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Trottier, Nathalie L., and Luis O. Tedeschi. "Dietary nitrogen utilisation and prediction of amino acid requirements in equids." Animal Production Science 59, no. 11 (2019): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19304.
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The equine population represents an important sector of animal agriculture and, thus, contributes to environmental contamination. The horse industry lags behind other livestock industries in developing prediction models to estimate N and amino acid (AA) requirements aimed at precision feeding and management to optimise animal health and performance while mitigating nutrient excretion. Effective predictions of N utilisation and excretion are based on knowledge of ingredient protein quality and the determinants of N and AA requirements. Protein quality is evaluated on the basis of N and AA digestibility and AA composition. Amino acid composition of grains, pulses and oil seeds is extensive, but there is large deficit on that of forages. Several studies have reported on pre- and post-caecal N digestibility in horses, demonstrating that a large proportion of N from forages is metabolised post-caecally. Few have reported on AA digestibility. It is proposed that whole-tract (i.e. faecal) N and AA digestibility be used in evaluating feed-ingredient protein quality in equids to begin designing predictive models of N and AA requirements. Nitrogen gain and AA composition in deposited tissues and their corresponding efficiency of utilisation are the key determinants for a prediction model. We estimated that N utilisation for maintenance is 0.74. Maintenance requirements for N and AA were derived from faecal N and AA losses in horses and expressed as a function of dry-matter intake and from integument losses in swine. Relative to our factorial model, the NRC (2007) requirement for lysine and N is overestimated when based on a segmented curve and a breakpoint. When based on N equilibrium, lysine NRC (2007) requirement estimate agrees with our factorial model estimate, while N requirement is underestimated. The pool of AA profile used to express requirements of other essential AA has a large impact on requirement, as shown, in particular, for threonine. Threonine requirement based on faecal endogenous AA profile is higher than is lysine requirement for maintenance and lactation.
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Jaurena, G., J. M. Moorby, W. J. Fisher, and D. W. R. Davies. "Maternal nitrogen balance of dairy cows during late gestation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007596.
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Previous results have shown that during late gestation even under conditions of live weight (LW) gain, maternal body protein can be in negative balance due to the highly demanding gravid uterus and udder. It has also been claimed that current feeding standards underpredict dry cow nitrogen (N) requirement. Considering that it is not possible to measure maternal body N status independently of the requirements of the conceptus and the udder, estimation of conceptus and udder N requirements by mathematical models can help to predict maternal N requirement. The aim of this study was to assess cow N requirement during late gestation by predicting maternal N balance through a mathematical model. Previous results related with this study were presented in Jaurena et al, (2001).
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Fournier, V., M. F. Gouillou-Coustans, R. Métailler, C. Vachot, M. J. Guedes, F. Tulli, A. Oliva-Teles, E. Tibaldit, and S. J. Kaushik. "Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts." British Journal of Nutrition 87, no. 5 (May 2002): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002564.
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Besides being an indispensable amino acid for protein synthesis, arginine (Arg) is also involved in a number of other physiological functions. Available data on the quantitative requirement for Arg in different teleosts appear to show much variability. So far, there are very limited data on the maintenance requirements of indispensable amino acids (IAA) in fish. In the present study, we compared N and Arg requirements for maintenance and growth of four finfish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), turbot (Psetta maxima), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Groups of fish having an initial body weight close to 5–7 g were fed semi-purified diets containing graded levels of N (0 to 8 % DM) and Arg (0 to 3 % DM) over 4 to 6 weeks. For each species, N and Arg requirements for maintenance and for growth were calculated regressing daily N gain against daily N or Arg intakes. N requirement for maintenance was estimated to be 37·8, 127·3, 84·7 and 45·1 mg/kg metabolic body weight per d and 2·3, 2·2, 2·6 and 2·5 g for 1 g N accretion, in rainbow trout, turbot, gilthead seabream and European seabass respectively. The four species studied appear to have very low or no dietary Arg requirements for maintenance. Arg requirement for g N accretion was calculated to be 0·86 g in rainbow trout and between 1·04–1·11 g in the three marine species. Turbot required more N for maintenance than the other three species, possibly explaining its reputedly high overall dietary protein requirement. Data suggest a small but sufficient endogenous Arg synthesis to maintain whole body N balance and differences between freshwater and marine species as regards Arg requirement. It is worth verifying this tendency with other IAA.
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Hahne, Kathryn S., and Ursula K. Schuch*. "Nitrogen Requirement of Prosopis velutina Seedlings." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 818B—818. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.818b.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether mesquite (Prosopis velutina) seedlings have a preference for the ammonia or nitrate form of nitrogen (N), and to determine the optimum rate of N to maximize growth and minimize N leaching when seedlings are grown in different substrates. Mesquite seedlings were fertigated with different ratios of NH4+: NO3- to determine effects on shoot and root growth and N-uptake efficiency. Nutrient solution containing 67% NH4+ : 33% NO3- resulted in greatest biomass after 120 days of fertigation. N leachate remained stable until 12 weeks after the onset of treatment, but increased significantly by week 16. Subsequently, mesquite seedlings were grown in sand or soilless media and were fertigated with a solution of 67 % NH4+: 33% NO3- at a rate of 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg·L-1 of N. After 60 days, plants in media produced 41% more leaves and total biomass compared to those in sand. Leaf number was greatest for plants grown at 200 mg·L-1 of N in both substrates. Root biomass of plants in media showed no response to increasing N concentrations while root biomass of seedlings in sand were similar for the three lower N concentrations and nearly doubled for the highest one. Shoot biomass of seedlings receiving 25, 50, or 100 mg·L-1 of N was similar, but more than doubled for plants fertigated with 200 mg·L-1 of N. N leachate losses were highest from seedlings growing in sand and receiving the two higher N fertigations, those in media had greatest N leachate loss when fertigated at 200 mg·L-1 of N. For balanced mesquite seedling growth and minimum N leaching losses, concentrations between 50 to 100 mg·L-1 of N are recommended. Implications of using a sand culture system vs. soilless growing substrate for nutrition studies will be discussed.
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Nave, Lucas E., Christoph S. Vogel, Christopher M. Gough, and Peter S. Curtis. "Contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to net primary productivity in a northern hardwood forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 6 (June 2009): 1108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-038.
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Net primary productivity (NPP) in northern temperate forests is an important part of the global carbon cycle. Because NPP often is limited by nitrogen (N), atmospheric N deposition (Ndep) may increase forest NPP. At a northern hardwood forest site in northern Lower Michigan, USA, we quantified rates of N supply by Ndep, canopy retention of Ndep (Ncr), and soil net N mineralization (Nmin); calculated the N requirement of NPP; and estimated the fraction of NPP that could be attributed to atmospheric N inputs. Net N mineralization supplied 42.6 kg N·ha–1·year–1 (84% of the NPP N requirement), and Ndep averaged 7.5 kg N·ha–1·year–1 (15%). The forest canopy retained 38% of Ndep (Ncr = 2.8 kg N·ha–1·year–1), primarily in the forms of organic N and NH4-N. Fine root (62%) and leaf (31%) N requirements dominated the NPP N requirement of 50.7 kg N·ha–1·year–1. Annual N supply by the processes we measured agreed very closely with the NPP N requirement, suggesting that internally cycled N and N of atmospheric origin contribute to the N nutrition of this forest. Our results indicate that up to 15% of the NPP at this site may be driven by atmospheric N inputs.
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Simopoulos, A. P. "Human Requirement for N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Poultry Science 79, no. 7 (July 2000): 961–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.7.961.
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March, B. E. "Essential fatty acids in fish physiology." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-102.
