Academic literature on the topic 'Myosin IIs'
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Journal articles on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Park, Inju, Cecil Han, Sora Jin, Boyeon Lee, Heejin Choi, Jun Tae Kwon, Dongwook Kim, et al. "Myosin regulatory light chains are required to maintain the stability of myosin II and cellular integrity." Biochemical Journal 434, no. 1 (January 27, 2011): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101473.
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Myosin II is an actin-binding protein composed of MHC (myosin heavy chain) IIs, RLCs (regulatory light chains) and ELCs (essential light chains). Myosin II expressed in non-muscle tissues plays a central role in cell adhesion, migration and division. The regulation of myosin II activity is known to involve the phosphorylation of RLCs, which increases the Mg2+-ATPase activity of MHC IIs. However, less is known about the details of RLC–MHC II interaction or the loss-of-function phenotypes of non-muscle RLCs in mammalian cells. In the present paper, we investigate three highly conserved non-muscle RLCs of the mouse: MYL (myosin light chain) 12A (referred to as MYL12A), MYL12B and MYL9 (MYL12A/12B/9). Proteomic analysis showed that all three are associated with the MHCs MYH9 (NMHC IIA) and MYH10 (NMHC IIB), as well as the ELC MYL6, in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. We found that knockdown of MYL12A/12B in NIH 3T3 cells results in striking changes in cell morphology and dynamics. Remarkably, the levels of MYH9, MYH10 and MYL6 were reduced significantly in knockdown fibroblasts. Comprehensive interaction analysis disclosed that MYL12A, MYL12B and MYL9 can all interact with a variety of MHC IIs in diverse cell and tissue types, but do so optimally with non-muscle types of MHC II. Taken together, our study provides direct evidence that normal levels of non-muscle RLCs are essential for maintaining the integrity of myosin II, and indicates that the RLCs are critical for cell structure and dynamics.
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Lee, Kyoung Hwan, Guidenn Sulbarán, Shixin Yang, Ji Young Mun, Lorenzo Alamo, Antonio Pinto, Osamu Sato, et al. "Interacting-heads motif has been conserved as a mechanism of myosin II inhibition since before the origin of animals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 9 (February 14, 2018): E1991—E2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1715247115.
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Electron microscope studies have shown that the switched-off state of myosin II in muscle involves intramolecular interaction between the two heads of myosin and between one head and the tail. The interaction, seen in both myosin filaments and isolated molecules, inhibits activity by blocking actin-binding and ATPase sites on myosin. This interacting-heads motif is highly conserved, occurring in invertebrates and vertebrates, in striated, smooth, and nonmuscle myosin IIs, and in myosins regulated by both Ca2+ binding and regulatory light-chain phosphorylation. Our goal was to determine how early this motif arose by studying the structure of inhibited myosin II molecules from primitive animals and from earlier, unicellular species that predate animals. Myosin II from Cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish), the most primitive animals with muscles, and Porifera (sponges), the most primitive of all animals (lacking muscle tissue) showed the same interacting-heads structure as myosins from higher animals, confirming the early origin of the motif. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum showed a similar, but modified, version of the motif, while the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii and fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) showed no head–head interaction, consistent with the different sequences and regulatory mechanisms of these myosins compared with animal myosin IIs. Our results suggest that head–head/head–tail interactions have been conserved, with slight modifications, as a mechanism for regulating myosin II activity from the emergence of the first animals and before. The early origins of these interactions highlight their importance in generating the inhibited (relaxed) state of myosin in muscle and nonmuscle cells.
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Wylie, Steven R., and Peter D. Chantler. "Myosin IIC: A Third Molecular Motor Driving Neuronal Dynamics." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 9 (September 2008): 3956–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-08-0744.
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Neuronal dynamics result from the integration of forces developed by molecular motors, especially conventional myosins. Myosin IIC is a recently discovered nonsarcomeric conventional myosin motor, the function of which is poorly understood, particularly in relation to the separate but coupled activities of its close homologues, myosins IIA and IIB, which participate in neuronal adhesion, outgrowth and retraction. To determine myosin IIC function, we have applied a comparative functional knockdown approach by using isoform-specific antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides to deplete expression within neuronally derived cells. Myosin IIC was found to be critical for driving neuronal process outgrowth, a function that it shares with myosin IIB. Additionally, myosin IIC modulates neuronal cell adhesion, a function that it shares with myosin IIA but not myosin IIB. Consistent with this role, myosin IIC knockdown caused a concomitant decrease in paxillin-phospho-Tyr118 immunofluorescence, similar to knockdown of myosin IIA but not myosin IIB. Myosin IIC depletion also created a distinctive phenotype with increased cell body diameter, increased vacuolization, and impaired responsiveness to triggered neurite collapse by lysophosphatidic acid. This novel combination of properties suggests that myosin IIC must participate in distinctive cellular roles and reinforces our view that closely related motor isoforms drive diverse functions within neuronal cells.
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Bezanilla, Magdalena, and Thomas D. Pollard. "Myosin-II Tails Confer Unique Functions inSchizosaccharomyces pombe: Characterization of a Novel Myosin-II Tail." Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.1.79.
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two myosin-IIs, Myo2p and Myp2p, which both concentrate in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. We studied the phenotype of mutant myosin-II strains to examine whether these myosins have overlapping functions in the cell.myo2 + is essential.myp2 + cannot rescue loss ofmyo2 + even at elevated levels of expression.myp2 + is required under specific nutritional conditions; thus myo2 + cannot rescue under these conditions. Studies with chimeras show that the tails rather than the structurally similar heads determine the gene-specific functions ofmyp2 + and myo2 +. The Myo2p tail is a rod-shaped coiled-coil dimer that aggregates in low salt like other myosin-II tails. The Myp2p tail is monomeric in high salt and is insoluble in low salt. Biophysical properties of the full-length Myp2p tail and smaller subdomains indicate that two predicted coiled-coil regions fold back on themselves to form a rod-shaped antiparallel coiled coil. This suggests that Myp2p is the first type II myosin with only one head. The C-terminal two-thirds of Myp2p tail are essential for function in vivo and may interact with components of the salt response pathway.
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Wang, Aibing, Neil Billington, Robert S. Adelstein, and James R. Sellers. "Expression and Characterization of Full Length Nonmuscle Myosin IIs." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 594a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.3425.
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Schiffhauer, Eric S., Yixin Ren, Vicente A. Iglesias, Priyanka Kothari, Pablo A. Iglesias, and Douglas N. Robinson. "Myosin IIB assembly state determines its mechanosensitive dynamics." Journal of Cell Biology 218, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201806058.
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Dynamical cell shape changes require a highly sensitive cellular system that can respond to chemical and mechanical inputs. Myosin IIs are key players in the cell’s ability to react to mechanical inputs, demonstrating an ability to accumulate in response to applied stress. Here, we show that inputs that influence the ability of myosin II to assemble into filaments impact the ability of myosin to respond to stress in a predictable manner. Using mathematical modeling for Dictyostelium myosin II, we predict that myosin II mechanoresponsiveness will be biphasic with an optimum established by the percentage of myosin II assembled into bipolar filaments. In HeLa and NIH 3T3 cells, heavy chain phosphorylation of NMIIB by PKCζ, as well as expression of NMIIA, can control the ability of NMIIB to mechanorespond by influencing its assembly state. These data demonstrate that multiple inputs to the myosin II assembly state integrate at the level of myosin II to govern the cellular response to mechanical inputs.
