NaCl solution and seawater as a comparison. The study began with the first maceration of the skin in watermelon and then followed by evaporation to produce extracts specific gravity 0,097 gram/mL as inhibitors with variations in concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16%. The method of determining the corrosion rate used was the weight loss method from the 7-day immersion process. The results showed that the greatest corrosion inhibition efficiency occurred at a concentration of 8% for immersion with 3% NaCl corrosive medium and 4% concentration for immersion in seawater with the efficiency of 11.56% and 22.15%, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it was found that each addition of extract in watermelon can affect the effectiveness of inhibition.
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KSIĄŻEK, Mariusz. "The Use of Sulfur Waste to Protect Against Corrosion of Metal Implants." Recent Progress in Materials 03, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2102024.
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Metal parts of endoprosthesis have a detrimental effect on the bones that come into contact with them and on the entire body of the patient. Coating them with biocompatible layers (hydroxyapatite and bioglass) has not yet brought about permanent results. In this study, the author showed the possibility of using a binder containing sulfur waste for this purpose. The sulfur binder is used industrially in electrical engineering and construction applications. The chemical properties of elemental sulfur indicate that it is a biocompatible material. Previous studies on rats have shown that sulfur binder is a biocompatible material. A steel surgical nail covered with sulfur waste, placed in a sheep's femur, showed excellent stabilization by adhering bone tissue to the composite layer. From the results, it is convinced that the composite made of sulfur waste creates new possibilities in the field of production of biocomposites for surgical applications. The prepared biocomposite composition was sulfur waste-69.5%, mineral quartz dust-30%, and technical soot-0.5%. There is no information on similar studies in the world literature. So far, sulfur waste has been used in the electrical and construction industries. The literature shows that no researcher has used sulfur waste in biocomposites. So, the current study is a pioneering experimental study in this area.
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Zhang, Hongfei, Yue Shen, Yutian Ding, Ruimin Li, and Jian Lei. "In vitro corrosion and in vivo behavior of high strength Mg-6Zn-1Mn alloy wire for gastrointestinal anastomosis nail application." Biomaterials Advances 142 (November 2022): 213159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213159.
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Brezinová, J., J. Koncz, D. Draganovská, and A. Guzanová. "The evaluation of corrosion properties of coated materials by utilization of EIS." Koroze a ochrana materialu 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2016-0006.
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Abstract The paper presents results of research aimed at determining the corrosive properties of steel with cathode metal coating in selected corrosive environments. The corrosion properties of the tin coated steel were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic tests. For realised measurements, distilled water, 0.5 mol dm−3 NaCl solution, 0.1 mol dm−3 NaCl solution and SARS, which simulates acid rain were used as corrosive solutions. Both corrosion methods are suitable for diagnosing corrosion properties of steel with metal coatings.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Some Non-destructive Testing for Al metal in 0.1N of NaCl and NaOH." Baghdad Science Journal 8, no. 4 (December 4, 2011): 988–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.8.4.988-995.
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In this work the corrosion behavior of Al metal was studied by using non- destructive testing (NDT), which is a noninvasive technique for determining the integrity of a material. The ultrasonic waves was used to measure the corrosion which occur by two corrosive medium (0.1N sodium chloride and 0.1N sodium hydroxide) and study the corrosion by weight-loss method and electrochemical method in addition to performance the microscopic inspection for the samples before and after the immersion in the corrosive medium. Corrosion parameters were interpreted in these media which involve corrosion potential (Ecorr) and corrosion current density (icorr). The results indicate that both media was corrosive but the 0.1N NaOH was more corrosive than 0.1N NaCI. Micro hardness test indicates that, the hardness value of the testing metal is decrease in 0.1N NaOH solution more than 0.1N NaCl solution with longest time of immersion.
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Moon, Kyung Man, Myeong Hoon Lee, and Tae Sil Baek. "Effect of Osmotic Pressure by Salt Concentration on Corrosion Resistance of Anti-Corrosive Paint." Materials Science Forum 926 (July 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.926.31.
