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Journal articles on the topic 'NaDC'

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Published: 24 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Qi, Xiangying, Kaiqi Wang, Liping Yang, Zhenshan Deng, and Zhihong Sun. "The complete mitogenome sequence of the coral lily (Lilium pumilum) and the Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii) in China." Open Life Sciences 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 1060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0102.

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AbstractBackgroundThe mitogenomes of higher plants are conserved. This study was performed to complete the mitogenome of two China Lilium species (Lilium pumilum Redouté and Lilium davidii var. unicolor (Hoog) cotton).MethodsGenomic DNA was separately extracted from the leaves of L. pumilum and L. davidii in triplicate and used for sequencing. The mitogenome of Allium cepa was used as a reference. Genome assembly, annotation and phylogenetic tree were analyzed.ResultsThe mitogenome of L. pumilum and L. davidii was 988,986 bp and 924,401 bp in length, respectively. There were 22 core protein-coding genes (including atp1, atp4, atp6, atp9, ccmB, ccmC, ccmFc, ccmFN1, ccmFN2, cob, cox3, matR, mttB, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, nad6, nad7 and nad9), one open reading frame and one ribosomal protein-coding gene (rps12) in the mitogenomes. Compared with the A. cepa mitogenome, the coding sequence of the 24 genes and intergenic spacers in L. pumilum and L. davidii mitogenome contained 1,621 and 1,617 variable sites, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree, L. pumilum and L. davidii were distinct from A. cepa (NC_030100).ConclusionsL. pumilum and L. davidii mitogenomes have far distances from other plants. This study provided additional information on the species resources of China Lilium.
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Teramoto, Haruhiko, Masako Suda, Masayuki Inui, and Hideaki Yukawa. "Regulation of the Expression of Genes Involved in NAD De Novo Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 16 (July 2, 2010): 5488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00906-10.

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ABSTRACT Three genes, nadA, nadB, and nadC, involved in NAD de novo biosynthesis are broadly conserved in the genomes of numerous bacterial species. In the genome of Corynebacterium glutamicum, nadA and nadC but not nadB are annotated. The nadA and nadC genes are located in a gene cluster containing two other genes, designated ndnR and nadS herein. ndnR encodes a member of the Nudix-related transcriptional regulator (NrtR) family. nadS encodes a homologue of cysteine desulfurase involved in Fe-S cluster assembly. The gene cluster ndnR-nadA-nadC-nadS is genetically characterized herein. Mutant strains deficient in nadA, nadC, or nadS required exogenous nicotinate for growth, and the nicotinate auxotrophy was complemented by introduction of the corresponding gene in trans, indicating that each of these genes is essential for growth in the absence of an exogenous source of NAD biosynthesis. The results of reverse transcriptase PCR analyses and ndnR promoter-lacZ expression analyses revealed that the expression of ndnR, nadA, nadC, and nadS genes was markedly and coordinately repressed by nicotinate. The expression of these genes was enhanced by the disruption of ndnR, resulting in the loss of the nicotinate-responsive regulation of gene expression. These results suggest that NdnR acts as a transcriptional repressor of NAD de novo biosynthesis genes and plays an essential role in the regulation of the response to nicotinate.
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3

Wang, Keri, Kenneth Conn, and George Lazarovits. "Involvement of Quinolinate Phosphoribosyl Transferase in Promotion of Potato Growth by a Burkholderia Strain." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.760-768.2006.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia sp. strain PsJN stimulates root growth of potato explants compared to uninoculated controls under gnotobiotic conditions. In order to determine the mechanism by which this growth stimulation occurs, we used Tn5 mutagenesis to produce a mutant, H41, which exhibited no growth-promoting activity but was able to colonize potato plants as well as the wild-type strain. The gene associated with the loss of growth promotion in H41 was shown to exhibit 65% identity at the amino acid level to the nadC gene encoding quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QAPRTase) in Ralstonia solanacearum. Complementation of H41 with QAPRTase restored growth promotion of potato explants by this mutant. Expression of the gene identified in Escherichia coli yielded a protein with QAPRTase activities that catalyzed the de novo formation of nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN). Two other genes involved in the same enzymatic pathway, nadA and nadB, were physically linked to nadC. The nadA gene was cotranscribed with nadC as an operon in wild-type strain PsJN, while the nadB gene was located downstream of the nadA-nadC operon. Growth promotion by H41 was fully restored by addition of NaMN to the tissue culture medium. These data suggested that QAPRTase may play a role in the signal pathway for promotion of plant growth by PsJN.
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4

Shidhi, Pattayampadam Ramakrishnan, Vadakkemukadiyil Chellappan Biju, Sasi Anu, Chandrasekharan Laila Vipin, Kumar Raveendran Deelip, and Sukumaran Nair Achuthsankar. "Genome Characterization, Comparison and Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Evolvulus alsinoides Reveals Highly Rearranged Gene Order in Solanales." Life 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11080769.

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Mitogenome sequencing provides an understanding of the evolutionary mechanism of mitogenome formation, mechanisms driving plant gene order, genome structure, and migration sequences. Data on the mitochondrial genome for family Convolvulaceae members is lacking. E. alsinoides, also known as shankhpushpi, is an important medicinal plant under the family Convolvulaceae, widely used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. We identified the mitogenome of E. alsinoides using the Illumina mate-pair sequencing platform, and annotated using bioinformatics approaches in the present study. The mitogenome of E. alsinoides was 344184 bp in length and comprised 46 unique coding genes, including 31 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 12 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. The secondary structure of tRNAs shows that all the tRNAs can be folded into canonical clover-leaf secondary structures, except three trnW, trnG, and trnC. Measurement of the skewness of the nucleotide composition showed that the AT and GC skew is positive, indicating higher A’s and G’s in the mitogenome of E. alsinoides. The Ka/Ks ratios of 11 protein-coding genes (atp1, ccmC, cob, cox1, rps19, rps12, nad3, nad9, atp9, rpl5, nad4L) were <1, indicating that these genes were under purifying selection. Synteny and gene order analysis were performed to identify homologous genes among the related species. Synteny blocks representing nine genes (nad9, nad2, ccmFc, nad1, nad4, nad5, matR, cox1, nad7) were observed in all the species of Solanales. Gene order comparison showed that a high level of gene rearrangement has occurred among all the species of Solanales. The mitogenome data obtained in the present study could be used as the Convolvulaceae family representative for future studies, as there is no complex taxonomic history associated with this plant.
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5

Scholz, T. D., M. R. Laughlin, R. S. Balaban, V. V. Kupriyanov, and F. W. Heineman. "Effect of substrate on mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic redox state, and phosphorylated compounds in isolated hearts." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 268, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): H82—H91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.1.h82.

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The effect of metabolic substrates on the relation among cytosolic redox state (NADHc/NAD+) mitochondrial NADH (NADHm), and [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]) was studied in isolated working rabbit hearts. Substrates were varied from 5.6 mM glucose alone to glucose in combination with 10 mM lactate and/or 10 mM pyruvate while afterload and preload were held constant. Changes in NADHm were determined from epicardial NADH fluorescence. The ratio of glycerol 3-phosphate (G-3-P) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), determined from tissue extracts, was used as an index of cytosolic redox. Myocardial 31P metabolites were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The addition of pyruvate to the perfusion medium caused increases in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2), NADHm fluorescence, phosphocreatine (PCr), and [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]) and a decrease in NADHc/NADc+ (decreased G-3-P/DHAP). Although the addition of lactate to the perfusion medium caused an increase in NADHm similar to pyruvate, MVo2 and PCr did not change significantly, [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]) increased less than with pyruvate, and there was an increase in NADHc/NADc+. The findings suggest that variations in the cytosolic redox state do not necessarily result in obligatory changes in either the mitochondrial redox state or in the [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]). This implies that under the conditions of this study an equilibrium is not maintained between [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]) and NADHc/NADc+. Furthermore, similar levels of NADHm can be associated with different values for [ATP]/([ADP] x [Pi]) and MVo2, depending on the substrates available to the heart.
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Hòa, Lê Thanh, Nguyễn Thị Khuê, Nguyễn Thị Bích Nga, Đỗ Thị Roan, Đỗ Trung Dũng, Lê Thị Kim Xuyến, and Đoàn Thị Thanh Hương. "Genetic characterization of mitochondrial genome of the small intestinal fluke, Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae), Vietnamese sample." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/2/9333.