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Krivoshik, Andrew P., and Lloyd Barr. "Force relaxes before the fall of cytosolic calcium in the photomechanical response of rat sphincter pupillae." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): C274—C280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.1.c274.
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In the rat sphincter pupillae, as in other smooth muscles, the primary signal transduction cascade for agonist activation is receptor → G protein → phospholipase C → inositol trisphosphate → intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) → calmodulin → myosin light chain kinase → phosphorylated myosin → force development. Light stimulation of isolated sphincters pupillae can be very precisely controlled, and precise reproducible photomechanical responses (PMRs) result. This precision makes the PMR ideal for testing models of regulation of smooth muscle myosin phosphorylation. We measured force and [Ca2+]iconcurrently in sphincter pupillae following stimulation by light flashes of varying duration and intensity. We sampled at unusually short (0.01–0.02 s) intervals to adequately test a PMR model based on the myosin phosphorylation cascade. We found, surprisingly, contrary to the behavior of intestinal muscle and predictions of the phosphorylation model, that during PMRs force begins to decay while [Ca2+]iis still rising. We conclude that control of contraction in the sphincter pupillae probably involves an inhibitory process as well as activation by [Ca2+]i.
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MEDEIROS, N. "PRIMARY PEPTIDE SEQUENCES FROM SQUID MUSCLE AND OPTIC LOBE MYOSIN IIs: A STRATEGY TO IDENTIFY AN ORGANELLE MYOSIN." Cell Biology International 22, no. 2 (February 1998): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cbir.1998.0248.
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Saha, Shekhar, Sumit K. Dey, Provas Das, and Siddhartha S. Jana. "Increased expression of nonmuscle myosin IIs is associated with 3MC-induced mouse tumor." FEBS Journal 278, no. 21 (September 19, 2011): 4025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08306.x.
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Kolega, J. "Cytoplasmic dynamics of myosin IIA and IIB: spatial ‘sorting’ of isoforms in locomoting cells." Journal of Cell Science 111, no. 15 (August 1, 1998): 2085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.111.15.2085.
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Different isoforms of non-muscle myosin II have different distributions in vivo, even within individual cells. In order to understand how these different distributions arise, the distribution and dynamics of non-muscle myosins IIA and myosin IIB were examined in cultured cells using immunofluorescence staining and time-lapse imaging of fluorescent analogs. Cultured bovine aortic endothelia contained both myosins IIA and IIB. Both isoforms distributed along stress fibers, in linear or punctate aggregates within lamellipodia, and diffusely around the nucleus. However, the A isoform was preferentially located toward the leading edge of migrating cells when compared with myosin IIB by double immunofluorescence staining. Conversely, the B isoform was enriched in structures at the cells' trailing edges. When fluorescent analogs of the two isoforms were co-injected into living cells, the injected myosins distributed with the same disparate localizations as endogenous myosins IIA and IIB. This indicated that the ability of the myosins to ‘sort’ within the cytoplasm is intrinsic to the proteins themselves, and not a result of localized synthesis or degradation. Furthermore, time-lapse imaging of injected analogs in living cells revealed differences in the rates at which the two isoforms rearranged during cell movement. The A isoform appeared in newly formed structures more rapidly than the B isoform, and was also lost more rapidly when structures disassembled. These observations suggest that the different localizations of myosins IIA and IIB reflect different rates at which the isoforms transit through assembly, movement and disassembly within the cell. The relative proportions of different myosin II isoforms within a particular cell type may determine the lifetimes of various myosin II-based structures in that cell.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Zhu, Jing. "The role of nonmuscle myosin IIA in endothelial cell." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11006.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 37 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-37).
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Pertuy, Fabien. "Etude des mécanismes de formation des plaquettes sanguines : rôle de l'environnement médullaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ092/document.
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Les mécanismes de formation des plaquettes sanguines à partir des mégacaryocytes ne sont pas totalement compris, mais l’environnement médullaire semble y avoir une influence cruciale. Dans ce travail nous montrons que i) les intégrines β3, récepteurs de protéines de matrice extracellulaire, semblent impliquées dans la mégacaryopoïèse et la formation des plaquettes, ii) la différenciation des cellules hématopoïétiques dans un environnement 3D de rigidité comparable à la moelle osseuse améliore la maturation des mégacaryocytes différenciés in vitro et iii) la myosine IIA est impliquée dans la distribution des organelles dans les mégacaryocytes. Parallèlement, Nous avons caractérisé la spécificité d’expression du transgène Pf4-cre pour valider son utilisation dans nos approches expérimentales. Ce travail apporte un éclairage nouveau sur le rôle de la myosine IIA et des intégrines dans les mégacaryocytes et souligne l’influence de la rigidité de l’environnement dans la mégacaryopoïèseMegakaryocytes differentiation (megakaryopoiesis) and platelet formation mechanisms are not entirely understood, but the bone marrow environment seems to be crucial in these processes. In this thesis, we show i) that integrin β3, the extracellular matrix protein receptors, are involved in megakaryopoiesis and platelet formation, ii) that recreating a 3D environment of stiffness in the range of that of bone marrow improves the maturation of in vitro differentiated megakaryocytes and iii) a new role for myosin IIA in the cytoplasmic distribution of organelles within the megakaryocyte. As a side-project, we characterized the specificity of expression of the Pf4-cre transgene to validate its use in our experimental approaches. This work enlightens new roles for myosin IIA and integrins in megakaryocytes and indicates that stiffness of the environment influences megakaryopoiesis
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Randrian, Violaine. "Role of myosin IIA in the small intestine immunosurveillance by dendritic cells." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB038/document.