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Recently, many types of constructional steels have been often exposed to severely corrosive environments due to acid rain with increasing environmental contamination. To control corrosion problems, a painting protection method has been widely applied to numerous constructional steels on land as well as offshore. Therefore, development of anti-corrosive paint with good quality of corrosion resistance is very important from an economical perspective. In this study, four types of anti-corrosive paint were coated to test specimens, and then, were immersed in various salt solutions (0.1, 3 and 9% NaCl solution) for 11 days. Corrosion resistance of these samples by effect of osmotic pressure with various salt concentration was investigated with electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, impedance and corrosion current density. Corrosion current density of these samples submerged in 0.1% NaCl solution exhibited highest value than those immersed in 3% and 9% NaCl solutions because water, dissolved oxygen and chloride ion etc. is easily to invade towards inner side of coating film due to increasing osmotic pressure compared to 3% and 9% NaCl solutions. However, corrosion current densities of all samples in the case of submerged in 9% NaCl solution exhibited higher values compared to 3% NaCl solution.Thus, a large amount of chloride ion dissolved in 9% NaCl solution plays a more critical role in corrosion behavior of coated steel rather than osmotic pressure. Consequently, the corrosion mechanism between coated steel and bare steel plates is different from each other because of presence of osmotic pressure between salt solution and coating film of coated steel plate. As a result, corrosion resistance of tcoated steel plate may be depend on the osmotic pressure as well as salt concentration
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Ruela, Marcela São Paulo, and Dalila Moreira da Silveira. "CORROSÃO DE AÇO GALVANIZADO EM SOLUÇÕES ÁCIDAS." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 3, no. 8 (October 4, 2017): 1250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl3iss8pp1250-1258.
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Neste estudo, o comportamento corrosivo do aço galvanizado em soluções ácidas é analisado através dos ensaios de potencial de circuito aberto e polarização potenciodinâmica. Os corpos de prova foram imersos soluções de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) 3,5% p/v e sulfato de sódio (Na2SO4) 1% p/v com pH iguais a 2 e 4 para ambas. O meio reacional mais propenso a corrosão foi de NaCl 3,5% e pH 4, enquanto os menos corrosivos foram soluções de Na2SO4, independentemente do pH. Foi constatado que o fator que mais influenciou na corrosão foi a solução utilizada, sendo o pH pouco significante nas condições experimentais empregadas.
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Li, Yun, Shi Zhi Shang, Ming Cheng, Liang Xu, and Shi Hong Zhang. "Corrosion Behavior of Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 Bulk Amorphous Alloy in 3.5% NaCl Solution." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.427.
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The corrosion behavior of Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 bulk amorphous alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated by using potentiodynamic polarization experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 bulk amorphous alloy has the better corrosion resistance than its corresponding crystal alloy. During the bath in the 3.5% NaCl solution at 25°C, Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 alloy has the lower corrosion current density than the corresponding crystal alloy. After 100h, the corrosion current densities of Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 and the corresponding crystal alloy are 3.8415×10-8A/cm2 and 5.2827×10-7A/cm2, respectively. The results of EIS test indicate that Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 bulk amorphous alloy has the excellent corrosion resistance because passive film with stable structure formed on the surface in 3.5% NaCl solution. With an increase in the immersion time, the passive film becomes thicker. It leads to impedance resistance and corrosion resistance decrease. The surface of Zr53.5Cu26.5Ni5Al12Ag3 bulk amorphous alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution for 100h was analyzed by SEM and EDS. The results show that the corrosive pitting can be found at both the amorphous alloy and the corresponding crystal alloy. However, the amorphous alloy has the better corrosive pitting resistance than the crystal one because the corrosion products formed by selective dissolving of Zr and Al elements. Moreover, the addition of Ag element helps to improve the corrosion resistance of the amorphous alloy greatly.
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Liu, Guan Guo, Ai Bin Ma, Chao Ming Pang, Ping Zhang, Hong Gen Qin, and Lun Wang. "Corrosion Behavior of F30S30 Concrete under Wet-Dry Cycles in Simulated Seawater with Magnesium Salt and Sulfate." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1366.
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In this paper, we present the corrosion behavior of F30S30 concrete used for a bridge cap which was investigated in simulated seawater with 2.0% NaCl, 0.35% MgCl2, and 0.25% Na2SO4under wetdry cycles. This behavior was compared with those in 3.5% NaCl, 5.0% Na2SO4, and 3.5% NaCl + 5% Na2SO4solutions. Results show that the change in pore structure obtained through X-ray computed tomography could reflect the amount of corrosion products and the degree of destruction. The variety and quantity of corrosion products varied with the corrosive environment. The damage mechanisms of concrete also changed according to the corrosive environment. The effects of Mg2+and SO42-were superimposed on each other for the simulated seawater environment, thereby posing a serious threat to the structure, primarily through damage and coarsening of the pore structure caused by Mg2+.
