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Karlsson, Linda. "Framing Nafta : - en kritisk diskursanalytisk studie över Naftas representation i New York Times 1993 och 2009/2010." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation (JMK), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-58040.
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Frihandelsavtalet Nafta (North American Free Trade Agreement) slöts den 1:a januari 1994 mellan USA, Kanada och Mexiko.Synen på fri handel har alltid varit en laddad ideologisk fråga och det var främst fackföreningsrörelsen och miljörörelsen som kom att rikta den skarpaste kritiken mot Nafta. Den handlade bland annat om den höga mexikanska immigrationsnivån till USA, ökad arbetslöshet, att miljöfrågorna inte prioriterades och att avtalet skulle leda fram till större ekonomiska klyftor. Syftet med uppsatsen är att med enkomparativ ansats undersöka hur det mediala språkbruket i New York Times konstruerar och ramar in bilden av Nafta under åren 1993 och 2009/2010 och vilken ideologisk konsensus som dras.Genom att använda Entmans inramningsanalys (framing), van Dijks kritiska diskursanalys och Fowlers konsensusideologi, kunde bakomliggande ideologier och diskurser komma upp till ytan och intressanta iakttagelser av Nafta göras. Problemdefinitionen 1993 speglade ett Mexiko i djup ekonomisk- och social kris och USA:s ekonomiska problem med bland annat hög arbetslöshet och stora mexikanska immigrationsvågor. Problemet låg främst i den okunnighet och rädsla som genomsyrade den amerikanska befolkningens inställning till Nafta. I 1993 års artiklar fanns en genomgående repetition av den dominerande och homogena inramningen som bestod av en liberal marknadssyn där frihandel lyftes fram som det främsta framgångsreceptet och därmed blev Nafta den enda utvägen ur krisen. Genom ”salience” repeterades detta budskap genom nyhetsdiskursen, till exempel genom referenser till elitpersoner och USA som elitnation. Problemdefinitionen 2009/2010 fokuserade på president Obama och den ekonomiska krisen som hade drabbat USA mycket hårt. Problemet låg i Obamas osäkerhet och ambivalens inför att genomföra viktiga och nödvändiga reformer inom Nafta. Den moraliska utvärderingen var delvis homogen, där samtliga artiklar var överens om att Nafta var i behov av nya reformer. Men synen på Obamas ledarskap skiljde sig åt. Den dominerande inramningen bestod fortfarande av en liberal marknadssyn, men som ställde sig mycket kritisk till frihandelns utformning. Vad som skedde i källanvändningen 1993 var att en gränsdragning gjordes mellan anhängare och motståndare till Nafta, som i högsta grad exkluderades på grund av att de ifrågasatte den rådande politiska konsensus. Främst skedde en gränsdragning till de aktörer som ställde sig mycket kritiska till Nafta och såg avtalet som ett hot, här ingick arbetare och fackföreningsrörelsen. Konsensusideologin var inte lika självklar i artiklarna från 2009/2010. Den segmenterade politisk elit som tillhörde förespråkarna av Nafta som tidigare hade uteslutande majoritet i källanvändningen hade nu fått kliva åt sidan. Artiklarna skiljde sig åt och gränsdragningarna mellan ”Vi” och ”de andra” var inte lika tydlig. Här fick de kritiska Nafta-rösterna ett bredare respekterat utrymme, men det skulle inte gälla för alla, samma aktörer som var uteslutna i periferin 1993 var också utelämnade från källanvändningen under 2009/2010, nämligen arbetare och fackföreningsrörelsen. Trots detta är förhoppningen att 2009/2010 års artiklar ändå är ett tecken på att den nya tiden har lett fram till en ödmjukare, mindre cynisk och kapitalistiskt styrd amerikansk journalistik, som låter de stigmatiserade grupperna ta ett större medialt utrymme.
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Hope, P. J. "NAFCOC, the state and national-democratic struggle." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23248.
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Dienema, Jason. "NAFTA & U.S. Milk Supply." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2418.
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NAFTA is turning 25 years old and is in desperate need of modernization. The contentious yet game-changing multilateral free trade agreement has had no shortage of political detractors and proponents over the years, but on May 18, 2017 President Donald Trump officially signaled its renegotiation to the U.S. Congress. Agricultural producers from all three countries have greatly benefited from free trade with their North American neighbors, but Canada insists on maintaining their restrictive supply management system and tariff rate quotas on dairy imports. The Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) fear a NAFTA renegotiation could not only threaten their lucrative system but also remove an important check against unfettered subsidization of U.S. dairy producers. The DFC have repeatedly criticized the magnitude of U.S. dairy subsidies, especially during the Farm Bill legislation process every four years, attributing rising milk supply glut and lower global dairy prices to their size. Although subsidies do aid U.S. producers’ bottom line and global competitiveness, they do little to explain efficiency discrepancies between nations or justify Canadian protectionism. Using empirical research and statistical analysis, the validity of these arguments will be tested to better determine the future of dairy production within NAFTA and beyond.
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Michlíčková, Lucie. "NAFTA: naplnila očekávání členských států?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71828.
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This thesis is focused on the accomplishments of the North American Free Trade Agreement after fifteen years since coming into force. The objective is to evaluate the existing trends in the three countries and review if the member states succeeded in fulfilling the goals of the Agreement. First part is dedicated to the development in the area of general goals, defined in the first articles of the Agreement. Second and third chapter examine the progress made in strategic goals of each country.
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Haddad, Gelalian Lara. "Fouad Gabriel Naffah : plénitude et nauffrages d'une oeuvre." Paris 13, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA131024.
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Les années 50-60 correspondent à l’âge de maturité de la poésie francophone libanaise. Devant beaucoup au surréalisme, cette maturité trouve pourtant un de ses représentants les plus authentiques à contre-courant de ce mouvement. Fouad Gabriel Naffah (1925-1983) s’est voué totalement à la poésie sans être toutefois reconnu. Marginalisé sur les plans social et littéraire, il se saisit pourtant du réel et inscrit le paysage libanais au cœur d’une démarche spéculative qui se fait mode d’habitation poétique. La création d’une langue poétique propre élève la description au rang d’une création cosmogonique. La représentation de l’espace, structurée et paradoxale, est avènement de rapports inédits du sujet au monde régis par un principe d’immanence. De ce fait, l’œuvre crée une approche originale du lyrisme, à priori renié, et la création poétique, actualisée ou expliquée, se comprend comme une phénoménologie spontanée. Mais l’ambition de la poésie de Naffah forge aussi ses propres écueils pour devenir à la fois lieu de plénitude et cause de naufragesThe Lebanese French speaking poetry reached maturity in the fifties and the sixties. Deeply influenced by surrealism, the modern generation of authors is yet represented by a poet whose art and views go against the surrealist sensibility of his contemporaries. Fouad Gabriel Naffah (1925-1983) was a poet in all means, but never got the recognition he hoped for. On the fringes of the Lebanese society as well as of the literary context, yet, he seizes the real and integrates the Lebanese landscape into a speculative creative process allowing “poetic living”. The creation of an intellectual poetic language raises description to the rank of cosmogony. Representing space as highly structured and paradoxical brings out new relationships between the subject and the world that are governed by the principle of immanence. Therefore, Naffah’s work can be read, oddly enough, as an original approach of lyricism, and poetic creation, brought into actualization or explained by the author, can be understood as a spontaneous phenomenology. Nevertheless, obstacles to such an ambitious conception of poetry rise mostly in itself, so much so that Naffah’s poems are, at the same time, a demonstration of fullness and a scene of collapse
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Luna, Julieta Uribe. "Choice of forum for NAFTA governments between NAFTA Chapter 20 and the WTO dispute settlement mechanisms." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29565.
