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Journal articles on the topic 'Mysticism History 20th century'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Chadwick, Henry. "The Ascetic Ideal in the History of the Church." Studies in Church History 22 (1985): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400007841.

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Asceticism is in no way specifically Christian. It runs from the Pythagoreans to Pachomius, from Sufi mysticism and Buddhist withdrawal to Greenham Common and the protesters of modern western society. But within the Christian tradition asceticism has played so substantial a role, at times beset by controversy, that it seems right for an Ecclesiastical History Society to concentrate on the phenomenon and its consequences. The ascetic life is no doubt understood only from within by those who are or have been monks and nuns; and that is the case with a relatively small proportion of our Society’s members, who are usually the object of an affectionate but silent envy in those of us who have to work away in university arts faculties harassed by cuts and committees in an unsympathetic world, where government policy seems like piecemeal demolition by explosive and where a rotten botanist seems to be more valued than a first-rate historian. Admittedly, in the second half of the 20th century the cloister has been having its problems too. But it is a matter for reflection that, in the case of contemplative orders, there is no evidence in the decline of vocations.

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CHITTICK, WILLIAM C. "ALEXANDER KNYSH, Islamic Mysticism: A Short History, Themes in Islamic Studies (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000). Pp. 370." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801353060.

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This much-needed historical survey of the Sufi tradition brings together a great deal of specialized literature, especially the European scholarship that is often ignored in North America. The first eight chapters of the book discuss the beginnings of the tradition, early figures, gradual institutionalization, poetical and metaphysical expressions, and the foundations of the great tariqahs. Chapter 9 provides an overview of the later history of the tariqahs on a regional basis, in most cases coming into the 20th century. Chapter 10 discusses major concepts and practices. Given Knysh's keen awareness that the Sufi tradition cannot be isolated from the Islamic tradition as a whole, surprisingly little attention is paid to the roots of Sufism in the Qur[ham]an and the hadith. Then again, the survey is necessarily selective and aims only to highlight major figures and movements. Any serious attempt to be comprehensive would have given us a multi-volume study. Every specialist will be disappointed at the failure to discuss or at least mention certain figures, movements, themes, or topics.

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Wiśniewska, Marzenna. "W laboratorium Fausta." Pamiętnik Teatralny 68, no. 3-4 (December 19, 2019): 234–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/pt.15.

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Access to the extensive archives of Jan Dorman has allowed us to see the long-term presence of the Faust theme in Dorman’s theatrical explorations and to study and describe his last production: Walpurgis Night based on Goethe’s Faust (The Animation Theater in Jelenia Góra, 1986), for the first time. The paper is an attempt to reconstruct this production on the basis of manuscripts and typescripts collected by the director in his archive and the reminiscences of people working in the theatre. The archives create an intriguing afterimage of Walprugis Night as a production with an autobiographical dimension, marked by Dorman’s legend and fascination with his methods of work, an aura of mysticism surrounding the production and the director’s sudden death, less than a month after the premiere. Having extracted Dorman’s Walpurgis Night from the archive warehouse we can add another leaf to the history of the reception of Faust in Polish theatre of the second half of the 20th century.

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Zelko, Frank. "From Blubber and Baleen to Buddha of the Deep: The Rise of the Metaphysical Whale." Society & Animals 20, no. 1 (2012): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853012x614387.

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Abstract Human attitudes to various nonhuman animals have varied considerably across cultures and throughout time. While some of our responses are undoubtedly instinctive and universal—a visceral fear of large carnivores or the feeling of spontaneous warmth for creatures exhibiting high degrees of neoteny—it is clear that our attitude toward specific species is largely shaped by our innate anthropomorphism: that is, when we think about animals, we are also thinking about ourselves. There are few better examples of this than the shifting attitudes toward whales and dolphins throughout the 20th century, particularly among citizens of Western democracies. This article narrates the cultural history of this development and demonstrates how the current enchantment with whales and dolphins is primarily the result of two broad—and related—cultural developments: the modern entertainment complex, particularly cinema, television, and aquatic theme parks; and the 1960s counterculture, with its potent blend of holistic ecology, speculative neuroscience, and mysticism. The result was the creation of what we might think of as the “metaphysical whale,” a creature who has inspired the abolitionist stance toward whaling.