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The small intestinal fluke, Haplorchis taichui Nishigori, 1924, belonging to genus Haplorchis (family Heterophyidae, class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes), is a zoonotic pathogen causing disease in humans and animals. Complete mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of H. taichui (strain HTAQT, collected from Quang Tri) was obtained and characterized for structural genomics providing valuable data for studies on epidemiology, species identification, diagnosis, classification, molecular phylogenetic relationships and prevention of the disease. The entire nucleotide mtDNA sequence of H. taichui (HTAQT) is 15.119 bp in length, containing 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (cox1, cox2, cox3, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4L, nad4, nad5, nad6, atp6 and cob); 2 ribosomal RNA genes, rrnL (16S) and rrnS (12S); 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA or trn), and a non-coding region (NR), divided into two sub-regions of short non-coding (short, SNR) and long non-coding (long, LNR). LNR region, 1.692 bp in length, located between the position of trnG (transfer RNA-Glycine) and trnE (Glutamic acid), contains 6 tandem repeats (TR), arranged as TR1A, TR2A, TR1B, TR2B, TR3A, TR3B, respectively. Each protein coding gene (overall, 12 genes), ribosomal rRNA (2 genes) and tRNA (22 genes) were analyzed, in particular, protein-coding genes were defined in length, start and stop codons, and rRNA and tRNA genes for secondary structure.
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7

Chen, Siqi, Yuanbing Wang, Kongfu Zhu, and Hong Yu. "Mitogenomics, Phylogeny and Morphology Reveal Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis Sp. Nov., an Entomopathogenic Fungus from China." Life 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11070686.

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The new entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis, collected from Southeast China, was described by mitogenomic, morphological, and phylogenetic evidence. The systematic position of O. pingbianensis was determined by phylogenetic analyses based on six nuclear gene (ITS, tef1-α, nrSSU, nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2) and 14 mitochondrial protein-coding gene (PCGs) (cox1, cox2, cox3, atp6, atp8, atp9, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad5, nad6 and nad4L) data. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that O. pingbianensis was belonged to the Hirsutella nodulosa clade in the genus Ophiocordyceps of Ophiocordycipiaceae. This fungus exhibits distinctive characteristics which differed from other related Ophiocordyceps species with slender and geminate stromata, monophialidic conidiogenous cells with an inflated awl-shaped base, a twisty and warty phialide neck and a fusiform or oval conidia, as well as being found on a tiger beetle of Coleoptera buried in moss at the cave. The complete mitochondrial genome of O. pingbianensis was a circular DNA molecule 80,359 bp in length, containing 15 PCGs, 24 open reading frames genes (ORFs), 25 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) and 27 introns. Ophiocordyceps pingbianensis, containing 27 introns, has the second largest mitogenome in Ophiocordycipiaceae and was next to O. sinensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the mitogenome from a new entomopathogenic fungus, and thus provides an important foundation for future studies on taxonomy, genetics and evolutionary biology of Ophiocordycipiaceae.
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8

Hoxhaj, Gerta, Issam Ben-Sahra, Sophie E. Lockwood, Rebecca C. Timson, Vanessa Byles, Graham T. Henning, Peng Gao, Laura M. Selfors, John M. Asara, and Brendan D. Manning. "Direct stimulation of NADP+ synthesis through Akt-mediated phosphorylation of NAD kinase." Science 363, no. 6431 (March 7, 2019): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3903.

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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) is essential for producing NADPH, the primary cofactor for reductive metabolism. We find that growth factor signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt pathway induces acute synthesis of NADP+ and NADPH. Akt phosphorylates NAD kinase (NADK), the sole cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of NADP+ from NAD+ (the oxidized form of NADH), on three serine residues (Ser44, Ser46, and Ser48) within an amino-terminal domain. This phosphorylation stimulates NADK activity both in cells and directly in vitro, thereby increasing NADP+ production. A rare isoform of NADK (isoform 3) lacking this regulatory region exhibits constitutively increased activity. These data indicate that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of NADK stimulates its activity to increase NADP+ production through relief of an autoinhibitory function inherent to its amino terminus.
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9

Nozato, Naoko, Kenji Oda, Katsuyuki Yamato, Eiji Ohta, Miho Takemura, Kinya Akashi, Hideya Fukuzawa, and Kanji Ohyama. "Cotranscriptional expression of mitochondrial genes for subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, nad5, nad4, nad2, in Marchantia polymorpha." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 237, no. 3 (March 1993): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279437.

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10

Singh, Ranji, Ryan J. Mailloux, Simone Puiseux-Dao, and Vasu D. Appanna. "Oxidative Stress Evokes a Metabolic Adaptation That Favors Increased NADPH Synthesis and Decreased NADH Production in Pseudomonas fluorescens." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 18 (June 15, 2007): 6665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00555-07.

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ABSTRACT The fate of all aerobic organisms is dependent on the varying intracellular concentrations of NADH and NADPH. The former is the primary ingredient that fuels ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, while the latter helps maintain the reductive environment necessary for this process and other cellular activities. In this study we demonstrate a metabolic network promoting NADPH production and limiting NADH synthesis as a consequence of an oxidative insult. The activity and expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase, the main generators of NADPH, were markedly increased during oxidative challenge. On the other hand, numerous tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes that supply the bulk of intracellular NADH were significantly downregulated. These metabolic pathways were further modulated by NAD+ kinase (NADK) and NADP+ phosphatase (NADPase), enzymes known to regulate the levels of NAD+ and NADP+. While in menadione-challenged cells, the former enzyme was upregulated, the phosphatase activity was markedly increased in control cells. Thus, NADK and NADPase play a pivotal role in controlling the cross talk between metabolic networks that produce NADH and NADPH and are integral components of the mechanism involved in fending off oxidative stress.
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Hughes, K. T., J. R. Roth, and B. M. Olivera. "A genetic characterization of the nadC gene of Salmonella typhimurium." Genetics 127, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.4.657.

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Abstract The nadC gene of Salmonella encodes the pyridine biosynthetic enzyme PRPP-quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase. Using a combination of genetic techniques, a deletion map for the Salmonella nadC gene has been generated which includes over 100 point mutants and 18 deletion intervals. The nadC alleles obtained by hydroxylamine mutagenesis include those suppressed by either amber, ochre, or UGA nonsense suppressors as well as alleles suppressed by the missense suppressor, sumA. Deletions were obtained by three separate protocols including spontaneous selection for loss of the nearby aroP gene, recombination between aroP::MudA and nadC::MudA insertion alleles, and selection for spontaneous loss of tetracycline resistance in a nearby guaC::Tn10dTc insertion mutant allele. The nadC mutants comprise one complementation group and the nadC+ allele is dominant to simple, nadC auxotrophic mutant alleles. Intragenic complementation of two nadC alleles, nadC493 and nadC494, mapping to deletion intervals 17 and 18, respectively, suggests that nadC encodes a multimeric enzyme. Both nadC and the nearby aroP locus are transcribed counterclockwise on the standard genetic map of Salmonella, in opposite orientation to the direction of chromosome replication.
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Abe, Hiroya, Zhenquan Tan, Akira Kondo, and Makio Naito. "Direct Filament Formation of Biological Carbon Nanotube Suspensions." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, CICMT (September 1, 2012): 000132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2012-tp31.

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In this study, aqueous carbon nanotube (CNT) suspensions were prepared using biological surfactant of sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). The influence of NaDC concentration on the NaDC self-association in water and the rheological responses of the NaDC-CNT-water system were investigated. It has been found that the yield stress of the suspension increased with NaDC concentration, which was strongly related to the NaDC self-association of lyotropic liquid crystals. Due to the enhanced rheological properties at high NaDC concentration (30%), it allowed the shear-induced filament formation in which the CNTs were aligned along to the shear direction. This filament formation may be attractive for transferring aligned CNTs on substrates in a controlled manner.
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13

Bai, L., and A. M. Pajor. "Expression cloning of NaDC-2, an intestinal Na(+)- or Li(+)-dependent dicarboxylate transporter." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): G267—G274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.2.g267.