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Plusieurs méthodes de capture antigénique ont été décrites dans l’intestin grêle, surtout en cas d’infection: échantillonnage direct par les cellules dendritiques (DC), capture par les macrophages qui délivrent ensuite l’antigène aux DC du stroma, passage des antigènes à travers les cellules caliciformes. Des travaux antérieurs in vitro dans le laboratoire ont montré l’importance de la myosine IIA dans la coordination de la migration des DC avec la capture et de l’apprêtement antigénique. L’objectif de ma thèse était de combiner plusieurs méthodes d’imagerie telle que la microscopie intravitale, la microscopie confocale ex vivo et l’immunofluorescence sur tissus à la cytométrie en flux pour déterminer l’impact de la myosine IIA sur la capture antigénique in vivo. Cette étude montre que les DC patrouillent en permanence dans l’épithélium de l’intestin grêle, y compris hors conditions infectieuses. Elles sont recrutées dans la lamina propria (LP) et pénètrent dans l’épithélium par transmigration à travers la membrane basale qui sépare ces deux compartiments. La myosine IIA est indispensable à la transmigration de CD103+CD11b+DC. Ces événements de transmigration surviennent plus fréquemment dans les parties proximales de l’intestin grêle, duodénum and jéjunum, que dans l’iléon. Chez les souris adultes, ces DC ne sont pas recrutées sous l’influence du microbiote mais sont sensibles au rétinal, un métabolite de la vitamine A qu’elles transforment en une molécule active l’acide trans-rétinoïque (AtRA). D’après notre analyse transcriptomique, les DC intra-épithéliales constituent une population homogène dont le profil est distinct de celui de leurs homologues de la LP. Elles sont enrichies en ARN des voies liées à l’apprêtement antigénique, l’autophagie et les lysosomes. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’elles ont une fonction différente des CD103+CD11b+DC de la LP: elles n’agissent pas sur la prolifération ni la différenciation des lymphocytes T mais contrôlent spécifiquement l’effectif des lymphocytes intra-épithéliaux CD8+αβ. Ces découvertes reflètent l’importance de l’épithélium comme première ligne de défense contre les pathogènes. Elles soulèvent également de nouvelles questions concernant la régulation de la réponse immune dans l’épithélium et les interactions mutuelles entre la lumière intestinale, l’épithélium et le stroma des villositésSeveral routes for antigen capture have been described in the small intestine, mainly upon pathogenic infection: direct sampling by Dendritic Cells (DCs), sampling by macrophages that deliver antigens to DCs in the stroma, antigenic passage through goblet cells. Previous in vitro work in the lab showed that myosin IIA is essential to coordinate antigen uptake and processing with DC migration. The objective of my thesis was to combine several imaging methods including intravital microscopy, ex vivo confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence on gut tissue to flow cytometry in order to unravel the impact of myosin IIA on DC physiology in vivo. My work shows that CD103+CD11b+ DCs, which are unique to the gut, constantly patrol the epithelium of the small intestine at steady state: they are recruited from the lamina propria (LP) and penetrate into the epithelium by transmigrating through the basal membrane that separates these two compartments. DC transmigration requires myosin IIA in vivo. Remarkably, we found that DC transmigration into the epithelium occurs mainly in the upper parts of the small intestine, the duodenum and the jejunum, but is not observed in the ileum. DC transmigration does not require the gut microbiota but relies on retinal, a vitamin A metabolite of that they convert into its active form all-trans retinoic acid (AtRA). Strikingly, single cell RNA-seq showed that intra-epithelial CD103+CD11b+ DCs constitute a homogenous cell population with a distinct transcriptomic signature from their LP counterpart. They are enriched with RNA related to antigen presentation, autophagy and lysosome pathways. Our results further suggest that these cells have a different function from LP CD103+CD11b+ DCs, as they do not significantly impact proliferation or differentiation of T helper lymphocytes but control the CD8+αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) pool. These findings highlight the importance of the epithelial tissue as a first line of defense against pathogens in the upper parts of the small intestine. They also raise new questions about the regulation of the immune response in the epithelium and the mutual influences between lumen, epithelium and intestinal lamina propria
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McMichael, Brooke Kristin Trinrud. "Tropomyosin 4, myosin IIA, and myosin X enhance osteoclast function through regulation of cellular attachment structures." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1206052974.
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Thomas, Dustin G. "ROLE OF NON-MUSCLE MYOSIN IIB IN BREAST CANCER INVASION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1449156792.
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Sankara, Narayana Gautham Hari Narayana. "Role of non-muscle myosin-II isoforms in adherens junction biogenesis and collective migration." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/SANKARA_NARAYANA_Gautham_Hari_Naryana_va.pdf.
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La formation et le remodelage des jonctions intercellulaires sont essentiels pour de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la compaction et la morphogenèse de l’embryon, la formation et la cicatrisation des tissus, le maintien de l’homéostasie tissulaire. Il est maintenant bien décrit que la myosine II non musculaire (NMII) agit comme un générateur de force et un support mécanique pour les jonctions adherens (E-cadhérine-dépendantes) lors de la migration collective et de la morphogenèse. Cependant, la contribution de NMII pendant les premières étapes de la formation de jonctions adherens reste mal connue, probablement en raison de la difficulté technique à capter un tel évènement transitoire mais complexe. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le rôle des isoformes non musculaires de la myosine II (NMIIA et NMIIB) au cours de la biogenèse des jonctions adherens dans les cellules MDCK, en utilisant une approche réductionniste in vitro. Cette approche, basée sur l’utilisation de substrats de culture micropatternés, chimiquement activables, mais permit un contrôle spatio-temporel de la formation des contacts intercellulaires. Mes travaux montrent que les cellules forment des contacts irréversibles base de E-cadhérine. L’élongation de ces contacts est accompagnée de la repolarisation du cytosquelette d’actine et de l’axe noyau-centrosome. En utilisant des shRNA spécifiques aux isoformes NMIIA et IIB, j’ai montré que ces deux isoformes ont contributions distinctes la formation et la dynamique des jonctions. NMIIA et NMIIB régulent différemment la biogenèse des jonctions par association avec des réseaux d'actine distincts. L'analyse de la dynamique des jonctions, de l'organisation de l'actine et des forces mécaniques a révélé que NMIIA fournit la force de traction mécanique nécessaire au renforcement et la maintenance des jonctions cellulaires. Le NMIIB est impliquée dans le clustering de la E-cadhérine, le maintien d'une couche d'actine branchée reliant les complexes de cadhérine et les fibres d'actine péri-jonctionnelles conduisant la création d'un stress mécanique anisotrope. Ces données révèlent des fonctions complémentaires imprévues de NMIIA et NMIIB dans la biogenèse et l'intégrité des jonctions adherensAdherens junction formation and remodeling is essential for many biological processes like embryo compaction, tissue morphogenesis and wound healing. It is now well described that non-muscle myosin II (NMII) acts as a mechanical support and force-generator for E-cadherin junctions during collective migration and morphogenesis. However, the contribution of NMII during early steps of junction formation remains obscure, probably because of the technical difficulty to catch such a transient event. In this work, we investigate the role of non-muscle myosin II isoforms (NMIIA and NMIIB) during adherens junction biogenesis in MDCK cells, using an in vitro reductionist approach. This system, based on chemically switchable micropatterns allows a spatio-temporal control of adherens junction formation. Our observations on MDCK cells show that the cells form irreversible E-cadherin based contacts, junction elongation is accompanied by the repolarization of actin cytoskeleton and nucleus-centrosome axis. Using isoform-specific ShRNA for NMIIA and IIB, we show that they have distinct contributions to junction formation and dynamics. NMIIA and NMIIB differentially regulate biogenesis of AJ through association with distinct actin networks. Analysis of junction dynamics, actin organization, and mechanical forces of control and knockdown cells for myosins revealed that NMIIA provides the mechanical tugging force necessary for cell-cell junction reinforcement and maintenance. NMIIB is involved in E-cadherin clustering, maintenance of a branched actin layer connecting E-cadherin complexes and perijunctional actin fibres leading to the building-up of anisotropic stress. These data reveal unanticipated complementary functions of NMIIA and NMIIB in the biogenesis and integrity of AJ
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Irvine, Andrew Francis. "Characterising the interaction between metastasis-associated protein S100A4 and non-muscle myosin IIA in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27622.