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Vershinin, Sergey E. "Ernst Bloch on Nazism or Joachim Florsky against the Third Reich (Comment on the translation of E. Bloch’s article “On the Original History of the Third Reich”)." Koinon 3, no. 1 (2022): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/koinon.2022.03.1.009.

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The article considers the views of the German philosopher Ernst Bloch on the problem of the evolution of the idea of the “Third Reich” in the European Christian tradition of the Middle Ages and New Times, as well as its actualization by German Nazism. The author of the paper is the translator of many texts by E. Bloch. He attempts to understand the origins of the popularity of Nazism from a culturological and historical-philosophical point of view E. Bloch in a series of works turns, for the first time in 1924, to the European Christian tradition, to those images and figures that have defined the mental landscape for many centuries. The image of the Third Reich occupies an essential place in the intellectual history of Europe and the European Christian tradition. The influence of this image on the consciousness of the masses cannot be underestimated. Bloch reveals the inconsistency of the concept of the Third Reich and the figure of the savior (“Kaiser-liberator”, “leader”), which contains both the origins of the junction of Christianity and anti-fascism, and the grounds for inversion in favor of Nazism. The author also focuses on E. Bloch’s views on the legacy of the theologian Joachim Florsky (12th century), who created a historiosophical scheme that had an impact on many philosophical and religious concepts of history. Bloch enters Joachim Florsky into the historical and philosophical tradition, analyzing the mythologeme of the Savior in the cultural history of Europe. The paper presents an overview of modern research on the legacy of I. Florsky by Russian and foreign scientists, which prove the relevance of the ideas of E. Bloch, who revealed the connection between medieval religious movements and Nazism, opening a discussion with opposing points of view. The author examines the relationship between chiliasm and revolution, the influence of mysticism on the consciousness of German society at the beginning of the 20th century and on intellectuals. The article characterizes the position of E. Bloch, who believed that German Nazism committed an ideological theft of theological Christian concepts. The article highlights Bloch’s call to change the attitude to medieval chiliasm and mysticism in connection with the revolutionary potential existing in these currents.

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Gerasimov, Nikolai I. "History of mystical anarchism (problem of periodization)." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-1-161-175.

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The article explores the problem of periodization of mystical anarchism. The author suggests that most of the disagreements between modern researchers of the creative heritage of the 20th century anarchist-mystics is related to the absence of any historical and philosophical reference point or scheme. The article suggests viewing the whole history of the development of this phenomenon as an evolution of communities of thinkers who were equally close to anarchist and mystical ideas. Three periods are distinguished: 1) 1905–1907; 2) 1917–1930; 3) 1924–1939. In each period, the author analyzes the ideological principles of a particular community of mystical anarchists, their ability to influence the cultural landscape of their era, and their conceptual relationship with their predecessors/successors. The terms “mystical anarchist” and “anarcho-mystic” are used synonymously in this text. Particular attention is paid to the emigrant period in the history of mystical anarchists (the study is based on the analysis of periodicals of the Russian diaspora in the United States).

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Szaruga (Wirpsza), Leszek (Aleksander). "On various kinds of involvement of Avant-Garde." Tekstualia 4, no. 59 (December 20, 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6443.

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The article analyses selected poems and tractates of poetry, with a special focus on the solutions regarding versifi cation, rhythm, and language (dialectological structures, syntactical forms and neologisms characteristic of poetic writing in Polish and Russian, as well as the contexts of English and German languages). Because the author attempts to distinguish the specifi city of poetry and the most important areas of literary biography in selected areas, he asks what the ways of poetry are, trying to present his point of view about the intellectual climate of the end of the 19th century, when the refl ection of language was the strongest and fundamental sign to identity. Besides, he shows what happened in the poetry of Marinetti, Majakowski, Benn, Brecht, Becher, Pound, Jasieński, Brzechwa, and Czyżewski. The article deals with the problem of historical, sociological, political, cultural and religious dialogue in poetry. The dialogue is dedicated to the search of a new language of expression. The author presents what the status of the poetry is at the beginning of the 20th century and what are the ways of poetry spreading and using language as a medium not only of communication, but also an identifi cation of unbelievable, impossibility, and as a consequence what are the strategies in poetry in addition to language (Russian and Polish, but also English and German). All of these paradigms determined functions of lyrics, which can be named an intertextual creativity. The author tries to answer the fundamental question about human condition and identity, the meaning of poetic sign, individual human possibilities towards history and politics, as well as the ways of using different connections with literature, art, religion (especially mysticism), philosophy and intertextual components which described the worldview of poetry.

