Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Myosine A'
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El, Bahloul Amel. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle et structurale de trois myosines non conventionnelles : la myosine VI, la myosine VIIa et la myosine IB d'Acanthamoeba." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112138.
Full textGuimard, Laurent. "Modélisation et synthèse de peptides interagissant avec une protéine cible : application au complexe calmoduline-RS20." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON1T037.
Full textBhat, Alka. "Les dynamiques d'agrégats de myosine et leurs rôles dans les fermetures d'epithelia." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ070.
Full textMyosin clusters have been reported in a variety of systems, such as Drosophila, C. elegans, and acto-myosin in vitro assays. However, their integration in a general framework is still lacking. In theory, actin filaments and myosin motors are predicted to follow generic rules of self-organisation. Recent findings from the laboratory reported that cluster dynamics within cytokinetic rings are associated with biological functions, i.e. stress generation when radial, and transport when tangential. In this study, we show that these simple rules hold as well for acto-myosin ring wound closure in epithelial monolayers. By using microfabrication, cell biology, quantitative imaging and theoretical physics, we report that radial and tangential clusters are related to local closures and stalled portions of rings, respectively. This conserved mechanism between single and multi-cellular system suggests that these myosin clusters dynamics could be used as generic read-out for mapping and predicting changes in shapes in developing embryos
Harricane-Vors, Marie-Cécile. "Etudes in vitro de l'interaction entre l'actine et des protéines associées : gelsoline, caldesmone, myosine." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON11303.
Full textBonafé, Nathalie. "Structure et régulation du complexe actine-myosine dans le muscle squelettique." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T009.
Full textAubry, Aurélie. "Recherche d'interacteurs de Myosine II au cours de l'intercalation cellulaire chez l'embryon de Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22117/document.
Full textEpithelial tissue is composed of polarized cells, which are closely attached to each other by adherens junctions. The loss of adherens junctions is often a key step in the development of cancer in epithelial tissues. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms of attachment between the cells. To study such epithelial plasticity, we use the Drosophila embryo as a model system, where a fine regulation of adherens junctions is required for one of the early processes of development: germ band elongation. During this process, epithelial cells change their neighbors along the anterior-posterior axis (cell cell intercalation) without loss of cell adhesion. Polarized recruitment of the molecular motor Myosin II at the junctions, that disassemble and reassemble, underlies the intercalation process. In part, intercalation relies on the normal activity of the the JAK / STAT pathway that is crucial for the spatial control of Myosin II. During my PhD, I conducted a genetic screen, in a mutant for the ligand of the JAK / STAT pathway, designed to identify second site interactors for Myosin II control. I identified several genes that appear to be involved in the intercalation process. Among these candidates, I focused on one with the strongest phenotype: the gene CG13992. The functional characterization of this gene was the second stage of my thesis (because only the nucleotide and the protein sequences were known). Preliminary results highlight the involvement of this gene in the localization of Myosin II that remain to be confirmed
Masson, d'Autume Adèle de. "Lymphocytes B régulateurs dans la GVH chronique humaine et rôle de la myosine 18A dans la cytotoxicité des lymphocytes NK." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC177/document.
Full textAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment for many patients with haematological malignancies. In almost half of the cases, it is complicated by chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Regulatory B cells are a population of B cells secreting interleukin (IL)-10 that can inhibit the immune responses. We have shown that in patients with active cGVHD, the frequency of regulatory B cells is decreased in the peripheral blood. Regulatory B cells are enriched in the memory B cell and plasmablast B cell pools. Increased plasmablasts frequencies and decreased memory B cells frequencies were found in patients with active cGVHD, suggesting alterations in the terminal differentiation of B cells. Our work also focused on NK cells that have a cytotoxic role. We identified one surface receptor of NK cells, CD245, as myosin 18A. Myosin 18A is involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton and is a receptor of the surfactant A. We have shown that myosin 18A was a coactivating receptor of the NK cytotoxicity and that this increase in cytotoxicity could be linked to the stimulation of the expression of CD137 (4-1BB) on the surface of the NK lymphocyte. These results suggest a potential therapeutic role of the use of specific CD245 agonist antibodies
Blanchoin, Laurent. "Interaction actine-myosine. Caracterisation des complexes formes entre l'actine et le sous-fragment-1 de la myosine." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066044.
Full textRipoll, Léa. "Role of myosin VI and actin dynamics in membrane remodeling during pigmentation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB102.