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S100A4 is a member of the S100 family of proteins and increases the motility of many cell types. This is also thought to explain its association with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a developmental program re-activated during tumourigenesis. Mechanistically, S100A4 interacts with a number of targets including Smad3 and liprin-β1; however, the best characterised is non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) which regulates many aspects of the cytoskeleton. There is a large body of in vitro data indicating that S100A4 promotes the monomeric state of NMIIA; however, in vivo evidence for the interaction in cells is lacking. Accordingly, the first aim of this study was to determine if S100A4 interacts with, and promotes the monomeric state of NMIIA in A431 cells undergoing SIP1-induced EMT. Intriguingly, co-localisation analysis of S100A4 and NMIIA in A431-SIP1 cells using immunoelectron microscopy indicated that NMIIA is present in a folded, 10S state, and unfolded 6S state, and S100A4 interacts with both. This represents the first evidence of 10S and 6S states of NMIIA in non-muscle cells. In addition, FRAP analysis demonstrated that cells with attenuated expression of S100A4 turned over NMIIA with a slower rate, consistent with S100A4 promoting the monomeric state. The second part of the study explored the mechanism of the S100A4-NMMIA interaction. In vitro analysis of phosphomimetic S1916D and S1943D NMIIA showed no differences in binding affinity with S100A4 compared to WT NMIIA, contrary to the published literature. Based on the NMR structure of S100A4 and NMIIA, V77 and C81 were identified as key S100A4 residues that mediated the interaction with NMIIA. Mutation of these sites abolished the interaction with NMIIA, an effect reflected in null-phenotypes for both proteins when over-expressed in A431 cells compared to WT S100A4. In conclusion, this study suggests S100A4 is an important regulator of NMIIA dynamics in cells.
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Flynn, Patrick G. "Activation of Non-Muscle Myosin IIB Helps Mediate TNF-Alpha Cell Death Signaling." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/369.
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TNF-alpha can stimulate a variety of kinases with the ability to activate non-muscle myosin II. As a result, increases in actin filament formation and actomyosin contractility (AMC) have been reported in response to TNF-alpha. These events are thought to play an important role in mediating TNF-alpha induced apoptosis but how they do so is unclear. In this study we prevented non-muscle myosin II activation in response to TNF-alpha by treating cells with the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor ML-7 or through isoform specific siRNA knockdown of myosin IIA and IIB. We found that treatment with ML-7 or knockdown of myosin IIB, but not IIA, impaired the cleavage of caspase 3 and caspase 8 as well as nuclear condensation in response to TNF-alpha. During this cell death process myosin II seemed to function independent of AMC since treatment of cells with blebbistatin or cytochalasin D failed to inhibit TNF-alpha induced caspase cleavage. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed associations of myosin IIB with clathrin and FADD in response to TNF-alpha suggesting a role for myosin IIB in TNFR1 endocytosis and DISC formation. Taken together these findings suggest that myosin IIB activation promotes TNF-alpha cell death signaling in a manner independent of its force generating property.
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Panelli, Patrizio. "Characterization of the potential role of myosin IIa in parkin translocation during mitopahgy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52976.
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Mitochondria are important organelles of eukaryotic cells that provide energy through cellular respiration. Cells have evolved several quality control mechanisms to preserve functional mitochondria and avoid cell damage. Damaged mitochondria are recognized and removed by mitophagy to avoid the production of reactive oxygen species. A major signal for the recognition of damaged mitochondria is the electrical membrane potential depolarization, which leads to the recruitment of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), followed by the recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Parkin ubiquitinates numerous mitochondrial outer membrane proteins and initiates mitophagy. Mutations in the gene encoding parkin are frequently found in familiar forms of Parkinson’s disease. Although several factors involved in parkin mitochondrial recruitment have been characterized, additional proteins may be involved. The aim of this work was to determine whether other factors may be involved in colocalizing parkin to damaged mitochondria. Following up a SILAC-immunoprecipitation experiment, we hypothesized that an unconventional myosin (myosin IIa) may be involved in the recruitment of parkin to the mitochondria. Myosins are a large family of actin-based cytoskeletal motors that use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to generate movement. Non-conventional myosins are well studied for their contribution to synaptic function in neuronal cells. MYH9 was identified as potential interactor of parkin by mass spectrometry. This interaction was validated through co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments. In addition, myosin alteration with small chemicals that depolymerize actin filament or inhibit myosin activity, impaired parkin localization to mitochondria upon stress. This study potentially implicates myosin IIa as a modulator of parkin recruitment to the mitochondria, and may thus open the door to new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease.Medicine, Faculty of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of
Graduate
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Addisu, Anteneh. "Natriuretic peptides as a humoral link between the heart and the gastrointestinal system." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002406.
Full textBooks on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Turner, Neil, and Bertrand Knebelmann. MYH9 and renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0342_update_001.
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MYH9 encodes one of three heavy chain isoforms for the non-muscle myosin II (NM II) molecule. NM II is involved in cell structure and shape and motility. Myosin II is very widely expressed but MYH9 is highly expressed in podocytes. MYH9 diseases are characterized by various combinations of autosomal dominant progressive, proteinuric renal disease, giant platelets with low platelet counts, progressive sensorineural hearing impairment, granulocyte inclusions, and in some patients also cataracts. Although the eponyms Epstein and Fechtner have been given to MYH9 renal syndromes, there is a spectrum of manifestations of MYH9 diseases that do not correlate perfectly with genotype. They are best described as MYH9-associated renal disease. The occurrence of progressive deafness and renal failure led to this condition being considered an Alport syndrome variant in the past, but phenotype as well as molecular genetics clearly separate the disorders.
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MacKenzie, Michael K. Future Publics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197557150.001.0001.
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This book challenges the idea that democratic processes are functionally short-sighted. Many observers assume that long-term issues will be ignored or discounted in democratic systems because of the myopic preferences of voters, the political dynamics of short electoral cycles, the exclusion (or absence) of future others in decision-making processes, and the reality that democratic processes are often captured by powerful actors with dominant short-term interests. The evidence is clear: we have poorly managed many long-term issues, including climate change, nuclear waste disposal, plastics pollution, natural disaster preparedness, infrastructure maintenance, and budget deficits. This idea—which Michael K. MacKenzie calls the “democratic myopia thesis”—is a sort of conventional wisdom: It is one of those things that scholars and pundits take for granted as a truth about democracy without subjecting it to adequate critical scrutiny. This book challenges this conventional wisdom and articulates a deliberative, democratic theory of future-regarding collective action. It is argued that each part of the democratic myopia problem can be addressed through democratic—rather than authoritarian—means. At a more fundamental level, the book argues that if democratic practices are world-making activities that empower us to make our shared worlds together, they should also be understood as future-making activities. Despite the short-term dynamics associated with electoral democracy, MacKenzie argues that inclusive and deliberative democratic processes are the only means we have for making our shared futures together in collectively intentional, mutually accommodating ways.
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Arrigo, Mattia, and Alexandre Mebazaa. Positive inotropes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0035.