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This paper emphasizes those aspects of fatty acid research in fish that have relevance to the investigation of the functions of essential fatty acids in other species. Lipid requirements of fish came under investigation only in the 1960s. The most significant finding has been the requirement for n − 3 fatty acids. The dietary ratio of (n − 3):(n − 6) is critical if the essential requirement is met by C18 fatty acids because of competition between fatty acids for the enzymes involved in elongation and desaturation to produce the physiologically essential long-chain fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of fish lipids varies according to the fatty acid profile of the dietary lipid. The fatty acid composition of fish also responds to temperature changes in an adaptive mechanism for maintenance of membrane homeoviscosity and physiological function over a range of temperatures. The dietary intake of essential fatty acids by brood stock must be adequate for ova formation and for embryonic development, with the latter requirement being more critical for reproductive success. Absolute requirements of fish for essential fatty acids are difficult to define and may vary depending upon the dietary ratio of (n − 3) to (n − 6) fatty acids.Key words: essential fatty acids, nutritive requirements, fish.
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Murphy, Mary E. "The protein requirement for maintenance in the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-296.
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Assumptions about potential mismatches between protein demand and protein availability are implicit in many hypotheses pertaining to the ecology of wild birds. However, few direct measures of the protein requirements of wild birds have been made. I evaluated the requirement for protein for maintenance of a wild granivorous passerine, the White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). I estimated protein requirement from measures of endogenous nitrogen (N) loss, N balance, and changes in body mass in wintering adult birds. The experimental birds were kept indoors at 23 °C (8.5 h light: 15.5 h dark) and fed semisynthetic diets that differed only in their concentrations of protein (0–17.3%) and starch, which were reciprocally adjusted. The amino acid profiles of the protein in the diets were identical and were formulated to match the average amino acid profile of the mixed proteins of a diet containing grains, seeds, insects, and fruits. In White-crowned Sparrows, the protein requirements for maintenance of body mass (366 mg/d) and a positive N balance equal to that of birds ingesting the acclimation diets (436 mg/d) were 7.3 and 8.7% protein, respectively, in a diet containing 12.4 kJ apparent metabolizable energy per gram dry mass. The estimated minimum maintenance requirement for protein for N equilibrium, derived from regressing N excretion on N intake, equalled 264 mg protein/d, or ca. 5.3% dietary protein. Measures of endogenous N loss (endogenous urinary N loss plus metabolic fecal N loss) equalled 14.7 mg N/d, indicating that White-crowned Sparrows need to replace at least 92 mg body protein/d. Dietary protein content had little influence on the birds' utilization of dietary energy and daily metabolized energy. The apparent contradiction in the requirement for a positive N balance to maintain body mass is discussed.
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D., Kavitha, and Ravikumar S. "Software Security Requirement Engineering for Risk and Compliance Management." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 5 (March 30, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.e8628.0210421.
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The objective of the research work is to propose a software based security requirement engineering model using categorical and morphisms theory. The earlier security requirement engineering models focus different viewpoints on parallel processing and develop rewrite based knowledge centred models but does not include different functional mappings between the security objects to select the best strategy. The security models have not considered the needed security functions that are to be implemented in different environments with different levels of executions. The proposed requirement engineering model is based on the formal theory of category of objects and the morphisms between them in addition to n categories and multiple morphisms that were used to organize the security requirement functional objects of different categories. The on demand security requirement objects, morphisms and the uncertain events in any one of the subsystems are considered to manage this security requirement category as an algebraic data types. The collection of security requirement objects using classification and clustering techniques are implicitly applied by the formation of category and morphism. The risk and compliances both in the form of direct and indirect categories are mapped so as to provide a security assurance functors with minimum risk on the requirements to the next design state. An ‘n’ category and ‘n’ morphic model for software security requirement model is proposed towards for minimum security risks through efficient compliance management techniques.
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Kavitha, D., and S. Ravikumar. "Software Security Requirement Engineering for Risk and Compliance Management." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 5 (March 30, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.e8628.0310521.
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The objective of the research work is to propose a software based security requirement engineering model using categorical and morphisms theory. The earlier security requirement engineering models focus different viewpoints on parallel processing and develop rewrite based knowledge centred models but does not include different functional mappings between the security objects to select the best strategy. The security models have not considered the needed security functions that are to be implemented in different environments with different levels of executions. The proposed requirement engineering model is based on the formal theory of category of objects and the morphisms between them in addition to n categories and multiple morphisms that were used to organize the security requirement functional objects of different categories. The on demand security requirement objects, morphisms and the uncertain events in any one of the subsystems are considered to manage this security requirement category as an algebraic data types. The collection of security requirement objects using classification and clustering techniques are implicitly applied by the formation of category and morphism. The risk and compliances both in the form of direct and indirect categories are mapped so as to provide a security assurance functors with minimum risk on the requirements to the next design state. An ‘n’ category and ‘n’ morphic model for software security requirement model is proposed towards for minimum security risks through efficient compliance management techniques.
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Rolston, M. P., B. L. Mccloy, and R. J. Chynoweth. "Predicting nitrogen requirement in perennial ryegrass seed crops." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3190.
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Results from 17 nitrogen (N) rate response trials using current best management including the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus) were used to predict optimum applied N rates for perennial ryegrass. The average optimum applied N rate was 145 kg/ha. A simple model using late winter soil mineral N (0-30 cm) and a total N requirement (mineral N + applied N) of 185 kg N/ha is recommended for growers to predict the applied spring N rate. Keywords: nitrogen, optimum rate, Lolium perenne, seed yield
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Richard, Lenaïg, Pierre-Philippe Blanc, Vincent Rigolet, Sadasivam J. Kaushik, and Inge Geurden. "Maintenance and growth requirements for nitrogen, lysine and methionine and their utilisation efficiencies in juvenile black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using a factorial approach." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 7 (November 30, 2009): 984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992844.
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We used a factorial approach to distinguish maintenance from growth requirements for protein, lysine and methionine in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Juvenile P. monodon (initial weight 2·4 g) were fed during 6 weeks one of ten semi-purified diets based on casein and purified amino acids (AA) as N source. The diets contained four levels of crude protein (CP, from 5 to 54 % DM diet) with two levels (% CP) of lysine or methionine (normal or 30 % deficient). Requirements were determined using linear and non-linear regression models. We could thus obtain the first ever data on maintenance (N equilibrium) requirements for CP and AA in P. monodon. CP requirements for maintenance (4·5 g/kg body weight (BW) per d) represented approximately 19 % of the CP requirement for maximal N gain (23·9 g/kg BW per d). The marginal efficiency of utilisation reached a maximum of 38 % for N, 0·77 for lysine and 1·62 for methionine using N gain as response. Lysine requirements were 0·20 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 1·40 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. Methionine requirements were 0·11 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 0·70 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. The lysine (5·8 %) and methionine (2·9 %) requirements for maximal N gain, expressed as percentage of protein requirement, agree with literature data using a dose–response technique with smaller P. monodon. The observed interaction between dietary CP and methionine for N gain demonstrates that requirements for indispensable AA (expressed as % CP) cannot be evaluated separately from CP requirements.
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Beauchamp, E. G., B. D. Kay, and R. Pararajasingham. "Soil tests for predicting the N requirement of corn." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-023.