Full textIntracellular transport among organelles and the plasma membrane occurs through the formation and transport of vesicular and tubular membrane carriers. The formation of these carriers requires first the bending of membrane and the generation of a bud, followed by its elongation to form the tubule-vesicle. Lastly, the carrier is released from the membrane source by the scission of the membrane. Importantly, all these different steps need an accurate orchestration to properly deform the membrane. The actions exerted by molecular motors onto microtubule and actin cytoskeletons provide forces onto membrane that contribute to its remodeling during the biogenesis of carrier. Actin filaments (F-actin) and myosins are thought to participate in the initiation and the fission of carriers. However, the role of actin machinery during carrier biogenesis remains elusive. We thus decided to address the role of F-actin and the actin-based motor myosin VI in the formation of tubular intermediates at melanosome. Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles of skin melanocytes and eye pigment cells that function in the synthesis and storage of the melanin pigment. Melanosomes originate from endosomes and progressively mature into fully pigmented compartments, which fate is to be secreted and transferred to neighboring keratinocytes. Melanosomes are dynamic organelles that constantly receive, but also recycle proteins such as the SNARE VAMP7 through the formation and release of tubular intermediates. Our work reveals that myosin VI, together with Arp2/3- and WASH-mediated branched actin localize at specific melanosomal subdomains where they promote the constriction and scission of tubular intermediates. This fission event allows the export of components such as VAMP7 from melanosomes and promotes their maturation and subsequent transfer to keratinocytes. Altogether, our results uncover a new role for myosin VI and F-actin in the constriction and scission of membrane tubules at melanosome that is required for organelle homeostasis and function
Lheureux, Karine. "Transduction mécano-chimique dans le muscle squelettique : étude comparative des complexes acto-myosine à l'état monomérique et filamenteux." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON1T015.
Full textVigouroux, Clémence. "Regulation of actin assembly and mechanotransduction in cell-matrix adhesion complexes by the protein RIAM The PIP2-talin-RIAM-VASP pathway controls actin polymerization and organisation Talin dissociates from RIAM and associates to vinculin sequentially in response to the actomyosin force Integrin-bound talin head inhibits actin filament barbed-end elongation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL015.
Full textDuring cell migration, adhesion complexes control the production of force and the adaptation to the mechanical properties of the environment. The aim of this project was to understand the molecular mechanisms by which these complexes control the force produced by actin assembly and encode mechanical information into biochemical reactions. The first study shows that the proteins talin, RIAM and VASP assemble on the surface of a membrane to stimulate actin assembly by a novel. mechanism The second part is based on the reconstitution of the mechanosensitive machinery of the adhesion complexes with pure proteins on a micropatterned surface observed in microscopy. The study reveals that the stretchable protein talin exchanges its partner RIAM for vinculin in response to the force transmitted by the actin cytoskeleton. Talin thus codes mechanical information by recruiting partners that correspond to its degree of stretch
Dürrwang, Ulrike. "Funktionelle Charakterisierung unkonventioneller Myosine aus Dictyostelium discoideum." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967265800.
Full textLagny, Thibaut. "Myosine 1b – Mécanique membranaire et dynamique cellulaire." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLET007.
Full textThe unconventional motor protein myosin 1b is involved in a variety of cellular processes, controlling, e.g. endomembrane shape, axon development, and cell segregation. The mechanism by which myosin 1b is able to fulfil its functions in a variety of cellular locations remains unknown to date, yet the described phenotypes suggest a role of myosin 1b at the interface between membranes and actin. Notably, it is required for efficient cell segregation after activation of the EphB2 receptor which induces cell contraction.This thesis presents a detailed characterization of the effects of myosin 1b on (1) the mechanical properties of the cell membrane, studied by membrane tether pulling with an optical tweezer, and (2) the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and transmembrane proteins, studied by a variety of microscopy-based methods.Here we show that class 1 myosins do not generally change effective membrane tension in adherent cells, likely due to efficient compensation mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that friction between the actin cortex and the plasma membrane depends on the total density of membrane-cortex linkers and the relative fraction of bound proteins. The observed deficiency in cell contraction in absence of myosin 1b is thus independent of a persistent, global change in effective membrane tension.In the second part of this thesis, we show that myosin 1b likely does not change EphB2’s receptor dynamics in the plasma membrane, i.e. its diffusion and clustering behavior.Finally, using TIRF-SIM imaging and quantitative description of actin flows, we reveal that myosin 1b has an intriguing yet non-intuitive effect on actin dynamics at the cellular ventral surface.In conclusion, even if the mechanism by which myosin 1b changes cellular response to EphB2 stimulation still remains unknown, we have finally been able to pinpoint its function to a well-defined and quantifiable observation, i.e. changed actin flow dynamics. Future experiments will be able to address this observation and dissect its underlying mechanism. This will allow concluding on whether myosin 1b has a common effect that governs all its described biological roles
Coureux, Pierre-Damien. "Etudes structurales d'un moteur moléculaire : la myosine." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112073.