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NAFTA's Article 2005 prescribes that the NAFTA governments, being Canada, Mexico and the US, may choose either a multilateral or a regional forum within which to solve their trade disputes. Thus, they may choose between either the new WTO dispute settlement mechanism or the NAFTA Chapter 20 dispute settlement mechanism. Nevertheless, in order to have an effective choice of forum, there is one essential condition: the subject matter of the dispute must be similar or identical, and there must be some degree of subject matter overlap in both the NAFTA and WTO provisions. The relationship between NAFTA, the WTO and GATT is complex. The core problem is whether there is a legal distinction between the GATT 1947 and the GATT 1994, incorporated into the WTO Agreement, in order to establish either NAFTA or WTO primacy. The latter-in-time treaty general rule will decide the issue. Nevertheless, a decisive conclusion cannot be drawn, as this should be studied on a case-by-case basis.
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Cardenas, Montfort Emilio. "The notarial services in the NAFTA /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99129.
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Since 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) began functioning as a mechanism that aims to reduce trade barriers between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, it has become apparent that the differences and formalities inherent in the Member Countries' legal and notarial systems constitute significant obstacles to trading, particularly in terms of the rendering of services. This paper seeks to elucidate the difficulties that Member Countries commonly face when they attempt to apply foreign notarial documents to their own legal system, to discuss the requirements for the notaries to render services in the NAFTA territory, and to propose modifications that the notarial function must adopt in order to adapt to the technological and cybernetic tendencies that the modern world demands.
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Marshall, Don Decourcey. "The Caribbean, NAFTA and regional development." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/380.
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This thesis examines the record of development and the prospects for national ascent in the anglophone Caribbean. It argues that a transformative dialectic is operating through the restructuring of political-economic relations in the Americas. NAFTA and its expansion open up possibilities for business linkages, joint venture arrangements, and investment and trade creation opportunities for participating countries. This is a structural development opportunity that Caribbean state managers can least ignore. Indeed, a record of missed or squandered opportunities extends backwards into the region's colonial past. Since the independence period, developmentalist projects have been stultified by populist-statism and the circulationism of merchant capital in the individual countries. In spite of this, the national option appeared a secure one. Economic viability rested on the sale of one or two cash crop exports; the securing of non-reciprocal trading arrangements in the international arena; the promotion of the individual countries as cheap labour platforms for foreign manufacturing; a dependence on incomes from tourism and offshore services; and easy access to international loan capital. Today, the shifting competitive dynamics of the international system have yery far reaching implications for the nature of the Caribbean political economy. Economies of scope and scale are increasingly being favoured. The region has been caught napping because capital accumulation remains rooted in distribution infrastructures and not production ones. Indeed, the hegemony of circulation over production in the Caribbean points to the special circumstances that attended the new political class at the time of independence in the 1960s. The stability goal took paramount importance. State managers and the old commercial oligarchy became united by a lowest commondenominator interest, i.e. to reap and extend the benefits of the status quo. The nature of this postcolonial arrangement meant that state managers would fail to deepen the process of capital accumulation and industrialise. This thesis suggests that in light of the present balance of global socio-political forces, and the region's economic malaise, the Caribbean will be on better ground to pursue economic recovery through a deeper form of regionalism. It argues that export-orientated development is a social transformation venture that goes beyond new fiscal measures and market reforms. Hence the need to engender the rise of a new economic class of industrial entrepreneurs. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that a regionalised developmental state in the Caribbean will be vital for altering the region's status in the international system and the hemisphere, and for pursuing a 'nurture industrial capitalism' project.
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FREIRE, ANA HELENA GIGLIOTTI DE LUNA. "NAFTA AND THE ENVIRONMET: PROTECTING WHO?" PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7185@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEsta pesquisa tem como tema a aproximação entre as agendas internacionais de comércio e meio ambiente, mais especificamente a inserção de cláusulas ambientais em acordos internacionais de comércio, a partir da experiência do Nafta. Busca as origens deste fenômeno na sociedade civil dos EUA, utilizando-se do conceito neogramsciano de hegemonia. Argumenta-se que o projeto de integração econômica regional é parte da estratégia de consolidação da hegemonia dos EUA, mas que a negociação do Acaan - acordo paralelo para tratar a questão ambiental - é resultado da atuação de ONGs ambientalistas desta sociedade civil. Examina-se o desenho institucional do Nafta e do Acaan, concedendo especial ênfase aos mecanismos de solução de controvérsias. Explorando os traços do desenho institucional e as contradições geradas principalmente a partir do Capítulo sobre investimentos, conclui-se que os interesses econômicos vêm prevalecendo sobre os ambientais.
This Project concerns with the approach of the international agendas of trade and environment, working with the Nafta´s experience. Making use of the neo-gramscian concept of hegemony, the search look for these phenomenon origins in the US civil society. It argues that the economic regional integration is part of the US strategy of hegemonic consolidation, but in respect of Naaec - the side agreement negotiated to deal with de environment issues - it argues that it results from the US environmetalist NGOs actions. It examinate the Nafta´s and Naaec´s institutional design, giving special attention to the dispute settlement procedures. Exploring the institutional design characteristics and the contradictions that born from the agreements, mainly in respect of the investment Chapter, it concludes that the economic interests have being prevailing over the environmental ones.
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Зінченко, Катерина Олександрівна. "Північноамериканська зона вільної торгівлі (NAFTA-USMCA)." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/43847.
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В умовах глобальної інтеграції швидкими темпами розвиваються інтеграційні процеси між країнами та зростає значення фінансових відносин в їх співробітництві. Сучасні інтеграційні об’єднання все частіше наголошують про довгострокові наміри співпраці. Інтеграційні спільноти втрачають статус тимчасових формувань, які створювалися на час певних загроз. Але, кількість інтеграційних об’єднань невелика, серед яких ЄС та НАФТА є прикладом довготривалих об’єднань у вирішенні різних проблем.
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Siegelová, Romana. "NAFTA: Cesta k rozvoji mexické ekonomiky?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199929.
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The main objective of this thesis is analysis of the impact of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) on Mexican economy. Especially the evaluation of the positive and negative effects of NAFTA on the economic growth of the Mexican economy. The secondery objective of this thesis is presentation and analysis of the concrete negative impact of NAFTA on Mexico, which is connected with the implementation of this agreement. This problem is related to the maquiladoras, these are assembly lines situated on the border between Mexico and the United States.
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Nadakavukaren, Schefer Krista. "International trade in financial services : the NAFTA provisions /." The Hague [u.a.] : Kluwer Law International, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/306304910.pdf.