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Several soil N tests were compared with the one currently used for predicting the N requirement for corn in Ontario. The current test involves a measurement of nitrate (NO3−, 0–30 cm) before N fertilizer sidedressing. The study was done to determine the efficacy of other tests for N fertilizer prediction. The tests chosen varied in the quantity of N “extracted” and included hot KCl-extractable NH4+, anaerobically released NH4+, extractable NH4+ following autoclaving in CaCl2 solution and total N of soil sampled to a depth of 30 cm. The 3-yr study was conducted on a sloped (simple) field site, which provided a wide range in soil organic matter (SOM) contents. A corn crop was grown each year following a barley crop with or without red clover cover crop residues incorporated in the spring and with or without N fertilization. Corn grain yields were obtained at the end of the growing season. Grain yields were lowest at the shoulder and backslope locations and highest at the footslope and toeslope locations. Corn plant shoot biomass and N content and soil mineral (NH4+and NO3−) N (0–30 cm) were measured biweekly to provide an estimate or index of available N. Plant and soil samples were taken at the summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope locations providing a wide range of SOM levels, which, in turn, provided a range in available N for comparing the various soil N tests. The increase in estimated available N during the growing season was most rapid in the 120–180 day of year (DOY) period and substantially slower in the 230–260 DOY period. An available N index (AVN) was obtained by averaging the N measured with three plant and soil samples taken in the late August to early September period. Thus, the AVN was determined during a period when the increase in available N was relatively slow. Regressions of corn grain yield (not fertilized with N) on AVN produced R2 values ranging from 0.61 to 0.93. Values of R2 for AVN vs. the soil tests ranged from 0.34 to 0.88 where red clover crop residues were not involved. The AVN values were less correlated with the soil N test values where red clover cover crop residues were incorporated with R2 values ranging from 0.11 to 0.92. It was concluded that the hot KCl test would be a suitable alternative to the currently used soil NO3− test because of relatively simple soil sample preparations and storage, and analytical procedures. Key words: Soil N tests, corn, available N index, soil organic matter, landscape location
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Ye, Z. "N-glycan branching requirement in neuronal and postnatal viability." Glycobiology 14, no. 6 (January 22, 2004): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwh069.
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Golks, Alexander, Thi-Thanh Thao Tran, Jean Francois Goetschy, and Danilo Guerini. "Requirement for O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in lymphocytes activation." EMBO Journal 26, no. 20 (September 20, 2007): 4368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601845.
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O'Tousa, J. E. "Requirement of N-linked glycosylation site in Drosophila rhodopsin." Visual Neuroscience 8, no. 5 (May 1992): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004910.
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AbstractIn vitro mutagenesis and germline transformation were used to create a Drosophila mutant, ΔAsn20 lacking the N-linked glycosylation site near the amino terminus of the major rhodopsin (Asn20-Gly-Ser changed to Ile-Gly-Ser). Low opsin protein levels are detected in ΔAsn20 photoreceptors. Electroretinogram responses of mutant flies show that the residual rhodopsin found in this mutant is capable of initiating phototransduction. The organization of rhabdomeres, the photoreceptor organelle containing nearly all of the rhodopsin, is aberrant in the ΔAsn20 mutant and undergoes age-dependent deterioration. These results establish that an N-linked glycosylation site, and likely glycosylation itself, plays a critical role in the maturation of Drosophila rhodopsin.
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Piven, Oksana O., Igor E. Kostetskii, Larysa L. Macewicz, Yurii M. Kolomiets, Glenn L. Radice, and Lubov L. Lukash. "Requirement for N-cadherin–catenin complex in heart development." Experimental Biology and Medicine 236, no. 7 (July 2011): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2011.010362.
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Kantorowitz, E., A. Guttman, and L. Arzi. "The performance of the N-fold requirement inspection method." Requirements Engineering 2, no. 3 (September 1997): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02802773.
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Frankel, T. L., and D. Avram. "Protein requirements of rainbow lorikeets, Trichoglossus haematodus." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 4 (2001): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01005.
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The natural diet of rainbow lorikeets is low in protein but in captivity their diets contain relatively high concentrations of protein. A nitrogen (N) balance study was carried out to determine the protein requirements of lorikeets for maintenance. Five lorikeets were fed each of three diets, containing 3, 7 or 11 g egg white protein (100 g powdered diet)–1 (‘as is’ basis). After 10 days on a diet, lorikeets were placed in metabolism cages and N intakes and N excretion determined over three days. From the regression of N excretion on N intake (y = 0.8664x+ 0.032) endogenous nitrogen loss (ENL) was calculated as 32 mg N (kg body mass)–0.75 day–1 and the maintenance N requirement as 240 mg N kg–0.75 day–1. The ENL is lower than that of other nectarivores but maintenance requirement is greater, indicating an unusually low digestibility for egg white protein (13.3%). Using a conservatively low digestibility of 4.5% for pollen, it can be calculated that 5–6 g pollen (dry matter) per day would provide the 8 mg N day–1 required by a 150-g lorikeet to replace ENL. By eating 150–200 mL nectar, about 30% of requirement could be obtained.
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Mathew, PJ, GD Puri, and RS Dhaliwal. "Propofol requirement titrated to bispectral index: a comparison between hypothermic and normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass." Perfusion 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659109106071.
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Though propofol requirement is expected to decrease during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a few studies have failed to demonstrate this. The factors affecting pharmacokinetics of propofol and, therefore, the requirement, are different during hypothermic and normothermic CPB. We evaluated and compared the requirement of propofol during hypothermic and normothermic CPB. Fifty adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery on CPB were recruited and randomly allocated into hypothermic CPB (28–300 C) (Group H) and normothermic CPB (35–370 C) (Group N) groups. Patients were induced and maintained with propofol titrated to maintain a target bispectral index (BIS) of 50 ± 10. Propofol requirement (mean ± SD) was similar in normothermic and hypothermic groups, both before CPB (4.9 ± 1.5 mg.kg−1hr−1 in Group N, 4.6 ± 1.5 mg.kg−1hr−1 in Group H) and after cessation of bypass (p > 0.05) (4.6 ± 1.8 mg.kg−1hr−1 in Group N and 4.3 ± 1.7 mg.kg−1hr−1 in Group H). CPB significantly reduced (p < 0.001) propofol requirements in both arms of the study (Group N: 2.9 ± 1.4 mg.kg−1hr−1and Group H: 1.3 ± 0.7 mg.kg−1hr−1). This reduction was more pronounced in the hypothermic group (p < 0.001). The BIS (median ± inter quartile range) remained constant during normothermic CPB (50 ± 8.8), but declined significantly during hypothermic CPB (41 ± 5.6) despite decreased usage of propofol during hypothermia. No patient had recall of intra-operative events. CPB decreases the magnitude of propofol requirements and the effect of hypothermic CPB is significantly more than that of normothermic CPB.
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Fradgley, Nick S., Alison R. Bentley, and Stéphanie M. Swarbreck. "Defining the physiological determinants of low nitrogen requirement in wheat." Biochemical Society Transactions 49, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20200282.
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Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient limiting productivity in many ecosystems. The large N demands associated with food crop production are met mainly through the provision of synthetic N fertiliser, leading to economic and ecological costs. Optimising the balance between N supply and demand is key to reducing N losses to the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production provides food for millions of people worldwide and is highly dependent on sufficient N supply. The size of the N sink, i.e. wheat grain (number, size, and protein content) is the main driver of high N requirement. Optimal functioning of temporary sinks, in particular the canopy, can also affect N requirement. N use efficiency (i.e. yield produced per unit of N available) tends to be lower under high N conditions, suggesting that wheat plants are more efficient under low N conditions and that there is an optimal functioning yet unattained under high N conditions. Understanding the determinants of low N requirement in wheat would provide the basis for the selection of genetic material suitable for sustainable cereal production. In this review, we dissect the drivers of N requirement at the plant level along with the temporal dynamics of supply and demand.
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Weber, Bernd, Christian Schaper, Daniel Bushey, Marko Rohlfs, Markus Steinfath, Giulio Tononi, Chiara Cirelli, Jens Scholz, and Berthold Bein. "Increased Volatile Anesthetic Requirement in Short-sleeping Drosophila Mutants." Anesthesiology 110, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181942df2.