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Khondzinskii, Pavel. "Émile Mersch and theology of the russian diaspora." St. Tikhons' University Review 102 (August 31, 2022): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022102.29-49.

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In 1933 the Catholic scholar Emile Mersch published his work “The Mystical Body of Christ” (Le Corps mystique du Christ), in which the concept of the “mystical body” was traced from early Christian times to the beginning of the 20th century. Having paid tribute to Eastern fathers, Mersch believed that this concept reaches its final synthesis in the works of the “French school” authors in the 17th century, where the concept of personal mystical unity with Christ, dating back to the Rhine mystics, is combined with the idea of St. Cyril of Alexandria and St. Hilary of Pictavia of the “natural” unity of the Church in the Eucharist. Mersch considered this synthesis to be a complete expression of St. Augustine’s teachings of the Church as the “total Christ” (the whole Christ) - totus Christus. Some authors of the diaspora paid their attention to the Mersch’s monography. M. Lot-Borodina wrote a review to this work. Fr. Sergey Bulgakov used this work as a source of the references to blessed Augustine. But it was Fr. Georges Florovsky who treated this work most thoughtfully. In the description of his response to the Mersch’s work, we need to remember that initially Fr. Georges based on the position, which was formed in Russian theology by representatives of “new theology” at the beginning of the 20th century, first of all – the position of metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky). This position was characterized by the constitution of the unity of the Church on the moral rather than Eucharistic level. The moral level was regarded, because of the personalistic concept of the mutual transparency of persons, as a natural unity. The article traces the gradual evolution of Fr. Georges’s views from the above concept, through an attempt to combine the teaching of totus Christus with the teaching of metropolitan Anthony, to the unambiguously expressed Christological emphasis in ecclesiology. As a result, Florovsky's late ecclesiology reveals a certain closeness to the ecclesiology of the French school, and hence to Mersch’s general conceptual conclusions.

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9

Hoffman, Valerie J. "Mysticism, Rationalism and Puritanism in Modern Omani Ibāḍism (18th-Early 20th Century)." Muslim World 105, no. 2 (March 27, 2015): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12091.

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10

Schulze-Marmeling, Friederike. "»20th century Aisha«?" Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte 32, no. 2 (December 6, 2019): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/kize.2019.32.2.346.

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11

Goryunov, Vasiliy, Tatjana Konjkova, Vera Murgul, and Nikolay Vatin. "William Richard Lethaby – Architecture, Mysticism and Myth." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 1084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.1084.

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This article deals with the art of a prominent English architect and architectural theorist - William Richard Lethaby. His theoretical outlook on architecture has been considered herein. His fundamental outlook – the book ‘Architecture, Mysticism, and Myth’ - has been analyzed. His innovative outlook, as well as the concept development regarding study of art in the 20th century described in this book, has been highlighted. The Lethaby’s relations with English movements ‘Art and Craft’ and ‘Aesthetic Movement’ have been indicated. Different outlooks on architecture supported by Lethaby and other leading theorists-rationalists in the mid-19th have been also distinguished.

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12

Riordan, Michael B. "Mysticism and Prophecy in Early Eighteenth-Century Scotland." Scottish Historical Review 98, Supplement (October 2019): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2019.0424.