Full textMolecular motors are proteins that are able to produce a force : they convert the chemical energy released from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. This interesting feature is shared among three molecular motors families : myosins, kinesins and dyneins. Myosins, our favorite family, are involved in a litany of cellular functions as muscular contraction, hearing, vision, skin pigmentation, digestion, brain development, intracellular traffic, cellular division or phagocytosis. To understand the basis of force generation, and one day to use molecular motors as therapeutic targets, class II and V myosins were studied for their interesting features. These myosins share the same production force mechanism, but they have totally different functions in the cell (one forms filaments and contracts muscular fibers whereas the other is a dimer and carries vesicules). Kinetic and structural results on those two myosins classes helped to better understand the catalytic cycle of myosin with its partner, actin. Some new conformational states of myosin V, isolated by crystallography, allowed us to describe the structural elements responsible of the strong interaction between myosin and actin, and the effect of the nucleotide on the actomyosin complex. The studies lead on different myosin II mutants gave some parts of answer on a key step on myosin production force ; one of the hydrolysis products release. These mutants participated to a better understanding of the aim of some residues in the kinetic differences within the myosin superfamily
Isabet, Tatiana. "Etudes structurales d'un moteur moleculaire : la myosine." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066319.
Full textStordeur, Jean-Marc. "Evaluation de la taille de l'infarctus du myocarde thrombolysé par le dosage de la myosine plasmatique." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11213.
Full textEnnomani, Hajer. "Contractile response of biomimetic actomyosin systems." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY054/document.
Full textCellular contractility – the internal generation of force by a cell orchestrated by theactomyosin machinery – is a critical regulator of a wide range of cellular processes includingthe establishment of cell polarity, cell migration, tissue integrity or morphogenesis duringdevelopment. Disruptions of the force generation and of mechanical properties of living cellsaffect their physiological functions and consequently can lead to pathological defectsincluding cancer. However, the parameters or mechanisms that drive force production by theactin-myosin system and their mode of regulation in cells are not fully understood. During myPhD, I used biomimetic system made of a minimum set of proteins to study the properties ofactomyosin contractile systems. The goal was to understand how/if the actin architecture canmediate the contractile response. For this purpose, I was first interested in building a varietyof actin organization that will serve next as substrate for myosin during contraction. Tounderstand the general principles that dictate geometrically-controlled actin assembly, wedeveloped a model that allowed us to identify key parameters including filaments/filamentsinteraction, filament mechanical property and contact activation between actin filamentsgrowing from the adjacent pattern and the nucleation area. These actin templates were usedthen to evaluate the response of oriented actin structures to myosin-induced contractility. Idemonstrated that crosslinking level modulates the myosin-induced deformation of actinnetworks according to their architecture. I showed also that crosslinkers are necessary tosustain myosin-driven deformation and force production of dynamic actin networks. Inaddition, we developed numerical simulation in order to relate the observed myosin-drivenactin deformation with the underlying microscopic mechanism. This work revealed howdiverse cellular actin networks contract differently to a define set of biochemical conditionsand hence how dynamic rearrangements can modulate network contractility
Korfage, Joannes Antonius Maria. "Myosin heavy chain composition of the human jaw muscles." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/75060.
Full textSeyer, Pascal. "Etude de l'implication directe de l'activité mitochondriale dans la régulation de la différenciation des myoblastes." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0027.
Full textRauzi, Matteo. "Mapping Subcellular Forces Controlling Morphogenesis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22025.
Full textDuring embryonic development tissue remodeling leads to shape changes: for example, tissues can elongate, invaginate, and stretch. Distinct signaling pathways regulate in space and time these behaviors through the control ofthe actin cytoskeleton and of myosin-based tension required for cell shapechange. What is the spatiotemporal pattern of subcellular forcesthat orient tissue morphogenesis? What is the nature of the generated forces and finally, what lies at the origin of such forces? These are the main questions that my thesis tries to illuminate. I use the germbandelongation of the Drosophila embryo as a model system to investigate themechanics of tissue morphogenesis
Cordonnier, Marie-Neige. "Etude du rôle de la Myosine I alpha dans l'endocytose." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066408.
Full textBarjot, Catherine. "Propriétés in vitro des cellules satellites des muscles lents et rapides de lapin, et modalités de la régénération musculaire in vivo." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON1T036.
Full textPaduano, Vanessa. "Regulation of Myosin-II activation and planar polarity during epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila embryo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4102.