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A cDNA coding for a Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter from Xenopus laevis intestine, NaDC-2, was isolated by functional expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes. NaDC-2 encodes a 622-residue polypeptide with a predicted mass of 68.6 kDa. The sequence and secondary structure of NaDC-2 are related to the mammalian renal Na(+)-dicarboxylate and Na(+)-sulfate cotransporters. NaDC-2 mRNA is expressed only in the intestine. Oocytes injected with NaDC-2 cRNA exhibit increased transport of succinate, citrate, and glutarate. Transport of succinate by NaDC-2 is stimulated by Na+ or Li+, with Michaelis-Menten constant values for succinate of 0.3 mM (in Na+) and 0.7 mM (in Li+). Na+ and Li+ activation curves show sigmoid kinetics, with Hill coefficients of 1.4 (nNa) and 1.7 (nLi), indicating that multiple cations are involved in the transport of succinate. The transport of succinate by NaDC-2 is insensitive to pH, whereas the transport of citrate is inhibited at high pH. The differences in functional properties between NaDC-2 and the structurally related Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporters NaDC-1 and hNaDC-1 will form the basis of detailed structure-function studies.
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Marienfeld, J. R., and K. J. Newton. "The maize NCS2 abnormal growth mutant has a chimeric nad4-nad7 mitochondrial gene and is associated with reduced complex I function." Genetics 138, no. 3 (November 1, 1994): 855–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.855.

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Abstract The molecular basis of the maternally inherited, heteroplasmic NCS2 mutant of maize was investigated. Analysis of the NCS2 mtDNA showed that it closely resembles the progenitor cmsT mitochondrial genome, except that the mutant genome contains a fused nad4-nad7 gene and is deleted for the small fourth exon of nad4. The rearrangement has occurred at a 16-bp repeat present in the third intron of the nad4 gene and in the second intron of the nad7 gene. Transcripts containing exon 4 of the nad4 gene are greatly reduced in mtRNA preparations from heteroplasmic NCS2 plants; larger transcripts are associated with the first three nad4 exons. Identical 5' ends of the nad4 transcripts have been mapped 396 and 247 bp upstream of the start codon in mtRNAs from both NCS2 and related non-NCS plants. The putative transcription termination signal of nad4 is deleted in mutant DNA, resulting in the production of the unique longer transcripts. The complex transcript pattern associated with nad7 is also altered in the mutant. Both nad4 and nad7 encode subunits of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. Oxygen uptake experiments show that the functioning of complex I is specifically reduced in mitochondria isolated from NCS2 mutant plants.
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PAJOR, Ana M., Sally J. KRAJEWSKI, Nina SUN, and Rama GANGULA. "Cysteine residues in the Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter, NaDC-1." Biochemical Journal 344, no. 1 (November 8, 1999): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3440205.

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The role of cysteine residues in the Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter (NaDC-1) was tested using site-directed mutagenesis. The transport activity of NaDC-1 was not affected by mutagenesis of any of the 11 cysteine residues, indicating that no individual cysteine residue is necessary for function. NaDC-1 is sensitive to inhibition by the impermeant cysteine-specific reagent, p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (pCMBS). The pCMBS-sensitive residues in NaDC-1 are Cys-227, found in transmembrane domain 5, and Cys-476, located in transmembrane domain 9. Although cysteine residues are not required for function in NaDC-1, their presence appears to be important for protein stability or trafficking to the plasma membrane. There was a direct relationship between the number of cysteine residues, regardless of location, and the transport activity and expression of NaDC-1. The results indicate that mutagenesis of multiple cysteine residues in NaDC-1 may alter the shape or configuration of the protein, leading to alterations in protein trafficking or stability.
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Zacchia, Miriam, Xuefei Tian, Enrica Zona, Robert J. Alpern, and Patricia A. Preisig. "Acid Stimulation of the Citrate Transporter NaDC-1 Requires Pyk2 and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, no. 6 (April 20, 2018): 1720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017121268.

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Background Urine citrate is reabsorbed exclusively along the renal proximal tubule via the apical Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC-1. We previously showed that an acid load in vivo and media acidification in vitro increase NaDC-1 activity through endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelin B (ETB) signaling. Here, we further examined the signaling pathway mediating acid-induced NaDC-1 activity.Methods We transiently transfected cultured opossum kidney cells, a model of the proximal tubule, with NaDC-1 and ETB and measured [14C]-citrate uptake after media acidification under various experimental conditions, including inactivation of Pyk2 and c-Src, which were previously shown to be activated by media acidification. Wild-type (Pyk2+/+) and Pyk2-null (Pyk2−/−) mice were exposed to NH4Cl loading and euthanized after various end points, at which time we harvested the kidneys for immunoblotting and brush border membrane NaDC-1 activity studies.Results Inhibition of Pyk2 or c-Src prevented acid stimulation but not ET-1 stimulation of NaDC-1 in vitro. Consistent with these results, NH4Cl loading stimulated NaDC-1 activity in kidneys of wild-type but not Pyk2−/− mice. In cultured cells and in mice, ERK1/2 was rapidly phosphorylated by acid loading, even after Pyk2 knockdown, and it was required for acid but not ET-1/ETB stimulation of NaDC-1 in vitro. Media acidification also induced the phosphorylation of Raf1 and p90RSK, components of the ERK1/2 pathway, and inhibition of these proteins blocked acid stimulation of NaDC-1 activity.Conclusions Acid stimulation of NaDC-1 activity involves Pyk2/c-Src and Raf1-ERK1/2-p90RSK signaling pathways, but these pathways are not downstream of ET-1/ETB in this process.
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Wang, Jing, Xu Xu, Hao Chen, Shuai-Shuai Zhang, and Yin-Xian Peng. "Oxidation of Sodium Deoxycholate Catalyzed by Gold Nanoparticles and Chiral Recognition Performances of Bile Salt Micelles." Molecules 24, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244508.

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Au nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by UV light irradiation of a mixed solution of HAuCl4 and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) under alkaline condition, in which NaDC served as both reducing agent and capping agent. The reaction was monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and it was found that the formed gold NPs could catalyze the oxidation of NaDC. A CD signal at ~283 nm in the UV region was observed for the oxidation product of NaDC. The intensity of the CD signal of the oxidation product was enhanced gradually with the reaction time. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were carried out to determine the chemical composition of the oxidation product, revealing that NaDC was selectively oxidized to sodium 3-keto-12-hydroxy-cholanate (3-KHC). The chiral discrimination abilities of the micelles of NaDC and its oxidation product, 3-KHC, were investigated by using chiral model molecules R,S-1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-diyl hydrogenphosphate (R,S-BNDHP). Compared with NaDC, the micelles of 3-KHC displayed higher binding ability to the chiral model molecules. In addition, the difference in binding affinity of 3-KHC micelles towards R,S-isomer was observed, and S-isomer was shown to preferentially bind to the micelles.
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Pajor, A. M., and N. Sun. "Characterization of the rabbit renal Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter using antifusion protein antibodies." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 271, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): C1808—C1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.6.c1808.

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Polyclonal antibodies were prepared against the rabbit renal Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1. The antibodies were raised in chickens against a fusion protein consisting of a 60-amino acid peptide from NaDC-1 and glutathione S-transferase. These antibodies specifically recognized the fusion protein in Western blots and could immunoprecipitate the full-length NaDC-1 after in vitro translation. The antifusion protein antibodies specifically recognized a protein of 63 kDa in rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV), similar to the predicted mass of 66 kDa. Two proteins of 57 and 115 kDa were recognized in rabbit intestinal brush-border membranes. A protein of 66 kDa was recognized in Xenopus oocytes injected with NaDC-1 cRNA. Enzymatic deglycosylation of rabbit renal BBMV resulted in a decrease in mass by 11 kDa, consistent with N-glycosylation at a single site. Site-directed mutagenesis of the two consensus sequences for N-glycosylation in the NaDC-1 cDNA showed that Asn-576, located near the COOH-terminal, is glycosylated. The nonglycosylated mutant of NaDC-1 exhibited 50% of wild-type succinate transport activity when expressed in Xenopus oocytes, suggesting that glycosylation is not essential for function. The revised secondary structure model of NaDC-1 contains 11 putative transmembrane domains and an extracellular glycosylated COOH-terminal.
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19

Chong, Ostrom, Khan, Dandachi, Garg, Kotrotsou, Colen, and Morón. "Whole Tumor Histogram Analysis Using DW MRI in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Correlates with Tumor Biomarkers and Outcome." Cancers 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101506.