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In 1709 a group of prophets arrived in Edinburgh proclaiming that Christ had appeared to redeem the nations. They attracted the interest of a community of self-described mystics. The mystics maintained that Christians had a duty to turn inwards and follow the holy spirit in all that they did and believed that Christ would soon appear in spirit to convert the world to their beliefs. Some, therefore, accepted the prophets as harbingers of the millennium. But other mystics remained unconvinced and maintained that spiritual reformation would not appear by outward signs and wonders. The paper introduces the development of mysticism in Scotland. It then examines the debate which emerged after a group of mystics became converts to the prophets’ cause. It shows how mystical prophets successfully converted both mystics and prophets to their cause. In order to grasp the importance of the divisions within the movement, it recovers the discourse of spiritual discernment, which has been obscured by debates about reason and superstition. The prophets needed to prove to their mystical brethren that they were inspired by God and not by the devil.

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13

Wilson, Robin. "The 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09956-x.

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14

Atiyah, Michael. "Mathematics in the 20th century." NTM International Journal of History and Ethics of Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine 10, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03033096.

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15

Fogler, Karen, and Mala Hoffman. "Exploring 20th Century History through Photographs." Gifted Child Today 17, no. 3 (May 1994): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107621759401700313.

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16

Graus, Andrea. "Mysticism in the courtroom in 19th-century Europe." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118761499.

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This article examines how and why criminal proceedings were brought against alleged cases of Catholic mysticism in several European countries during modernity. In particular, it explores how criminal charges were derived from mystical experiences and shows how these charges were examined inside the courtroom. To bring a lawsuit against supposed mystics, justice systems had to reduce their mysticism to ‘facts’ or actions involving a breach of the law, usually fraud. Such accusations were not the main reason why alleged mystics were taken to court, however. Focusing on three representative examples, in Spain, France and Germany, I argue that ‘mystic trials’ had more to do with specific conflicts between the defendant and the ecclesiastical or secular authorities than with public concern regarding pretence of the supernatural. Criminal courts in Europe approached such cases in a similar way. Just as in ecclesiastical inquiries, during the trials, judges called upon expert testimony to debunk the allegedly supernatural. Once a mystic entered the courtroom, his or her reputation was profoundly affected. Criminal lawsuits had a certain ‘demystifying power’ and were effective in stifling the fervour surrounding the alleged mystics. All in all, mystic trials offer a rich example of the ways in which modern criminal justice dealt with increasing enthusiasm for the supernatural during the 19th century.

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17

Conty, Arianne. "Nomad Thought: Using Gregory of Nyssa and Deleuze and Guattari to Deterritorialize Mysticism." Religions 13, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13100882.

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This article compares the mysticism of 4th-century Church Father Gregory of Nyssa to the nomadology of 20th century philosophers Deleuze and Guattari. In their book A Thousand Plateaus, Deleuze and Guattari returned to the figure of the nomad in order to free multiplicities from the “despotic unity” of modern Enlightenment thought. Though Deleuze and Guattari compare this nomadology to spiritual journeys, they claim that their nomad, unlike the mystic, resists a center, a homecoming, a destination. Yet Gregory of Nyssa, writing before the Church itself became a hegemonic power that would confine truth to a single reified code, described the Christian as a wandering nomad, for whom the path itself is the goal. Contrary to the static vision that would be developed in the onto-theological tradition that would lead Western metaphysics to interpret mysticism as the private experience of union with the divine, Gregory of Nyssa proposes a communal movement “from beginning to beginning” with no end, and no union in sight. By placing the postmodern secular nomad alongside the premodern Christian nomad, this article will draw on similarities between the two in order to accentuate the contemporary relevance of Gregory of Nyssa’s vision of mysticism.

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18

Westfall, Catherine. "Reimagining 20th-Century Physics." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 50, no. 1-2 (April 2020): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2020.50.1-2.209.

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19

Altschuler, Glenn C. "Urban Religion’s 20th-Century Renaissance." Reviews in American History 49, no. 1 (2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2021.0007.

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20

Friedel, Robert. "Engineering in the 20th Century." Technology and Culture 27, no. 4 (October 1986): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105321.

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21

Wilson, Robin. "The Early 20th Century." Mathematical Intelligencer 42, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00283-019-09942-3.

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22

Carrión, María M. "“One Kind of Water Brings Another.” Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi." Religions 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11100542.

