Academic literature on the topic 'N-starvation'

Sophora japonica is a native leguminous tree species in China. The high stress tolerance contributes to its long lifespan of thousands of years. The lack of genomic resources greatly limits genetic studies on the stress responses of S. japonica. In this study, RNA-seq was conducted for S. japonica roots grown under short-term 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-induced drought stress under normal N and N starvation conditions (1 and 0 mM NH4NO3, respectively). In each of the libraries, we generated more than 25 million clean reads, which were then de novo assembled to 46,852 unigenes with an average length of 1310.49 bp. In the differential expression analyses, more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found under drought with N starvation than under single stresses. The number of transcripts identified under N starvation and drought in S. japonica was nearly the same, but more upregulated genes were induced by drought, while more downregulated genes were induced by N starvation. Genes involved in “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “biosynthesis of amino acids” pathways were upregulated according to KEGG enrichment analyses, irrespective of the stress treatments. Additionally, upregulated N metabolism genes were enriched upon drought, and downregulated photosynthesis genes were enriched under N starvation. We found 4,372 and 5,430 drought-responsive DEGs under normal N and N starvation conditions, respectively. N starvation may aggravate drought by downregulating transcripts in the “carbon metabolism”, “ribosome”, “arginine biosynthesis pathway”, “oxidative phosphorylation” and “aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis” pathways. We identified 78 genes related to N uptake and assimilation, 38 of which exhibited differential expression under stress. A total of 395 DEGs were categorized as transcription factors, of which AR2/ERF-ERF, WRKY, NAC, MYB, bHLH, C3H and C2C2-Dof families played key roles in drought and N starvation stresses. The transcriptome data obtained, and the genes identified facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms of S. japonica responses to drought and N starvation stresses and provide a molecular foundation for understanding the mechanisms of its long lifespan for breeding resistant varieties for greening.

Nitrogen and carbon stable isotopic compositions ( δ 15 N and δ 13 C) of consumers have been used for physiological and food web studies. Previous studies have shown δ 15 N and δ 13 C values are affected by several biological and environmental factors during starvation, but the generality of the effect of starvation on δ 15 N and δ 13 C values has not yet been tested. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of starvation on δ 15 N and δ 13 C values of consumers, and the underlying factors that may explain the observed variation. The δ 15 N and δ 13 C values were calculated as the differences between the final δ 15 N and δ 13 C values of consumers (post-starvation) and the pre-starvation values on each experiment. Our meta-analysis showed a large variation in the δ 15 N and δ 13 C values of consumers (δ 15 N range: –0.82 to 4.30‰; mean: 0.47‰ and δ 13 C range: –1.92 to 2.62‰; mean: 0.01‰). The δ 15 N values of most consumers increased along the length of the starvation period and were influenced by nitrogen excretion and thermoregulation types, probably because differences in nitrogen metabolism and thermoregulation affect nitrogen processing and excretion rates. None of our predictor variables accounted for the variation in δ 13 C values, which showed both increases and decreases due to fasting. Our findings suggest that starvation results in changes in consumer δ 15 N values which are mainly explained by the length of the fasting period and by nitrogen and energy metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms of the starvation effects on δ 13 C values seem to be more complex than previously thought.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) limitation in cyanobacteria is well documented: a reduced growth rate is observed, accompanied by a cessation of phycobiliprotein synthesis and an ordered degradation of phycobilisomes (PBS). This leads to a dramatic bleaching phenomenon known as chlorosis. In Synechococcus strain PCC 7942, bleaching due to PBS degradation is also observed under sulfur (S) or phosphorus (P) limitation, and all three are under the control of the nblAgene product, a 59-amino-acid polypeptide which is overexpressed under N, S, and P starvation (J. L. Collier, and A. R. Grossman, EMBO J. 13:1039–1047, 1994). Cyanobase sequence data forSynechocystis strain PCC 6803 indicate the presence of two tandem open reading frames (sll0452 and sll0453) homologous tonblA. We cloned the two genes, identified a unique 5′ mRNA end suggestive of a single transcription start site, and studiednblA expression under conditions of N or S starvation by Northern hybridization: transcripts were detected only under N starvation (no signal is detected in replete medium or with S starvation), whether nblA1 or nblA2 was used as a probe. Mutations in nblA1 and nblA2 were constructed by insertion of a kanamycin cassette; both mutations were nonbleaching under N starvation. Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 does not bleach under S starvation, consistent with the absence ofnblA induction in these conditions. These results were confirmed by analysis of the PBS components: sequential degradation of phycocyanin and associated linkers was observed only under conditions of N starvation. This indicates differences betweenSynechocystis strain PCC 6803 and Synechococcusstrain PCC 7942 in their regulatory and signaling pathways leading to N- and S-starved phenotypes.

