Journal articles on the topic 'Myopia'
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Gupta, Nayan, and Meenakshi Sood. "A Review of Concepts of Etiology and Management of Myopia." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10115ecst.
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This article reviews the literature concerning etiology of myopia. Myopic boom in this 21st century is of concern for parents of myopic children. The article reviews the literature regarding several modalities attempting to profile ocular findings in myopes. The prevalence of myopia remains higher in Asia and hence myopic studies have gained their importance in epidemiology. Younger age group with early onset of myopia are at a higher risk of complications associated myopic refractive error, as progression of the refractive error over time might result in high myopia and also cause retinal especially macular changes. Environment and genetics are known contributing factors to the increasing prevalence of myopia. Along with the evaluation of refractive error frequently it is also important to profile the ocular parameters associated in progression of myopia. The aim of this study is to explore the role of ocular biometers in myopia management.
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Yang, Adeline, Si Ying Lim, Yee Ling Wong, Anna Yeo, Narayanan Rajeev, and Björn Drobe. "Quality of Life in Presbyopes with Low and High Myopia Using Single-Vision and Progressive-Lens Correction." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081589.
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This study evaluates the impact of the severity of myopia and the type of visual correction in presbyopia on vision-related quality of life (QOL), using the refractive status and vision profile (RSVP) questionnaire. A total of 149 subjects aged 41–75 years with myopic presbyopia were recruited: 108 had low myopia and 41 had high myopia. The RSVP questionnaire was administered. Rasch analysis was performed on five subscales: perception, expectation, functionality, symptoms, and problems with glasses. Highly myopic subjects had a significantly lower mean QOL score (51.65), compared to low myopes (65.24) (p < 0.001). They also had a significantly lower functionality score with glasses (49.38), compared to low myopes (57.00) (p = 0.018), and they had a worse functionality score without glasses (29.12), compared to low myopes (36.24) (p = 0.045). Those who wore progressive addition lenses (PAL) in the high-myope group (n = 25) scored significantly better, compared to those who wore single-vision distance (SVD) lenses (n = 14), with perception scores of 61.19 and 46.94, respectively (p = 0.029). Highly myopic presbyopes had worse overall QOL and functionality, both with and without glasses, compared to presbyopes with low myopia. High-myopic PAL users had a better perception outcome than SVD lens wearers. Low-myopic PAL wearers had a better QOL than SVD wearers.
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Ibrahim, Faiza, Sinumol Thulaseedharan, Laly Thekkemeppilly Unnikrishnan, and Sabna Sasidharan. "A cross-sectional study of corneal topography and ocular parameters in patients with myopia." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.058.
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Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment. This study aims at determining the changes in corneal asphericity, central corneal radius of curvature, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length with increasing myopia. Spherical equivalent refractive error of each myopic eye was determined and grouped into three, according to increasing powers of myopia. Corneal asphericity (Q value) and central corneal radius of curvature were determined using corneal topography. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length were determined using Ascan. Changes with increasing myopia was assessed. Among 80 myopic eyes of age group 6 to 40 years, more patients were between 21 to 30 years. 60% of them were males. 60% were low myopes (<-3D), 32% were moderate myopes (-3D to -6D) and 8% were high myopes (>-6D). Mean Q values were -0.49±0.09, -0.39±0.04 and -0.28 ±0.04 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. Mean values of apical radius of curvature of cornea were 7.66±0.07, 7.53±0.08 and 7.35±0.07 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. Mean values of anterior chamber depth were 3.19±0.09, 3.32±0.09, 3.88±0.08; vitreous chamber depth were 19.82±0.67, 21.66±0.24, 22.66±0.45 and axial length were 23.01±0.76, 24.98±0.32,26.54±0.51 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation of increasing degrees of myopia was observed with Q value, anterior chamber depth, vitreous chamber depth and axial length; and a statistically significant negative correlation with the apical radius of curvature. In myopic eyes, a statistically significant relation exists between corneal asphericity and spherical equivalent refractive error such that, there is a tendency for the cornea to flatten less rapidly in the periphery with increasing myopia and eyes with higher levels of myopia have steeper central corneal curvature, with deep anterior and vitreous chamber and greater axial length.