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Zhang, Yifeng, Wei Chen, Hanbing Yan, Xuefeng Wang, Hanping Zhang, and Shijing Wu. "The Effect of Atmospheric Chloride Ions on the Corrosion Fatigue of Metal Wire Clips in Power Grids." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020237.
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Corrosion fatigue is an important factor that limits the life of grid materials including wire clips. In order to study the effect of corrosion fatigue and to select suitable grid steels, this paper focuses on the corrosion fatigue properties of Q235 carbon steel, Q235 galvanized steel, and 316L stainless steel in the corrosive environments of air, 2wt% NaCl, 5wt% NaCl, and 8wt% NaCl. Through the fatigue test in the corrosive environment, and the surface morphology scanning and microstructure observation of the fracture, the following conclusions are drawn: the three materials are more susceptible to corrosion fatigue in the Cl− environment, and the higher the Cl− concentration, the greater the likelihood of fracture caused by corrosion fatigue for these three materials. By analyzing the surface roughness, dimples, and cracks in the microstructure, it is found that 316L stainless steel is highly sensitive to Cl− corrosion under cyclic stress, and Q235 galvanized steel is more resistant to Cl−. By plotting the stress fatigue life curve of Q235 galvanized steel, it is found that the corrosion fatigue life decreases as the Cl− concentration increases. For wire clips in areas with severe Cl− pollution, Q235 galvanized steel should be selected to achieve the best anti-corrosion fatigue effect; at the same time, the original parts should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner based on the predicted corrosion fatigue life.
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Starosta, Robert. "Influence of Seawater Salinity on Corrosion of Austenitic Steel." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0076.
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Abstract Due to the paramagnetic properties and the ability to passivation, for the production of hulls of some vessels (mainly warships), corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels with austenitic structure are used. This article describes the influence of seawater salinity on selected corrosion properties of high-alloy steel X5CrNi 18-10 (304). The average salinity of the seas is taken as 3.5% content of sodium chloride. Corrosion rate of the tested material was evaluated in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride was evaluated. The NaCl concentration in corrosive solutions was 0.7%, 1.4%, 2.1%, 2.8%, 3.5%, 4.2%. Corrosion tests were performed using the potentiodynamic method. The range of electrochemical potential changes was Ecorr ±150 mV. Corrosion rate was assessed on the basis of corrosion current density measurements. Corrosion potential values against the saturated calomel electrode were also determined. Based on the obtained measurement results and non-parametric significance tests carried out, a significant influence of seawater salinity on the value of corrosion current density and corrosion potential was found. The highest value of corrosion current density (jcorr), and thus the highest corrosion rate, was recorded for 3.5% NaCl solution. In the concentration range from 0.7 to 3.5% NaCl in solution, the corrosion rate of austenitic steel increases. A further increase in salinity of electrolyte results in the inhibition of corrosion rate of steel. There is almost a full negative, linear correlation between the proportion of sodium chloride in the corrosive solution and the value of corrosion potential. Along with the rise in the salinity of seawater, increase the electrochemical activity, and thus the corrosion susceptibility, thus the corrosion susceptibility, of the austenitic steel X5CrNi 18-10 was observed.
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Zhang, Ye Qin, Li Chun Qi, and Yi Sheng Huang. "Anticorrosion Property of TC27 Titanium Alloys and Application Evaluation in Tubing." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.615.
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In view of the combined effect of the load and the corrosive environment on the downhole tubing and the need for the selection of downhole tubing materials, the study on the pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, erosion corrosion, high temperature and high pressure simulation of corrosion, galvanic corrosion, resistance to sulfide stress corrosion cracking SSC, resistance to hydrogen induced cracking, stress corrosion cracking test under simulated working conditions for TC27 titanium alloy was carried out. Furthermore, the corrosion performance was evaluated by the test results and evaluation standards such as GB/T 18590-2001, SY/T 7394-2017, GB/T 15748-2013. The results show that TC27 have excellent resistance to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and erosion corrosion under the corrosive environment of NaCl and H2S. The alloy also has excellent corrosion resistance and crack resistance under high-intensity environments such as high temperature and high pressure, and has good overall performance, which can effectively meet the needs of anti-corrosion performance of downhole tubing materials in different corrosive environments.
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Michailidis, Nikolaos, Antonios Ragousis, Fani Stergioudi, and Homero Castaneda. "The footprint of surface modification treatments on the corrosion-fatigue of AA7075-T651." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818803011.