Nitrogen (N) is probably the most important macronutrient and its scarcity limits plant growth, development and fitness. N starvation response has been largely studied by transcriptomic analyses, but little is known about the role of alternative polyadenylation (APA) in such response. In this work, we show that N starvation modifies poly(A) usage in a large number of transcripts, some of them mediated by FIP1, a component of the polyadenylation machinery. Interestingly, the number of mRNAs isoforms with poly(A) tags located in protein-coding regions or 5′-UTRs significantly increases in response to N starvation. The set of genes affected by APA in response to N deficiency is enriched in N-metabolism, oxidation-reduction processes, response to stresses, and hormone responses, among others. A hormone profile analysis shows that the levels of salicylic acid (SA), a phytohormone that reduces nitrate accumulation and root growth, increase significantly upon N starvation. Meta-analyses of APA-affected and fip1-2-deregulated genes indicate a connection between the nitrogen starvation response and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Genetic analyses show that SA may be important for preventing the overgrowth of the root system in low N environments. This work provides new insights on how plants interconnect different pathways, such as defense-related hormonal signaling and the regulation of genomic information by APA, to fine-tune the response to low N availability.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are important actors in the plant nutritional efficiency. So, it could be expected that a disruption of the coadaptation between nuclear and organellar genomes impact plant response to nutrient stresses. We addressed this issue using two Arabidopsis accessions, namely Ct-1 and Jea, and their reciprocal cytolines possessing the nuclear genome from one parent and the organellar genomes of the other one. We measured gene expression, and quantified proteins and metabolites under N starvation and non-limiting conditions. We observed a typical response to N starvation at the phenotype and molecular levels. The phenotypical response to N starvation was similar in the cytolines compared to the parents. However, we observed an effect of the disruption of genomic coadaptation at the molecular levels, distinct from the previously described responses to organellar stresses. Strikingly, genes differentially expressed in cytolines compared to parents were mainly repressed in the cytolines. These genes encoded more mitochondrial and nuclear proteins than randomly expected, while N starvation responsive ones were enriched in genes for chloroplast and nuclear proteins. In cytolines, the non-coadapted cytonuclear genomic combination tends to modulate the response to N starvation observed in the parental lines on various biological processes.

In yeast, the selective autophagy of intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) or lipophagy can be induced by either nitrogen (N) starvation or carbon limitation (e.g., in the stationary (S) phase). We developed the yeast, Komagataella phaffii (formerly Pichia pastoris), as a new lipophagy model and compared the N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy in over 30 autophagy-related mutants using the Erg6-GFP processing assay. Surprisingly, two lipophagy pathways had hardly overlapping stringent molecular requirements. While the N-starvation lipophagy strictly depended on the core autophagic machinery (Atg1-Atg9, Atg18, and Vps15), vacuole fusion machinery (Vam7 and Ypt7), and vacuolar proteolysis (proteinases A and B), only Atg6 and proteinases A and B were essential for the S-phase lipophagy. The rest of the proteins were only partially required in the S-phase. Moreover, we isolated the prl1 (for the positive regulator of lipophagy 1) mutant affected in the S-phase lipophagy, but not N-starvation lipophagy. The prl1 defect was at a stage of delivery of the LDs from the cytoplasm to the vacuole, further supporting the mechanistically different nature of the two lipophagy pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that N-starvation and S-phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms.

The initial adaptive responses to nutrient depletion in bacteria often occur at the level of gene expression. Hfq is an RNA-binding protein present in diverse bacterial lineages that contributes to many different aspects of RNA metabolism during gene expression. Using photoactivated localization microscopy and single-molecule tracking, we demonstrate that Hfq forms a distinct and reversible focus-like structure in Escherichia coli specifically experiencing long-term nitrogen starvation. Using the ability of T7 phage to replicate in nitrogen-starved bacteria as a biological probe of E. coli cell function during nitrogen starvation, we demonstrate that Hfq foci have a role in the adaptive response of E. coli to long-term nitrogen starvation. We further show that Hfq foci formation does not depend on gene expression once nitrogen starvation has set in and occurs indepen-dently of the transcription factor N-regulatory protein C, which activates the initial adaptive response to N starvation in E. coli. These results serve as a paradigm to demonstrate that bacterial adaptation to long-term nutrient starvation can be spatiotemporally coordinated and can occur independently of de novo gene expression during starvation.