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Inotropic agents are substances used to improve cardiac output and end-organ perfusion in severe forms of acute heart failure. However, inappropriate use of inotropic agents may be associated with severe adverse effects and death. Despite clear indications to restrict their use to acute heart failure patients presenting with signs of end-organ hypoperfusion, the current use of inotropes is very frequent and often unnecessary. This chapter reviews mechanisms of action of current and future inotropes (including catecholamines, phosphodiesterase-III inhibitors, calcium sensitizers, cardiac myosin activators, and istaroxime) and discusses their clinical use in acute heart failure.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. The skeleton, support and movement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0003.
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Buoyancy largely supports fish, reducing the role of the skeleton, which functions as an attachment for muscle involved in movement and in protection, as exoskeleton (scales, scutes, bony plates) and as endoskeleton (vertebral column, skull). The general organization of fish skeletons and their component parts are described, as well as bone and cartilage. The interesting occurrence of acellular bone, additional to cellular bone, in teleosts is considered. Fish show metameric segmentation with myotomes on either side of the vertebral column, the latter acting as a compression strut, preventing shortening. Myotome muscle is organized into linear units named sarcomeres which contract by means of protein fibres, myosin and actin, sliding past each other. Usually fish body wall muscles occur as a thin outer layer of aerobic red muscle, with an inner thick region of anaerobic white muscle. Interspecific variability in the relative roles of myotomes and fin musculature in swimming is discussed.
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Back, Kerry E. Continuous-Time Portfolio Choice and Pricing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0014.
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The Euler equation is defined. The static approach can be used to derive an optimal portfolio in a complete market and when the investment opportunity set is constant. In the latter case, the optimal portfolio is proportional to the growth‐optimal portfolio and two‐fund separation holds. Dynamic programming and the Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman equation are explained. An optimal portfolio consists of myopic and hedging demands. The envelope condition is explained. CRRA utility implies a CRRA value function. The CCAPM and ICAPM are derived.
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Pink, William T., ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of School Reform. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190841133.001.0001.
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89 articles The Oxford Encyclopedia of School Reform is a landmark publication that provides a wid-ranging collection of school reform strategies from several geographical regions around the world. It illustrates both the theory and practical outcomes of reform efforts situated in different cultural contexts. The major theme that runs through the Encyclopedia is both the successes and failures of reforms: the detailed analyses offered in the text have a unique potential to guide future reforms. The power of the text is its ability to shift readers out of their culturally myopic perspective, and to seriously engage with alternative ways of conceptualizing and solving educational problems.
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Back, Kerry E. Learning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241148.003.0023.
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Continuous‐time filtering is explained, including the Kalman filter and filtering for a Markov chain with hidden states. Filtering theory is applied to analyze portfolio choice and equilibrium asset prices. When the expected return of an asset is unknown and is estimated from past returns, the myopic demand is a momentum strategy. When investors learn expected consumption growth from realized consumption growth, equilibrium prices are more sensitive to consumption shocks and the equity premium is higher. When the consumption growth rate follows a Markov chain with hidden states, return volatility tends to be higher when investors are less certain about which state the economy is in.
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Offer, Avner. Consumption and Well-Being. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0034.
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Consumption defines the standard of living – whether food is hot or cold, whether walls are dry or damp. It is the stuff of desires and dreams. It signals superiority, but also community. It drives policy and vexes scholars. But consumption is not consummation. Its purpose recedes even as it is being realized. If insatiability is the vortex at the heart of consumption, there are also other problems. In standard economic theory, consumers rank preferences in the present, but the most significant choices arise not between two immediate substitutes (say coffee or tea), but between the present and the future. This article opens with some standard assumptions about the benefits of consumption, and competing ones about its futility. It discusses the findings of social and behavioural research on consumption and well-being, the link between happiness and wealth, relative income, habituation, materialism, history and culture, advertising, myopia, narcissism, and individualism.
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Dove, Michael R. Bitter Shade. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251746.001.0001.
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This book asks an age-old question about the relationship between human consciousness and the environment: How do we think about our own thoughts and actions? How can we transcend the exigencies of daily life? How can we achieve sufficient distance from our own everyday realities to think and act more sustainably? To address these questions, the book draws on the results of decades of research in South and Southeast Asia on how local cultures have circumvented the “curse of consciousness” — the paradox that we cannot completely comprehend the ecosystem of which we are part. The book is focussed on three principles: perspectivism (seeing oneself from outside oneself), metamorphosis (becoming something that one is not), and mimesis (copying something that one is not), which help a society to transcend the hubris and myopia of everyday existence and achieve greater insight into its ecosystem.
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Clark, Gordon L. Behaviour in Context. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.10.
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The behavioural revolution has profoundly affected how we conceptualize behaviour. The rational agent of standard microeconomic theory has been found wanting and, in its place, new formulations have been presented which take seriously human traits like myopia and loss aversion. Here it is argued that the behavioural revolution offers a way of understanding common problems in economic geography, such as co-location, clusters of innovation, the diffusion of innovation, and home bias. It is noted that earlier versions of behaviouralism stressed bounded rationality but underestimated the far-reaching consequences of the behavioural revolution. To explain the significance of these developments for understanding the intersection between cognition and context, we look closely at behaviour in time and space. The implications of behaviouralism for institutions are briefly considered, emphasizing the role that collective action in or through institutions can play in ameliorating the adverse effects of behavioural biases and anomalies.
Book chapters on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Komaba, Shigeru. "Myosin III." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 3310–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_541.
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Gewies, Andreas, Jürgen Ruland, Alexey Kotlyarov, Matthias Gaestel, Shiri Procaccia, Rony Seger, Shin Yasuda, et al. "Myosin III." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1169–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_541.
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Oette, Mark, Marvin J. Stone, Hendrik P. N. Scholl, Peter Charbel Issa, Monika Fleckenstein, Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Frank G. Holz, et al. "Myosin Heavy Chain IIa Myopathy, Autosomal Dominant." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 1421–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_1230.
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Scharnagl, Hubert, Winfried März, Markus Böhm, Thomas A. Luger, Federico Fracassi, Alessia Diana, Thomas Frieling, et al. "Autosomal Dominant Myosin Heavy Chain IIa Myopathy." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 196. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_9061.
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Leske, M. Cristina, Suh-Yuh Wu, Barbara Nemesure, and Leslie Hyman. "Patterns of Myopia in the Barbados Eye Study." In Myopia Updates II, 3–6. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_1.
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Ho, Tzyy-Chang, Yung-Feng Shih, Luke L.-K. Lin, Muh-Shy Chen, I.-Jong Wang, Ping-Kang Hou, and Por-Tying Hung. "Degenerative Changes of Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Bruch’s membrane-Choriocapillaris Complex in Form-deprivation Myopia in Chicks." In Myopia Updates II, 47–49. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_10.
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Gwiazda, Jane, James McLellan, Kenneth Grice, and Frank Thorn. "Is Astigmatism Related to Emmetropization and the Development of Myopia in Children?" In Myopia Updates II, 51–54. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_11.
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Ishikawa, Satoshi, Kunihiko Tsuchiya, Rie Nakagawa, Hitoshi Ishikawa, and Liang Woung. "Increase of Myopia—Possible Interaction of Environmental Chemicals." In Myopia Updates II, 55–58. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_12.