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Background Anesthesia and sleep share physiologic and behavioral similarities. The anesthetic requirement of the recently identified Drosophila mutant minisleeper and other Drosophila mutants was investigated. Methods Sleep and wakefulness were determined by measuring activity of individual wild-type and mutant flies. Based on the response of the flies at different concentrations of the volatile anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane, concentration-response curves were generated and EC50 values were calculated. Results The average amount of daily sleep in wild-type Drosophila (n = 64) was 965 +/- 15 min, and 1,022 +/- 29 in Na[har](P > 0.05; n = 32) (mean +/- SEM, all P compared to wild-type and other shaker alleles). Sh flies slept 584 +/- 13 min (n = 64, P < 0.01), Sh flies 412 +/- 22 min (n = 32, P < 0.01), and Sh flies 782 +/- 25 min (n = 32, P < 0.01). The EC50 values for isoflurane were 0.706 (95% CI 0.649 to 0.764, n = 661) and for sevoflurane 1.298 (1.180 to 1.416, n = 522) in wild-type Drosophila; 1.599 (1.527 to 1.671, n = 308) and 2.329 (2.177 to 2.482, n = 282) in Sh, 1.306 (1.212 to 1.400, n = 393) and 2.013 (1.868 to 2.158, n = 550) in Sh, 0.957 (0.860 to 1.054, n = 297) and 1.619 (1.508 to 1.731, n = 386) in Sh, and 0.6154 (0.581 to 0.649, n = 360; P < 0.05) and 0.9339 (0.823 to 1.041, n = 274) in Na[har], respectively (all P < 0.01). Conclusions A single-gene mutation in Drosophila that causes an extreme reduction in daily sleep is responsible for a significant increase in the requirement of volatile anesthetics. This suggests that a single gene mutation affects both sleep behavior and anesthesia and sedation.
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Barcellos, Joyce, Warley J. Alves, Pedro R. Arnaut, Lucimauro Fonseca, Paulo H. Reis Furtado Campos, Gabriel Viana, Fabyano Silva, and Melissa I. Hannas. "20 Assessment of lysine requirement in lipopolysaccharide-challenged pigs." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.068.
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Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of immune challenge (IC) on digestible lysine (Lys) requirement of growing pigs using the Goettingen approach. Twenty-four 19kg-pigs were used in three nitrogen balance (NB) trials. The trials were performed in a complete randomized block design, with six nitrogen levels (NL), two sanitary status (control and IC) and two individual replicates per treatment (6 x 2 x 6). Dietary NL concentration ranged from 1.06 to 4.48 % in DM, being Lys limiting in all the levels assessed. For two consecutive days, Escherichia coli lipopolyssacharide (LPS) was intramuscular injected in challenged pigs at 30 and 34μg/kg. Data were fitted to nonlinear models to estimate nitrogen requirement for maintenance (NMR) and the maximum nitrogen deposition (NDmaxT). Both information were associated with the maximum nitrogen retention (NRmaxT), Lys efficiency (bc-1) and nitrogen retention (NR) to determine Lys requirements as follows: Lys = (lnNRmaxT-ln(NRmaxT-NR))/(16×bc−1). The NRM of pigs from control group was estimated in 152mg of N/kg of BW0,75/day, whereas LPS-challenged pigs had such requirements estimated in 197 N/kg of BW0,75/day. NDmaxT was estimated in 3525 and 2078mg of N/kg BW0,75/day in for pigs form control and LPS-challenged group, respectively. Requirements for Lys were estimated based on 68% and 54% of NDmaxT, being such percentage based on the mean value of ND for each group. Pigs from control group had the requirements for Lys estimated in 1.42 and 1.58%, based on a feed intake of 1000 and 900g/day, respectively, whereas Lys requirements of LPS-challenged pigs were estimated in 0.76 and 0.84%, based 893 and 803g/day of feed intake, respectively. Compared with control, LPS group exhibited a reduction of approximately 11% in feed intake. The model enables to estimate Lys requirement, taking into account protein deposition potential, feed intake, and immune challenge.
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Smalley, Katherine A., Quinton R. Rogers, James G. Morris, and Loren L. Eslinger. "The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 3 (May 1985): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850060.
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1. The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten was determined in a series of three experiments. In each experiment, diets were formulated to provide the growing kitten with the essential amino acids at or above the level of requirement. Expt 1 utilized a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design with two groups of kittens (four male and four female). The crystalline L-amino acid diets were presented at four levels of dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) of 140, 160, 180 and 200 g/kg diet. The design for Expts 2 and 3 was a 6 x 6 balanced Latin square. For each of these experiments, groups of six male and six female kittens were assigned to diets. The six levels of dietary crude protein were 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 g/kg diet; dietary N was supplied by crystalline L-amino acids for Expt 2 and casein plus a supplementary amino acid mix for Expt 3. Food intake, weight gain and N retention were determined in each experiment.2. A sigmoidal model y =P1+ P2/[1 +e(p2+p4. x)] was fitted to the response of weight gain and N retention to dietary N. The calculated requirement (95% of the upper asymptote, P1 + P2) for these experiments varied from 170 to 230 g protein/kg diet with the majority of these values falling between 180 and 200 g protein/kg.3. On the basis of these three experiments, the kitten's requirement for dietary crude protein is between 180 and 200 g/kg diet (28.8–32.0 gN/kg) for purified diets which provide a calculated 21 MJ metabolizable energ//kg diet.
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Silva, Vinicius S. G. da, Mauro W. de Oliveira, Vilma M. Ferreira, Terezinha B. A. Oliveira, Elaine R. Galvão, Aleksandro F. da Silva, and Polyana A. S. Machado. "Nutritional Requirement of Sugarcane Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p361.
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Sugarcane produces a large amount of biomass, extracts and accumulates high amounts of nutrients. In the literature the nutritional requirements for most cultivated varieties in the past are found, however there is little information on the new varieties currently planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional requirement of four sugarcane varieties, currently very planted, in the cycles of plant-cane, first and second ratoon. The study was installed in a Yellow Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with five replications, and four treatments: RB867515, RB92579, SP813250 and VAT90212. During maturation of the cane, in the three evaluation cycles, the productivity of natural biomass and the nutritional requirement of macronutrients of the varieties were determined. It was evidenced that the cultivars of sugarcane are of high productive potential and resemble the accumulation of biomass, observing a yield of 158, 128 and 107 t ha-1 in the cycles of plant-cane, first and second ratoon. Regarding the nutritional requirement, the varieties did not differ among them and expressed the following order of need in the plant-cane K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P, in the first and second ratoon, the sequence observed was K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P.
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Bashyal, Er Tikaram, and Er Ram Bharati. "Transport Planning Requirement of Devchuli Municipality." Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjet.2022.v10i05.001.
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Purpose: Transport facilities help in developing access with the rural-urban linkages. Road accessibility can reduce isolation, stimulate crop production and marketing activities, encourage public services and help to transfer technology. the research is to analyze the transport planning requirement of Devchuli Municipality. Design/Methodology/Approach: Paired t-test were also carried out to test the possible effect of MTMP to the shopkeepers owners from the formula t= d'/(Sd/√n) Where, Sd= √ Ʃ(d-d')2/(n-1) d'=Ʃd/n. Findings/Result: The major problems in the road section was found dusty earthen surface, no required side drain and footpath, no required retaining structures, sharp bends and no traffic sign and signals. Municipality is also facing about problems of Bus Park, Right of Way and Setback issues. MoFALD initiated the concept of MTMP. The major purpose of MTMP is to integrate/tie up the various sectors in well managed municipal road networks. MIM, IDPM, VCDP, MTPP are the major features of MTMP. This road provides various services to the people and have high potentials. Municipality has set visions surrounding it. Various sectorial developments can be achieved after proper implementation of MTMP. It was found that MTMP is rational due to overloaded traffic vehicles and high potentialities surrounding ring road. The responses and expected developments made MTMP legitimate. Originality/Value: Proposed road and its structure, adopted planning process and participation of stakeholder made it feasible. Participation of political persons and beneficiaries in preparation of MTMP and their responses showed politically viable and socially acceptable while assessing implement ability of MTMP.