In eukaryotes, autophagy, a catabolic mechanism for macromolecule and protein recycling, allows the maintenance of amino acid pools and nutrient remobilization. For a better understanding of the relationship between autophagy and nitrogen metabolism, we studied the transcriptional plasticity of autophagy genes (ATG) in nine Arabidopsis accessions grown under normal and nitrate starvation conditions. The status of the N metabolism in accessions was monitored by measuring the relative expression of 11 genes related to N metabolism in rosette leaves. The transcriptional variation of the genes coding for enzymes involved in ammonium assimilation characterize the genetic diversity of the response to nitrate starvation. Starvation enhanced the expression of most of the autophagy genes tested, suggesting a control of autophagy at transcriptomic level by nitrogen. The diversity of the gene responses among natural accessions revealed the genetic variation existing for autophagy independently of the nutritive condition, and the degree of response to nitrate starvation. We showed here that the genetic diversity of the expression of N metabolism genes correlates with that of the ATG genes in the two nutritive conditions, suggesting that the basal autophagy activity is part of the integral response of the N metabolism to nitrate availability.

Mounting evidence indicates the key role of nitrogen (N) on diverse processes in plant, including development and defense. Using a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we studied the response of seedlings to N starvation of two different tetraploid wheat genotypes from the two main domesticated subspecies: emmer and durum wheat. We found that durum wheat exhibits broader and stronger response in comparison to emmer as seen from the expression pattern of both genes and metabolites and gene enrichment analysis. They showed major differences in the responses to N starvation for transcription factor families, emmer showed differential reduction in the levels of primary metabolites while durum wheat exhibited increased levels of most of them to N starvation. The correlation-based networks, including the differentially expressed genes and metabolites, revealed tighter regulation of metabolism in durum wheat in comparison to emmer. We also found that glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) had highest values of centrality in the metabolic correlation network, suggesting their critical role in the genotype-specific response to N starvation of emmer and durum wheat, respectively. Moreover, this finding indicates that there might be contrasting strategies associated to GABA and glutamate signaling modulating shoot vs. root growth in the two different wheat subspecies.

Jiang, Tiantian.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-75).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.ii
Statement --- p.iii
Abstract --- p.iv
摘要 --- p.v
Acknowledgements --- p.vi
List of Figures and Tables --- p.vii
Chapter Part 1 --- Introduction --- p.-0-
Chapter 1.1 --- Brassinosteriods (BRs) and BR signaling --- p.-0-
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Discovery of BRs --- p.-2-
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Functions of BRs --- p.-4-
Chapter 1.1.3 --- BR signaling pathway --- p.-6-
Chapter 1.2 --- Nitrogen (N) and N responses --- p.-10-
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Hormones involved in plant N responses --- p.-11-
Chapter 1.3 --- Anthocyanin and anthocyanin synthesis --- p.-13-
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Anthocyanin structures --- p.-13-
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Functions of anthocyanins --- p.-14-
Chapter 1.3.3 --- Biosynthesis of anthocyanins --- p.-14-
Chapter 1.3.4 --- Regulations of anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-15-
Chapter 1.4 --- Hormones and plant nutrient stresses --- p.-19-
Chapter Part 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.-20-
Chapter 2.1 --- Plant materials and growth conditions --- p.-20-
Chapter 2.2 --- Measurement of anthocyanin content --- p.-21-
Chapter 2.3 --- Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay --- p.-22-
Chapter 2.4 --- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays --- p.-23-
Chapter 2.5 --- Quantitative real-time PCR --- p.-25-
Chapter 2.6 --- Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and competition assay --- p.-26-
Chapter 2.7 --- Histochemical staining of GUS activity --- p.-28-
Chapter Part 3 --- Results --- p.-29-
Chapter 3.1 --- 24-epibrassinolide (24-eBR) increases plant tolerance to N-starvation in Arabidopsis - --- p.-29-
Chapter 3.2 --- BR treatment enhances anthocyanin accumulation under N deprivation conditions --- p.-31-
Chapter 3.3 --- BZR1 interacts with PAP1 in vitro and in vivo --- p.-35-
Chapter 3.4 --- BR and BZR1 promote the expression of the 'late' anthocyanin biosynthetic genes during N deprivation - --- p.-39-
Chapter 3.5 --- BZR1 binds to the promoter of DFR --- p.-43-
Chapter 3.6 --- BR-enhanced anthocyanin accumulation is specific to N-deprivation --- p.-46-
Chapter 3.7 --- BZR1 differently regulates PAP1 and PAP2 --- p.-48-
Chapter 3.8 --- Endogenous GL3 is required for BR-enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-52-
Chapter 3.9 --- N status affects the expression of BR biosynthetic gene CPD --- p.-52-
Chapter Part 4 --- Discussion --- p.-54-
Chapter 4.1 --- BRs confer plant tolerance to low-N stress and the tolerance is mediated by BR enhancement of low-N-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-54-
Chapter 4.2 --- BRs enhance anthocyanin accumulation under N starvation through BZR1-PAP1 interaction or direct control of the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes --- p.-55-
Chapter 4.3 --- BRs are specifically involved in low-N induced anthocyanin production --- p.-56-
Chapter 4.4 --- Transcription factors that specifically control BR-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-57-
Chapter 4.5 --- DFR is an important target of BR-regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis --- p.-58-
Chapter Part 5: --- Conculsions --- p.-59-
Chapter Part 6: --- References --- p.-61-