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The ability to non-invasively predict outcomes and monitor treatment response in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is important as treatment regimens are constantly being trialed. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram values to predict Ki-67 expression, a tumor proliferation marker, and patient outcomes in PCNSL in both immunocompetent patients and patients living with HIV (PLWH). Qualitative PCNSL magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics from 93 patients (23 PLWH and 70 immunocompetent) were analyzed, and whole tumor segmentation was performed on the ADC maps. Quantitative histogram analyses of the segmentations were calculated. These measures were compared to PCNSL Ki-67 expression. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed via comparison to the International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaboration Group Response Criteria. Associations between ADC measures and clinical outcomes were assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Normalized ADC (nADC)Min, nADCMean, nADC1, nADC5, and nADC15 values were significantly associated with a poorer OS. nADCMax, nADCMean, nADC5, nADC15, nADC75, nADC95, nADC99 inversely correlated with Ki-67 expression. OS was also significantly associated with lesion hemorrhage. PFS was not significantly associated with ADC values but with lesion hemorrhage. ADC histogram values and related parameters can predict the degree of tumor proliferation and patient outcomes for primary central nervous system lymphoma patients and in both immunocompetent patients and patients living with HIV.
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Meinild, Anne-Kristine, Donald D. F. Loo, Ana M. Pajor, Thomas Zeuthen, and Ernest M. Wright. "Water transport by the renal Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 278, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): F777—F783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.5.f777.

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This study investigated the ability of the renal Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1, to transport water. Rabbit NaDC-1 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, cotransporter activity was measured as the inward current generated by substrate (citrate or succinate), and water transport was monitored by the changes in oocyte volume. In the absence of substrates, oocytes expressing NaDC-1 showed an increase in osmotic water permeability, which was directly correlated with the expression level of NaDC-1. When NaDC-1 was transporting substrates, there was a concomitant increase in oocyte volume. This solute-coupled influx of water took place in the absence of, and even against, osmotic gradients. There was a strict stoichiometric relationship between Na+, substrate, and water transport of 3 Na+, 1 dicarboxylate, and 176 water molecules/transport cycle. These results indicate that the renal Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter mediates water transport and, under physiological conditions, may contribute to fluid reabsorption across the proximal tubule.
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PAJOR, Ana M., Ning SUN, and Heidi G. VALMONTE. "Mutational analysis of histidine residues in the rabbit Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter NaDC-1." Biochemical Journal 331, no. 1 (April 1, 1998): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3310257.

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Succinate transport by the rabbit Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter, NaDC-1, expressed in Xenopusoocytes was inhibited by the histidyl-selective reagent diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC). Therefore the role of histidine residues in the function of NaDC-1 was examined by site-directed mutagenesis. All 11 histidine residues in NaDC-1 were converted to alanine, but only mutant H106A exhibited a decrease in succinate transport. Additional mutations of NaDC-1 at position 106 showed that aspartic acid and asparagine, but not arginine, can substitute for histidine. Examination of succinate and citrate kinetics of H106A revealed a decrease in Vmax with no change in Km. Cell surface biotinylation experiments showed that the transport activity of all four mutants at position 106 was correlated with the amount of cell surface expression, suggesting a role of His-106 in membrane expression rather than function. Two of the histidine mutants, H153A and H569A, exhibited insensitivity to inhibition by DEPC, indicating that these residues are involved in binding DEPC. Neither of these residues is required for transport activity; thus DEPC probably inhibits NaDC-1 function by hindrance of the mobility of the carrier. We conclude that histidine residues are not critical for transport function in NaDC-1, although His-106 might be involved in determining protein expression or stability in the membrane.
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Aruga, Seiji, Ana M. Pajor, Kiyoshi Nakamura, Liping Liu, Orson W. Moe, Patricia A. Preisig, and Robert J. Alpern. "OKP cells express the Na-dicarboxylate cotransporter NaDC-1." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 287, no. 1 (July 2004): C64—C72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00061.2003.

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Urinary citrate concentration, a major factor in the formation of kidney stones, is primarily determined by its rate of reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Citrate reabsorption is mediated by the Na-dicarboxylate cotransporter-1 (NaDC-1). The opossum kidney (OKP) cell line possesses many characteristics of the renal proximal tubule. The OKP NaDC-1 (oNaDC-1) cDNA was cloned and encodes a 2.4-kb mRNA. When injected into Xenopus oocytes, the cotransporter is expressed and demonstrates Na-coupled citrate transport with a stoichiometry of ≥3 Na:1 citrate, specificity for di- and tricarboxylates, pH-dependent citrate transport, and pH-independent succinate transport, all characteristics of the other NaDC-1 orthologs. Chronic metabolic acidosis increases proximal tubule citrate reabsorption, leading to profound hypocitraturia and an increased risk for stone formation. Under the conditions studied, endogenous OKP NaDC-1 mRNA abundance is not regulated by changes in media pH. In OKP cells transfected with a green fluorescent protein-oNaDC-1 construct, however, media acidification increases Na-dependent citrate uptake, demonstrating posttranscriptional acid regulation of NaDC-1 activity.
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Herida, Magid, Murielle Mary-Krause, Régis Kaphan, Jacques Cadranel, Isabelle Poizot-Martin, Christian Rabaud, Nathalie Plaisance, et al. "Incidence of Non–AIDS-Defining Cancers Before and During the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 3447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2003.01.096.

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Purpose: To determine incidence of non–AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) in HIV–infected patients before (P1) and during (P2) the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) relative to that observed in the French general population (FGP) of the same age and sex. Patients and Methods: Sex- and age-adjusted NADC standardized incidence ratios (SIR), with FGP as reference, were estimated in 1992 to 1995 (P1) and in 1996 to 1999 (P2) in a French Hospital Database on HIV prospective hospital cohort study. Results: NADCs were diagnosed in 260 patients during P1 and 391 patients during P2 among the 77,025 patients included in the database between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1999. Estimated incidence of all cancers was higher in HIV-infected men than in FGP during both periods (P1 SIR = 2.36 and P2 SIR = 1.91). No excess of cancers was observed among HIV-infected women in either period. Incidence of all cancers did not change from P1 to P2 in either sex (SIR = 0.96 for men and 1.00 for women). In contrast, incidence of Hodgkin’s disease (HD) was higher than in FGP in both sexes and both periods and increased in P2 as compared with P1; incidence of lung cancer was higher in both sexes during P2. Conclusion: Relative to FGP, the overall incidence of NADCs was increased in HIV-infected men but not in women and did not differ between P1 and P2. Only HD was much more common in HIV infection, and the potential role of HAART on HD cannot be excluded.
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Lazzari, Federica, Bruce D. Alexander, Robert M. Dalgliesh, Jenny Alongi, Elisabetta Ranucci, Paolo Ferruti, and Peter C. Griffiths. "pH-Dependent Chiral Recognition of D- and L-Arginine Derived Polyamidoamino Acids by Self-Assembled Sodium Deoxycholate." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040900.

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D- and L-arginine-based polyamidoamino acids, called D- and L-ARGO7, retain the chirality and acid/base properties of the parent α-amino acids and show pH-dependent self-structuring in water. The ability of the ARGO7 chiral isomers to selectively interact with chiral biomolecules and/or surfaces was studied by choosing sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) as a model chiral biomolecule for its ability to self-assembly into globular micelles, showing enantio-selectivity. To this purpose, mixtures of NaDC with D-, L- or D,L-ARGO7, respectively, in water were analysed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at different levels of acidity expressed in terms of pD and concentrations. Differences in the CD spectra indicated chiral discrimination for NaDC/ARGO7 mixtures in the gel phase (pD 7.30) but not in the solution phase (pD 9.06). SANS measurements confirmed large scale structural perturbation induced by this chiral discrimination in the gel phase yet no modulation of the structure in the solution phase. Together, these techniques shed light on the mechanism by which ARGO7 stereoisomers modify the morphology of NaDC micelles as a function of pH. This work demonstrates chirality-dependent interactions that drive structural evolution and phase behaviour of NaDC, opening the way for designing novel smart drug delivery systems.
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Li, X., A. Galliher-Beckley, L. Wang, J. Nietfeld, W. Feng, and J. Shi. "Comparison of Immune Responses in Pigs Infected with Chinese Highly Pathogenic PRRS Virus Strain HV and North American Strain NADC-20." Open Virology Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874357901711010073.