Full textEpithelial build up strong mechanical and chemical barriers in Metazoans. Epithelia can be dramatically remodeled during embryogenesis. Tissue morphogenesis is driven by coordinated cellular deformations which are powered by intracellular contractile networks constituting actin and Myosin. Actomyosin networks can either be pulsatile or stable. One example is the elongation of the ventral-lateral ectoderm by cell intercalation, along antero-posterior (AP) axis of Drosophila embryo. Junctions parallel to the dorso-ventral (DV) axis shrink and form new junctions along AP axis. Medial apical Myosin-II (Myo-II) pulses flow anisotropically towards junctions aligned in DV axis, resulting in steps of junction shrinkage which are stabilized by a planar-polarized pool of Myo-II enriched at these junctions. Sequential deformation and stabilization drive irreversible tissue deformations akin to a ratchet. The cellular mechanisms that regulate Myo-II pulsatility, stability and polarity remained to be unfurled. During my PhD, I identified new regulators for Rho1-Rok-Myo-II pathway at junctions, and Myo-II planar polarity. On the one hand, I characterized the function of Misshapen kinase in polarized activation of Rho1 pathway at junctions. Misshapen acts downstream GPCR signaling to enhance Rho1 activation, and controls the polarization of this activation by transducing information from Toll receptors. Also, I identified Pebble as RhoGEF regulating Rho1 at junctions and Myo-II accumulation
Pochitaloff-Huvalé, Marie. "Auto-organisation de faisceaux d'actine oscillants dans un systeme minimal d'actomyosine." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS318/document.
Full textThe emergent active behaviors of molecular motors assemblies and cytoskeletal filaments systems remain poorly understood, though individual molecules have been extensively characterized. By controlling the geometry of actin polymerization with surface micropatterns of a nucleation promoting factor, we were able to demonstrate in vitro the emergence of flagellar-like beating of bundles of parallel actin filaments in the presence of myosin motors. We worked with both myosin V and heavy-meromyosin II. The waveform of oscillation was similar for the two types of motors, but oscillations with myosin II were one order of magnitude faster than with myosin Va. In both cases, a bending wave traveled at a uniform speed from the anchored base of the actin bundle towards the tip. As polymerization occurred, the actin bundle elongated at a constant speed, resulting in an increase of the oscillation period, but the speed of the traveling bending wave remains constant. GFP-tagged myosin V revealed the presence of a myosin concentration peak within the actin bundle. Strikingly, myosin V motors were locally recruited within the actin bundle, before a concentration wave propagated towards the bundle’s tip in concert with the actin bending wave. These results revealed a novel form of coupling between the myosin affinity for actin and the actin bundle shape. Our work demonstrates that active flagellar-like beating emerges as an intrinsic property of polar bundles of filaments in interaction with molecular motors. Structural control over the self-assembly process provides key information to clarify the underlying physical principles of flagellar-like beating
Marion, Sabrina. "Rôle de la myosine IB durant la phagocytose chez Entamoeba histolytica." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112142.
Full textPhagocytosis of human cells by the human parasite E. Histolytica is a crucial activity for the invasive process of the host tissues. Myosin IB, the unique unconventional myosin of E. Histolytica, is the molecular motor providing forces to deform the plasma membrane to engulf human cells. During my PHD, I characterized the biophysical properties of myosin IB in living parasites and showed that this molecule can cross-link actin filaments and thereby regulate the viscoelastic properties of the cortical actin gel. This property appeared important for the dynamics of the membrane deformation at the first step of the phagocytic process. Furthermore, I used a proteomic approach to dissect the early signaling events involved in the activity of the cytoskeleton during phagocytosis. I purified phagosome at different time point of the uptake process and identified the phagosomal proteins by mass spectroscopy. We identified 600 proteins involved in cytoskeleton activity, signaling pathways, lytic factors and new putative receptors. Furthermore, comparing the phagosomal proteins of early phagosomes purified from the wild type cells and parasites that overproduce myosin IB, we identified putative candidates, which the activity is linked to myosin IB function during the first steps of the phagocytic process in E. Histolytica
Plaçais, Pierre-Yves. "Propriétés mécaniques de la myosine II in vitro : de la molécule unique aux effets collectifs." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410100.
Full textNous avons construit un dispositif reproduisant in vitro une configuration semblable. Nous avons observé qu'une assemblée de myosines II musculaires, consommant de l'ATP en interagissant avec un filament d'actine, et soumise à une force de rappel élastique exercée par une pince optique, est un système minimal capable d'osciller spontanément. La relation force-vitesse du système présente un comportement non-monotone lié à l'activité des moteurs. Cette propriété fournit un mécanisme pour interpréter les oscillations spontanées, comme il l'a été suggéré par différentes études théoriques antérieures.
Par ailleurs, des expériences préliminaires à l'échelle de la molécule individuelle indiquent que la raideur de l'accrochage actine-myosine II pourrait dépendre de la tension imposée au filament d'actine. Cette propriété pourrait expliquer les écarts entre les raideurs mesurées in vitro et estimées à partir d'expériences sur les fibres musculaires.
Porquet, Nicolas. "Caractérisation du rôle non ciliaire de la Kinésine-2 dans l'établissement de l'axe droite/gauche chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4112/document.