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Nielsen, Susan B., Jonathan C. K. Wells, Mary S. Fewtrell, Simon Eaton, James Grinham, and John J. Reilly. "Validation of energy requirement references for exclusively breast-fed infants." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 11 (November 13, 2012): 2036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451200428x.
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In paediatric practice, mean reference energy requirements for groups are often used to predict individual infant energy requirements. References from the FAO/WHO/United Nations University are based on infants not fed according to the current infant feeding recommendations. The objective of the present study was to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and determine energy requirements using criterion methods, and validate the use of TEE prediction equation and mean energy requirement references for predicting individual TEE and energy requirements, respectively, in infants who were exclusively breast-fed (EBF) to 6 months of age. EBF infants were included from Greater Glasgow for measurements at 3·5 (n 36) and 6 (n 33) months of age. TEE was measured using doubly labelled water and energy requirements were determined using the factorial approach. TEE and energy requirements were also predicted using equations based on body weight. Relationships between criterion methods and predictions were assessed using correlations. Paired t tests and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess agreement. At the population level, predicted and measured TEE were similar. The energy requirement reference significantly underestimated energy requirements by 7·2 % at 3·5 months at the population level, but there was no bias at 6 months. Errors at individual levels were large and energy requirements were underestimated to a larger extent for infants with higher energy requirements. This indicates that references presently used in clinical practice to estimate energy requirements may not fully account for the different growth pattern of EBF infants. More studies in infants EBF to 6 months of age are needed to understand how growth of EBF infants influences energy requirements.
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Paengkoum, Siwaporn, Pattaraporn Tatsapong, Nittaya Taethaisong, Thongpea Sorasak, Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba, and Pramote Paengkoum. "Empirical Evaluation and Prediction of Protein Requirements for Maintenance and Growth of 18–24 Months Old Thai Swamp Buffaloes." Animals 11, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051405.
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In some geographical areas and in certain breeding situations, the interpretation of increased gain in the bovine is difficult to investigate. Due to their inherent genetic variations, their energy and protein needs vary as a function of inherent genetic differences, making these requirements difficult to accurately assess in bull species, e.g., Thai swamp buffalo. The study aimed at investigating and predicting protein requirement systems, by the provision of an abundant energy intake of 2.2 Mcal/kg DM for the maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes using a comparative prolonged feeding trial for 90 days. Sixteen bull Thai swamp buffaloes at the initial (Age: 18–24 months; BW: 233 ± 25.0 kg) were assigned into four treatment groups, four buffaloes each, fed 5.4, 6.6, 8.5, and 10.5% DM crude protein (CP). CP intake, BW, and physiological fluid were determined. The net CP requirements for maintenance and growth of Thai swamp buffaloes were 5.41 g CP/kg W0.75 and 0.46 g CP/g average daily gain (ADG), respectively. Our results indicated that CP requirement increases when the BW increases. An increased dietary CP resulted in increased amounts of blood urine nitrogen (N), N absorption, total volatile fatty acid, urinary purine derivative, and the microbial N. Notably, the net CP requirement for growth of Thai swamp buffalo was higher than it reported in NRC, but the maintenance was lower.
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Liem, Edwin B., Chun-Ming Lin, Mohammad-Irfan Suleman, Anthony G. Doufas, Ronald G. Gregg, Jacqueline M. Veauthier, Gary Loyd, and Daniel I. Sessler. "Anesthetic Requirement Is Increased in Redheads." Anesthesiology 101, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200408000-00006.
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Background Age and body temperature alter inhalational anesthetic requirement; however, no human genotype is associated with inhalational anesthetic requirement. There is an anecdotal impression that anesthetic requirement is increased in redheads. Furthermore, red hair results from distinct mutations of the melanocortin-1 receptor. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that the requirement for the volatile anesthetic desflurane is greater in natural redheaded than in dark-haired women. Methods The authors studied healthy women with bright red (n = 10) or dark (n = 10) hair. Blood was sampled for subsequent analyses of melanocortin-1 receptor alleles. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane and maintained with desflurane randomly set at an end-tidal concentration between 5.5 and 7.5%. After an equilibration period, a noxious electrical stimulation (100 Hz, 70 mA) was transmitted through bilateral intradermal needles. If the volunteer moved in response to stimulation, desflurane was increased by 0.5%; otherwise, it was decreased by 0.5%. This was continued until volunteers "crossed over" from movement to nonmovement (or vice versa) four times. Individual logistic regression curves were used to determine desflurane requirement (P50). Desflurane requirements in the two groups were compared using Mann-Whitney nonparametric two-sample test; P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The desflurane requirement in redheads (6.2 vol% [95% CI, 5.9-6.5]) was significantly greater than in dark-haired women (5.2 vol% [4.9-5.5]; P = 0.0004). Nine of 10 redheads were either homozygous or compound heterozygotes for mutations on the melanocortin-1 receptor gene. Conclusions Red hair seems to be a distinct phenotype linked to anesthetic requirement in humans that can also be traced to a specific genotype.
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Kim, Hansol, Eunjeong Jang, Sang Yun Ji, and Beob Gyun G. Kim. "PSV-12 Nutrient Utilization of Black Soldier Fly-derived Feed Ingredients Is Affected by Growth Stage and Processing Method Based on in vitro Assays." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.324.
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Abstract Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data and the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.
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Kim, Hansol, Bokyung Hong, and Beob Gyun G. Kim. "PSVI-21 Digestible Phosphorus Requirements of Growing Pigs Determined in Experiments Are Greater Than Those Estimated Using Modeling Approach." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.334.
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Abstract Sufficient supply of dietary phosphorus (P) is critical for maximizing muscle and bone growth of pigs. The objective was to compare standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirements of growing pigs determined in the experiments and those estimated using modeling approach. Fifty-two experiments in the literature that empirically determined P requirements of pigs were employed. The basis for the determination of P requirements were growth performance (average daily gain or gain to feed ratio; n = 34) and bone development (n = 23). Based on the STTD P in the feed ingredients provided in NRC (2012) and ingredient composition used in the experiments, P requirements presented as total P, available P, and true total tract digestible P were converted to STTD P requirements. To obtain STTD P requirements (g/d) suggested by NRC (2012) for grow-finishing pigs (body weight > 20 kg), mean body weight and sex indicated in the experiments were input into the NRC model. The statistical model for comparing the empirical data with the NRC requirements included the basis for determining P requirements in the experiments as a fixed variable and body weight as a random variable. To quantify the deviations between NRC STTD P requirement estimates and empirically determined STTD P requirements, mean percentage difference was calculated. The STTD P requirements empirically determined based on growth performance were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (5.89 vs. 4.61 g/d, SEM = 0.27; P < 0.001). Moreover, the bone development-based STTD P requirements were greater than the NRC STTD P requirement estimates (6.63 vs. 4.46 g/d, SEM = 0.42; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the standardized total tract digestible P requirements suggested by the NRC are less than the experimentally determined requirements.
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Sircar, Ratna, and Stephen R. Zukin. "Kinetic mechanisms of glycine requirement for N-methyl-d-aspartate channel activation." Brain Research 556, no. 2 (August 1991): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)90316-n.
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Rogers, Kenneth S., Riaz A. Memon, Chandra Mohan, Paul J. Geiger, and Samuel P. Bessman. "Extracellular phosphate requirement for insulin action on isolated rat hepatocytes." Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology 45, no. 3 (June 1991): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-4505(91)90039-n.