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Sjölund, Mångberg Sofia. "NAFTA-avtalets inverkan på den mexikanska jordbrukssektorn." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7023.
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Har NAFTA-avtalet (North American Free Trade Agreement) som 1994 ingicks mellan Mexiko, USA och Kanada, haft de effekter på den mexikanska jordbrukssektorn, speciellt dess majssektor, som kan förväntas i enlighet med nationalekonomisk teori? Detta är den huvudsakliga forskningsfrågan som denna uppsats försöker undersöka och besvara. Min slutsats är att i fråga om Mexiko är svaret i huvudsak beroende på vilka producenter man väljer att studera. När gäller dess majssektor är effekterna av NAFTA på de konstbevattnade producenterna, företrädesvis i norra Mexiko, mer eller mindre i linje med vad som kan förväntas, medan effekterna på de regnbevattnade producenterna företrädesvis i södra Mexiko ej följer det förväntade mönstret. I en fortsatt analys av NAFTA-avtalets konsekvenser, framstår behovet av statliga interventioner mycket tydligt. Detta i syfte att skydda känsliga importkonkurrerande sektorer, korrigera marknadsmisslyckande och för att på bästa sätt dra fördel av de möjligheter som skapas av ett frihandelsområde – något man, i Mexikos fall, hittills inte lyckats med fullt ut.
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Urbietienė, Žaneta, and Kristina Braslauskienė. "AB „Mažeikių nafta“ logistinės sistemos galimybių studija." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_162015-75283.
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Magistro darbe yra atlikta AB „Mažeikių nafta“ logistinės sistemos galimybių studija ir identifikuotos galimybės eksportuojant naftos produktus jūriniu keliu, kurios padėtų pagerinti veikiančią logistinę sistemą. Darbe išanalizuoti Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių moksliniai darbai apie logistikos sandarą ir struktūrą taip pat apie logistikos valdymą. Išsamiai analizuojama AB “Mažeikių nafta” logistinė sistema, ją veikiantys išoriniai ir vidiniai veiksniai, SSGG matricos pagalba nustatytos logistinės sistemos stipriosios ir silpnosios pusės. Prognozuojami naftos produktų, eksportuojamų jūra, kiekiai, frachto dydis, naftos perdirbimo marža ir pelnas per ateinančius trejus metus. Įvertinamos galimybės sutaupyti logistinius kaštus nutiesiant produktotiekį iki Klaipėdos uosto ir atsisakius komisionieriaus paslaugų. Patvirtinama autorių suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė - naftos produktų eksporto jūra veiklos organizavimo gerinimas suteikia galimybę pagerinti įmonės veiklos efektyvumą ir leidžia sumažinti bendruosius logistinius kaštus.The Master‘s work contains exploration of potentiality of AB „ Mažeikių nafta“logistic system and indicates possibilities of petroleum products waterborne export, which could help to improve existing logistics system. In the work is accomplished analysis of studies performed by Lithuanian and foreign scientists about logistics organization and structure, as well as about logistics management. The work represents in details logistics system of AB “Mazeikiu nafta”, external and internal factors, which affect it, also with help of SSGG matrix are determined weak and strong sides of logistics system. . There are forecasted petroleum products waterborne export volumes, freight value, oil refining margin and profit for three forthcoming years. Evaluated possibilities to save logistics costs in case of petroleum products pipeline carved to Klaipeda port and also in case of refusal of commissioner services. Proved hypothesis of scientific inquiry, framed by authors: development of petroleum products waterborne export process organization enables to improve the effectiveness of company activity and allows to reduce total costs of logistics.
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Jasinskienė, Žara. "Pirkimų proceso tobulinimo kyptys AB "Mažeikių nafta"." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_161932-27248.
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Magistro darbe atlikta pirkimų proceso ir jį sudarančių etapų mokslinės literatūros šaltinių analizė, įvertinta pirkimų proceso reikšmė sėkmingam įmonės valdymui. Susisteminti užsienio ir lietuvių autorių pateikti pirkimų klasifikavimo, tiekėjų vertinimo metodai. Išnagrinėta atsargų planavimo įtaka pirkimo procesui bei atskirų pirkimo proceso etapų tarpusavio sąveika. Praktinėje šio darbo dalyje atlikta AB „Mažeikių nafta“ pirkimų proceso analizė, nustatytos pirkimų proceso stipriosios ir silpnosios pusės, pirkimo procesą įtakojantys veiksniai. Išskirtos pagrindinės pirkimo proceso problemos bei pasiūlytos tobulinimo kryptys. Iš dalies patvirtinama autorės suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad pirkimo proceso s��kmę labiausiai įtakojantis veiksnys AB „Mažeikių nafta“– tai tikslus ir savalaikis pirkimų poreikio identifikavimas, kuris yra neatsiejama pirkimų planavimo dalis.This Master Paper includes analysis of scientific literature sources associated with procurement process and its stages, evaluation of purchase process’ impact on successful management of a company. The Paper also includes systematization of procurement classification and suppliers’ assessment methods offered by foreign and Lithuanian authors as well as analysis of inventories planning impact on procurement process and interaction of individual stages of procurement process. The practical part of this Paper includes analysis of AB Mazeikiu Nafta procurement process, establishes strengths and weaknesses of the procurement process, and factors having an impact on the procurement process. This Paper partially confirms the scientific research hypothesis formulated by the author stating that successful procurement process in AB Mazeikiu Nafta is predetermined by exact and timely identification of procurement demand which identification shall be an integral part of procurement planning.
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Kano, André Hiroshi Flores de Almeida. "O impacto do NAFTA nas exportações brasileiras." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=515.
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Os Estados Unidos são o nosso principal parceiro comercial e, portanto, estudos sobre mudanças em sua política de comércio exterior são de extrema importância para o Brasil, por afetar fortemente a balança comercial brasileira que, nos últimos anos, têm sido uma importante fonte de divisas, auxiliando o processo de estabilização e crescimento econômico. O objetivo desta dissertação é verificar se após a criação da área de livre comércio entre os Estados Unidos, México e Canadá em 1994, denominada NAFTA, houve desvios de comércio das exportações brasileiras no mercado mexicano e norte-americano. Será realizada uma análise setorial ex-ante através de um modelo estático no período entre 1994/2003.The United States are our major comercial partner so studies about changes in their external commercial policy are very important to Brazil, because it affects strongly our trade balance that in the last few years has been a very important financial source, helping the stability a growth process in the brazilian economy. The main goal of this study is check if after the creation of the North Amercica Free Trade Área named NAFTA, has occurred trade deviation from brazilian exports in the mexican market. There will be a sectorial analysis using a static model for the period of 1994/2003.
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Keleová, Lenka. "NAFTA ? Canada?s Approach: Relations and Disputes." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2006. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-14801.
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Cepak, Natalie Ann. "NAFTA and the flow of illegal immigration." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192300.
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Rodriguez, Salinas Oscar R. "Has NAFTA increased trade between Canada and Mexico?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0020/MQ49433.pdf.
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Betingienė, Alma. "Pagrindinių verslo mokesčių politika AB „Mažeikių nafta“ pavyzdžiu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_161115-92778.