Full textIn nature most of the bilateralia are left/right (L/R) asymmetric. In Drosophila, asymmetry is apparent in the directional looping of gut and terminalia. Dextral orientation of organs is controlled by the activity of a single gene myosin ID (myoID) whose mutation induces a fully inverted L/R axis. To date little is known of how the initial L/R cue induced by MyoID is propagated and maintained through the rest of the architecture of the L/R organizer. Here we present the identification of klp64D and klp68D as new myoID interacting genes. These genes encodes the two motor sub-units of the Drosophila Kinesin-2 motor complex. Interestingly, this microtubule-based motor plays a ciliary function in vertebrate L/R morphogenesis. However, we show that in Drosophila cilia are not involved in L/R asymmetry. We demonstrate that Kinesin-2 acts during L/R determination in the dextral pathway. Furthermore Kinesin-2 is required for proper L/R patterning both of male genitalia and of adult hindgut. L/R activity of Kinesin-2 is restricted to cells that do not express MyoID suggesting a role for this motor in propagation of the L/R cue. Our findings show for the first time a non ciliary role for Kinesin-2 in L/R axis determination. Thus, these results shed light on an evolutionary conservation between Drosophila and vertebrate L/R determination
Pertuy, Fabien. "Etude des mécanismes de formation des plaquettes sanguines : rôle de l'environnement médullaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ092/document.
Full textMegakaryocytes differentiation (megakaryopoiesis) and platelet formation mechanisms are not entirely understood, but the bone marrow environment seems to be crucial in these processes. In this thesis, we show i) that integrin β3, the extracellular matrix protein receptors, are involved in megakaryopoiesis and platelet formation, ii) that recreating a 3D environment of stiffness in the range of that of bone marrow improves the maturation of in vitro differentiated megakaryocytes and iii) a new role for myosin IIA in the cytoplasmic distribution of organelles within the megakaryocyte. As a side-project, we characterized the specificity of expression of the Pf4-cre transgene to validate its use in our experimental approaches. This work enlightens new roles for myosin IIA and integrins in megakaryocytes and indicates that stiffness of the environment influences megakaryopoiesis
Bouvagnet, Patrice. "Polymorphisme de la myosine et étude de la régulation de sa transcription." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20112.
Full textBoyer, Cécile. "Etude de la gelification thermique de la myosine : incidence du polymorphisme musculaire." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21725.
Full textNOZAIS, MURIEL. "Stabilite des tetes globulaires et de la queue fibreuse de la myosine." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112418.
Full textBETTACHE, NADIR. "Interactions de la g-actine avec la tete globulaire de la myosine." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066418.
Full textReymann, Anne-Cécile. "Dynamique des réseaux d'actine d'architecture contrôlée." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686015.
Full textBaudoin, Jean-Pierre. "Rôle des microtubules et de l'acto-myosine dans la migration des interneurones corticaux." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811604.
Full textLodeho, Sylvain. "Identification d'effecteurs multivalents de protéïnes Rab et étude de l'intéraction Rab6/Myosine Vb." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T048.
Full textRab proteins are key elements of intracellular transport, which they control by interacting in a regulated way, with numerous effector proteins. In order to identify the molecular origins of the connexions between the intracellular trafficking pathways regulated by Rab proteins, I developed a new experimental protocol which allows me to identify multivalent effectors for Rabll and RabS small GTPases. I also studied the interaction between Myosin Vb (a Rabll and RabS effector) and RabS. In this study, I showed that RabS and Myosin Vb cooperate to recruit Rab6 secretory vesicles coming from the Golgi apparatus to a peripheral compartment linked to the recycling endosomes. This new function of Myosin Vb in a Rab6 dependant pathway, allow us to start to understand the molecular basis of the connexion between the secretion pathway and the endocytosis/recycling pathway
Houadjeto, Maurice. "Propriétés structurales et enzymatiques de la myosine néonatale de muscle squelettique de lapin." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112236.
Full textDoevendans, Pieter A. F. M. "Cardiac specific gene expression of the regulatory myosin light chains." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit van Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1997. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5928.
Full textRandrian, Violaine. "Role of myosin IIA in the small intestine immunosurveillance by dendritic cells." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB038/document.