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Different manufacturing and surface modification treatments distinctively affect the surface characteristics and microstructure of the workpiece, having a different impact on their effective life-span. The corrosion-fatigue behavior of as-machined (wire-EDM), blasted and anodized aluminum alloy 7075-T651 was investigated using 3.5wt% NaCl aqueous solution and distilled water as corrosive media. An in-situ corrosion-fatigue device capable of producing cyclic loads in a corrosive solution was employed, coupled with FEM analysis. Blasting process offered a prolongation of the corrosion-fatigue life-span in both corrosive media, when compared to the as-machined samples under identical conditions. Anodizing had a deleterious effect in all the examined cases.
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Saloum, S., B. Alkhaled, W. Alsadat, M. Kakhia, and S. A. Shaker. "Plasma polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane thin films for corrosion protection." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 03 (January 29, 2018): 1850036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918500367.
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This study focused on the corrosion protection performance of plasma polymerized HMDSO thin films in two different corrosive medias, 0.3M NaCl and 0.3M H2SO4. The pp-HMDSO thin films were deposited on steel substrates for electrochemical tests using the potentiodynamic polarization technique, they were deposited also on aluminum and silicon substrates to investigate their resistance to corrosion, through the analysis of the degradation of microhardness and morphology, respectively, after immersion of the substrates for one week in the corrosive media. The results showed promising corrosion protection properties of the pp-HMDSO thin films.
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Li, Peng, Xiya Huang, and Dejun Kong. "Corrosive wear and electrochemical corrosion performances of arc sprayed Al coating in 3.5% NaCl solution." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-08-2020-2357.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of load and speed on the corrosive wear performance of Al coating in 3.5% NaCl solution, which provided an experimental reference for the anti-corrosion engineering on offshore platforms. Design/methodology/approach A layer of Al coating was prepared on S355 steel using an arc spraying. The corrosive wear test was carried out with CFT–1 type surface property tester. The effects of load and speed on the corrosive wear performance of Al coating were investigated and the wear mechanism was also discussed. The electrochemical tests were conducted using a CHI660E type electrochemical workstation, the anti-corrosion mechanism was analyzed. Findings The average coefficient of frictions (COFs) of Al coating under loads of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 N are 0.745, 0.847 and 0.423, the wear mechanism is abrasive wear. The average COFs of Al coating at the speeds of 200, 400 and 600 rpm are 0.745, 0.878 and 0.617, respectively, the wear mechanism at the speeds of 200 and 400 rpm are abrasive wear, while that at the speed of 600 rpm is abrasive wear and fatigue wear. The anti-corrosion mechanism is the isolation of Cl– corrosion and cathodic protection of sacrificial anode. Originality/value This paper mainly studied corrosive wear and electrochemical corrosion performances of Al coating. This study hereby confirms that this manuscript is the original work and has not been published nor has it been submitted simultaneously elsewhere. This paper further confirms that all authors have checked the manuscript and have agreed to the submission.
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Diana, Nia, Ediman Ginting, and Pulung Karo Karo. "The Effect of Cacao Leaf Extract as An Inhibitor with A Concentration Variation of 0%, 3%, 5%, And 7% on The Corrosion Rate of St 37 Steel with Immersion Time of 3 Days And 6 Days in NaCl Corrosive Medium 3%." Journal of Energy, Material, and Instrumentation Technology 3, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jemit.v3i4.114.
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This study aims to determine the effect of adding inhibitors of cacao leaf extract with concentrations of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% in 3% NaCl corrosive medium on the corrosion rate of St 37 steel, knowing the effect of cacao leaf extract in inhibiting the corrosion rate of St 37 steel in NaCl solution and knowing the microstructure, phase, and corrosion products on St 37 steel after immersion in NaCl solution. The weight loss method was carried out to determine the value of the resulting corrosion rate. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed the presence of tannins in the cacao leaf extract. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) result shows that the formed phase is pure Fe. It is reinforced by the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) result, which shows that the more lumps on the steel surface, the fewer Fe elements, and the more FeO corrosion product. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results show the presence of lumps of various sizes and black holes resulting from corrosion.
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Zhang, Jifu, Chunming Deng, Jinbing Song, Changguang Deng, Min Liu, and Mingjiang Dai. "Electrochemical Corrosive Behaviors of Fe-Based Amorphous/ Nanocrystalline Coating on Stainless Steel Prepared by HVOF-Sprayed." Coatings 9, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040226.