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Introduction:Chinese HP-PRRSV characterized by high morbidity and mortality of all ages of pigs emerged since 2006 in China. The immune response of HP-PRRSV was never compared with conventional low pathogenic PRRSV strain.Objective:In this study, we compared the immune responses elicited by a Chinese HP-PRRSV strain HV and a North American RRSV strain NADC20 infections.Result:Pigs infected with NADC-20 showed significantly higher Ab titers than HV-PRRSV infected pigs at 9 DPI. Infection with HV-PRRSV induced a significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in both sera and lung tissues and higher IFN-α and IFN-γ in the serum. Flow cytometry analysis showed that HV-PRRSV infected pigs generated significantly higher frequencies of NK cells in the peripheral blood and Th/memory, CTLs, and T-reg cells in the lung as compared with NADC-20 infected pigs.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that different immunity profiles were elicited by HV-PRRSV and NADC-20, and these differences may contribute to the distinct pathogenesis of HV-PRRSV and NADC-20.
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Wang, C. R., J. F. Gao, Q. C. Chang, F. C. Zou, Q. Zhao, and X. Q. Zhu. "Sequence variability in four mitochondrial genes among Bunostomum trigonocephalum isolates from four provinces in China." Journal of Helminthology 87, no. 4 (October 15, 2012): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000570.

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AbstractThe present study examined sequence variability in four mitochondrial genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 5 (nad1 and nad5), among Bunostomum trigonocephalum isolates from four different geographic regions in China. Ten B. trigonocephalum samples were collected from each of the four provinces (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Shaanxi and Yunnan), China. A part of the cox1 (pcox1), cytb (pcytb), nad1 and nad5 genes (pnad1 and pnad5) were amplified separately from individual hookworms by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were subjected to direct sequencing in order to define sequence variations and their phylogenetic relationships. The intra-specific sequence variations within B. trigonocephalum were 0–1.9% for pcox1, 0–2.0% for pcytb, 0–1.6% for pnad1 and 0–1.7% for pnad5. The A+T contents of the sequences were 69.6–70.4% (pcox1), 71.9–72.7 (pcytb), 70.4–71.1% (pnad1) and 72.0–72.6% (pnad5). However, the inter-specific sequence differences among members of the family Ancylostomatidae were significantly higher, being 12.1–14.2% for pcox1, 13.7–16.0 for cytb, 17.6–19.4 for nad1 and 16.0–21.6 for nad5. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined partial sequences of cox1, cytb, nad1 and nad5 using three inference methods, namely Bayesian inference (Bayes), maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP), revealed that all the B. trigonocephalum samples form monophyletic groups, but samples from the same geographical origin did not always cluster together, suggesting that there was no obvious geographical distinction within B. trigonocephalum based on sequences of the four mtDNA genes. These results demonstrated the existence of low-level intra-specific variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences among B. trigonocephalum isolates from different geographic regions.
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Sonet, Gontran, Yannick De Smet, Min Tang, Massimiliano Virgilio, Andrew Donovan Young, Jeffrey H. Skevington, Ximo Mengual, et al. "First mitochondrial genomes of five hoverfly species of the genus Eristalinus (Diptera: Syrphidae)." Genome 62, no. 10 (October 2019): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0009.

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The hoverfly genus Eristalinus (Diptera, Syrphidae) contains many widespread pollinators. The majority of the species of Eristalinus occur in the Afrotropics and their molecular systematics still needs to be investigated. This study presents the first complete and annotated mitochondrial genomes for five species of Eristalinus. They were obtained by high-throughput sequencing of total genomic DNA. The total length of the mitogenomes varied between 15 757 and 16 245 base pairs. Gene composition, positions, and orientation were shared across species, and were identical to those observed for other Diptera. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) based on the 13 protein coding and both rRNA genes suggested that the subgenus Eristalinus was paraphyletic with respect to the subgenus Eristalodes. An analysis of the phylogenetic informativeness of all protein coding and rRNA genes suggested that NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, nad4, nad2, cytochrome b, and 16S rRNA genes are the most promising mitochondrial molecular markers to result in supported phylogenetic hypotheses of the genus. In addition to the five complete mitogenomes currently available for hoverflies, the five mitogenomes published here will be useful for broader molecular phylogenetic analyses among hoverflies.
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Khamaysi, Ahlam, Shireen Anbtawee-Jomaa, Moran Fremder, Hadar Eini-Rider, Liana Shimshilashvili, Sara Aharon, Elina Aizenshtein, et al. "Systemic Succinate Homeostasis and Local Succinate Signaling Affect Blood Pressure and Modify Risks for Calcium Oxalate Lithogenesis." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2018030277.

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BackgroundIn the kidney, low urinary citrate increases the risk for developing kidney stones, and elevation of luminal succinate in the juxtaglomerular apparatus increases renin secretion, causing hypertension. Although the association between stone formation and hypertension is well established, the molecular mechanism linking these pathophysiologies has been elusive.MethodsTo investigate the relationship between succinate and citrate/oxalate levels, we assessed blood and urine levels of metabolites, renal protein expression, and BP (using 24-hour telemetric monitoring) in male mice lacking slc26a6 (a transporter that inhibits the succinate transporter NaDC-1 to control citrate absorption from the urinary lumen). We also explored the mechanism underlying this metabolic association, using coimmunoprecipitation, electrophysiologic measurements, and flux assays to study protein interaction and transport activity.ResultsCompared with control mice, slc26a6−/− mice (previously shown to have low urinary citrate and to develop calcium oxalate stones) had a 40% decrease in urinary excretion of succinate, a 35% increase in serum succinate, and elevated plasma renin. Slc26a6−/− mice also showed activity-dependent hypertension that was unaffected by dietary salt intake. Structural modeling, confirmed by mutational analysis, identified slc26a6 and NaDC-1 residues that interact and mediate slc26a6’s inhibition of NaDC-1. This interaction is regulated by the scaffolding protein IRBIT, which is released by stimulation of the succinate receptor SUCNR1 and interacts with the NaDC-1/slc26a6 complex to inhibit succinate transport by NaDC-1.ConclusionsThese findings reveal a succinate/citrate homeostatic pathway regulated by IRBIT that affects BP and biochemical risk of calcium oxalate stone formation, thus providing a potential molecular link between hypertension and lithogenesis.
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Gupta, Shweta, Prantesh Jain, Emilio Araujo Mino, Audrey L. French, Fred R. Rosen, and Paul G. Rubinstein. "A retrospective analysis of all non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC): A subset analysis of the County Hospital AIDS Malignancy Project (CHAMP)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1611.