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Mokesčių politika turi lemiamą vaidmenį tiek atskiriems ūkio subjektams, verslo plėtrai, tiek valstybės ekonomikai. Verslo išvystymas yra grindžiamas mokesčių sistemos reforma. Norint sukurti efektyvią mokesčių politiką, būtini ekonominiai ūkinių subjektų tyrimai. Magistro darbe atlikta Lietuvos pagrindinių verslo mokesčių analizė, palygintos mokesčių sistemos pokyčiai ir tendencijos Europos Sąjungos šalyse. Pasitelkus horizontalios ir vertikalios finansinės analizės būdus, įvertinta 2002 – 2006 metų AB“Mažeikių nafta“ ūkinė - komercinė veikla, nustatyta pagrindinių verslo mokesčių našta įmonei. Panaudojant scenarijaus metodą, analizuota įmonės finansinė būklė, įvertinant prognozuojamas įvairias apmokestinimo strategijas. Išaiškinama kokia apmokestinimo strategija būtų naudingiausia įmonei. Patvirtinama autorės suformuota hipotezė, kad pasirinkta mokesčių politika daro tiesioginę įtaką įmonės veiklos efektyvumui bei konkurencingumui.Tax policy has a significant influence over individual economic entities, investments and economy of the country. Business development is grounded on tax reforms. Thus, the development of an effective tax system calls for the study of business activities of the entities. The Master‘s Thesis contains the analysis of the major taxes applicable to the Lithuanian entities, the comparison of changes in tax system and the tendencies of the European Union countries. Using horizontal and vertical methods of financial analysis AB Mažeikių Nafta’s business-commercial activities of 2002-2006 were evaluated, the burden of the major taxes applicable to the Company identified. The analysis of the financial standing of the Company was performed using the scenario method taking into consideration the different forecasted taxation strategies. Finally it provides the most beneficial taxation strategy for the Company. The scientific research hypothesis of the author stating that the selected tax policy makes a direct influence to the efficiency and competitiveness of the Company activities was proved to be correct.
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Aldana, Mercedes C. "The impact of NAFTA on transborder data flows." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22687.
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This thesis examines the trade related aspects of transborder data flows (TDF), placing TDF issues within the economic context provided by trade in services and particularly within the scope of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is based on the premise that TDF are nothing but the rendering of a service product, whether final or intermediate, across national borders. Recognizing that international trade has become increasingly dependent on information exchange systems, the thesis asks whether or not NAFTA provides a solid legal framework to deal with discriminatory regulations, conflicting technical standards and protectionist measures that hamper the flow of information within the North American territory.
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Khalifa, Marian. "NAFTA a EU: regionalismus jako nástroj hospodářské politiky." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-2353.
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Celosvětový vzestup regionalismu na přelomu 80. a 90. let minulého století, vyvolaný rozpadem bipolárního uspořádání, v sobě přinesl výraznou alternativu k dosavadnímu multilateralistickému pojetí obchodních vztahů v rámci světové ekonomiky. Předkládaná disertační práce si za základ konkrétního zkoumání tohoto jevu bere teoretická východiska s ním spojená a při postupném odkrývání selektivně zacílených oblastí srovnává hospodářské politiky vybraných integračních seskupení. Sledování regionalismu jako nástroje hospodářské politiky státu vedoucí k liberalizaci ekonomických vztahů se dnes již může jevit jako nedostačující; při rozmanitosti cest, které při svých integračních zapojeních jednotlivé státy volí, se mnohem prospěšnějším zdá být pohled do jejich motivací, a zejména pak výsledků, které v jejich důsledku zaznamenaly. Na konkrétním příkladu Evropské unie a Dohody o severoamerickém volném obchodu, NAFTA, se tato doktorská disertační práce o takovou komparaci pokouší. S využitím vesměs zahraničních informačních pramenů autor vychází z jejich odlišných základů a poukazuje na shodná i rozdílná specifika mezi nimi. Sociálně tržní principy praktikované Evropskou unií jsou vystavovány srovnávacímu tlaku ryze tržního pojetí, jež severoamerickému integračnímu seskupení NAFTA přirozeně vtiskly Spojené státy a jež svojí výkonnostní převahou vybízí k určité "poločasové" sebereflexi na straně Evropské unie. V této disertační práci však nejsou obsaženy pouze ekonomické souvislosti vyplývající z takového srovnání. Detailnější pohled je věnován současnému stavu a dynamice transatlantických vztahů jako možnému předstupni jejich případného integračního vyústění. Oblast předkládaného zkoumání, která se ještě před několika lety zdála být pro zdejší prostředí vzdálenou, se v důsledku jeho nedávného integračního zapojení stává stále bližší. Je tomu tak jednak díky vlastním úkolům a povinnostem z tohoto zapojení vyplývajících a jednak pro inspiraci, jež může být obsažena v hospodářských politikách jiných států praktikujících jejich doposavad efektivní formy.
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Štěpánková, Kristina. "Strategické přístupy USA, Kanady a Mexika k NAFTA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12408.
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The main target of my thesis is to examine the recent integration development in North America from the point of view of three member countries of NAFTA. I examine their strategies towards this agreement and their impact on the three economies and on north american integration as a whole.
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Vránková, Jana. "Dopady protekcionismu v současné krizi: případová studie NAFTA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113628.
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Tendecies to protectionism appeared in all crisis so far. The current one is no exception. Used protecting tools are the characteristics what differentiate them. The most used tools are non-tarrif measures, especially technical. Governments also applied stimulus packages which often included buy-national type of activities. The thesis concetrates on the roots of the changed pattern in the global economy. It investigates the influence of WTO, which liberalizes the world trade on the multilateral basis. On the other hand, the thesis focuses on regionalism and regional integrations, that liberalize trade only among few involved countries. The thesis also reflects the division of the world to developing and developed countries and describes differences in used measures. The case study investigates the North American Free Trade Agreement, which includes one developing and two developed countries. It also includes the world's biggest economy, whose behaviour heavily impacts the development of the global economy as a whole. This example illustrates differences in the measures used by governments of developing and developed coutries. It analyses influence of a regional integration to these measures and compares it to the influence of WTO. The possibilities of further enlargement of the free trade area and of involving the member countries to other integrations are reflected as well.
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Salka, Alison Felter. "Pork, Policy, and Privilege: Presidential Lobbying for NAFTA." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625908.
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Pucholt, Tomáš. "Integrace Spojených států a Mexika v rámci seskupení NAFTA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136327.
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The work deals with the role of the U.S. and Mexico in NAFTA and with the reasons for the entry. The thesis focuses on the objectives and organization of the Agreement, while exploring fundamental problem - migration. Then focuses on the steps of presidents Obama and Calderón and evaluates pending negotiations on the FTAA.
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Zarifova, Diliara, and Taifa Ilginienė. "AB „Mažeikių nafta“ naftos produktų transportavimo geležinkeliu galimybių įvertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20071019_162142-88843.