L'azoto (N) è l'elemento richiesto in quantità maggiori dalle piante dopo il carbonio (C) ed è un costituente principale di acidi nucleici, proteine, coenzimi, fitormoni, clorofilla e metaboliti secondari. La biodisponibilità di questo elemento è quindi un fattore cruciale per la crescita delle piante e di conseguenza l'uso di fertilizzanti è necessario per la produttività dei sistemi agricoli. Nella maggior parte dei terreni, ammonio e nitrato sono le fonti principali di N disponibili per la nutrizione delle piante. Anche se le concentrazioni medie del primo nel suolo sono spesso 10-1000 volte inferiori a quelle del NO3-, questa differenza non riflette necessariamente il rapporto di assorbimento da parte delle radici. L'assorbimento del NO3- è stato ampiamente studiato, mentre meno informazioni sono invece disponibili per NH4+. Precedenti studi condotti su riso, abete rosso e Arabidopsis hanno rivelato l'esistenza di due sistemi di trasporto per NH4 + con alta (HATS) e bassa (LATS) affinità. Dal momento che le informazioni riguardanti gli aspetti molecolari dell'assorbimento dell' NH4+ in mais sono molto limitate, in questo lavoro ne abbiamo caratterizzato alcuni aspetti biochimici in due linee pure di mais (LO5 e T250). Queste due linee sono state studiate in esperimenti di campo, determinando la differente efficienza di uso dell'azoto (NUE), in particolare, una mostra una NUE alta (LO5), mentre l'altra bassa (T250). Queste due linee pure erano già state caratterizzate solamente per l'assorbimento del nitrato in un precedente lavoro, evidenziando l'esistenza di due distinti sistemi di trasporto anche per questa forma azotata. L'analisi dei parametri cinetici dell'assorbimento di ammonio determinate per la prima volta in questo lavoro mostrato una minore Km per la linea ad alta NUE. L'influenza del pH sulla velocità di assorbimento dei sistemi HATS e LATS è stata determinata evidenziando che la velocità di assorbimento non dipende dalla disponibilità di H+. Differenze tra le due linee nel tasso di assorbimento delle due diverse fonti inorganiche di azoto in piante cresciute in carenza dell'elemento sono state studiate. La velocità dell'assorbimento dell'ammonio aumenta in queste condizioni più velocemente nella linea Lo5 mentre la velocità di assorbimento del NO3- tendeva a diminuire in entrambe le linee. Quando i tassi di assorbimento sono stati analizzati quando le due forme (nitrato e ammonio) erano presenti contemporaneamente nella soluzione di assorbimento (rapporto 100: 1), i tassi di assorbimento di NH4 + mostravano livelli simili a quelli del NO3-. Le due linee sono state anche caratterizzate per le loro differenze nei profili trascrizioni della radice durante la crescita in risposta alla N carenza attraverso analisi microarray. I dati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che 112 trascritti erano differenzialmente espressi tra Lo5 e T250 dopo 0, 1 e 4 giorni dall'inizio del trattamento, mentre 85 e 646 trascritti erano differenzialmente espressi sia a 0 e 1 giorni e sia a 1 e 4 giorni, rispettivamente. L'annotazione manuale di questi trascritti differenzialmente espressi e lo studio del loro comportamento nei due linee ci permettono di sostenere l'ipotesi che la linea ad alta NUE (Lo5) risponde alla N carenza rispetto alla linea NUE basso (T250) attraverso una forte espressione di geni che sembrano essere coinvolti nei meccanismi molecolari che mediano la risposta all'assenza di macronutrienti nelle radici.
Nitrogen (N) is the element required in greatest amounts by plants after carbon (C) and it is a primary component of nucleic acids, proteins, co-enzymes, phytohormones, chlorophyll and also secondary metabolites which plays extremely important roles for plant life. The bioavailability this element to roots is therefore a crucial factor for plant growth and consequently the use of fertilizers is required to agricultural systems. In most soils, NH4+ and NO3- are the predominant sources of N that are available for plant nutrition. Although the average NH4+ concentrations in soils are often 10-1000 times lower than those of NO3-, this difference does not necessarily reflect the uptake ratio of each N source. The characteristics of root NO3- uptake have been extensively studied. Less information is on the contrary available for NH4+. Previous works performed in rice, spruce and Arabidopsis have revealed the existence of two transport systems for NH4+ with high (HATS) and low (LATS) affinity. Since information regarding molecular aspects of NH4+ uptake in maize is very limited, as a first purpose of this work we characterized some biochemical aspects of NH4+ uptake in seedlings of two maize inbred lines (Lo5 and T250). These two lines were identified in field experiments as a high (Lo5) and low (T250) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), lines respectively. As far as, the uptake of N mineral forms, the two lines were previously characterized for the difference in HATS and LATS for NO3-. The analysis of kinetics parameters of NH4+ uptake here determined showed a lower Km for the high-NUE line. The influence of pH on the uptake rate on both HATS and LATS was also evaluated showing that the uptake rate is not dependent from H+ availability. Differences between Lo5 and T250 in the uptake rate of the two inorganic N-forms during the growth without N source were analyzed. NH4+ uptake rate increased during N deprivation with a steeper profile in Lo5 whilst NO3- uptake rate tended to decrease in both lines. When the uptake rates were analyzed in the contemporary presence of NO3- and NH4+ in the uptake solution with a 100:1 ratio, the NH4+ uptake rates showed similar levels to those of and NO3-. The two lines were also characterized for their differences in root transcriptional profile during N deprivation through microarray analysis. Data analysis highlighted that 112 transcripts were differentially expressed between Lo5 and T250 at 0, 1 and 4 days of N deprivation, while 85 and 646 transcripts were differentially expressed both at 0 and 1 days and both at 1 and 4 days, respectively. The annotation of these differentially expressed transcripts and the study of their behaviour in the two lines strongly support the idea that the high NUE line responds to N deprivation though a stronger expression of genes known as involved in the molecular mechanisms mediating the response to the absence of the macronutrient in roots relative to the low NUE line (T250).