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Li, Yong, Feihui Zheng, Li Lian Foo, Qiu Ying Wong, Daniel Ting, Quan V. Hoang, Rachel Chong, Marcus Ang, and Chee Wai Wong. "Advances in OCT Imaging in Myopia and Pathologic Myopia." Diagnostics 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12061418.
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Advances in imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technology, including the development of swept source OCT/OCTA, widefield or ultra-widefield systems, have greatly improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of myopia and myopia-related complications. Anterior segment OCT is useful for imaging the anterior segment of myopes, providing the basis for implantable collamer lens optimization, or detecting intraocular lens decentration in high myopic patients. OCT has enhanced imaging of vitreous properties, and measurement of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes. Widefield OCT systems have greatly improved the visualization of peripheral retinal lesions and have enabled the evaluation of wide staphyloma and ocular curvature. Based on OCT imaging, a new classification system and guidelines for the management of myopic traction maculopathy have been proposed; different dome-shaped macula morphologies have been described; and myopia-related abnormalities in the optic nerve and peripapillary region have been demonstrated. OCTA can quantitatively evaluate the retinal microvasculature and choriocapillaris, which is useful for the early detection of myopic choroidal neovascularization and the evaluation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in these patients. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence in OCT/OCTA imaging in myopia has achieved promising results.
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Rosita J, Helen, Gnanaselvan J, Amudhavadivu S, and Anna Kurian Mullasseril. "Glaucoma characteristics evaluation in myopia – A clinical study." IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty 7, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijooo.2021.038.
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Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, one of the risk factor recognised being high myopia. Intra ocular pressure may be normal in myopic patients, with optic nerve head glaucoma characteristics. Eye ball elongation and optic nerve head tilting may be present in patients with high myopia that will represent field defects mimicking glaucoma. Treating patients with myopia having suspected aspects of glaucoma may be a challenge but even more challenging is the diagnosis of glaucoma in myopic patients.: To evaluate the association of glaucoma features with myopia. To create the awareness regarding the long term follow up.: Patients in the age group of 15 to 45 years who had attended our institution over a period of one year who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected for this study. Fifty four patients who were diagnosed to have moderate or high degree myopia were selected for this analytical study. They were subjected to vision, ocular examination, tonometry and results obtained were analysed.: In our study moderate myopes constituted 55.5% and high myopes were 44.5%. The mean Intra ocular pressure and the mean corrected Intra ocular pressure in high myopes were observed to be higher than in moderate myopia. It was observed that higher prevalence of glaucoma was observed in high myopes.: There is a clinically as well as statistically significant difference between mean Intra ocular pressure and mean corrected Intra ocular pressure. So mean corrected Intra ocular pressure should be measured .From our study, there is a clear indication that there is increased prevalence of glaucoma in high myopes.
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Modrzejewska, Monika, Jarosław Domaradzki, Wojciech Jedziniak, Beata Florkiewicz, and Teresa Zwierko. "Does Physical Activity Moderate the Relationship between Myopia and Functional Status in Children 9–11 Years of Age?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195672.
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Although previous studies have reported an association between physical activity (PA) and myopia in school-aged children, little is known about the link between myopia and children’s functional status. The purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic balance control in relation to the daily PA levels of myopic schoolchildren aged 9–11 years (n = 52) versus a non-myopic control group (n = 53). A single leg stance test performed on the instability platform of the Biodex Balance System was used to assess balance control. The overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) were analyzed. PA levels were calculated using the World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative family record form. Myopes and non-myopes were separated into three subgroups based on PA level (low, moderate and high). Myopia significantly affected OSI (F = 40.46, p < 0.001), APSI (F = 33.93, p < 0.001) and MLSI (F = 49.51, p < 0.001). There were significant differences (p < 0.001) between myopic and non-myopic children with low and moderate levels of PA, whilst there were no differences between compared children with high levels of PA. High PA levels had a positive impact on balance control in myopes. Our results showed that PA levels moderate the relationship between myopia and children’s functional status.