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Magistro darbe nagrinėjamos AB „Mažeikių nafta“ naftos produktų transportavimo geležinkeliu galimybes, išskiriami logistikos teorijos ypatumai ir jos įtaka įmonės veiklai, išanalizuoti vidiniai ir išoriniai veiksniai, veikiantys naftos produktų transportavimo geležinkeliu, išsamiai atlikta naftos produktų transportavimo geležinkelio transportu analizė, kurios pagalba atskleistos naftos produktų transportavimo geležinkeliu stipriosios ir silpnosios pusės bei efektyvios veiklos galimybės. Patvirtinama autorių suformuluota mokslinio tyrimo hipotezė, kad AB „Mažeikių nafta“ naftos produktų logistikos sistema geležinkeliu, su sąlyga, kad apimtys 2007-2009 metais �������� vietines rinkas padidės, yra optimali ir lengvai prisitaiko prie išorinių ir vidinių veiksnių pokyčių bei galės užtikrinti naftos produktų transportavimą geležinkeliu.This Master Paper analyzes the opportunities of AB Mazeikiu Nafta related to petroleum products railway transportation, highlights characteristics of logistics theory and impact of logistics on the Company’s business activities, analyzes internal and external factors influencing transportation of petroleum products by railway. The Paper also contains comprehensive analysis of petroleum products transportation by railway, which analysis helps determining the strengths and weaknesses of petroleum products railway transportation and efficient operations opportunities. The analysis and, consequently, the Paper reinforces the hypothesis of scientific research stating that the railway logistics system of AB Mazeikiu Nafta utilized for transportation of petroleum products, assuming increase of the volumes to the local markets in 2007-2009, is an optimum system adaptable to any changes of external and internal factors and will be able to ensure transportation of petroleum products by railway in the future.
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Krajinovic, Rodrigues Ana. "Tense, mood, and aspect expressions in Nafsan (South Efate) from a typological perspective." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21598.
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In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich aus einer typologischen Perspektive die Bedeutung von Tempus, Modalität und Aspekt (TMA) in Nafsan (South Efate), einer ozeanischen Sprache Vanuatus. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Bedeutung des perfektiven Aspekts und der Realis/Irrealis-Modalität in Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen, als Fallstudien zur Untersuchung der sprach-übergreifenden Merkmale dieser TMA-Kategorien. Um ihre Bedeutungen in Nafsan zu analysieren, untersuche ich die Grammatik von Nafsan (Thieberger, 2006) und den Korpus von Thieberger (1995–2018), gefolgt von meiner Feldarbeit (Krajinovic, 2017b). Meine Analysen zeigen, dass Perfekt in Nafsan alle Funktionen hat, die für das Perfekt im Englischen typisch sind, mit Ausnahme der zusätzlichen Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen. Die Verwendung des Nafsan-Perfekts liefert einen Beitrag zu der Debatte über die sprachübergreifende Gültigkeit von Iamitive, definiert durch die Bedeutung von Zustandsänderungen (Olsson, 2013). Basierend auf den Daten aus Nafsan und anderen ozeanischen Sprachen zeige ich, dass die von Klein (1994) vorgeschlagene semantische Definition des Perfekts ausreichend ist, um zusätzliche Funktionen des Perfekts zu berücksichtigen, ohne eine neue Iamitive-Kategorie zu etablieren. Was die Unterscheidung zwischen Realis und Irrealis betrifft, so habe ich festgestellt, dass die Kategorie Realis in Nafsan semantisch unterbewertet ist, wie sie in Irrealis-Kontexten auftreten kann, die mit der Bedeutung von Realis unvereinbar sein sollten. Ich schlage vor, dass “Realis” gelegentlich Realis-Bedeutungen durch pragmatischen Wettbewerb mit Irrealis erhaltet. Indem ich das “branching-times’’ Modell annehme, das den Ausdruck von Modalität und zeitlichem Bezug vereint (Prince, 2018), zeige ich, dass Nafsan und mehrere andere ozeanische Sprachen Beweise dafür liefern, dass Irrealis als Modalitätskategorie, die sich auf nicht-aktuelle Welten bezieht, eine semantisch sinnvolle Kategorie ist.In this thesis I study the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (TMA) expressions in Nafsan (South Efate), an Oceanic language of Vanuatu, from a typological perspective. I focus on the meanings of the perfect aspect and realis/irrealis mood in Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, as case studies for investigating the cross-linguistic features of these TMA categories, frequently disputed in the literature. In order to analyze their meanings in Nafsan, I studied the Nafsan grammar (Thieberger, 2006) and corpus by Thieberger (1995–2018), followed by storyboard and questionnaire elicitation in my fieldwork (Krajinovic, 2017b). I found that the Nafsan perfect has all the functions considered to be typical of the English-style perfect, except for the additional meaning of change of state. I place the analysis of the Nafsan perfect in the debate about the cross-linguistic validity of the newly proposed category of iamitives, defined by the meaning of change of state akin to `already' and lacking experiential and universal perfect functions (Olsson, 2013). Based on the data from Nafsan and other Oceanic languages, I show that, when language-internal processes are considered, the semantic definition of perfect proposed by Klein (1994) is sufficient to account for additional perfect functions, without the need to posit the new iamitive category. Regarding the realis/irrealis distinction, I have found that the “realis” category is semantically underspecified in Nafsan, as it can occur in irrealis contexts that should be incompatible with realis meanings. I propose that “realis” in Nafsan only occasionally receives realis meanings through pragmatic competition with the irrealis category. By adopting a branching-times model that unites the expression of modality and temporal reference (Prince, 2018), I also show that Nafsan and several other Oceanic languages provide evidence that irrealis as a mood category referring to non-actual worlds is a semantically meaningful category.
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Winter, Jens. "Transnationale Arbeitskonflikte : das Beispiel der hegemonialen Konstellation im NAFTA-Raum /." Münster : Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/534909469.pdf.
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Krištapavičius, Andrius. "Tarptautinės taršos nafta padarytos žalos kompensavimo sistema ir jos reglamentavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070103_134051-47205.
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This master’s final thesis is purposive to analyze the International compensatory system on the damage caused by oil pollution. There are discussed the stages of the formation of the current system identifying the concrete premises, which have determined the origin of each compensatory level and its obliged regulation. There is indicated that every tanker which is responsible under this system has to face strict liability. Specific attention has been paid to each separate element of this system and uncover characteristic features for it. After research concluded in the master’s final thesis there are defined that at this moment operate particular compensatory system which ensure the reimbursement for every damage caused by oil spill. Although this system has been prevailing for 40 years but it always had to face with financial difficulties which were impacted by more and more tankers incidents in the sea. Thereby, for the lean working of this system there must be implanted prevented measures which ensure much safer navigation at sea. Also there is discussed new third compensatory element which have started to operate since 2005 years but it still hasn’t happened any major tanker’s incident to test how this element can cope with financial burden in reality. In the master’s final thesis there talked over the first and the second compensatory elements and international compensatory funds which are recognized as intergovernmental organizations responsible for these compensatory... [to full text]
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Pires, Carlos Augusto de Moraes. "Reforma catalitica da nafta : modelagem, simulação e controle do processo." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267566.