Full textSeveral routes for antigen capture have been described in the small intestine, mainly upon pathogenic infection: direct sampling by Dendritic Cells (DCs), sampling by macrophages that deliver antigens to DCs in the stroma, antigenic passage through goblet cells. Previous in vitro work in the lab showed that myosin IIA is essential to coordinate antigen uptake and processing with DC migration. The objective of my thesis was to combine several imaging methods including intravital microscopy, ex vivo confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence on gut tissue to flow cytometry in order to unravel the impact of myosin IIA on DC physiology in vivo. My work shows that CD103+CD11b+ DCs, which are unique to the gut, constantly patrol the epithelium of the small intestine at steady state: they are recruited from the lamina propria (LP) and penetrate into the epithelium by transmigrating through the basal membrane that separates these two compartments. DC transmigration requires myosin IIA in vivo. Remarkably, we found that DC transmigration into the epithelium occurs mainly in the upper parts of the small intestine, the duodenum and the jejunum, but is not observed in the ileum. DC transmigration does not require the gut microbiota but relies on retinal, a vitamin A metabolite of that they convert into its active form all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). Strikingly, single cell RNA-seq showed that intra-epithelial CD103+CD11b+ DCs constitute a homogenous cell population with a distinct transcriptomic signature from their LP counterpart. They are enriched with RNA related to antigen presentation, autophagy and lysosome pathways. Our results further suggest that these cells have a different function from LP CD103+CD11b+ DCs, as they do not significantly impact proliferation or differentiation of T helper lymphocytes but control the CD8+αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) pool. These findings highlight the importance of the epithelial tissue as a first line of defense against pathogens in the upper parts of the small intestine. They also raise new questions about the regulation of the immune response in the epithelium and the mutual influences between lumen, epithelium and intestinal lamina propria
Afshar, Mohammad. "Interactions calmoduline-cibles : modélisation moléculaire et approche expérimentale." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON1T029.
Full textEl, Mehdi Delphine. "Rôle de la forme phosphorylée de la chaine légère régulatrice de la myosine dans la mort programmée des cellules épithéliales alvéolaires." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066589.
Full textIuliano, Olga. "Myosin1b controls the formation of the axon and the establishment of neuronal polarity by regulating actin waves." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066649.
Full textNeurons are highly polarized cells, with a long axon and multiple short dendrites. Rearrangements of cytoskeleton, increased microtubule-based transport and coupling mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasma membrane are required for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Class 1 Myosin, with the unique property to couple mechanically actin cytoskeleton to plasmamembrane are good candidate for regulatin axonogenesis. Myosin1b is highly expressed in developing brain where it was first identified. Thus, we investigated its role in axonogenesis. Depletion of endogenous Myo1b in cultured cortical neurons delays the neuronal differentiation and impairs the axonogenesis and the establishment of the neuronal polarity. The overexpression of Myosin1b rushes the neuronal development and promotes the formation of supernumerary axon-like structures. Myo1b requires its motor activity and its interaction with phosphoinositides via its PH motif to promote the axonogenesis. Myo1b associates and controls the formation of anterograde actin waves that cross-talk with microtubules to direct microtubules-bases transport of kinesin-1, and drive axon formation. Myo1b depletion impairs the propagation of actin waves and the translocation of KIF5560, a constitutively active version of the microtubules motor Kinesin-1. The motor activity and interaction with phosphoinositides of Myo1b are also required for the propagation of actin waves. Together our data indicate that myosin1b controls the neuronal symmetry breaking and the axogenesis by controlling the orientation of the actin polymerization to the membrane in the waves that drive the propagation of anterograde actin waves
Smyczynski, Cybelle. "Transduction mécanochimique par les moteurs moléculaires : exemple des complexes actine-myosine et microtubule-kinésine." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20121.
Full textGuiroy, Axel. "Mécanique d'une cellule vivante isolée : linéarité à grande déformation et mécanosensibilité acto-myosine dépendante." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077044.
Full textDuring the last two decades, the importance of mechanics in biological processes was clearly revealed. For instance, a cell is able to detect the physical characteristics of its surrounding (rigidity, anisotropy. . . ) and, in turn, to mechanically act on it (spreading, migration. . . ). In this context, we used a uniaxial micro-rheometer to study two aspects of single cell mechanics: On the one hand, we investigated the rheological properties, i. E. The cell strain when submitted to different controlled stresses. We have shown a remarkable similarity between the small strain behaviour under oscillating stress (ɛ < 10%) and the creep response at high strains (ɛ < 100%). These results imply linearity of the cell response at high strains, and could probably be due to protein recruitment (particularly in the cell cortex). On the other hand, the main part of this work was devoted to the study of the cell sensitivity to the rigidity of its mechanical environment, a phenomenon called durotaxis. We have measured for the first time the contraction speed as well as the mechanical power supplied by an isolated cell to bend glass microplates of différent stiffnesses. The evolution of the speed and the power as fonctions of the stifmess of the plates could be explained by the laws of acto-myosin contraction under different loads. These fîndings lead us to suggest that durotaxis could be a phenomenon of a purely mechanical origin, based on rigidity matching
FIEVEZ, STEPHANE. "Induction de la polymerisation de l'actine par le sous-fragment 1 de la myosine." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112218.
Full textRiveline, Daniel. "Etudes du filament d'actine et du moteur actine-myosine sous l'action de forces exterieures." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066758.
Full textVan, Dijk Juliette. "Rôle des contacts électrostatiques dans la formation et la régulation du complexe actine-myosine." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20144.
Full textRichard, Mathieu. "Activité motrice de myosines dans des réseaux de filaments d’actine d’architecture contrôlée in vitro." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB054/document.