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1611 Background: County Hospital (CCH) with its HIV clinic, the CORE Center (CC) is the largest provider for HIV patients (pts) in Chicago, treating over 5,500 HIV pts yearly. There is paucity of data on characteristics of HIV+ cancers (ca) in the inner city. The CHAMP cohort is a retrospective study of all HIV associated cancers at CC and CCH over past 14 years (yrs). We analyzed all of the NADC from this cohort. Methods: All HIV pts with NADC were identified from the CHAMP cohort and retrospectively reviewed for HIV and cancer characteristics, overall survival (OS), and pt demographics. Statistics: Survival data was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox Proportional Hazards model. Results: Of 438 pts identified, 157 were NADC representing 21 ca. The average (ave) age was 48 yrs (range 44-57), with prostate ca having highest age presentation. Over the past 10 yrs, the number of NADC has risen from 10 to over 20 each yr. Unlike historical controls (HC) where lung ca is most common, anal ca (21%) was most frequent followed by lung ca (17%). Prostate, head and neck (HNSCC), liver, and colorectal ca were seen in 9, 9, 8, and 7% respectively. 65% of pts were African Americans (AA) and 18% Caucasians. 78% of all NADC were men. 45% of anal ca present with stage IIIa/b disease, moderately to poorly differentiated ca in 48%, with a median OS of 34 mo. CD4 count did not alter OS but stage predicted better outcomes. 86% lung ca presented as stage III/IV disease with ave CD4 count 204. Histologically, 36% were SCC, 28% adenosquamous and 20% adenocarcinoma. OS was 5.5 mo and did not change by histology, CD4, or age. 68% HNSCC present with stage IVa/b but no IVc. Ave age was 48 yrs with an OS of 18mo. 50% were oropharyngeal compared to 22% in HC. Conclusions: Based on data by Sheilds et. al, CCH treats just over 1% of the country’s NADC population. We demonstrate a higher incidence of NADC over time, dominated by a younger, AA and male population. Each ca presents with advanced stage 45-86% and poorly differentiated tumors ranging from 15-30%. The OS of each cancer is consistent with HC with exception of HNSCC. As HIV pts age becoming prone to cancers of elderly, education and screening of inner city HIV pts will help improve cancer rates.
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Tseng, Yi-Shiou, Wen-Bin Wu, Yun Chen, Feili Lo Yang, and Ming-Chieh Ma. "Small intestine resection increases oxalate and citrate transporter expression and calcium oxalate crystal formation in rat hyperoxaluric kidneys." Clinical Science 134, no. 19 (October 2020): 2565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20200973.

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Abstract Short bowel (SB) increases the risk of kidney stones. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we examined how SB affected renal oxalate and citrate handlings for in vivo hyperoxaluric rats and in vitro tubular cells. SB was induced by small intestine resection in male Wistar rats. Sham-operated controls had no resection. After 7 days of recovery, the rats were divided into control, SB (both fed with distilled water), ethylene glycol (EG), and SB+EG (both fed with 0.75% EG for hyperoxaluric induction) groups for 28 days. We collected the plasma, 24 h of urine, kidney, and intestine tissues for analysis. Hypocitraturia was found and persisted up to 28 days for the SB group. Hypocalcemia and high plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were found in the 28-day SB rats. SB aggravated EG-mediated oxalate nephropathy by fostering hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia, and increasing the degree of supersaturation and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition. These effects were associated with renal up-regulations of the oxalate transporter solute carrier family 26 (Slc26)a6 and citrate transporter sodium-dependent dicarboxylate cotransporter-1 (NaDC-1) but not Slc26a2. The effects of PTH on the SB kidneys were then examined in NRK-52E tubular cells. Recombinant PTH attenuated oxalate-mediated cell injury and up-regulated NaDC-1 via protein kinase A (PKA) activation. PTH, however, showed no additive effects on oxalate-induced Slc26a6 and NaDC-1 up-regulation. Together, these results demonstrated that renal NaDC-1 upregulation-induced hypocitraturia weakened the defense against Slc26a6-mediated hyperoxaluria in SB kidneys for excess CaOx crystal formation. Increased tubular NaDC-1 expression caused by SB relied on PTH.
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31

RODRIGO TARTÉ, R., ELSA A. MURANO, and DENNIS G. OLSON. "Survival and Injury of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua and Listeria ivanovii in Ground Pork Following Electron Beam Irradiation†." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.6.596.

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The sensitivity of five strains of Listeria to electron beam irradiation in ground pork as well as the extent of sublethal radiation injury exhibited by each were investigated. Ground pork was inoculated with one of five strains of Listeria and irradiated with from 0 to 1.25 kGy at 0.25 kGy intervals. Listeria innocua NADC 2841 was more radiation-resistant (D10 = 0.638 kGy) than L. monocytogenes NADC 2045 Scott A (D10 = 0.447 kGy), L. monocytogenes NADC 2783 (a hamburger isolate) (D10 = 0.424 kGy), L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 (D10 = 0.445 kGy), and L. ivanovii NADC 3518 (D10 = 0.372 kGy), when recovered on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract. D10 values for L. innocua, L. ivanovii, and L. monocytogenes ATCC 15313 were lower when cells were recovered on modified Oxford medium. These three strains were susceptible to radiation-induced sublethal injury, with the numbers of injured organisms increasing with irradiation dose. The two pathogenic strains of L. monocytogenes were not injured significantly at the dose levels used. The results show that the dose range currently being considered by the Food and Drug Administration for the irradiation of beef and pork (1.5 to 4.5 kGy) is adequate for the elimination of L. monocytogenes from pork.
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32

H. Kamel, Ayman, Samar Ezzat, Mona A. Ahmed, Abd El-Galil E. Amr, Abdulrahman A. Almehizia, and Mohamed A. Al-Omar. "Modified Potentiometric Screen-Printed Electrodes Based on Imprinting Character for Sodium Deoxycholate Determination." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020251.

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Potentiometric sensors have a great influence on the determination of most various compounds in their matrices. Therefore, efficient and new sensors were introduced to measure sodium Deoxycholate (NaDC) as a bile acid salt. These sensors are based on NaDC imprinted polymer (MIP) as sensory element. The MIP beads were synthesized using thermal polymerization pathway, in which acrylamide (AAm), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), NaDC, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were used as the functional monomer, cross-linker, template, and initiator, respectively. The proposed sensors were fabricated using a coated screen-printed platform and the sensing membrane was modified by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an ion-to-electron transducer. The sensors exhibited high sensitivity that reached 4.7 × 10−5 M of near-Nernestian slope (−60.1 ± 0.9 mV/decade, r2 = 0.999 (n= 5)). In addition, the sensors revealed high selectivity, long lifetime, high potential stability, and conductivity that ensure reproducible and accurate results over a long time. MIP characterization was performed using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regarding the interaction of NaDC with serum albumin (SA), albumin is determined in human serum samples as human serum albumin (HSA), which was collected from different volunteers of different ages and gender.
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Stabel, Judith R. "An Improved Method for Cultivation of Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis from Bovine Fecal Samples and Comparison to Three Other Methods." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, no. 4 (October 1997): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879700900406.

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A new method (NADC) for isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from fecal samples is described and evaluated using fecal samples from a known paratuberculosis-infected herd of cattle. The NADC method includes centrifugation of the total fecal sample supernatant and use of a 2-step decontamination protocol. The growth rate of M. paratuberculosis and contamination rate of cultures when using this method are compared to 3 other published methods: sedimentation, centrifugation, and Cornell. Sensitivity was lowest for the Cornell method precluding detection of some low shedders; however, contamination was not observed for this method. Contamination was the most severe in samples processed by the centrifugation method but was also high for the sedimentation method, resulting in unreadable culture tubes for some fecal samples. The NADC method was 10-fold more sensitive for detection of M. paratuberculosis colonies and contamination was significantly reduced compared to other 3 methods.
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Sun, Y., Z.-L. Yang, L. Zhang, T.-D. Hu, R. D. Soloway, S.-F. Weng, and J.-G. Wu. "The interaction of Cu2+ ions and NaDC micelles." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 58, no. 7 (May 2002): 1489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00601-1.

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Ha, Le Thi Viet, Nguyen Thi Khue, Dong Van Quyen, and Le Thanh Hoa. "Comparative analysis of the characteristics of Haplorchis taichui mitochondrial genome with Metagonimus yokogawai and its ribosomal transcription unit with H. pumilio (family Heterophyidae)." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 1 (July 18, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15493.