Unlike nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), morphological responses of root systems of crop plants to potassium (K) dynamics in soils or growth media are only gaining currency. This is due to the realization of the instrumental role of K in several cellular and tissue level processes crucial for the growth, stress tolerance, metabolic functions, and yield of crop plants, and ultimately, food security and sustainable agriculture. This chapter used meta-analysis to synthesize the pooled evidence for modifications in several root system traits of different crop plants under conditions of K starvation in different growth media. In all, 37 studies that passed inclusion/exclusion criteria, from 1969 to 2019, were analyzed in aggregate and then disaggregated for root biomass, root length, and the number of roots. Three moderators were analyzed: type of soil or growth medium, crop, and K fertilizer applied in the included studies. The aggregated results show that the cumulative effect of K deprivation was a significant and large reduction (about 25.5 ± 15.0%) in the bulk of root system traits considered, which was slightly lower than the reduction in shoot- or yield-related traits. Reductions of approximately 38 ± 38.0% in root biomass and 23.2 ± 18.6% in root length were observed, and the magnitudes of reduction were comparable to those observed from the disaggregated data. Though reductions in root system traits due to K starvation occurred under both greenhouse/lab and field conditions, the cumulative reduction in the former was significantly larger than that of the latter. Among the moderators, the effect of type of soil (or growth media) and crop on the scale of modification of root system traits to K deprivation are stronger compared to the effect of type of K fertilizer applied. It is concluded that, overall, K deprivation leads to significant reductions in root system traits, especially root biomass and length in soils and perlite regardless of the type of K fertilizer applied. Attention should be given to K management in cropping systems to avoid K starvation, especially at the early and vegetative stages, and to improve K reserves in soils. Further attention should be given to the responses of root system traits to K supply when matching crops to soils.