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Yap, M., L. Garner, R. Kinnear, and M. Frith. "Tonic Accommodation and Refractive Change in Children." In Myopia Updates II, 59–60. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_13.
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Woung, Lin-Chung, Ching-Ping Wang, Meng-Chi Wang, and Chao-Yu Hu. "Study of the Ophthalmic VDT Syndrome: Accommodative Function and Pupillary Response." In Myopia Updates II, 61–62. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Gwiazda, Jane, Joseph Bauer, and Frank Thorn. "Accommodation, phorias, and AC/A ratios in school-age children." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.sac.2.
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Changes in the interactions between accommodation and vergence have been linked to the development of myopia in adults. Jiang (1995) reported that AC/A (accommodative convergence/ accommodation) ratios of young adults who became myopic over a 2 to 3 year period were higher at the outset than those of subjects who remained emmetropic. Previously we reported that newly myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur (Gwiazda et al, 1993). We have speculated that this accommodative lag might create a blurred image on the retina when an individual is engaged in near work, which could induce myopia, as occurs with animal models. Reduced accommodation could also account for elevated AC/A ratios in myopes.
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Wong, S. T., J. G. Sivak, A. K. Bal, M. G. Callender, and A. J. Bakelaar. "Changes in Amacrine Cell Numbers and Morphology in Response To Induced Myopia and Hyperopia." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.suc.2.
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Myopia and hyperopia have been artificially induced in animal models by various manipulations of their early visual environment. Ametropias have been produced using lid suture1, changing illumination levels (dark-rearing2, constant light3, dim lighting4), intra-ocular injections5, treatment with defocussing lenses6, and the application of translucent occluders7. Abnormal ocular growth appears to be a major factor that causes ametropia. Myopic eyes are enlarged, while hyperopic eyes are smaller compared to control eyes. Changes in the sclera8, choroid9, and orbital bone10 surrounding the affected eyes also reflect abnormal growth mechanisms. Various studies11,12,13 suggest that the signal or signals which control eye growth may arise from within the retina itself. It has been suggested that retinal amacrine cells play a role in mediating ocular growth8. This study examines how dopaminergic and serotonergic amacrine cells are quantitatively and qualitatively affected by induced myopia and hyperopia.
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de Mattiello, M. L. F., M. Maneiro, and S. Buglione. "Functional Analysis of myopias without central retinal degeneration." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1997.sae.9.
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Recent publications 1 admit that “the myopic indexes in the industrial nations have increased and range from 20% to 80% in the U.S. and Europe, to up to 90% in the Far Eastern countries, depending on the age group and the professional population considered”. This increase has again arisen attention on this illness that may be corrected with optical aids and more recently with refractive surgery. In clinical practice, evaluation of myopia or its recovery is mainly, if not exclusively, made with the traditional visual acuity tests. Contrast tests are applied in some cases. However, the literature reports other functional disorders such as considerable variations in the accommodation ranges, chromatic vision defects, specially in colors of short wave lengths2 and alterations in adaptation to darkness3.
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Papastergiou, Georgios I., Gregor F. Schmid, Charles E. Riva, Ton Lin, Richard A. Stone, and Alan M. Laties. "Form Vision Deprivation Still Induces Axial Elongation and Myopic Shift In One Year Old Chickens." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1997.sad.1.
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It has been shown in numerous studies that axial eye elongation and myopia can be induced in young experimental animals by depriving their developing eyes of high contrast and form vision using plastic, translucent goggles or lid suture. Previous studies in chickens,1 tree shrews 2 and monkeys 3 suggest that the susceptibility to form vision deprivation (the amount of myopia induced per time) is at a maximum during early neonatal life (after hatching in chicks, 15 days after eye opening in tree shrews) and declines rapidly with age. The relevance of these findings to human juvenile myopia, however, has not been demonstrated. First, human myopia usually starts to develop later in life, predominantly between 8-16 years, in many cases after the eye has fully grown.4 Second, visual conditions similar to those during form vision deprivation are rarely eperienced by young humans. Thus the mechanism(s) producing juvenile human myopia may be different from the mechanism(s) producing goggle induced myopia in young animals. In fact, late onset juvenile myopia is likely not related to form deprivation myopia at all.
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Wilson, K. T., J. G. Sivak, and M. G. Callender. "Ocular Refractive Development Affects Skull (Orbital) Development." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.sab.2.
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Experiments carried out over the last two decades have shown that it is possible to induce refractive errors in the eyes of young animals by distorting early visual experience. Because of their precocial nature and the fact that they grow and develop rapidly, domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been used extensively in this research. Earlier work involved depriving the developing eye of clear form vision, either by suturing the eyelids together or by mounting a translucent occluder over one eye (Lauber and Oishi, 1987; Pickett-Seltner et al., 1988). This treatment invariably leads to an axial elongation of the eye and myopia (near-sightedness). More recently, it has been shown that it is possible to induce both myopia and hyperopia (far-sightedness) in chicks by defocussing the retinal image of the developing eye with convex and concave spectacle lenses (Schaeffel et al., 1988). The range of refractive errors induced was extended through the use of lightweight contact lenses mounted over the treated eye (Irving et al., 1992). Basically, a concave lens simulates the condition of hyperopia, causing a compensatory increase in eye growth with the result that the eye is myopic when the lens is removed. The opposite occurs (ie. a slowing of eye growth) with convex lenses. Experiments have shown that newly hatched chicks will compensate accurately (within 4 to 7 days) to defocus of between -10 and +15 diopters (Irving et al., 1992). Astigmatic refractive states can also be induced with cylindrical defocussing lenses (Irving et al., 1995). The astigmatic effect displays a meridional sensitivity and is due to induced corneal astigmatism, possibly coupled with some lenticular astigmatism. While these studies have addressed changes in refractive state and dimensions of the eye, virtually no attention has been directed to the effects of these changes on the surrounding orbital tissues, notably the bones of the orbit. In the following report, we demonstrate that, in the chick, ocular growth and development is coupled to growth and development of the orbits.
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Thorn, Frank, Antonio A. V. Cruz, André Juca Machado, and Ricardo Chaves. "Refractive Status of Indigenous People Deep within the Amazon Rain Forest." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.suc.1.
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Cultural environment appears to affect the development of myopia. In a number of populations, the prevalence of myopia is associated with the level of education or amount of reading.1-3 However, genetic factors also appear to be associated with the prevalence and degree of myopia. For example, educated Chinese populations in Asia and in the United States have a very high prevalence of myopia, often exceeding 80%, while those with limited education (soldiers, farmers, and laborers) have a relatively low prevalence of myopia.4-6
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Thorn, Frank, Linda Cameron, Jonathan Arnel, and Sondra Thorn. "Effects of Dioptric Blur on the Visual Performance of Myopic and Emmetropic Young Adults." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.sac.3.
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Animal studies on the etiology of myopia demonstrate that pattern deprivation can induce axial myopia. Dioptric blur induced by ophthalmic lenses can also alter the axial growth of the eye, with the growth rate increasing or slowing to counteract the blur induced by the lenses. In this case, negative lenses induce axial myopia but this myopia can readily be reversed to emmetropia by removing the lenses during the animal’s growth phase. Speculation exists that accommodative inaccuracies may induce blur in otherwise normal animals, and that this blur may in turn induce or exacerbate myopia progression.