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Szmit, Mateusz, Siddarth Agrawal, Waldemar Goździk, Andrzej Kübler, Anil Agrawal, Piotr Pruchnicki, Marta Woźniak, Matylda Nowak, Bartłomiej Bartoszewicz, and Jerzy Rudnicki. "Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation Reduces Postoperative Analgesic Requirement in Patients Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010146.
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Given the rising rate of opioid-related adverse drug events during postsurgical pain management, a nonpharmacologic therapy that could decrease analgesic medication requirements would be of immense value. We designed a prospective, placebo-and-randomized controlled trial to assess the clinical effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TEAS) on the postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) requirement for morphine, as well as side effects and recovery profile after inguinal hernia repair. Seventy-one subjects undergoing inguinal hernia repair with a standardized anesthetic technique were randomly assigned to one of three analgesic treatment regimens: PCA + TEAS (n = 24); PCA + sham-TEAS (no electrical stimulation) (n = 24), and PCA only (n = 23). The postoperative PCA requirement, pain scores, opioid-related side effects, and blood cortisol levels were recorded. TEAS treatment resulted in a twofold decrease in the analgesic requirement and decreased pain level reported by the patients. In addition, a significant reduction of cortisol level was reported in the TEAS group at 24 h postoperatively compared to the sham and control groups. We conclude that TEAS is a safe and effective option for reducing analgesic consumption and postoperative pain following inguinal hernia repair.
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Dorigo, Benedetta, Thomas Schalch, Kerstin Bystricky, and Timothy J. Richmond. "Chromatin Fiber Folding: Requirement for the Histone H4 N-terminal Tail." Journal of Molecular Biology 327, no. 1 (March 2003): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00025-1.
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Ueki, Nobuhide, and Michael J. Hayman. "Signal-dependent N-CoR Requirement for Repression by the Ski Oncoprotein." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 27 (April 25, 2003): 24858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m303447200.
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Ko, Chia-Yun, Yi-Ling Lai, Wen-Yu Liu, Chia-Hui Lin, Yu-Ting Chen, Long-Fang O. Chen, Tsai-Yun Lin, and Jei-Fu Shaw. "ArabidopsisENDO2: Its Catalytic Role and Requirement of N-Glycosylation for Function." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, no. 20 (May 9, 2012): 5169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf300945c.
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Stankiewicz, Monika J., Timothy M. Chlon, and John D. Crispino. "Stage Selective Requirement For The N-Terminus Of GATA1 During Erythropoiesis." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3670.3670.
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Abstract The X-linked blood transcription factor GATA1 is required for the survival and maturation of erythroid cells. Loss of Gata1 causes profound anemia and related mid-gestation lethality in mouse models and human GATA1 mutations are associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital thrombocytopenia, porphyria, Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children with Down syndrome (DS-AMKL). In DBA, DS-AMKL, and a subset of congenital anemia, GATA1 mutations cause the exclusive production of a shorter GATA1 isoform, termed GATA1s. The GATA1s isoform retains both zinc fingers and binds DNA and cofactors accordingly, but lacks the N-terminal 83 residues of full-length GATA1. Intriguingly, exclusive production of GATA1s promotes AMKL in the context of Down syndrome (trisomy 21), while disomic individuals harboring the same type of mutations suffer from anemia and severe red cell defects. A mutation causing exclusive production of Gata1s in mice does not appear to affect adult hematopoiesis, but has been shown to cause a marked expansion of megakaryocytes in the fetal liver. The effects of the replacement of Gata1 with Gata1s during fetal liver erythropoiesis, however, remain uncharacterized. To investigate the effects of exclusive Gata1s production during fetal hematopoiesis, we performed comprehensive phenotypic and mechanistic studies using Gata1s knock-in embryos. We found significant changes in myelo-erythroid differentiation beyond the known expansion of megakaryocytes. Flow cytometric analysis revealed altered erythroid differentiation at embryonic days 12.5 and 14.5, evidenced by decreased Ter119 and increased CD71 expression, characteristic of delayed erythroid maturation. Changes in expression of myelo-erythroid progenitor commitment markers were also discovered. Specifically, we observed marked decreases in pre-CFU-E and CFU-E committed progenitors and an increase in pre-GM and pre-MegE populations. Our findings are consistent with a bias towards megakaryopoiesis at the expense of erythroid commitment caused by the expression of Gata1s in place of full-length Gata1. A shift in differentiation was also observed in the embryonic granulocyte/ macrophage lineage, with an increased generation of macrophages with fewer developing granulocytes. Mechanistically, we found that expression of erythroid -specific Gata1 target genes such as Alas2, Slc4a1 and Klf1 are markedly reduced in the Gata1 knock-in erythroid cells, indicating that Gata1s is a less effective transcriptional activator than full-length Gata1. In particular, given that Klf1 functions to promote erythroid specification downstream of the megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor, our results suggest that Gata1s may promote megakaryocyte differentiation at the expense of erythroid differentiation, in part, by failing to activate Klf1. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a stage-specific requirement for full-length Gata1 during embryonic erythropoiesis. Furthermore, erythroid defects associated with exclusive production of Gata1s in humans may result from an incomplete activation of the erythroid transcriptional program. Disclosures: Crispino: Sanofi: Research Funding.
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Chenniappan, Maheswari, Divya Gnanavel, Kavi Priya Gunasekaran, R. R. Rajalakshmi, A. S. Ramya, Albert Alexander Stonier, Geno Peter, and Vivekananda Ganji. "Prediction of Fault Occurrences in Smart City Water Distribution System Using Time-Series Forecasting Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9678769.
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The proposed research work is focused on forecasting the future requirements of water supply based on the current requirement of water and also identifying the possibility of occurrences of cracks and leaks using the ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) model. The experiments were conducted using real-time experimental hardware. The pressure data obtained and their p -value is less than 0.05, which represents the stability of the data in the ARIMA model. The forecasted pressure data range between 0.451379 N/m2 and 2.022273 N/m2. The frequency of the forecasted pressure ranges between 1.706869 N/m2 and 3.065836 N/m2 (maximum peak) and −0.81046 N/m2 and 1.042164 N/m2 (minimum peak). Forecasted data of pressure at damaged condition lie between 2.880788 N/m2 and 3.29797 N/m2 and frequency ranges between 4.866227 N/m2 and 5.664348 N/m2. Similarly, future forecasted data of water requirement for the next 1 year range between 614.6292 (liters/week) and 620.0099 (liters/week), the frequency of the forecast value with maximum ranging from 617.0086 (liters/week) to 628.5465 (liters/week), and the minimum peaks ranging from 611.0967 (liters/week) to 612.2914 (liters/week). The above data are for a single water distribution pipeline.
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Mian, MAK, AA Begum, and RR Saha. "Requirement of different nutrients for yield maximization of Bt Brinjal." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i4.45694.