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Orientadores: João Alexandre F. R. Pereira, Maria de Fatima dos S. LopesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O processo de refonna catalítica da nafta, voltado para a produção de compostos aromáticos (benzeno, tolueno e xilenos), foi o tema abordado neste estudo. Considerou-se um típico processo semi-regenerativo, no qual existem quatro reatores radiais em série intercalados com quatro fornalhas que são utilizadas para aquecer as correntes que alimentam os reatores. A modelagem dos reatores foi proposta para os regimes estacionário e transiente e foi considerado um sistema reacional simplificado, envolvendo apenas dez compostos químicos relacionados através de cinco reações. A desativação do catalisador faz parte do modelo cinético e a expressão da taxa de fonnação de coque é baseada na condensação do aromático. Este modelo foi simulado a partir de um programa de computador construí do em linguagem FORTRAN, chegando-se a resultados compatíveis com os encontrados em literatura. Desta fonna, foi possível efetuar um estudo sobre os efeitos das variáveis operacionais nas concentrações dos produtos deste processo e várias conclusões importantes foram obtidas. Após analisar as relações entre os produtos originários da refonna com as variáveis operacionais, foi proposta uma estratégia de controle em cascata para manter a concentração de aromático no "setpoint" desejado. O objetivo da aplicação desta estratégia de controle é o de compensar os efeitos da desativação do catalisador, bastando para isso aumentar a temperatura da corrente de entrada dos reatores. A malha secundária, do controle em cascata, controla a temperatura de entrada dos reatores. Foram utilizados os controladores PID, DMC e LDMC no intuito de verificar o melhor desempenho desta malha. Estes controladores foram elaborados em linguagem FORTRAN e através da simulação destes casos foram obtidas infonnações que pennitiram concluir que o controlador LDMC é o mais apropriado. Para a malha primária, que controla a concentração de aromático, impondo as temperaturas ótimas de entrada para cada reator (setpoints" da malha secundária), foi utilizado o controlador LDMC com duas opções de configuração para a matriz dinâmica. A primeira opção considera o sistema como sendo de múltiplas entradas e única saída (MISO), com as temperaturas representando as variáveis manipuladas e a concentração de aromático a controlada. A segunda opção supõe que o sistema possui única entrada e única saída (SISO), a variável manipulada é a W AIT (que é a soma ponderada das temperaturas de entrada dos reatores, levando em conta a quantidade de catalisador em cada um dos leitos) e a variável controlada é a concentração de aromático. Observa-se que não houve diferença significativa entre estas duas opções para a malha primária, notando-se apenas uma ligeira vantagem para o caso MISO em função da maior atividade do catalisador. Como conclusão deste trabalho, foi possível verificar os vários aspectos da refonna catalítica da nafta inerentes ao processo de obtenção de aromáticos. Entretanto, outras pesquisas nesta linha devem ser realizadas para conseguir, dentre outras coisas, diminuir a defasagem existente de infonnações entre a tecnologia atual e a teoria disponível, sendo que esforços como este devem ser incentivados para obtenção de mais conhecimentos sobre o processo
Abstract: The theme of this study is the process of catalytic refonning for aromatics (benzene, toluene and xilenes). There were considered a typical semiregenerative process, with serial arrange of four radial reactors preceded by four furnaces used to pre-heat the reactors feed. There were proposed stationary and transient for the reactors. A simplified reacctional system were considered, involving only ten chemical compounds related through five reactions. The kinetic model inc1ude the deactivation of the catalyst and the rate of coke fonnation is based on aromatic condensation. The model was simulated in a computer FORTRAN code and the achieved results are compatible with the literature ones. It was then possible to study the effects of operational variables in the products concentrations and several important conclusions were obtained. The relationship among the reforming process products with operational variables were analyzed and a cascade control strategy was proposed to maintain the aromatic concentration in the desired set point. The objective of this control strategy is to compensate the catalyst deactivation effects, and its only action is to increase the temperature of the feed reactors. The secondary loop in the cascade control strategy controls the temperature of the feed ofthe reactors. Controllers PID, DMC and LDMC were tested in order to verify which is the one what maximizes the loop performance. The controllers were programmed in a FORTRAN code and the simulation results shows that the controller LDMC is the most appropriate. For the primary loop, which controls the aromatic concentration, imposing the optimal temperature in each reactor feed ( set point of secondary loop) the controller LDMC was used with two possible configuration of the dynamic matrix. The first option considers the system with multiple entrances and only a exit (MISO), with the temperatures representing the manipulated variables and the aromatic concentration as the controlled one. The second option supposes that the system has only one entrance and only one exit (SISO). The manipulated variable is WAIT (weighted average inlet temperature) the controlled variable is also the aromatic concentration. Both options for primary loop are equivalent, the MISO options is slightly better than the often one because of largest catalyst activity. In this work, it was verified several aspects inherent of catalytic naphtha refonning process for the production of aromatics. Other researches in this line should he done in order to reduce the existent gap of information between current technology and available theory, and other efforts should be motivated for obtaining a better knowledge of the processo
Doutorado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Morais, Adriano Giacomini. "Criação e desvio de comércio no Mercosul e no Nafta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-03012006-113732/.
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A integração comercial entre países vem ocorrendo através de negociações multilaterais e acordos regionais. As teorias de comércio internacional dizem que as primeiras provocam aumento de bem-estar. Entretanto, não há consenso sobre os efeitos dos segundos. O papel deste trabalho é justamente avaliar os impactos de dois acordos comerciais, o Mercosul e o Nafta, sobre dois critérios de bem-estar, a criação e o desvio de comércio. Isso é feito através da estimação de equações gravitacionais para dados em painel, com a inclusão de variáveis dummy para captar a relação intra e extra-bloco, conforme metodologia apresentada por Endoh (1999). Os resultados apontaram que não ocorreu criação de comércio em ambos os acordos. O Nafta foi seguido por desvio de comércio e o Mercosul apresentou dificuldades na mensuração do mesmo.The commercial integration between countries has been taking place through multilateral negotiations and regional agreements. Economic theories of international trade say that the first one improves welfare. However, there is no consensus about the second one. The aim of this dissertation is just to evaluate the effects of two agreements, Mercosur and Nafta, on two concepts of welfare, trade creation and trade diversion. This is done through the estimation of gravity equations by panel data methods, with dummy variables to detect intra-bloc and extra-bloc relations, according to the methodology of Endoh (1999). The results suggested that trade creation has not occurred in both agreements. Nafta was followed by trade diversion and Mercosur presented difficulties in measuring this component.
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Valúchová, Kristína. "Přístupy členských zemí k NAFTA (s důrazem na pozici Mexika)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113570.
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This diploma thesis deals with the North American Free Trade Agreement. The aim of this work is to describe and evaluate the importance and impact of developing country and two developed economies of Canada and the United States on the Mexican economy. I deal with trade relations within NAFTA (Mexico - U.S. and Mexico - Canada). I analyze international trade of Mexico. The result of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of NAFTA to the Mexican economy with an emphasis on economic relations with other member states.
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Abaza-Uhrberg, Nabila. "Das Streiterledigungssystem des Nordamerikanischen Freihandelsabkommens ("North American Free Trade Agreement", "NAFTA") /." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014181558&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Montiel, Pineda Marcela del Carmen. "Embajada de M��xico, Oficina Comercial y del TLCAN NAFTA Desk." Thesis, Universidad de las Am��ricas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lni/montiel_p_md/.