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KAYA, Pınar. "Turkish children myopia progression in the urban area, a retrospective evaluation." Anatolian Current Medical Journal 5, no. 4 (October 27, 2023): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1341731.
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Aims: To investigate myopia trends and progression in urban school-aged myopic children in Turkey.
Methods: This retrospective study included myopic children aged 6-18 years attending the ophthalmology clinic for regular eye and refractive examinations between 2003 and 2021. Myopia progression was calculated as the difference between the baseline and the last visit spherical equivalent refractive (SER) values. Individuals were further categorized to determine the age-specific myopia progression as 6-11, 12-16, and 17-18 age groups based on the school periods of the country. According to the SER values, individuals were classified into mild, moderate, and high myopic groups.
Results: A total of 602 eyes of 301 children (191 female, 110 male) with a mean age of 11.64±2.81 (6-18) years were included in the study. The mean follow-up time of patients was 37.51±19.18 (6-98) months. The baseline mean SER value was -1.5±1.07 D (range: -0.50 and -5.62) and -2.55±1.50 at the final visit. The overall mean myopia progression was -0.35±0.37 D (range: +0.35 D and -3.75 D/year. There were 46 children between 6-11 years, 173 children between 12-16 years, 82 children between 17-18 years, and the annual SER changes were -0.46±0.40 D; -0.37±0.39 D and -0.26±0.29 D in the groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Baseline, final, and annual myopia progression were greater in females. Although there was no statistical significance, myopia progression was faster in moderate myopes (-0.39±0.33 D/a year), followed by mild (-0.35±0.37 D/a year) and high myopes (-0.21±0.20 D/a year) (p=0.37).
Conclusion: The progression of myopia in school-aged Turkish children from the Western Black Sea Region is comparable to the world. Our study revealed the greater myopia progression in the youngest children, moderate myopia group, and females. Myopia prevention recommendations should be carefully advised to the youngest female ones to reduce myopia progression.
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Dada, Tanuj, A. Aggarwal, SJ Bali, A. Sharma, BM Shah, D. Angmo, and A. Panda. "Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness parameters in myopic population using scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC)." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7814.
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Introduction: Myopia presents a significant challenge to the ophthalmologist as myopic discs are often large, tilted, with deep cups and have a thinner neuroretinal rim all of which may mimic glaucomatous optic nerve head changes causing an error in diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the retinal fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in low, moderate and high myopia using scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC). Subjects and methods: One hundred eyes of 100 emmetropes, 30 eyes of low myopes (0 to - 4 D spherical equivalent(SE), 45 eyes with moderate myopia (- 4 to - 8D SE), and 30 eyes with high myopia (- 8 to - 15D SE) were subjected to retinal nerve fiber layer assessment using the scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC) in all subjects using the standard protocol. Subjects with IOP > 21 mm Hg, optic nerve head or visual field changes suggestive of glaucoma were excluded from the study. The major outcome parameters were temporal-superior-nasal-inferiortemporal (TSNIT) average, the superior and inferior average and the nerve fibre indicator (NFI). Results: The TSNIT average (p = 0.009), superior (p = 0.001) and inferior average (p = 0.008) were significantly lower; the NFI was higher (P < 0.001) in moderate myopes as compared to that in emmetropes. In high myopia the RNFL showed supranormal values; the TSNIT average, superior and inferior average was significantly higher(p < 0.001) as compared to that in emmetropes. Conclusion: The RNFL measurements on scanning laser polarimetry are affected by the myopic refractive error. Moderate myopes show a significant thinning of the RNFL. In high myopia due to peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy and contribution of scleral birefringence, the RNFL values are abnormally high. These findings need to be taken into account while assessing and monitoring glaucoma damage in moderate to high myopes on GDxVCC. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):3-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7814
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Osaiyuwu, Aghafekokhian B., and Genesis D. Edokpa. "A comparative study of intraocular pressure in myopia and hyperopia among a Nigerian population just diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma in Benin City." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182457.