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Minute intestinal flukes, Haplorchis taichui and H. pumilio, belong to the family Heterophyidae (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes), which have been studied very limited, especially the molecular markers of the mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) and the ribosome transcription units (rTU or rDNA). We have obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of H. taichui and the coding part of ribosome transcription unit of H. taichui and H. pumilio of Vietnam. Nucleotide and amino acid data were compared between H. taichui and Metagonimus yokogawai for genomic/gene composition, codon usage (skew/skewness), and tandem repeat units (TRU). The complete mtDNA of H. taichui (strain Htai-QT3-VN) with the length of 15,120 bp and M. yokogawai (15,258 bp; Korea; KC330755) contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (cox1, cox2, cox3, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4L, nad4, nad5, nad6, atp6 and cob), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA); 22 transfer RNA (tRNA or trn) and a noncoding region (NCR) between trnE and trnG, divided into 2 sub-regions containing 5 TRUs (182–183 bp/TRU). H. taichui (Vietnam and Laos) uses A = 19.56%, T = 39.71%, G = 28.34%, C = 12.39% (A + T is 59.27% ​​and G + C is 40.73%) for mtDNA construction, whose skew/skewness value at A+T is negative (–0,340) and G+C is positive (0.392); for 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) is similar; but for the mito-ribosomal genes (MRGs, of 16S/rrnL and 12S/rrnS) it is less for A+T (57.22%) and more for G+C (42.78%). M. yokogawai had lower A+T (mtDNA/55.68%; PCGs/55.96%; MRGs/54.15%) and higher G+C usage rate than H. taichui. H. taichui of Vietnam and Laos has 10,164 bp encoding for 3,376 amino acids to construct 12 PCGs with the mostly used codons as Phenylalanine (Phe-TTT) and Leucine (Leu-TTG), and the leastly used codonsas Glutamine (Gln-CAA), Arginine (Arg-CGC). Additional condon, Thr-ACA/ACC can be added as the least used in M. yokogawai. The rTU (from 5 '18S to 3' 28S) of H. taichui (7,268 bp) and H. pumilio (7,416 bp) were identified with 5 genomic regions including 18S rDNA, ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 and 28S rDNA. The 18S and 5.8S genes of both species were of the same length (1,992 bp for 18S, 160 bp for 5.8S), but different for 28S genes (3,875 bp for H. taichui and 3,870 bp for H. pumilio). ITS1 in H. taichui (797 bp) and ITS2 in H. pumilio (280 bp) do not contain TRUs, whilst ITS1 in H. pumilio (1,106 bp) contains 5 TRUs(136 bp for 3 TRU and 116 bp for 2 TRUs); and ITS2 in H. taichui (444 bp) contain 3 TRUs (83–85 bp/each).
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Zhang, Yongjie, Xia Xin, Jinglin Shen, Weiyue Tang, Yingjie Ren, and Lin Wang. "Biodegradable, multiple stimuli-responsive sodium deoxycholate–amino acids–NaCl mixed systems for dye delivery." RSC Adv. 4, no. 107 (2014): 62262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13353f.

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37

Yamato, Katsuyuki, Naoko Nozato, Kenji Oda, Eiji Ohta, Miho Takemura, Kinya Akashi, and Kanji Ohyama. "Occurrence and transcription of genes for nad1, nad3, nad4L, and nad6, coding for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 3, 4L, and 6, in liverwort mitochondria." Current Genetics 23, no. 5-6 (1993): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00312646.

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38

Liu, W., G. H. Liu, F. Li, D. S. He, T. Wang, X. F. Sheng, D. L. Zeng, F. F. Yang, and Y. Liu. "Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana of human and animal health significance." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 3 (July 20, 2011): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1100037x.

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AbstractSequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (cox3), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4) in Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana from different geographical regions in China was examined. A portion of each of the cox3 (pcox3), nad1 (pnad1) and nad4 genes (pnad4) were amplified separately from individual S. erinaceieuropaei spargana by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Representative amplicons were subjected to sequencing in order to estimate sequence variability. The sequences of pcox3, pnad1 and pnad4 were 541, 607 and 847 bp in length, respectively. The A+T contents of the sequences were 68.39–68.76% (pcox3), 63.76–64.91% (pnad1) and 67.18–67.77% (pnad4), respectively, while the intra-specific sequence variations within each of the S. erinaceieuropaei spargana were 0–1.5% for pcox3, 0–2.8% for pnad1 and 0–2.7% for pnad4. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbour joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods, indicated that all the spargana isolates in Hunan Province represented S. erinaceieuropaei. These findings demonstrated clearly the usefulness of the three mtDNA sequences for population genetics studies of S. erinaceieuropaei spargana of human and animal health significance.
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Liu, G. H., B. Li, J. Y. Li, H. Q. Song, R. Q. Lin, X. Q. Cai, F. C. Zou, et al. "Genetic variation among Clonorchis sinensis isolates from different geographic regions in China revealed by sequence analyses of four mitochondrial genes." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 4 (December 12, 2011): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x11000757.

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AbstractThe present study examined sequence variation in four mitochondrial (mt) genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 (cox1) and 2 (cox2), and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 2 (nad1 and nad2) among Clonorchis sinensis isolates from different endemic regions in China, and their phylogenetic relationships with other zoonotic trematodes were reconstructed. A portion of the cox1 and cox2 genes (pcox1 and pcox2), and nad1 and nad2 genes (pnad1 and pnad2) were amplified separately from individual liver flukes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were subjected to sequencing from both directions. The intra-specific sequence variations within C. sinensis were 0–1.6% for pcox1, 0–1.4% for pcox2, 0–0.9% for pnad1 and 0–1.0% for pnad2. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pcox2, pnad1 and pnad2 revealed that all the C. sinensis isolates grouped together and were closely related to Opisthorchis felineus. These findings revealed the existence of intra-specific variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences among C. sinensis isolates from different geographic regions, and demonstrated that mtDNA sequences provide reliable genetic markers for phylogenetic studies of zoonotic trematodes.
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Dey, J., S. Kumar, V. K. Aswal, L. V. Panicker, K. Ismail, and P. A. Hassan. "Effect of sodium salicylate and sodium deoxycholate on fibrillation of bovine serum albumin: comparison of fluorescence, SANS and DLS techniques." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 23 (2015): 15442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp01666e.

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41

Shankar, Jai Jai Shiva, Adil Bata, Krista Ritchie, Andrea Hebb, and Simon Walling. "Normalized Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in the Prognostication of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 43, no. 1 (January 2016): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2015.356.

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AbstractBackground: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is known to have poor prognosis, with no available imaging marker that can predict survival at the time of diagnosis. Diffusion weighted images are used in characterisation of cellularity and necrosis of GBM. The purpose of this study was to assess whether pattern or degree of diffusion restriction could help in the prognostication of patients with GBM. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 84 consecutive patients with confirmed GBM on biopsy or resection. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. The total volume of the tumor and total volume of tumor showing restricted diffusion were calculated. The lowest Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) in the region of the tumor and in the contralateral Normal Appearing White Matter were calculated in order to calculate the nADC. Treatment and follow-up data in these patients were recorded. Multivariate analsysis was completed to determine significant correlations between different variables and the survival of these patients. Results: Patient survival was significantly related to the age of the patient (p<0.0001; 95% CI-1.022-1.043) and the nADC value (p=0.014; 95% CI-0.269-0.860) in the tumor. The correlation coefficients of age and nADC with survival were −0.335 (p=0.002) and 0.390 (p<0.001), respectively. Kaplan Meier survival function, grouped by normalized Apparent Diffusion Coefficient cut off value of 0.75, was significant (p=0.007). Conclusion: The survival of patients with GBM had small, but significant, correlations with the patient’s age and nADC within the tumor.
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Song, Zhaohua, Xia Xin, Jinglin Shen, Han Zhang, Shubin Wang, and Yanzhao Yang. "Tailoring self-assembly behavior of a biological surfactant by imidazolium-based surfactants with different lengths of hydrophobic alkyl tails." RSC Advances 6, no. 4 (2016): 2966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21979e.

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43

Suardana, I. Wayan, Yan Ramona, and Sri Wahyuni. "Bakteri Asam Laktat Isolat 18A (Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 1) Asal Kolon Sapi Bali Berpotensi sebagai Probiotik (LACTID ACID BACTERIA ISOLATES 18A (Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 1) COLONIC ORIGIN BALI CATTLE POTENTIAL AS PROBIOTICS)." Jurnal Veteriner 18, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.3.422.