Full textMolecular motors navigate the cytoskeleton to position vesicles and organelles at specific locations in the cell. Cytoskeletal filaments assemble into parallel, antiparallel or disordered networks, providing a complex environment that constrains active transport properties. Using surface micro-patterns of nucleation-promoting factors to control the geometry of actin polymerization, we studied in vitro the interplay between the actin-network architec-ture and cargo transport by small myosin assemblies. With two parallel nucleation lines, we produced an antiparallel network of overlapping filaments. We found that 200nm beads coated with processive myosin V motors displayed directed movements towards the mid-line of the pattern, where the net polarity of the actin network was null, and accumulated there. The bead distribution was dictated by the spatial profiles of bead velocity and diffu-sion coefficient, indicating that a diffusion-drift process was at work. Interestingly, beads coated with skeletal heavy mero-myosin II motors showed a similar behavior. However, although velocity gradients were sharper with myosin II, the much larger bead diffusion observed with this non-processive motor resulted in less precise positioning. Strikingly, bead positioning did not depend on the spacing between the nucleation lines. Our observa-tions are well described by a three-state model of bead transport, in which active beads locally sense the net polarity of the filament network by frequently detaching from and re-attaching to the filaments. A stochastic sequence of processive runs and diffusive search-es results in a biased random walk with an effective drift velocity and diffusion coefficient. Positioning relies on spatial gradients of the net actin polarity, as well as on the run length of the cargo in the attached state. Altogether, our results on a minimal acto-myosin system demonstrate the key role played by the actin-network architecture on motor transport. Molecular motors can also deform and reorganize the cytoskeleton. Adding heavy mero-myosin II or V in bulk, we observed that parallel networks of actin filaments emerg-ing from a nucleation line or disk can self-assemble into bundles that beat periodically like the flagellum of the spermatozoid. In a preliminary analysis, we observed waves of defor-mation travelling from the base to the tip of the bundle at a speed of 0,5 µm/s. As time went by, the bundles grew thicker, resulting in an increase of the beating period (range: 25-40 s). In addition, neighboring actin ‘flagella’ were able to synchronize, as observed in vivo for instance with the the two flagella of the algae Chlamydomonas. Our minimal acto-myosin system thus mimicked key properties of microtubule-based flagellar beating, de-spite the different nature of the motors and cytoskeletal filaments involved. This system thus provides a new tool to study the generic physical properties of flagellar beating
Chougule, Anil Mahaveer. "Rôle des régulateurs de l'actine dans la mise en place de l'asymétrie gauche-droite chez la Drosophile : la formine DAAM est essentielle pour l’asymétrie gauche-droite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4007.
Full textBesides their external bilateral symmetry, most of the animals display left-right (LR) asymmetry of their internal organs. The asymmetric shapes and positions of the visceral organs are regulated by LR asymmetry signaling pathways and their disturbance results in severe congenital disorders. LR patterning in vertebrates and in invertebrates is regulated by different cytoskeletal elements: vertebrates employ microtubules and cilia, while in invertebrates, including Drosophila, the actin cytoskeleton has a prominent role. The actin system has long been proposed to play important role in animal LR asymmetry. To date, the proteins that are directly involved in the regulation of actin dynamics in establishing LR asymmetry have not been identified. In Drosophila, dextral anatomical handedness is determined by a single gene, the conserved type 1D myosin (Myo1D), discovered by the Noselli laboratory. myo1D is a unique situs inversus gene and a key LR determinant. Loss of myo1D function leads to a totally inverted LR organ asymmetry in flies (Sinistral). The genetic and developmental basis of sinistral asymmetry is unknown. Studies in zebrafish and Xenopus have shown that the myo1D orthologs control LR asymmetry indicating its evolutionarily conserved function in LR patterning in Drosophila and vertebrates. Further recent work by the Noselli laboratory has discovered that Myo1D is not only necessary for establishing LR asymmetry in Drosophila but also sufficient to generate de novo LR asymmetries at multiscale levels. This de novo asymmetry is assumed to result from a chiral interaction of Myo1D and actin filaments based on noncell-based assays. Defining this mechanism in vivo is critical to understanding the role of actin and its regulators as a reinforcing link between Myo1D and the actin cytoskeleton in animal LR asymmetry. To characterize the role of actin cytoskeleton in LR asymmetric development, I performed an RNA interference-based genetic screen down-regulating the functions of cytoskeletal genes in both Dextral and Sinistral genetic backgrounds. My study identifies the main actin nucleator formin DAAM as an essential component for LR asymmetry determination in Drosophila. Flies lacking DAAM show symmetrical morphogenesis of LR organs indicating the loss of LR asymmetry. Notably, DAAM is required for both dextral and sinistral development in Drosophila. In addition, genetic analysis revealed that dextral development requires the F-actin network constructed by coordinated activities of the formins Diaphanous and DAAM. Moreover, DAAM is also required for de novo formation of LR asymmetry, suggesting that the DAAM nucleated F-actin network acts as an essential structural component required for chirality determination involving Myo1D activity. DAAM overexpression enhances these asymmetries further adding an extra chiral twist, reflecting that a pool of DAAM decorated actin filaments acts as limiting factor for organ looping in LR asymmetry. In this setting, DAAM molecularly interacts with the Drosophila homolog of Profilin, chickadee (chic) and silencing chic mimics the DAAM loss-of-function phenotype. I also uncovered roles for a subset of actin regulators fli, Lg(2)l, Tec29, Dizzy, βPS mys, rhea and Rap1 in LR asymmetry, indicating they functionally act in the same actin regulatory pathway. Altogether, these original findings clearly demonstrated the fundamental role of actin and its regulation by formins in LR asymmetry and provide insight into the molecular basis underlying animal asymmetry
Chauca, Espinoza Karen Lorena. "Study of the dynamics of cortical myosin in the early embryo of the nematode C. elegans." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS411.pdf.