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Norwood Toro, Laura E., Jonathan M. Backer, and Anne R. Bresnick. "Abstract 5060: Myosin-IIA heavy chain phosphorylation on S1943 regulates tumor cell invasion." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-5060.
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Alanazi, Samar M., Rosalin Mishra, Long Yuan, Hima Patel, and Joan Garrett. "Abstract 4205: The role of non-muscle myosin IIA in HER2+ breast cancers." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4205.
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Gwiazda, Jane, Joseph Bauer, Frank Thorn, and Kenneth Grice. "Insufficient Accommodation: Does It Occur Before The Onset Of Myopia In Children?" In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1997.sac.4.
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Reduced blur-driven accommodation has been linked to the development and progression of juvenile-onset myopia (Goss, 1991; Goss and Jackson, 1996; Gwiazda et al, 1993, 1995). While both laboratory and clinical studies have reported that this condition occurs concomitantly with progressing myopia, less evidence is available as to whether or not it occurs before myopia onset. Obviously, the identification of predictive factors has important implications for treatment and prevention of myopia, as well as for establishing the temporal order of causal mechanisms.
Reports on the topic "Myosin IIs"
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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger, and Mohamad Abu-Abied. Studies of Novel Cytoskeletal Regulatory Proteins that are Involved in Abiotic Stress Signaling. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592652.bard.
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In the original proposal we planned to focus on two proteins related to the actin cytoskeleton: TCH2, a touch-induced calmodulin-like protein which was found by us to interact with the IQ domain of myosin VIII, ATM1; and ERD10, a dehydrin which was found to associate with actin filaments. As reported previously, no other dehydrins were found to interact with actin filaments. In addition so far we were unsuccessful in confirming the interaction of TCH2 with myosin VIII using other methods. In addition, no other myosin light chain candidates were found in a yeast two hybrid survey. Nevertheless we have made a significant progress in our studies of the role of myosins in plant cells. Plant myosins have been implicated in various cellular activities, such as cytoplasmic streaming (1, 2), plasmodesmata function (3-5), organelle movement (6-10), cytokinesis (4, 11, 12), endocytosis (4, 5, 13-15) and targeted RNA transport (16). Plant myosins belong to two main groups of unconventional myosins: myosin XI and myosin VIII, both closely related to myosin V (17-19). The Arabidopsis myosin family contains 17 members: 13 myosin XI and four myosin VIII (19, 20). The data obtained from our research of myosins was published in two papers acknowledging BARD funding. To address whether specific myosins are involved with the motility of specific organelles, we cloned the cDNAs from neck to tail of all 17 Arabidopsis myosins. These were fused to GFP and used as dominant negative mutants that interact with their cargo but are unable to walk along actin filaments. Therefore arrested organelle movement in the presence of such a construct shows that a particular myosin is involved with the movement of that particular organelle. While no mutually exclusive connections between specific myosins and organelles were found, based on overexpression of dominant negative tail constructs, a group of six myosins (XIC, XIE, XIK, XI-I, MYA1 and MYA2) were found to be more important for the motility of Golgi bodies and mitochondria in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum (8). Further deep and thorough analysis of myosin XIK revealed a potential regulation by head and tail interaction (Avisar et al., 2011). A similar regulatory mechanism has been reported for animal myosin V and VIIa (21, 22). In was shown that myosin V in the inhibited state is in a folded conformation such that the tail domain interacts with the head domain, inhibiting its ATPase and actinbinding activities. Cargo binding, high Ca2+, and/or phosphorylation may reduce the interaction between the head and tail domains, thus restoring its activity (23). Our collaborative work focuses on the characterization of the head tail interaction of myosin XIK. For this purpose the Israeli group built yeast expression vectors encoding the myosin XIK head. In addition, GST fusions of the wild-type tail as well as a tail mutated in the amino acids that mediate head to tail interaction. These were sent to the US group who is working on the isolation of recombinant proteins and performing the in vitro assays. While stress signals involve changes in Ca2+ levels in plants cells, the cytoplasmic streaming is sensitive to Ca2+. Therefore plant myosin activity is possibly regulated by stress. This finding is directly related to the goal of the original proposal.
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Kotulak, John C., and Stephen E. Morse. Is Increased Accommodation a Necessary Condition for Instrument Myopia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278962.
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Hajdini, Ina. Mis-specified Forecasts and Myopia in an Estimated New Keynesian Model. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202203r.
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The paper considers a New Keynesian framework in which agents form expectations based on a combination of autoregressive mis-specified forecasts and myopia. The proposed expectations formation process is shown to be consistent with all three empirical facts on consensus inflation forecasts. However, while mis-specified forecasts can be both sufficient and necessary to match all three facts, myopia alone is neither. The paper then derives the general equilibrium solution consistent with the proposed expectations formation process and estimates the model with likelihood-based Bayesian methods, yielding three novel results: (i) macroeconomic data strongly prefer a combination of autoregressive mis-specified forecasting rules - of the VAR(1) or AR(1) type - and myopia over other alternatives; (ii) no strong evidence is found in favor of VAR(1) forecasts over simple AR(1) rules; and (iii) frictions such as habit in consumption, which are typically necessary for models with full-information rational expectations, are significantly less important, because the proposed expectations generate substantial internal persistence and amplification to exogenous shocks. Simulated inflation expectations data from the estimated general equilibrium model reflect the three empirical facts on forecasting data.
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Zhang, Guanghong, Jun Jiang, and Chao Qu. Comparative Efficacy of 50 Interventions for Myopia Prevention and Control in Children: a Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0079.
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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the efficacy of different interventions for myopia prevention and control in children. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion Criteria(1) Subjects aged 6 to 18 years old; (2) The language of the literature is limited to Chinese and English; (3) No restrictions are made on the ethnicity, course and refractive status of the subjects; (4) Interventions to delay the progression of myopia in children; (5) Outcomes: mean annual change in axial length and spherical equivalent; (6) The follow-up time is at least 1 year, and the longest follow-up years are taken for those greater than 1 year; (7) RCTs.Exclusion Criteria(1) Repeated publication, no full text found; (2) Review, experience, case report, conference, meta-analysis; (3) Failure to provide data suitable for meta-analysis; (4) Subjects aged < 6 years old or > 18 years old at the time of trial participation; (5) Non-randomized controlled trials.
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Kalen, Nicholas. Bats of Richmond National Battlefield Park following white-nose syndrome: Public version. National Park Service, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299295.