Bio-organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term impact of agricultural interferences on the agro-ecosystem. It aims to produce food while setting an ecological balance to soil fertility. Bio-organic agriculture takes a proactive design as opposed to treating problems after they emerge, so the study was conducted for studying two factors: First: the cultivars (Riviera and Arizona) class A resulting from cultivation of class E imported and cultivated in spring season 2018. The second factor: fertilizer combinations (bio-organic fertilizers compared with traditional chemical fertilizers). Arizona cultivar significantly achieved the highest values, in most of the study parameters compared to Rivera cultivar. Significant differences were observed between the treatments of fertilizer combinations, the treatment (organic fertilizer + bio-fertilizer + 25% chemical fertilizer) significantly achieved the best values compared to the control. Bi-interaction treatment (Arizona cultivar + organic fertilizer + bio-fertilizer + chemical fertilizer 25%) achieved the highest yield per hectare (43.24 tons.ha−1).

Several enhancements to the conventional potato breeding are possible though they have encouragement as well as limitations. I n this direction, the marker-assisted selection may be utilized to stack major genes as well as QTLs. Whereas the genetic transformation and genome editing methods accelerate the process of ricking of genes/transgenes. Moreover, these methodologies supplemented with the next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and pipelines further aid in reaching the potato ideotype. Here, we overviewed the critical topics that are related to potatoes, from general background, breeding behavior, breeding approaches employed to the potato improvement. Overall, this information complied might serve as background information that is important for potato breeders.

The potato is the fourth most important crop in the world in terms of human food, after maize, wheat and rice (FAOSTAT, 2019). The cultivated potato is a vital food-security crop considering its worldwide growth, from latitudes 65° Lat N to 53° Lat S, high yield, and great nutritive value. The potato is a good source of dietary energy and micronutrients, and its protein content is high in comparison with other roots and tubers. The cultivated potato is also a concentrated source of vitamin C and some minerals such as potassium and magnesium. Tuber flesh color generally ranges from white to dark yellow in cultivated potato; however, the high potato diversity shows tuber flesh color varies from white to dark purple. Red and purple-flesh potatoes are an interesting alternative for consumers due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The goal of this publication is to show the advances in red and purple flesh potato, in terms of anthocyanin profile, color extraction and stability in simulated in vitro digestion.

Abstract Oil wells in Western Siberia usually placed on artificial drilling pads, forming well clusters up to 30 wells. The flow rate of each well in the cluster measured by an automatic measuring unit one by one. Often flow rate measurement requires several hours and flow rate of a single well can be measured once a week or less. This led to situation then events affecting well rate can be invisible between measurements. Identifying such events can be extremely useful in many cases, for example for wells with unstable behavior or transient regimes. The same challenges are also faced at distant green fields during their development, there the flow rates can be measured once a month with a mobile unit. The objective of this paper is to develop a virtual flowmeter model based on indirect high-frequency data of well operation and ESP. In Gubkin University, at the Petroleum Reservoir and Production Engineering Department, bench tests of ESP5-50 (118 radial stages) on gas-liquid mixture in a wide range of volumetric gas content (βin = 0-60%), intake pressure (Pin = 0.6-2.1 MPa) and pump shaft speed (n= 2400-3600 rpm) were performed. Three vibration sensors were installed on the unit: on the ESP, at the ESP discharge, on the pipeline, which simulates the wellhead production tree. During the bench tests were recorded series of pressures at the intake, discharge and along the pump length, series of current and power consumption, as well as vibrations with frequency several times per second. Based on the bench test results, we investigated the possibility of indirect determination of well operation parameters during artificial lift modelling by machine learning. As a result, the approaches to modelling taking into account various sets of parameters (features) have been studied: based on hydraulic parameters – ESP intake and outlet pressure;based on hydraulic and electric parameters – current and power consumption;based on hydraulic, electric and vibrating parameters. The analysis of data series allowed to define the boundaries of stable ESP operation, namely the transition to surging and pump starvation. The novelty of the work is: –machine learning modeling of the gas-liquid mixture pumping process by electric submersible pump;–solving both direct and inverse issues: as virtual liquid flowmeter as, virtual gas content flowmeter at the pump intake.