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The main aim of this study was to determine the potency of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolate 18A(Lactococcuslactisssplactis 1),isolated from the colon of Bali cattle to be used as a probiotic candidate. The study was started by confirmation tests of the isolate, including test for growth response in De Man Rogosa and Sharpe(MRS) brothmedium, test on catalase production, and Gram staining.Its probiotic potencywas tested by growing theisolate in MRS broth medium in low pH conditions (pH 2.3 and 4) and in MRS medium supplemented with various concentrations of sodium deoxycholatet (NaDC) (0.2 mM, 0.4 mM, and 0.6 mM). The results showed that isolate 18A was able to grow well in De Man Rogosa and Sharpebrothmediumunder anaerobic condition. In addition, the isolate was catalase negative and Gram positive, indicating that this isolate was confirmed as an LAB isolate. The isolate was resistant to low pH conditions (up to pH 2) and to high concentration of NaDC (up to 0.6 mM), indicating that this isolate has potential to be developed as a probiotic candidate. Further tests are still required to confirm its use asprobiotic. ABSTRAK Bakteri asam laktat (BAL) merupakan salah satu kelompok mikroorganisme yang memiliki peranan penting dalam menjaga kesehatan saluran pencernaan pada hewan atau manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi bakteri asam laktat isolat BAL 18A (Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 1)yang diisolasi dari kolon sapi bali sebagai kandidat probiotik. Penelitian diawali dengan tahapan konfirmasi isolat 18A melalui beberapa uji, seperti uji penumbuhan pada De Man Rogosa and Sharpebroth, uji katalase, dan pewarnaan Gram. Potensinya sebagai probiotik diuji dengan melakukan pengujian terhadap pH rendah (pH 2, 3, dan 4) dan natrium deoksikolat (NaDC) dengan konsentrasi 0,2 mM, 0,4 mM, dan 0,6 mM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat BAL 18A mampu tumbuh dengan baik pada medium De Man Rogosa and Sharpebroth dalam suasana anaerob, katalase negatif, dan Gram positif,. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa isolat 18A ini adalah isolat BAL. Dalam uji ketahanan terhadap pH rendah dan NaDC, isolat ini mampu bertahan hidup pada medium pH 2 dan NaDC pada konsentrasi sampai 0,6 mM. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah isolat BAL 18A berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kandidat probiotik.
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44

Pajor, Ana M., and Nina N. Sun. "Molecular cloning, chromosomal organization, and functional characterization of a sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter from mouse kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 279, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): F482—F490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.279.3.f482.

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The sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter of the renal proximal tubule, NaDC-1, reabsorbs filtered Krebs cycle intermediates and plays an important role in the regulation of urinary citrate concentrations.1 Low urinary citrate is a risk factor for the development of kidney stones. As an initial step in the characterization of NaDC-1 regulation, the genomic structure and functional properties of the mouse Na+-dicarboxylate cotransporter (mNaDC-1) were determined. The gene coding for mNaDC-1, Slc13a2, is found on chromosome 11. The gene is ∼24.9 kb in length and contains 12 exons. The mRNA coding for mNaDC-1 is found in kidney and small intestine. Expression of mNaDC-1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes results in increased transport of di- and tricarboxylates. The Michaelis-Menten constant ( K m) for succinate was 0.35 mM, and the K m for citrate was 0.6 mM. The transport of citrate was stimulated by acidic pH, whereas the transport of succinate was insensitive to pH changes. Transport by mNaDC-1 is electrogenic, and substrates produced inward currents in the presence of sodium. The sodium affinity was relatively high in mNaDC-1, with half-saturation constants for sodium of 10 mM (radiotracer experiments) and 28 mM at −50 mV (2-electrode voltage clamp experiments). Lithium acts as a potent inhibitor of transport, but it can also partially substitute for sodium. In conclusion, the mNaDC-1 is related in sequence and function to the other NaDC-1 orthologs. However, its function more closely resembles the rabbit and human orthologs rather than the rat NaDC-1, with which it shares higher sequence similarity.
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Takahashi, Rui, Hisamitsu Ishihara, Akira Tamura, Suguru Yamaguchi, Takahiro Yamada, Daisuke Takei, Hideki Katagiri, Hitoshi Endou, and Yoshitomo Oka. "Cell type-specific activation of metabolism reveals that β-cell secretion suppresses glucagon release from α-cells in rat pancreatic islets." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 2 (February 2006): E308—E316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2005.

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Abnormal glucagon secretion is often associated with diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanisms by which nutrients modulate glucagon secretion remain poorly understood. Paracrine modulation by β- or δ-cells is among the postulated mechanisms. Herein we present further evidence of the paracrine mechanism. First, to activate cellular metabolism and thus hormone secretion in response to specific secretagogues, we engineered insulinoma INS-1E cells using an adenovirus-mediated expression system. Expression of the Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter (NaDC)-1 resulted in 2.5- to 4.6-fold ( P < 0.01) increases in insulin secretion in response to various tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Similarly, expression of glycerol kinase (GlyK) increased insulin secretion 3.8- or 4.2-fold ( P < 0.01) in response to glycerol or dihydroxyacetone, respectively. This cell engineering method was then modified, using the Cre- loxP switching system, to activate β-cells and non-β-cells separately in rat islets. NaDC-1 expression only in non-β-cells, among which α-cells are predominant, caused an increase (by 1.8-fold, P < 0.05) in glucagon secretion in response to malate or succinate. However, the increase in glucagon release was prevented when NaDC-1 was expressed in whole islets, i.e., both β-cells and non-β-cells. Similarly, an increase in glucagon release with glycerol was observed when GlyK was expressed only in non-β-cells but not when it was expressed in whole islets. Furthermore, dicarboxylates suppressed basal glucagon secretion by 30% ( P < 0.05) when NaDC-1 was expressed only in β-cells. These data demonstrate that glucagon secretion from rat α-cells depends on β-cell activation and provide insights into the coordinated mechanisms underlying hormone secretion from pancreatic islets.
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PAJOR, Ana M., Esther S. KAHN, and Rama GANGULA. "Role of cationic amino acids in the Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter NaDC-1." Biochemical Journal 350, no. 3 (September 8, 2000): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3500677.

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The role of cationic amino acids in the Na+/dicarboxylate co-transporter NaDC-1 was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent expression of mutant transporters in Xenopus oocytes. Of the ten residues chosen for mutagenesis, eight (Lys-34, Lys-107, Arg-108, Lys-333, Lys-390, Arg-368, Lys-414 and Arg-541) were found to be non-essential for function or targeting. Only two conserved residues, Lys-84 (at the cytoplasmic end of helix 3) and Arg-349 (at the extracellular end of helix 7), were found to be important for transport. Both mutant transporters were expressed at the plasma membrane. The mutation of Lys-84 to Ala resulted in an increased Km for succinate of 1.8mM, compared with 0.3mM in the wild-type NaDC-1. The R349A mutant had Na+ and citrate kinetics that were similar to those of the wild type. However, succinate handling in the R349A mutant was altered, with evidence of inhibition at high succinate concentrations. In conclusion, charge neutralization of Lys-84 and Arg-349 in NaDC-1 affects succinate handling, suggesting that these residues might have roles in substrate binding.
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47

Song, Zhaohua, Xia Xin, Jinglin Shen, Han Zhang, Shubin Wang, and Yanzhao Yang. "Reversible controlled morphologies switching between porous microspheres and urchin-like microcrystals for NaDC/RhB self-assembly and their multifunctional applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 36 (2016): 8439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc02329k.

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48

Kundu, Niloy, Debasis Banik, Arpita Roy, Jagannath Kuchlyan, and Nilmoni Sarkar. "Modulation of the aggregation properties of sodium deoxycholate in presence of hydrophilic imidazolium based ionic liquid: water dynamics study to probe the structural alteration of the aggregates." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 38 (2015): 25216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03906a.

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Raja muthuramalingam, Thangavelu, Chandirasekar Shanmugam, Dharanivasan Gunasekaran, Nallusamy Duraisamy, Rajendran Nagappan, and Kathiravan Krishnan. "Bioactive bile salt-capped silver nanoparticles activity against destructive plant pathogenic fungi through in vitro system." RSC Advances 5, no. 87 (2015): 71174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13306h.

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Sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) capped silver nanoparticles are employed to counteract the fungusColletotrichum gloeosporioideswhich causes anthracnose disease in a wide number of plants throughout the world.
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Kuchlyan, Jagannath, Arpita Roy, Rupam Dutta, Swagata Sen, and Nilmoni Sarkar. "Effect of the submicellar concentration of bile salts on structural alterations of β-casein micelles." RSC Advances 6, no. 76 (2016): 71989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14804b.

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