Full textNon-muscle myosin II is a key player in cell and tissue morphogenesis. The cortical dynamics Myosin as minifilaments in vivo however remain poorly understood. Here, we use SIM-TIRF microscopy in a developing embryo to gain further insights into the mechanisms and structure of bipolar minifilaments assembly. Combining SIM-TIRF and TIRF single-molecule microscopy, we first characterized the structure of minifilaments, specifically size and stoichiometry, at multiple stages in the early embryo. Using high temporal-resolution SIM- TIRF movies, we then characterized a diverse range of behaviors of myosin minifilaments, minifilament split events, alignments of multiple minifilaments over long distances (which we called protostress fibers), partial unbinding events and, surprisingly, events of sequential unbinding and rebinding to the cortex. Using mutants of the myosin motor domain, we tested how these behaviors relied on the myosin motor activity. Our data suggest that the functional unit of myosin assembly may be composed of one or multiple myosin bipolar minifilaments, but also that minifilaments do not fully disassemble upon unbinding and diffusing in the cytoplasm. To test the overall stability of bipolar assemblies, we thus used photoconversion experiments and show that the myosin minifilaments are indeed recycled over long distances and diffusion times in the cytoplasm as minifilamentous units, that do not dissolve upon unbinding. Our work thus sheds light on how myosin minifilaments interact with the cortex, but offers a new perspective on how they assemble, disassemble and are recycled during cell morphogenesis
Cáceres, Rodrigo. "Role of acto-myosin based force production in cell invasion during development in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB027/document.
Full textBasement membrane (BM) is a dense sheet of specialized extracellular matrix that separates epithelia from underlying tissue. The penetration of cells through BM barriers, called “invasion”, is an important process during normal tissue development and in cancer metastasis. Much has been understood concerning the genetics and signaling of how holes are formed in the BM during invasion. However less is clear about the physical forces involved: how myosin contractility participates in BM removal and how different actin polymerization factors and crosslinkers contribute to the invasive process. To address these questions, we studied an invasion event in a developmental process, anchor cell (AC) invasion in Caenorhabditis elegans. AC breaching of the BM is known to depend on an actin-rich protrusion and the activity of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), similar to cancer cell invasion. RNAi knockdown of different actin polymerization activators and nucleators, and expression of a dominant negative form of an Arp2/3 complex activator specifically in the AC showed that AC invasion depended strongly on branched filaments formed via WASP/WSP-1 activation of the Arp2/3 complex. Super-resolution microscopy indicated that the AC invasive protrusion was densely packed with filaments, in keeping with the idea that the invasive protrusion was highly branched. We further showed that another Arp2/3 complex activator, WAVE/WVE-1, could enable invasion when WASP/WSP-1 was absent. Formins appeared not to play a major role and actin cross-linking proteins were likewise dispensable for AC invasion. In wild type worms, we observed that myosin activity was not needed for invasion. However it has been reported that cancer cells upregulate myosin contractility to invade in the absence of proteases, so we used a worm deleted for the five main MMPs of the worm genome to test the role of myosin in this context. AC invasion took place in MMP- worms, but with a time delay. RNAi knockdown of different components of the myosin machinery gave no enhancement of the invasion defect. In addition visualization of the actin cytoskeleton in MMP- worms revealed that actin was concentrated in the AC protrusion and barely detectable in the cortex, making it unlikely that myosin contraction of the cortex was helping the cell squeeze through the BM as reported in cancer cells in the absence of proteases. All together these results showed that the invasive cell adapted its branched actin filament polymerization to maintain invasion in different biochemical and environmental contexts. This plasticity is a crucial point that needs to be better understood in order to develop future treatments targeting cancer cell invasion