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Background: Increasing evidence suggests that high myopia is salient in the pathologic process of POAG, and IOP (Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), and Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP)) remains the crucial risk factor for this condition. Still, some other studies have signified that glaucoma was diagnosed in myopes independent of IOP, suggesting that predisposition to glaucoma in myopes may not be dependent on mechanisms related to high pressures. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the intraocular pressure in myopes and hyperopes in a Nigerian population just diagnosed with POAG to ascertain if proclivity to glaucoma in myopes is mainly dependent on IOP.Methods: This research was conducted as a retrospective study in the Optometry/Ophthalmology Department at Stella Obasanjo Women and Children Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The sample consisted of cases seen between 2011 and 2013. A total of 166 eyes with glaucoma and refractive errors (80 (48.19%) with myopia, and 86 (51.81%) with hyperopia) with an age range of 10 to 85 years, were used for this study.Results: Newly diagnosed glaucomatous myopes had a significantly higher mean IOP than recently diagnosed hyperopes (unpaired t- test, p= 0.004). Also, a significant inverse correlation was obtained between refractive errors and intraocular pressure (Pearson correlation, r = -.245, p = 0.001) i.e. as refractive errors progressed deeply into more minus (myopic) regions, IOP increased.Conclusions: The relationship between glaucoma and myopia is pressure mediated. The ascending levels of intraocular pressure that occurred with increasing extents of myopia demonstrate that POAG evolves too soon in participants with high myopia than in hyperopia and accentuates the seriousness of glaucoma surveillance in the myopic population.
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Hairol, Mohd Izzuddin, Norlaili Arif, Pui Theng Yong, Mariah Asem Shehadeh Saleh Ali, Nik Nor Adlina Nik Idris, and Li Ching Ng. "Evaluation of the Relationships between Corneal Parameters, Ocular Biometry, and Myopia Magnitude." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 3077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-20.
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Axial length of the eye correlates with the magnitude of myopia. However, there are conflicting reports on the relationship between certain corneal parameters with myopia magnitude. The objective of this study was to compare ocular biometry and corneal parameters between emmetropic and myopic groups. Participants (n=127) were categorized as emmetropia (spherical equivalent, SE, ±0.50D), low myopia (-0.75D≤SE<-6.00D) and high myopia (SE≥-6.00D). The difference in axial length, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth between emmetrope, low myope, and high myope were highly significant (one-way ANOVA, all p<0.001) with significant correlations between SE and all these parameters (simple regressions, all p<0.001). However, central corneal thickness, corneal radius of curvature, and corneal asphericity between these groups, and the correlations between the ocular parameters with SE were not significantly different (all p>0.05). Corneal curvature correlated significantly with axial length (p=0.001) but not with myopia magnitude (p=0.91). Rather than myopia magnitude, axial length appears to be more sensitive to detect changes in corneal curvature in myopes. In conclusion, myopic patients’ axial length should be carefully considered for interventions that involve the cornea, such as orthokeratology and refractive surgery.
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Sun, Han-Yin, Wei-Yang Lu, Jhen-Yu You, and Hui-Ying Kuo. "Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Children with and without Atropine Usage." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (May 12, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4919154.