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Mystical literature and spirituality from 16th-century Spain engage religious images from the three most prominent religions of al-Andalus—Christianity, Islam, and Judaism: among others, the dark night, the seven concentric castles, the gazelle, the bird, the sefirot‘s encircled iggulim or towering yosher, the sacred fountain, ruins, and gardens. Until the 20th-century, however, scholarship read these works mostly as “Spanish” mysticism, alienated from its Andalusī roots. This comparative study deploys theological, historical, and textual analysis to dwell in one of these roots: the figure of the garden’s vital element, water, as represented in the works of Teresa de Jesús and Ibn ‘Arabi. The well-irrigated life written by these mystics underscores the significance of this element as a path to life, knowledge, and love of and by God. Bringing together scholarship on Christian and Sufi mysticism, and underscoring the centrality of movement, flow, and circulation, this article pieces together otherwise disparate readings of both the individual work of these two figures and their belonging in a canon of Andalusī/Spanish mysticism. The weaving of these threads will offer readers a different understanding of early modern religion, alongside traditional readings of Spain’s mystical literature and its place in the global context.

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23

O'Riordan, Timothy. "Ecology in the 20th century: a history." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622225.

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Mason, Herbert J., and Anna Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Taxon 40, no. 3 (August 1991): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1223244.

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Sheail, J., and A. Bramwell. "Ecology in the 20th Century: A History." Journal of Ecology 77, no. 3 (September 1989): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261002.

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26

Probert, R. "The History of 20th-Century Family Law." Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqi009.

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27

Sterling, Christopher. "CBQ review essay:Cryptography in 20th‐century history." Communication Booknotes Quarterly 30, no. 3 (June 1999): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10948009909361621.

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28

Ikenberry, G. John, and Richard Bulliet. "The Columbia History of the 20th Century." Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20049140.

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29

Latvala, Pauliina. "Finnish 20th Century History in Oral Narratives." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 12 (1999): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf1999.12.oralnarr.

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30

Nalle, Sara T., and Alastair Hamilton. "Heresy and Mysticism in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alumbrados." American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1994): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166255.

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31

Akman, Kubilay. "Sufism, Spirituality and Sustainability / Rethinking Islamic Mysticism through Contemporary Sociology." Comparative Islamic Studies 4, no. 1-2 (June 9, 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v4i4.1-4.2.1.

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People are looking for therapeutic ways to deal with the damaging rhythms and handicaps of modern life styles which threaten the physical, social and psychological endurance of human-beings. Reconsideration of "old" philosophies, ancient wisdom and spiritual/mystical paths in a contemporary context was among the solutions that were launched to overwhelm the modern sense of alienation in the second half of 20th Century and this tendency is still going on nowadays no comma at the first decade of 21st Century. Sufism has been one of the traditions from which modern individuals expected answers to their ontological dilemmas produced in daily life by the society, social relations, media and finally by themselves. The purpose of this paper is to discuss sociologically whether Sufism, the mystical, peaceful and tolerant way of Islam could be an answer to the social problems of modern societies. What is the social alternative of Sufi traditions regarding the contemporary issues such as: social and technological alienation, sustainable development and environmental/ecological crisis? This paper is an attempt to emphasize the possibilities of Sufism beyond spirituality, with a discussion based on the sociological conception of the subject.

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Lian, Yang, and Ben Carrdus. "Leaving the 20th century." Index on Censorship 29, no. 3 (May 2000): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064220008536744.

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Schweid, Eliezer. "“PROPHETIC MYSTICISM” IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY JEWISH THOUGHT." Modern Judaism 14, no. 2 (1994): 139–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mj/14.2.139.

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Boddy, Clive R. "Unethical 20th century business leaders." International Journal of Public Leadership 12, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-12-2015-0032.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evidence to examine the possible psychopathy of Robert Maxwell, a notorious figure in UK business history. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents research which retrospectively applied a tool to measure whether leading figures in twentieth century business history could be classified as being corporate psychopaths. As background to this idea, psychopaths and corporate psychopaths are defined. A measure of corporate psychopathy is explored as an aid to identifying corporate psychopaths in business history. This measure is then used in relation to senior corporate executives who have been nominated as potential corporate psychopaths and to Robert Maxwell in particular. Findings The paper concludes that at least some ethical scandals and failures such as those at The Daily Mirror have been characterized by the presence of CEOs who scored highly on a measure of corporate psychopathy. Maxwell’s fraudulent raiding of corporate pension funds crossed ethical and legal borders. Furthermore, Maxwell’s fraudulent looting of those pension funds crossed generational boundaries; stealing from older people’s pension funds and thereby leaving younger people/investors with less to inherit. Maxwell also had an international business empire and so his fraud had effects which crossed geographic borders. The paper concludes that using an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths illuminates what types of organizational outcomes corporate psychopaths may eventuate. Originality/value The paper is the first to use an historical approach to the study of potential corporate psychopaths.