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The Mexican Embassy has an internship program for those ones who want to work and learn more about the political and commercial relations between Mexico and the United States. Inside the Embassy there is the Commerce and NAFTA Office, where the NAFTA Desk is located.
In the NAFTA Desk, I worked as a consultant giving information about Trade and Commerce under the NAFTA Trade. As I worked in this office, I could see some problems that this office have with their interns at the beginning. This problem was an introductory course where the interns get the knowledge to all the information and way of working of the office.
For this problem, I propose an introductory course for them, making easy their entrance and way of work at the NAFTA Desk. This introduction course is based on a PowerPoint presentation given by a person of the NAFTA Office, which has the knowledge of the Office. This is a two day period course, providing to the interns the tools that they need to start working and having the best experience at the Mexican Embassy in Washington, DC.
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Noria, Gabriela Lopez. "Three Essays on the Impact of NAFTA on the Mexican Economy." Thesis, University of Essex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495568.
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This thesis considers the impact of NAFTA on the Mexican economy primarily in relation to the perfomlance of the automobile indus.try (period 1993-2002), its impact on manuf;1cturing price cost margins (period 1994-2001) and its effect on inter-industry wage differentials (1994-2004). The first chapter describes Mexico's path to liberalization focusing on the trends of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade flows in the post-NAFTA period. The second chapter studies the impact of trade on productivity and profitability of the Mexican automobile industry. The third chapter analyzes the dynamics of manufacturing price cost margins in the post-NAFTA period. The fourth chapter analyzes the effect of trade and FDI on inter-industry wage differentials. The main results of this thesis are: 1) productivity in the Mexican automobile industry did increase after NAFTA but this was due to the exiting of the least efficient firms from the industry. Furthermore, profitability in this industry decrease~ during the post NAFTA period. 2) NAFTA disciplined the Mexican manufacturing sector in the sense that price cost margins decreased gradually in the period under study. 3) Trade and FDI liberalization led to an increase in inter-industry wage differentials in the post NAFTA period.
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Secord, Peter. "Harmonization of accounting practices within NAFTA : history, environment, assessment and prospects." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272285.
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Kováč, Jakub. "Vplyv dohody NAFTA na obchod s drogami medzi USA a Mexikom." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199992.
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Diploma thesis "Effect of NAFTA agreement on drug trafficking between the U.S. and Mexico" analyzes the phenomenon of illegal drug trade in the Americas. The aim of the thesis was to seek causes of drug trafficking based on the proven asymmetry of the U.S. - Mexico political and economic relations and analyze its development to the present. Particular emphasis was placed on NAFTA agreement and evaluation of its effect on drug trafficking. The last chapter provides possible solution proposals globally applicable.
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Murrugarra, Pelaez Fidel. "Obtención de gasolinas de alto octano vía rectificación de una nafta craqueada." Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Programa Cybertesis PERÚ, 2009. http://cybertesis.uni.edu.pe/uni/2009/murrugarra_pf/html/index-frames.html.
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Podhora, Aranka [Verfasser], and Johann [Akademischer Betreuer] Köppel. "Environmental Assessment and the Greening of NAFTA / Aranka Podhora. Betreuer: Johann Köppel." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014756448/34.
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Dowdles, Melissa. "NAFTA, a comparison of Canadian consumer and retail buyer product country images." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0027/MQ27035.pdf.
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Jones, Elizabeth. "Documents that demystify NAFTA, a case study of Canadian NGOs opposing neoliberalism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ51541.pdf.
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Aybar, Celil. "NAFTA effects on income inequality between 1998 and 2006: a comparative analysis." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38875.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Income inequalities constitute visible manifestations of differences in living standards within each country. High levels of income inequalities indicate a waste of human resources in the form of a large share of the population being without work or relegated to low-paid and low-skilled jobs. The term income inequality, either measured by income or wages, is an important topic that has been continuously debated among academics and the media. Since the 1980s, most countries in the world experienced an increase in wage inequality and for some countries this trend continued during the 1990s. Mexico was no exception and went through a period of increasing inequality by the end of the 1980s. However, wage inequality in Mexico started to decline after 1994, the period after NAFTA was enacted. Although Mexico still seems to be experiencing inequality, the post-NAFTA period of 1998 to 2006 saw a decline in income inequality. Finding the reasons for the decline in income inequality during this period in Mexico is important because societies generally value a more democratic distribution of resources. Hence, the example of Mexico can be useful to other countries that are eager to reach lower inequality levels and overcome poverty.
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Omalu, Mirian Kene. "Compliance with, implementation and effectiveness of international investment agreements - NAFTA and ECT." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365418.
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COUTTO, TATIANA MARTINS PEDRO DO. "REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND THE FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES NAFTA AND THE EU." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4044@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREste trabalho analisa comparativamente, sob uma perspectiva neo institucionalista, dois projetos distintos de integração regional: União Européia - fruto de um processo que remonta à década de 1950, mais institucionalizado, com maior delegação a órgãos supranacionais e também maior número de estados membros, e Nafta - mais recente, de caráter intergovernamental, ênfase em mecanismos de solução de controvérsias, menor número de estados, grande disparidade de poder entre as partes e onde, aparentemente, a lógica de mercado se sobrepõe à ética ambiental - no que diz respeito à incorporação e administração da agenda ambiental. Tal análise é realizada a partir do estudo do desenho institucional de cada projeto. Especial atenção é dada às instituições, órgãos, atores e mecanismos relacionados ao estabelecimento, execução e fiscalização de políticas ambientais. Os resultados obtidos indicam como o desenho institucional de Nafta e da UE reflete o modo como as questões ambientais são incorporadas e tratadas nestes arranjos.
This Project compares, under an institutionalist perspective, two distinct regional projects: The European Union - a product of a process initiated in the 1950 s, with higher level of institutionalization and delegation to supranational bodies and with also more member states, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta) - a more recent venture, of intergovernmental character, with emphasis on mechanisms of dispute resolution, less states and sharper differences between the parties, where the logic of the market seems to lie above environmental ethics - regarding the incorporation of an environmental agenda within regional institutions, as well as the management of this agenda. Such analysis is performed through the study of the projects institutional design. Special attention is given to institutions, bodies, actors and mechanisms dealing with environmental policies establishment, execution and enforcement. The results obtained indicate what does Nafta and EUs institutional designs can tell about the incorporation and treatment given by these regional arrangements to environmental affairs.
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Morlanes, Sanchez Natalia. "Obtención de hidrógeno mediante reformado catalítico de nafta con vapor de agua." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/2185.
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El reformado catalítico de hidrocarburos con vapor de agua es una de las tecnologías más utilizadas para la obtención de hidrógeno, materia prima muy importante para la industria química, petroquímica y también como combustible limpio en las pilas electroquímicas. El uso de hidrocarburos líquidos se beneficia de la infraestructura ya creada para el almacenamiento y distribución de combustibles. Para este proceso se emplean catalizadores de tipo metal/soportado basados en níquel. Los esfuerzos actuales de investigación se centran en el desarrollo de nuevos catalizadores más activos y estables en un rango amplio de condiciones de operación, así como flexibles para reformar distintos hidrocarburos.