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In this study, FeCrMnWMoSi amorphous/nanocrystalline coating was prepared on stainless steel by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. In order to thoroughly evaluate this novel material, the corrosion behaviors and corrosive film characteristics of the amorphous/nanocrystalline coating in NaCl corrosive media were studied using electrochemical measurement technologies such as potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that the corrosion resistance of Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coating could be attributed to the passive film formed, which consisted of Fe, Cr, Mo, and W oxides. pH has an important influence on the corrosion resistance of amorphous/nanocrystalline coating by changing the pitting corrosion mechanism. Under neutral and acidic conditions, the corrosion mechanism of Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coating was mainly local pitting corrosion. However, under strong alkaline conditions, the amorphous/nanocrystalline coating not only had pitting corrosion, but also had the active dissolution of the passive film. Therefore, the anti-corrosion performance of Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coating under alkaline conditions was not as good as neutral and acidic corrosive medium.
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Wang, Qing Juan, Y. C. Wang, Zhong Ze Du, and Xiao Yan Liu. "Investigation on Corrosion Behaviors of Ultra-Fine Grain Copper in 3.5% NaCl Solution." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.1125.
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The corrosion behavior of ultra-fine grain (UFG) copper bulk prepared by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was studied in 3.5% NaCl solution. The effect of ECAP deformation on the copper corrosion is controversial in the literature, and worth to verify by means of various experimental techniques. Corrosion performances of UFG copper were investigated in comparison with that in recrystallized coarse grain (CG) copper by polarization curves, Tafel extrapolation method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The shape of polarization curves and type of corrosive attack remains the same in the UFG and the coarse-grain state. UFG copper exhibited a lower corrosion current and high self-corrosion potential in comparison with CG copper. Electrochemical experimental results showed that UFG copper increased in resistance to corrosion compared with CG copper. This decrease in corrosion resistance was mainly attributed to the more compact corrosion film of UFG copper. The compact passive film led to decrease of the diffusion capability of ions within the corrosion film and corrosion rate.
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Naing, Thet Htet, Somjai Janudom, Vishnu Rachpech, Narisara Mahathaninwonga, and Somkid Thiwong. "Corrosion Behavior of Galvanized Steel for Porcelain Insulator’s Pin in HVAC Transmission Line." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.45.
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The corrosion behavior of galvanized steel in corrosive media of simulated concrete pore solution (SPS) with and without NaCl has been studied for applying it to porcelain insulator’s pins in high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission line. It was found that zinc coating of galvanized steel was corroded increasingly for the first 3 days corrosion test in SPS mixed with NaCl solution. After that the passive layer was formed on the surface of galvanized coating and consequently, the corrosion rate was dramatically decreased nearly five times of initial corrosion rate after 21 days. In this experiment, the investigations have been performed by SEM, optical microscope and visual observation. The results show that this compact and well adherence passive layer can be effectively hindered the corrosion process.
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Chen, Xuedan, Qilong Liao, Min Gong, and Qingshan Fu. "Corrosion Performances of Selective Laser Melting Ti6Al4V Alloy in Different Solutions." Metals 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020192.
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Selective laser melting (SLM) can fabricate titanium and its alloy components with both elaborate internal architectures and complex shapes without geometric constrictions. The corrosion resistance of SLM-produced Ti and its alloy is crucial in some applications such as marine and biomedical environments. Here, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate the corrosion behaviors of SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V in the four corrosive media (simulated body fluid (SBF), phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS), 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution, 15 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution). The relevant results demonstrate the inferior corrosion resistance of the SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V sheet compared with the commercial casting Ti-6Al-4V sheet in the four solutions. The corrosive current density of SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V in PBS solution is 1.78 μA cm−2 and 7.065 μA cm−2 in 15 wt.% NaCl solution, and the values of charge transfer resistance for SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V in the four solutions are in the order: 17.9 kΩ cm−2 (in 15 wt.% NaCl) < 25.2 kΩ cm−2 (in 3.5 wt.% NaCl) < 28.1 kΩ cm−2 (in SBF) < 39.8 kΩ cm−2 (in PBS), demonstrating the best protective performance of the passivation film on the SLM-produced Ti-6Al-4V sheet in PBS.
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Yan, Rui, Ting Liang, Hong Chun Ren, Jin Gu, and Zhuang Zhou Ji. "Study on Corrosion Behaviors of Epoxy Aluminum Coating Immersed in 3.5%NaCl Solution." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.338.