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The experiment was conducted at Agronomy field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 to determine the nutrient requirement for yield maximization of Bt brinjal (var. BARI Bt Begun-2). The treatments were T1= STB (soil test base) recommendation (120-36-90-15-2-1 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B+ 3 t/ha poultry manure), T2 = T1 + 25% of N-P-K-S-Zn-B (150-45-112-18-2.5-1.25 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B +3 t/ha poultry manure), T3= T1 + 50% of N-P-K-S-Zn-B (180-54-135-22-3-1.50 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B +3 t/ha poultry manure), T4= T1 + 25% of N-P-K-S-Zn-B + 3 t/ha poultry manure (150-45-112-18-2.5-1.25 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B+6 t/ha poultry manure), T5= T1 + 3 t/ha poultry manure (120-36-90-15-2-1 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B + 6 t/ha poultry manure). Nutrient uptake, yield components and yield of Bt brinjal varied significantly due to variation of nutrients in the tested years. The highest plant height (98-116 cm), canopy coverage (1.21-1.26 m2/plant), number of fruits/plant (57.69-59.23) and individual fruit weight (83-86 g) were obtained from 180-54-135-22-3-1.50 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B +3 t/ha poultry manure (T3) treatment where days to flowering showed the lowest values (109-110 days). The highest pooled yield (58.46 t/ha) of Bt brinjal was observed from the treatment 180-54-135-22-3-1.50 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B +3 t/ha poultry manure(T3) and the lowest (23.39 t/ha) from 120-36-90-15-2-1 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B+ 3 t/ha poultry manure) (T1). The highest nutrient uptake (214-43-208-60-0.38-0.213-49 kg/ha N-P-K-S-B-Ca) was also observed from the same treatment (T3). Fruit yield showed a strong (r=0.97) linear relationship with applied nutrients. Effect of nutrient application on fruit yield of Bt brinjal was estimated about 86%. The highest gross return (Tk. 587900/ha), gross margin (Tk. 417660/ha) and benefit cost ratio (3.45) were obtained by applying 180-54-135-22-3-1.50 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B+3 t/ha poultry manure. Results revealed that application of 180-54-135-22-3-1.50 kg/ha N-P-K-S-Zn-B along with 3 t/ha poultry manure would be economically optimum for achieving higher yield of Bt brinjal grown under Grey Terrace soil (Aeric Albaquept) of Gazipur.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(4): 591-598, December 2019
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Mahajan, Rupali A. "A Future Online Analyzer for Hidden Project Management Risks." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 29, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.105.
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The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate and comprehend the conditions that impact software cost, requirement tracking as well as scheduled software testing as an online administration and inspire essential exploration issues. Interviews were led with administrators from five associations. Thestudy utilized qualitative grounded hypothesis as its exploration system. The effects show that the interest for software testing and online requirement monitoring as an online administration is on the ascent and is impacted by conditions, for example, the level of area information required to adequately test a provision, adaptability and expense adequacy as profits, security and estimating as top prerequisites, cloud computing as the project monitor mode and the need for software analyzers to sharpen their abilities. Potential e x p l o r a t i o n territories recommended incorporate requisition regions best suited for online software testing, estimating and treatment of test information among others. The key issue is to monitor client’s requirements, track those requirements and also make it bug free and to avoid requirement gold plating issue. This study will present latest i d e a a b o u t online r e q u i r e m e n t monitoring and software testing.
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Hill, J. O., R. J. Simpson, J. T. Wood, A. D. Moore, and D. F. Chapman. "The phosphorus and nitrogen requirements of temperate pasture species and their influence on grassland botanical composition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 10 (2005): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04279.
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Grassland production in southern Australia is generally based on phosphorus (P)- and nitrogen (N)-deficient soils. Use of P-fertiliser is necessary for high production in higher rainfall zones and economic pressures are increasing the need to apply fertiliser more widely and consistently. The P and N requirements of 10 temperate pasture species were examined to understand how increased fertiliser use will affect grassland botanical composition. The plant species fell into 2 main groups with respect to their critical external P requirements (P application rates required to achieve 90% of maximum yield) : those with a high requirement (Trifolium subterraneum, Hordeum leporinum, Bromus molliformis, Microlaena stipoides, and Phalaris aquatica), and those with a low requirement (Lolium rigidum, Vulpia spp., Austrodanthonia richardsonii, and Holcus lanatus). The critical external N requirements of H. leporinum, L. rigidum, and B. molliformis were significantly higher than those of A. richardsonii, Arctotheca calendula, and H. lanatus. Species that ‘tolerate’ nutrient stress were relatively abundant in unfertilised grazing systems and tall ‘competitor’ species were dominant in fertilised pasture under low grazing pressure. The abundance of the species present in fertilised pastures grazed for high utilisation was negatively correlated with their relative growth rates and it is hypothesised that this may indicate that abundance was determined by tolerance or avoidance of grazing.
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Camire, Carley, Lucas Alves Rodrigues, Josiane C. Panisson, Anna-Kate Shoveller, and Daniel A. Columbus. "257 Effect of the Essential Amino Acid-Nitrogen to Total Nitrogen Ratio on Lysine Requirement for Nitrogen Retention in Growing Pigs." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.213.
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Abstract Low-protein (LP) diets may become limiting in nitrogen (N), affecting utilization of essential amino acids (EAA) for nitrogen retention (NR). The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the EAA-N to total N ratio (EAA-N:TN) on lysine (Lys) requirement for NR. A total of 80 growing barrows (21.5±0.89 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 dietary treatments (n=8 pigs/treatment) in 8 blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with factors of EAA-N:TN (low vs. high) and Lys content (0.82, 0.92, 1.02, 1.12, and 1.22% standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys). Diets were formulated to meet EAA requirements with the low ratio diet (LR; 16.8% crude protein) having an ideal EAA-N:TN of 0.48 and the high ratio diet (HR; 15.5% crude protein) formulated to be limiting in NEAA with an EAA-N:TN of 0.55. Diets were fed at 2.8 × maintenance metabolizable energy requirements. After a 7-d dietary adaptation, a 4-d N-balance period was conducted where fresh fecal samples were collected daily and quantitative urine samples were collected over a 24-h period. Nitrogen-balance was determined as the difference between N intake minus fecal and urinary N output. Data were analyzed using a MIXED model with fixed effects of ratio, Lys, and their interactions, and block as a random effect. Lysine requirement based on two-phase linear or quadratic modeling was estimated using PROC NLIN. Nitrogen retention increased linearly with increasing Lys levels regardless of ratio (P< 0.01). Quadratic modelling estimated the Lys requirement to maximize NR at 17.83 g/d in pigs fed HR diets at 1.21% SID (R2 = 0.53; P< 0.05), but no breakpoint was achieved for pigs fed LR diets, which showed a linear response (R2 = 0.79; P< 0.05). These results suggest that NR is limited by NEAA or TN in HR diets.
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Yadachi, Shiddanagouda, Indra Mani, and Tapan Khura. "Influence of soil moisture on energy requirement of rotary tilling." Environment Conservation Journal 22, no. 3 (December 19, 2021): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2021.22340.
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The rotary tiller with ‘L’ shaped blades was examined for torque, power and specific tilling energy requirements to attain optimum soil-machine operational parameters. The three levels of moisture content (11.4%, 12.8% and 14.6% (d.b)), three speed ratios of 20 (?1), 12 (?2) and 9 (?3) at different passes (first, second and third) with rotational speed of 262 rpm were selected for study. The observations indicated inverse relation between torque and power requirement to moisture content. The lowest value of torque of 16.54 N-m and 26.66 N-m was associated with sandy loam and clay loam soil under third pass and moisture content of 14.6 per cent. Similarly, the minimum power requirement of 0.452 kW and 0.699 kW was observed under analogous conditions of rotary tiller. The energy requirement was found to decrease with higher number of passes due to the breakdown of the hard pan and clod aggregate size. The specific tilling energy is strongly correlated with forward speed and less dependent on the number of the passes of rotary tilling.
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Epshtein, N. A. "CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM SUITABILITY TESTING: INFLUENCE OF CORRECTION FACTORS AND LATE ELUTING PEAKS OF IMPURITIES ON THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (REVIEW)." Drug development & registration 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2019-8-1-108-112.
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Introduction. In case of methods of impurities determination quite often there are problems connected both with establishment and with check of implementation of the requirement to necessary sensitivity of a chromatographic system. Text. Influence of correction factors and late eluting peaks of impurities on the requirement for the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for chromatographic system suitability testing is considered. Conclusion. The recommendations are provided how to detect situations at which the requirement of S/N≥10 is insufficient for reliable detecting peaks of all impurities (related substances) and therewith how to correct concentration of test solution and/or the requirement to S/N for system suitability testing.