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Purpose. To compare the patterns of relative peripheral refractions of myopic children who were currently on atropine treatment for myopia control and myopic children who did not use atropine. Methods. Chinese children (n = 209) aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study, 106 used atropine and 103 did not. Participants were also classified into three groups: emmetropes (SE: +0.50 to −0.50 D), low myopes (SE: −0.50 to −3.00 D), and moderate myopes (SE: −3.00 to −6.00 D). The central and peripheral refractions along the horizontal meridians (for both nasal and temporal fields) were measured in 10-degree steps to 30 degrees. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in spherical equivalent and astigmatism of the three refractive groups in either the nasal or temporal retina. The atropine group showed a significant relative myopia in the temporal 30° field in spherical equivalent compared to the emmetropic group (t49 = 3.36, P=0.02). In eyes with low myopia, the atropine group had significant relative myopia in the nasal 30° and temporal 30° fields (t118 = 2.59, P=0.01; t118 = 2.06, P=0.04), and it is also observed at 20° and 30° of the nasal field for the moderate myopic group (t36 = 2.37, P=0.02; t2.84 = 2.84, P=0.01). Conclusion. Significant differences in relative peripheral refraction were found between the atropine group and its controls. The findings suggested that the eyes that received atropine may have a less prolate shape and thus explain why using atropine is effective in controlling myopia progression.
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Shetty, Aksha, Anasuya Ganguly, Suvarna Chodankar, and Ugam Usgaonkar. "Dietary intake and its association with myopia in children in Goa." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2023.114.
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Myopia is a multifactorial condition. Myopia is largely influenced by hereditary and environmental variables. Vitamins D, E, and C, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants have been noted as essential for preserving healthy eye function and possibly reducing the development of myopia. : This study was conducted to compare dietary consumption between myopes and emmetropes.: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of ophthalmology in the state of Goa, India. Children aged between 7 and 15 years were included. Children with visual acuity of less than 0.1 logMAR later underwent objective evaluation using retinoscopy and subjective refraction. The spherical equivalent (SE), and myopia were defined as SE 0.5 D in at least one eye. Children with logMAR visual acuity of 0.1 in both eyes, no glasses, or an ophthalmic history were classified as emmetropic (SE< 0.50D). A daily intake interview was taken using a 24-hour dietary recall, and a detailed interview of the subject's food consumption was taken.: A total of 60 children who visited the outpatient department of ophthalmology were included in the analysis. The sample consisted of 31 emmetropes and 29 myopes The mean age of the sample was 10 ± 2.29 years. Almost half the population was male (32 children [53.33%]). The mean refractive error in myopic children was -2.02 ± 1.449 D. The mean axial length in emmetrope children was 22.84 ± 0.972 mm, and in myopic children it was 23.81 ± 0.91mm (P = 0.629). Emmetropes showed higher dietary nutritional consumption than myopes in all dietary components, but the results were not statistically significant. In our study, we could not link Diet and myopia statistically. Although there is a clear indication that emmetropes demonstrated better dietary consumption compared to myopes.
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Lin, Carol R., Abduqodir Toychiev, Reynolds K. Ablordeppey, Miduturu Srinivas, and Alexandra Benavente-Perez. "Sustained Retinal Defocus Increases the Effect of Induced Myopia on the Retinal Astrocyte Template." Cells 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2024): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13070595.
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The aim of this article is to describe sustained myopic eye growth’s effect on astrocyte cellular distribution and its association with inner retinal layer thicknesses. Astrocyte density and distribution, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were assessed using immunochemistry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography on seventeen common marmoset retinas (Callithrix jacchus): six induced with myopia from 2 to 6 months of age (6-month-old myopes), three induced with myopia from 2 to 12 months of age (12-month-old myopes), five age-matched 6-month-old controls, and three age-matched 12-month-old controls. Untreated marmoset eyes grew normally, and both RNFL and IPL thicknesses did not change with age, with astrocyte numbers correlating to RNFL and IPL thicknesses in both control age groups. Myopic marmosets did not follow this trend and, instead, exhibited decreased astrocyte density, increased GFAP+ spatial coverage, and thinner RNFL and IPL, all of which worsened over time. Myopic changes in astrocyte density, GFAP+ spatial coverage and inner retinal layer thicknesses suggest astrocyte template reorganization during myopia development and progression which increased over time. Whether or not these changes are constructive or destructive to the retina still remains to be assessed.