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Electrochemical corrosion behavior of epoxy aluminum coating immersed in 3.5%NaCl solution was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM was also used to analyze the surface images of coating, and the failure mechanism was discussed as well. The experimental results showed that corrosive species can penetrate into coatings and reach the coating/substrate interface promptly, causing the decrease of electro-resistance and the beginning of electrochemical corrosion at the coatings/metal interface. The coating was compact and continuous at beginning, while the blisters and cavities appeared after corrosion, which were formed osmotic pressure created by corrosion species penetration.
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Prateepasen, Asa, Chalermkiat Jirarungsatean, and Pongsak Tuengsook. "Identification of AE Source in Corrosion Process." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.545.
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In this paper acoustic emission (AE) was implemented to detect and study the corrosion on austenitic stainless steel grade AISI 304. Two tests were conducted at room temperature using an acidic 30% Chloride solution in passive tests procedure and 3% NaCl solution in electrochemical process. From the experimental works, it appeared that AE signals could be detected during corrosion. Data were studied in time and frequency domain to characterize and to find out the relation between AE parameter and corrosion. In addition the source of generated acoustic signals and corrosive mechanism in the different corrosive environment condition were discussed.
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Dawood, Nawal Mohammed. "Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of Al-20%Ni-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites by Stir Casting." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.161.
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Aluminium as matrix in particulars have been vastlys investigateds, this is becauses of the diverses applicationss of aluminium dues to its exceptional propertiess. Material scientistss alwayss face a challenges when it comess to the tribologicals and mechanicals propertiess of aluminium, as it exudess rather poors behaviours in these aspectss. Hences this works aims to improves the mechanicals and corrosives resistances of Aluminiums by reinforcings with aluminum oxides and Nickel throughs stir casting usings vortex techniques. Al-Ni-Al2O3 composites with percentages of Ni fixed at 20 % and Al2O3 differed through 4-8% in incrementss of 2 wt. % . Composites material was prepareds by stir castings using vortex techniques. The hardness value of the aluminiums matrix composites improved with increaseds percentages of Al2O3, maximums increase was obtaineds for 8% Al2O3 composite, viewing an increases of about 55%. A generals corrosions and erosion-corrosions for the Al-20%Ni bases alloys and the prepareds composites were carrieds out in 3.5wt% NaCl solutions as corrosives mediums for general corrosions while in erosion-corrosions with impacts angles 90° in slurry solutions ( 1wt%SiO2 sand in 3.5wt% NaCl solution as the erodent). It was founds that the general corrosions rates for composite specimens is lower than thats of the bases alloy (Al-20%Ni). In case of erosion-corrosion resultss, it was founds that the erosion corrosions resistances property of the prepareds composites improveds significantlys with the increaseds percentages of Al2O3. There wass a noticeable improvements in the corrosion resistances of the aluminiums composites compareds to its purest forms, owing to the presences of nickel. Howevers, the increases in Al2O3 percentages decrease the corrosions rates. The extreme decreases was obtaineds for 8% Al2O3 composites, with a decreases of 26% corrosion rates in (mpy) unit for composites material is lowers than that of the bases alloys.
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Reza Bateni, M., Jerzy A. Szpunar, X. Wang, and Dong Yang Li. "Texture Changes of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel as a Result of Wear." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.441.
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In this research, surface texture changes of carbon steel AISI 1045 and stainless steel AISI 304 under simultaneous wear and corrosion were investigated. A solution of 3.5 % wt. NaCl was used as the corrosion agent and a pin-on-disk tribometer was employed to perform wear and corrosion wear tests.Texture investigations of the worn samples have shown texture changes after wear and corrosion-wear tests. In worn carbon steel samples after dry wear test, {011}<100> and {111} fiber texture components were developed in initially random oriented samples, whereas under corrosive-wear conditions, {111}<011> texture and {001}<110> texture were developed. In the stainless steel samples, {112}<110> texture component was observed under both dry and corrosive wear conditions, in the samples that had random grain orientations before corrosion and corrosion-wear tests.
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Kang, Zhi Xin, Yuan Yuan Li, and Kunio Mori. "Application of Polymer Plating to Inhibit Corrosion of Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.661.
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An organic compound of dihexyl-contained triazine dithiol was specially synthesized for surface modification of magnesium alloy AZ91 in order to improve its corrosion resistance. The nano-scale polymer film on the surface of AZ91 was created with the synthesized compound by means of electrochemical measuring system called as polymer plating in the electrolytic solution. The modified surface of AZ91 had the peculiar functional characteristic of water repellency to inhibit corrosion. Corrosion tests were carried out with methods of polarization curve and electrochemical impedance. The corrosion resistance was evaluated from corrosive current density and reactive resistance. When concentration of the compound was set on 8 mol/m3, the good corrosion resistance was obtained for low corrosive current density and high reactive resistance in NaCl aqueous solution at 303K.