En este trabajo doctoral se ha estudiado el comportamiento de óxidos mixtos de níquel, magnesio y aluminio, obtenidos mediante descomposición térmica de hidróxidos dobles laminares que ofrecen la oportunidad de controlar la naturaleza de los centros activos, de su entorno, así como la textura y estabilidad del catalizador, en la reacción de reformado de nafta con vapor de agua. Se ha estudiado el efecto de las condiciones de operación sobre la conversión de hidrocarburo y distribución de productos de reacción. Y también el efecto de algunas variables modificadas durante la síntesis del catalizador, así como la composición e introducción de promotores, sobre la actividad catalítica que muestran los materiales preparados. De los mejores catalizadores se ha estudiado su estabilidad y se ha realizado un estudio cinético y mecanístico del proceso. Por último se ha estudiado la actividad de estos materiales en el reformado de gas natural, diesel y aceite de girasol.Morlanes Sanchez, N. (2007). Obtención de hidrógeno mediante reformado catalítico de nafta con vapor de agua [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2185
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Mandinec, Jiří. "NAFTA - USA, Kanada, Mexiko: změnily se strategické přístupy členů po 15 letech?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71811.
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The aim of the thesis is to determine whether NAFTA filled original expenctations of its member countries and most importantly, how have their strategic approaches to this Agreement changed. The secondary objective is to examine how the integration could evolve into the future and if there is a chance of achieving higher degrees of integration. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is devoted to regionalism on the North American continent and the gradual emergence of mutual ties between Canada, USA and Mexico. It is devoted as well to the circumstances under which NAFTA was established and to motives of individual countries to enter into this integration. The largest and the most important part is the second chapter, in which are outlined basic provisions of the agreement, then described the results of NAFTA as a whole, and finally there is analyzed development of individual member economies under the influence of NAFTA. The content of the final third chapter are main present problems in connection with NAFTA, there are also outlined possible directions for the future development of integration and potential of its further enlargement and deepening.The last section deals with the question if the strategic approaches of member countries of NAFTA have changed after fifteen years of its existence.
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Dowdles, Melissa (Melissa Megan) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "NAFTA: A comparison of Canadian consumer and retail buyer product country images." Ottawa, 1997.
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Gonzalez, Saul Martinez. "Efeitos potenciais do NAFTA sobre a agricultura do Estado de Colima - México." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 1995. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8.
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Previous issue date: 1995-12-11In this work, it is sought to explain the behavior of the agriculture products in Colima during the period of 1980-1992 and, to analyze the possible effects of the NAFTA in the agriculture in the state Colima. In the first part of the analysis our period is divided in two stages: the first stage that corresponds to the period of economy crisis and its consequence in the agriculture of Mexico, as well as various policy and controls which the politicians were adopted by the State to adjust the economy. The impact due to this and their effects on the agriculture that allows us to identify the cultivations that are affected. This first stage (1982-85) it is characterized by the recession, inflation, drop in the exports and political macroeconomic of adjustment, among them the commercial opening. In the second stage (1985-88) it allows to identify the strong commercial opening of Mexico and their effects in the economy and particularly in the agriculture of the country and in Colima explaining how the behavior of the agricultural, in the given characteristics and structure of agricultural sector. This would allow to explain what happened with the agriculture during the period of commercial liberalization. In second part leaves it seeks to analyze what will happen in the agriculture with the NAFTA in place. For this, our first step will be to identify in that agricultural products Colima presents comparative advantages and the capacity to compete in the international market. It is starting from that knowledge that will be tried to analyze the possible effects of the liberalization structuring theoretical scenario of effects in agricultural structure. This way the objective is to respond to the two questions; what happened in the agriculture in the first liberalization stage? and is it expected that it will happen in front of the NAFTA in the second liberalization stage? The retrospective analysis will allow to understand the tendencies and to explain the present, as well as its transformations in the structure of the agricultural product in Colima during the considered period. To reach this objectives, the importance and the behavior of the indicators of the supply will be analyzed in the period from 1980 to 1992, as well as seasonal, productivity of each cultivation in the State of Colima: like Corn, Fríjol, Rice, Sorghum, Sugar Cane and Coffee, Lemon, Mango, Banana, Melon. On the demand side, they will be analyzed with respect to the demand in the market and the domestic prices, as well as the external market, their specific characteristic for the products and behavior of the international prices. With relationship to the theoretical mark, they will be used to conceptualize the theoretical concept. The theory of the international trade the neoclassical focus of the comparative advantages, using like model to measure the cost of the domestic resources and the Matrix of Analysis of Politics, this last one instrumental theoretical it was developed recently to analyze the micro effects and macroeconomic of political commercial.
Neste trabalho, pretende-se explicar o comportamento da agricultura em Colima, no período de 1980-1992 e analisar os possíveis efeitos do Nafta na agricultura do Estado. Na primeira parte da análise, divide-se o período em duas etapas. A primeira corresponde à fase de crise da economia mexicana e, em conseqüência, da agricultura mexicana, e investiga-se quais foram as políticas adotadas pelo Estado para ajustar a economia e quais os seus efeitos sobre a agricultura, além de identificar as culturas mais afetadas. Essa etapa (1982-1985) caracteriza-se pela recessão, inflação, queda das exportações e políticas macroeconômicas de ajuste, entre elas a abertura comercial. Na segunda etapa (1985-1988), evidenciam-se a forte abertura comercial do México e seus efeitos na economia e, particularmente, na agricultura do país e de Colima, ou seja, qual foi o comportamento da oferta agrícola, dadas as suas características de sua estrutura agrícola. Isso permitirá explicar o que aconteceu com a agricultura durante esse período. Na segunda parte do trabalho, pretende-se analisar o que acontece na agricultura com a implantação do Nafta. Para isso, é necessário identificar os produtos agrícolas de Colima que apresentam vantagens comparativas e quais poderão competir no mercado internacional. É a partir dessas informações que se analisam os possíveis efeitos da liberalização em Colima, estruturando cenários teóricos de efeitos na sua estrutura agrícola. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é responder a duas perguntas: o que aconteceu na agricultura de Colima na primeira etapa da liberalização comercial? O que acontece quando o Nafta começa a influenciar a liberalização? A análise retrospectiva permitirá compreender as tendências e explicar o presente, assim como as mudanças na estrutura do produto agrícola em Colima durante o período considerado. Para atingir este objetivo, serão analisados a importância e o comportamento dos indicadores da oferta no período de 1980 a 1992, assim como a sazonalidade e a produtividade de cada cultura no Estado de Colima: milho, feijão, arroz, sorgo, cana- de-açúcar e café, limão, manga, banana, melão. Serão analisados a demanda no mercado e os preços domésticos, assim como o mercado exterior, suas principais características por produto e comportamento dos preços internacionais. Em relação ao marco teórico, será utilizada a teoria do comércio internacional sob o enfoque neoclássico das vantagens comparativas, utilizando como modelo de mensuração os custos dos recursos domésticos e a Matriz de Análise de Política, desenvolvida recentemente para analisar os efeitos micro e macroeconômicos de políticas comerciais.
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Zechner, Carmen. "Expanding NAFTA : economic effects on Chile of free trade with the United States /." Münster : Lit, 2002. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00050105.pdf.
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