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I conducted bat surveys at Richmond National Battlefield Park to assess the status of bat communities following potential impacts of the disease white-nose syndrome. This disease, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has severely reduced populations of several bat species in the eastern United States, threatening some with regional extirpation. Most affected species include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis), Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), and tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). During the summers of 2016–2020, I sampled sites with acoustic bat detectors and conducted capture surveys using mist nets to characterize bat communities with a focus on documenting WNS-imperiled species. I also conducted non-reproductive, or dormant, season acoustic and capture surveys from 2017–2021, to investigate potential local wintering by bats, especially northern long-eared bats, which have recently been discovered wintering in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Acoustic results identified the presence of ten bat species by echolocation calls: big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, Indiana bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), tricolored bat, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Capture surveys documented big brown bats, eastern red bats, silver-haired bats, and evening bats. To examine habitat associations of bat species, I used generalized linear mixed models of a selection of variable candidates: habitat type, distance to water, minimum nightly temperature, and nightly precipitation to predict summer activity. Activity of big brown, eastern red, hoary, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest in open habitats. Myotis spp. were most associated with mixed forest habitats. Tricolored bat activity was highest and evening bat activity was lowest in riparian and wetland habitats. To examine seasonality in bat species occurrence, I modeled acoustic activity in passes/night by Julian date using generalized additive models. Activity of big brown, eastern red, little brown, and tricolored bats was highest during summer. Activity of northern long-eared and Indiana bats was very low overall but was also highest in the summer. Tree bat species hoary, silver-haired, and Mexican free-tailed bat activity was highest in the spring and fall. Dormant season results suggest some winter occurrences for most bat species. Visual validation of echolocation calls revealed misidentifications were problematic for Myotis spp. little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, and Indiana bat, but diagnostic calls of all three species were recorded. Acoustic passes identified as northern long-eared bats suggest some individuals may be wintering nearby, but winter activity was very low and not indicative of large overwintering populations. An internal NPS version of this document that includes an appendix with capture survey site coordinates is available and may be requested as needed.
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Kalen, Nicholas. Bats of Colonial National Historical Park following white-nose syndrome. National Park Service, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299226.
Full textAbstract:
I conducted bat surveys at Colonial National Historical Park to assess the status of bat communities following potential impacts of white-nose syndrome (WNS) since its arrival in Virginia in 2009. This disease, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has severely reduced populations of several bat species in the eastern United States, threatening some with regional extirpation. In the East, most-affected species include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), the federally-endangered northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) (USFWS 2007, USFWS 2022a), as well as the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus), which has been proposed for endangered status (USFWS 2022b). I sampled sites in Yorktown and Jamestown Island with acoustic bat detectors from the spring of 2019 through the spring of 2021 and conducted capture surveys using mist nets in 2019 and 2021 to characterize seasonal occurrence of bat species with a focus on documenting WNS-imperiled species. Surveys also sought to document potential over-wintering of bats at COLO, especially northern long-eared bats, which occur year-round in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Acoustic results identified the presence of eleven bat species by echolocation calls: big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), southeastern bat (Myotis austroriparius), little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, Indiana bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), tricolored bat, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Acoustic results included diagnostic echolocation calls of little brown, northern long-eared, and Indiana bats, however, presence should be interpreted with caution due to similarities of call structures among Myotis spp. bats. Capture surveys documented seven species: big brown, eastern red, hoary, silver-haired, southeastern, evening, and tricolored bats. To examine habitat associations of bat species, I used generalized linear mixed models of a selection of variable candidates: habitat type, distance to water, minimum nightly temperature, and nightly precipitation to predict summer activity by significant predictors. Activity of hoary, silver-haired, little brown, evening, tricolored, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest in open habitats. Big brown bat and Indiana bat identifications were most associated with forest habitats. Eastern red bat activity was high in both forest and open sites. Southeastern bat activity was highest in wetland sites and was largely confined to these habitats. Northern long-eared bat activity was not significantly different among habitat types. To examine seasonality in bat species occurrence, I modeled acoustic activity in passes/night by Julian date using generalized additive models. Activity of big brown, eastern red, hoary, little brown, northern long-eared, tricolored, evening, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest during summer. Silver-haired bat activity was highest in March indicative of seasonal migration. Hoary and Mexican free-tailed bat also exhibited high activity on several nights in the spring suggestive of migratory movement. Dormant season results suggest some winter occurrence for all identified bat species except Indiana bats. Very few characteristic calls of northern long-eared bats were observed from December through February, suggesting they winter locally in far lower abundances than in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina to the south.
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Bansel, Prateek, Rubal Dua, Rico Krueger, and Daniel Graham. Are Consumers Myopic About Future Fuel Costs? Insights from the Indian two-wheeler market. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp13.
Full textAbstract:
India has the world’s third highest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, after China and the United States. The transportation sector is the third largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in India, accounting for roughly 11% of all carbon dioxide emissions in 2016. Road transport accounts for around 94% of the total carbon dioxide emissions of the transportation sector.
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Zhang, Hengdi, Yunming Li, Guangyu Chen, Fei Han, and Wei Jiang. Human amniotic membrane graft for refractory macular hole: a single-arm meta analysis and systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0098.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: Currently, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with ILM peeling is the gold standard treatment for full thickness macular hole (FTMH). Despite of the high macular hole closure rate, a refractory FTMH may occur. The next step for a recurrent or persistent MH is usually repeat PPV with extended ILM peeling. This is not always an option especially with high myopia patients or those who had already undergone an aggressive ILM peeling at initial surgery. A variety of novel techniques have been developed to address this issue, among which human amniotic membrane seems to be a promising adjuvant. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the integration and the long-term effects of of the graft. Information sources: PubMed, Embase, Web of science, Cochrane library, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, sinomed (CBM), VIP database, Clinical Trails.gov and Chinese Clinical Trail Registry.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pulvini, according to the following research goals: 1) Establish the role of amyloplasts as gravireceptors in shoots; 2) Investigate gravity-induced changes in the integrity of shoot actin cytoskeleton (CK); 3) Study the cellular interactions among actin CK, statoliths and cell membranes (endoplasmic reticulum - ER, plasma membrane - PM) during shoot graviperception; 4) Examine mediation of graviperception by modulations of cytosolic calcium - [Ca2+]cyt, and other second messengers (protein phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate - IP3). Revisions: 1) Model system: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) spikes and oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini, the model system of maize (Zea mays) primary roots was targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for graviperception. 2) Research topic: brassinolide, which were not included in the original plan, were examined for their regulatory role in gravity perception and signal transduction in roots, in relation to auxin and ethylene. Background to the topic: The negative gravitropic response of shoots is a complex multi-step process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel. Most of the long-lasting studies regarding the link between graviperception and cellular components were focused mainly on roots, and there are relatively few reports on shoot graviperception. Our previous project has successfully characterized several key events occurring during shoot bending of cut flowers and oat pulvini, including amyloplast displacement, hormonal interactions and differential growth analysis. Based on this evidence, the present project has focused on studying the initial graviperception process in flowering stems and cereal shoots. Major conclusions and achievements: 1) The actin and not the microtubule (MT) CK is involved in the graviperception of snapdragon shoots. 2) Gravisensing, exhibited by amyloplast displacement, and early transduction events (auxin redistribution) in the gravitropic response of snapdragon spikes are mediated by the acto-myosin complex. 3) MTs are involved in stem directional growth, which occurs during gravitropism of cut snapdragon spikes, but they are not necessary for the gravity-induced differential growth. 4) The role of amyloplasts as gravisensors in the shoot endodermis was demonstrated for both plant systems. 5) A gravity-induced increase in IP.