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Krishna Prasad, M., K. Srinivasa Rao, Madhusudhan Reddy, and Gosipathala Sreedhar. "Hot Corrosion of SrTiO3 Perovskite in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 and Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl Environments at 900°C." International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4763085.
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This study examines the phase stability of perovskite SrTiO3 in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 and Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl environments at 900°C. Hot corrosion results show the formation of Sr2VO4, SrV2O6, and SrTiV5O11 phases in Na2SO4 + 50 wt.% V2O5 environment and Sr3Ti2O7, Na4TiO4, and TiO2 phases in Na2SO4 + 10 wt.% NaCl environment. Morphological observations revealed the austerity of hot corrosion attack on SrTiO3. The Sr2+ ions leached out from SrTiO3 and reacted with corrosive environments. These observations clearly indicate the destabilization of SrTiO3 in both environments.
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Pradityana, Atria, Sulistijono, Abdullah Shahab, Lukman Noerochim, and Diah Susanti. "Inhibition of Corrosion of Carbon Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution byMyrmecodia PendansExtract." International Journal of Corrosion 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6058286.
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Inhibitor is a substance that is added to the corrosive media to inhibit corrosion rate. Organic inhibitors are preferred to inorganic ones since they are environmentally friendly. One of the organic compounds which is rarely reported as a corrosion inhibitor isMyrmecodia Pendans. The organic compounds can be adsorbed on the metal surface and block the active surface to reduce the rate of corrosion. In this study, the used pipe was carbon steel API 5L Grade B with 3.5% NaCl solution as the corrosion medium. The objective of this research was to analyze the inhibition mechanismMyrmecodia Pendanstowards carbon steel in a corrosion medium. Concentration variations of extractMyrmecodia Pendanswere 0–500 ppm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used for chemical characterization ofMyrmecodia Pendans. Polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to measure the corrosion rate and behaviour. From the electrochemical measurements, it was found that the addition of 400 mg/L inhibitor gave the highest inhibition efficiency.Myrmecodia Pendansacted as a corrosion inhibitor by forming a thin layer on the metal surface.
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Kartikasari, Ratna, Soekrisno Soekrisno, M. Noer Ilman, and Suyitno Suyitno. "Hardenability and corroson resistance of as cast Fe-9Al-0,6C alloy." Material Science Research India 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070112.
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On the basis of economic considerations, Fe-Al-C alloy could be a good candidate for replacing some of the conventional stainless steel. Wherein, Al is used to replace the expensive alloy element in conventional Fe-Cr-C system. The aim of the research is to investigate harden ability and corrosion resistance of Fe-9Al-0,6C in the NaCl and H2SO4 solution. Thirty five kilograms of Fe-Al-C were prepared from mild steel scrap, high purity aluminium, and Fe-C. The alloy was prepared in an induction furnace under an argon atmosphere. Jominy test and microstructure were examined. And, the corrosion rate, were carried out with three-electrode polarization in 0.5% NaCl and 0.05 M H2SO4. The corrosion type and the morphology of the oxide scale were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Corrosions products were examined with EDS/EDAX. The optical micrograph shows that as cast Fe-9Al-0,6C alloy has ferrite and pearlite microstructure. The result of Jominy test shows that these alloy non-harden able. The result of corrosion testing showed that the alloy more resistance in NaCl than in H2SO4 solution. Optical micrograph and SEM analysis indicated that corrosion form is general corrosion and there is no trend toward intergranular attack.
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Raczkiewicz, Wioletta, Artur Wójcicki, and Adam Wójcicki. "Using the galvanostatic pulse method to estimate the corrosion of reinforcement in structural elements." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 4865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n3-080.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
Early steel bars corrosion in reinforced concrete elements is difficult to detect because of the lack of visible changes on the concrete surface. To assess reinforcement corrosion risk level without structure damage some non-destructive diagnostic methods are applied. One of them is the galvanostatic pulse method. This semi-non-destructive electrochemical method allows to determine the corrosion areas and estimate the steel bars corrosion activity. Using this method it is possible to measure some electrical parameters (corrosion current density, stationary potential and reinforcement concrete cover resistivity) that allow to indirectly estimate the reinforcement corrosion progress in concrete. So far this method has been generally applied to bridges. The article presents results of studies in which the galvanostatic pulse method was used to determine reinforcement corrosion risk in structures elements different than bridges. Two types of reinforced concrete columns were tested under different environment conditions and two groups of laboratory specimens which were subjected to freezing and thawing cycles in NaCl solution or stayed in natural air–dry conditions. The apparatus GP-5000 GalvaPulseTM was used. Based on the obtained results the conclusions were drawn. The galvanostatic pulse method allows to assess the progress of the reinforcement corrosion process in tested elements. However, it is necessary to measure simultaneously all parameters and make their complex analysis.