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Plantinga, Alvin. "Justification in the 20th Century." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 50 (1990): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108032.

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36

Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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37

Reville, David M. "BRIDGEPORT WORKING: VOICES FROM THE 20th CENTURY." Oral History Review 28, no. 2 (September 2001): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.2.140.

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38

Lemon, James. "Plans for Early 20th-Century Toronto." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017821ar.

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On several occasions in the early twentieth century, advocates of urban planning proposed significant measures for altering the layout of Toronto streets. Planning historians often have proposed that an interest in beautification was superseded by a focus on efficiency by the 1920s, but Toronto's plans largely were lost amidst private development processes and business cycles. Confusion over planning priorities, the short-term perspectives of politicians, and a lack of urgency also impeded city and regional planning. Toronto experienced less planning initiatives than major United-States cities.

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Kudiņš, Jānis. "FRAGMENTARY AND MODERATE MODERNISM IN LATVIAN MUSIC HISTORY ." Culture Crossroads 19 (October 11, 2022): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol19.31.

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The question of 20th century modernism in the history of Latvian academic genres music is still topical. The prevailing opinion in musicological research (literature) is that representation of modernism in the history of Latvian music has been fragmentary. In various decades of the 20th century (the first and second half of the century), Latvian composers have rarely turned to the most radical expression of modernism, the avant-garde. Much more often possible identified stylistically moderate manifestations of modernism. However, these issues have still been little researched. This article offers a focused (panoramic) characterisation, looking at local peculiarities of adaptation and representation of modernism in Latvian music history in the 20th century.

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Conke, Leonardo Silveira. "Strategy in the 20th Century: Explanations from History." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 210–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v12i4.1951.

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In this essay, we argue that an historical perspective helps to understand some of the strategic choices made by organizations. More specifically, the purpose here is to describe the great influence of historical events (related to economy, politics, technological advancement etc.) on the creation, acceptance, spreading and / or establishment of the strategic theories and tools developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Texts that usually discuss management and history outline only the Industrial Revolution or the transition from feudalism to capitalism, underestimating other historical forces that offer additional explanations to the evolution of strategic thinking. As a result of an extensive bibliographical research, we were able to identify four periods where the strategic theories developed reveal suitable responses to the challenges created by the environment: in the first one (1900-1938), strategy is concerned with organization and control of business activities, resembling the ideas developed by Scientific Administration; in the second period (1939-1964), strategic planning is formalized and the area is broadly recognized; the next decades (1965-1989) are characterized by competition and uncertainty, making strategy focus on problems emerged from the outside; finally, on the turn of the century (1990-2010), the unlimited information availability enhances the need for strategists’ conceptual and practical knowledge. Also, as a final contribution, we suggest two possible trends to the future of strategy.

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Smith, Earl, James Upton, and Manning Marable. "A Social History of 20th Century Urban Riots." Phylon (1960-) 47, no. 1 (1986): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274699.

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Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction." Theory in Action 14, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.

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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.

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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century." History of Political Economy 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.

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Helle‐Valle, Jo. "Social change and sexual mores: a comparison between pre‐20th‐century Norway and 20th‐century Botswana." History and Anthropology 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0275720032000156460.

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45

Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus." Verbum et Ecclesia 18, no. 2 (July 4, 1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.

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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.

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KATZ, STEVEN T. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.127.

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CHALK, FRANK. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.149.

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MELSON, ROBERT. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.161.

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REID, JAMES J. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.175.

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MARTINS-HEUB, KIRSTEN. "‘Genocide in the 20th Century’." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4, no. 2 (1989): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/4.2.193.

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