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Tremblay, Nicolas, and Carl Bélec. "Adapting Nitrogen Fertilization to Unpredictable Seasonal Conditions with the Least Impact on the Environment." HortTechnology 16, no. 3 (January 2006): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.16.3.0408.
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Weather is the primary driver of both plant growth and soil conditions. As a consequence of unpredictable weather effects on crop requirements, more inputs are being applied as an insurance policy. Best management practices (BMPs) are therefore about using minimal input for maximal return in a context of unpredictable weather events. This paper proposes a set of complementary actions and tools as BMP for nitrogen (N) fertilization of vegetable crops: 1) planning from an N budget, 2) reference plot establishment, and 3) crop sensing prior to in-season N application based on a saturation index related to N requirement.
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GÜNAYDIN, MURAT. "ON THE CHIRAL RINGS IN N=2 AND N=4 SUPERCONFORMAL ALGEBRAS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 02 (January 20, 1993): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93000126.
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We study the chiral primary rings of N=2 and N=4 superconformal algebras (SCA’s) constructed over triple systems. The chiral primary states of N=2 SCA’s realized over Hermitian Jordan triple systems are given. Their coset spaces G/H are Hermitian-symmetric and can be compact or noncompact. In the noncompact case under the requirement of unitarity of the representations of G, we find an infinite discrete set of chiral primary states associated with the holomorphic discrete series representations of G and their analytic continuation. A further requirement that the corresponding N=2 module be unitary truncates this infinite set to a finite subset. There are no chiral primary states associated with the other unitary representations of noncompact groups. Remarkably, the only noncompact groups G that admit holomorphic discrete series unitary representations are such that their quotients G/H with their maximal compact subgroups H are Hermitian-symmetric. The chiral primary states of N=2 SCA’s constructed over the Freudenthal triple systems are also studied. These algebras have the special property that they admit an extension to N=4 superconformal algebras with the gauge group SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1). We then generalize the concept of chiral rings to these maximal N=4 superconformal algebras. We find four different rings associated with each sector (left- or right-moving). Inclusion of both sectors gives 16 different rings. We also show that our analysis yields all the possible rings of N=4 SCA’s.
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Paoletti, Alyssa, Paul Pencharz, Ronald Ball, Rajavel Elango, Dehan Kong, Libai Xu, and Glenda Courtney-Martin. "The Total Sulphur Amino Acid Requirement Is Higher in Older Men Than Women." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac077.030.
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Abstract Objectives The primary aim of this study was to determine the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of adults > 60 years, using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method and to compare the requirement estimates between older males and females. The secondary aim was to compare the requirement estimates in older adults to the previously derived IAAO requirement in young males. Methods Fifteen healthy older adults (n = 7 male and n = 8 female participants), were randomized to receive 2 to 7 methionine intakes: 5, 10, 15, 19, 25, 35 and 40 mg. kg−1. d−1 without dietary cysteine. The TSAA requirement was determined using the IAAO method with L-[1–13C]phenylalanine as the indicator. The mean TSAA requirement was determined using two-phase linear mixed effect model, which identified a breakpoint in the F13CO2 in response to graded methionine intakes. The parametric bootstrap method was used to determine the 95% confidence interval (CI). To assess whether the breakpoints were different between older males and females or between older adults and young males the overlap in 95% CI was calculated. The null hypothesis was accepted if the interval contained zero. Results The mean TSAA requirement for older males was 26.2 mg · kg−1· d−1 and 17.1 mg · kg−1· d−1 for older females. The TSAA requirement of older males is higher than older females (Difference in CI: 9.1 ± 8.85) and higher compared to young males based on our previous IAAO estimate of 12.6 mg · kg−1· d−1 (Difference in CI: 13.6 ± 5.98). Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study to experimentally derive the TSAA requirement in older adults. The results can be used to assess whether the amino acid requirements of older adults can be met on a plant-based diet, especially given the current recommendations for increased plant protein consumption. Funding Sources This study was funded by CIHR. First author Alyssa Paoletti funded by Restracomp Scholarship provided by the Research Training Centre at SickKids Hospital.
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Vlachonasios, Konstantinos E. "Histone acetylation: a requirement for petunia floral scent." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10 (May 4, 2021): 3493–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab092.
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This article comments on: Patrick RM, Huang X-Q, Dudareva N, Li Y. 2021. Dynamic histone acetylation in floral volatile synthesis and emission in petunia flowers. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 3704–3722.
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Gowhari, Michel, Aileen Chu, Julie Golembiewski, and Robert E. Molokie. "Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion In Adult Patients With Sickle Cell Disease – Impact On Management Of Acute Painful Episodes." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.2249.2249.
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Abstract Introduction Acute painful (vaso-occlusive) episode is the clinical hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD). Individuals with SCD may experience acute episodes of severe debilitating pain that requires an acute care/emergency room visit and/or hospitalization. While parenteral opioids are the mainstay of treatment, the use of these agents may be complicated by toxicity, tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Additionally, using one medication/mode of treatment may be inadequate to achieve optimal safe pain control. Ketamine as an adjuvant treatment (administered in low sub-anesthetic doses) has been recognized for its utility in the management of a variety of painful conditions, ranging from oncologic to post-operative pain. However, there is limited literature supporting its use in treating acute sickle painful episodes. Here we have undertaken a retrospective analysis of adult patients with SCD who were treated with low-dose ketamine infusion during an acute painful episode in order to determine its effects of lowering opioid requirements. Methods A retrospective chart and database review was conducted on all patients with SCD who received low-dose ketamine infusion during an acute painful episode in the past three years at a single institution. After a review of inpatient pharmacy records, thirty unique subjects with SCD were identified to have received low-dose ketamine infusion during an acute painful episode in the past three years. For each of these subjects, total and daily (24hr) opioid requirements were determined for the admissions of a vaso-occlusive episode where ketamine infusion was used as an adjuvant for pain control and compared to the prior admission. For the ketamine admission, opioid requirements before, during, and after infusion were also compared. The opioid requirement was converted to intravenous morphine equivalents for standardized comparison. Total opioid and daily (24hr) requirements were determined for each admission. Results Full analysis of all thirty subjects (uncomplicated and complicated pain crises, ketamine infusion of any duration) revealed that the opioid requirement was significantly lower after ketamine compared to before ketamine was started (Wilcoxon signed-rank test P=0.029). The total opioid requirement during the entire ketamine admission, however, was not significantly different from the total opioid requirement during the non-ketamine admission (P=0.088). When a sub-analysis was performed on subjects receiving a ketamine infusion for greater than 24 hours (N=22), the 24hr opioid requirement was significantly lower after ketamine compared to before ketamine was started (P=0.0397). The total opioid requirement during the entire ketamine admission was not significantly different from the total opioid requirement during the non-ketamine admission (P=0.194). When a sub-analysis was performed on subjects with an uncomplicated vaso-occlusive episode (N=17), 24hr opioid requirement was significantly lower after ketamine compared to before ketamine was started (P=0.036). Additionally, the average daily opioid requirement throughout the entire ketamine admission was significantly lower than the average daily opioid requirement during the non-ketamine admission (P=0.001). The total opioid requirement during the entire ketamine admission was not significantly different from the total opioid requirement during the non-ketamine admission (P=1). For the full and subgroup analyses of opioid requirements during the ketamine admission, there was a significantly greater amount of opioid required before the ketamine was started compared to during and after ketamine infusion. Conclusion The use of low-dose infusion of ketamine as an adjuvant for pain control in patients with SCD during vaso-occlusive episode resulted in a significant decrease in opioid requirements. Hence it appears that a low-dose ketamine infusion has utility in the treatment of acute pain crises in adult patients with sickle cell disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.