RESUMEN
La corrosión temprana de las barras de acero en elementos de hormigón armado es difícil de detectar debido a la falta de cambios visibles en la superficie del hormigón. Para evaluar el nivel de riesgo de corrosión de la armadura sin dañar la estructura se aplican algunos métodos de diagnóstico no destructivos. Uno de ellos es el método del pulso galvanostático. Este método electroquímico semi no destructivo permite determinar las áreas de corrosión y estimar la actividad de corrosión de las barras de acero. Utilizando este método es posible medir algunos parámetros eléctricos (densidad de corriente de corrosión, potencial estacionario y resistividad de la cubierta del hormigón de la armadura) que permiten estimar indirectamente el progreso de la corrosión de la armadura en el hormigón. Hasta ahora este método se ha aplicado generalmente a los puentes. El artículo presenta los resultados de estudios en los que se utilizó el método de impulsos galvanostáticos para determinar el riesgo de corrosión de las armaduras en elementos de estructuras diferentes a los puentes. Se ensayaron dos tipos de columnas de hormigón armado en diferentes condiciones ambientales y dos grupos de probetas de laboratorio que se sometieron a ciclos de congelación y descongelación en solución de NaCl o permanecieron en condiciones naturales de secado al aire. Se utilizó el aparato GP-5000 GalvaPulseTM. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se extrajeron las siguientes conclusiones El método de impulsos galvanostáticos permite evaluar el progreso del proceso de corrosión de la armadura en los elementos ensayados. Sin embargo, es necesario medir simultáneamente todos los parámetros y realizar su complejo análisis.
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Nayyef Farhan, Entesar. "g EFFECT OF VIBRATION-CORROSION ON ALUMINUM ALLOY(DIN1100) THAT WELDED BY TIG TECHNIQUE AND OPERATING IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 20, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v20i1.463.
Full textAbstract:
In this research studied the effect of corrosion in presence of vibration on aluminum alloy type (DIN1100) operating in sea water (3.5% NaCl) and compared these results with the same alloy after it was welded by TIG technique at the same vibrated corrosive medium, addition to study the corrosion in static medium for welded and non- welded alloy, then comparison between the four cases depending on corrosion rates and microstructures it was noted that ;the greatest percentage of corrosion rate was 43% of welded alloy at vibration-corrosion and least percentage of corrosion rate was 8% of non-welded alloy at static corrosion.
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Charalampidou, Christina Margarita, Christiaan C. E. Pretorius, Roelf J. Mostert, and Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos. "Effect of Solution Aggressiveness on the Crack Growth Resistance and Cracking Mechanism of AA2024-T3." Corrosion 77, no. 9 (June 21, 2021): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3839.
Full textAbstract:
Aluminum alloy 2024-T3 was examined using a range of microscopy techniques at the early stages of corrosion attack to investigate the corrosion-induced cracking mechanism. Two different corrosive environments—exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) and 3.5 wt% NaCl—were used for the exposure of tensile and prenotched compact-tension C(T) specimens of AA2024-T3. Different embrittlement mechanisms are noticed for the two investigated corrosive environments. Significant intergranular corrosion (IGC) and grain boundary embrittlement are evident in the specimens exposed to EXCO solution, whilethis was not the case for the milder solution comprising of 3.5 wt% NaCl. With regard to the milder solution, the corrosion attack is not only restricted to the grain boundary, but evolves transgranularly to the neighboring grains of the IGC attacked region and, consequently, the grain boundary strength in the direct vicinity is not notably affected. The extent of secondary cracks, after the exposure of C(T) specimens to EXCO solution and the subsequent crack-growth resistance evaluation, were found to correlate with the diameter of the plastically affected zone (≈3.78±0.04 mm). Additionally, the depth of these cracks was found to correlate well with the thickness of the intergranular fracture surface, giving evidence that the secondary cracks form due to grain boundary embrittlement; probably attributed to hydrogen embrittlement phenomena.