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Fatima, Naseer, Muhammad Siddique, Omair Azeem, Maryam Jabbar, Faisal Rashid, and Muhammad Hamza Shahid. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Myope Students." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 6 (June 29, 2022): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166312.
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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of myope students at The University of Faisalabad. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted to interpret the medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice about myopia. An organized questionnaire with 14 questions was created. The research was carried out between December 2021 and April 2022 in different medical colleges of Punjab. The sample size was 300 female adolescents ranging in age from 18 to 26 years. Results: 300 Asian myopic medical students participated in this study. All were females. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of classification of myopia. 1. High myopes 2.Moderate Myopes 3.Low myopes. 234 students had heard of myopia, while 42 students (14%) had not. Out of the 300 participants, 227 (75.6%) were aware that they have myopia, and 230 (76.6%) students are aware that myopes were unable to see clearly at a distance. 245 participants (81.6%) had a history of myopia in their families. Only 81 (or 27% of the total) for a routine yearly eye exam visited an eye doctor or optometrist. 121 (40.3%) of them preferred contact lenses to glasses. Only 57 individuals (19%) wear glasses constantly while 193 people (64.3%) didn’t. 134 respondents (44.6%) had a bad attitude regarding those who wear glasses. On average, 210 students (70%) spent fewer than 6 hours outside whereas 189 students (63 %) spent more than 6 hours on screens. Conclusion: In this study parental history was positive and screen time was more than 6 hours. Outdoor activities were reduced and also vitamin A intake was reduced. All above possibility were leading factors to progression of myopia in medical students. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Myopia, Refractive error
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Wang, Qin, Hao-Yu Bi, and Chun-Fang Wang. "Familial Aggregation and Heritability of Myopia: A Local Population Survey in Shanxi, China." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (August 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4847112.
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Purpose. To further determine the roles of environmental and genetic factors in the development of myopia, a comprehensive survey was performed. The guidance for myopia-susceptible people is established which might help prevent or delay the onset and development of myopia. Methods. 1,852 students were recruited using the multistage sampling approach from the Gaoping county in Shanxi. The refractive status of students was examined using an autorefractometer, and the refractive status of students’ first-degree relatives was collected using a well-designed questionnaire. Family aggregation of myopia was analyzed according to the myopic status of the students (nonmyopic or myopic group). The prevalence and heritability of myopia in students and their first-degree relatives were further explored by subdividing into mild, moderate, and high myopia groups. Significance analysis among each group was performed by the χ2 test using SPSS 25.0 software. Falconer’s method was used to calculate the inheritability of myopia. Results. A total of 1,852 subjects were recruited in this study, and 1,813 subjects were finally included. The family aggregation of myopia in the myopic student group (34.7%) was significantly higher than that in the nonmyopic group (8.5%). The prevalence of mild, moderate, and high myopia in children (students and siblings) was higher than that in their parents. The rate of high myopia (6.33%) was significantly higher among students with one or both myopic parents than those without myopic parents (3.85%). The heritability of mild, moderate, and high myopia among parents-offspring was 3.72%, 20.47%, and 48.00%, respectively. The heritability of mild, moderate, and high myopia among siblings was 17.50%, 86.09%, and 78.75%, which is significantly higher than that among parents-offspring. In addition to genetic factors, extensive near-work time, higher education pressure, and minimal outdoor activities contribute significantly to mild and moderate myopia. Conclusions. Myopia is of high risk due to familial aggregation. Students with a family history of myopia are more likely to have high myopia than those without family history. The occurrence and development of high myopia are affected by both the genetic and environmental factors, which could either weaken or strengthen myopia. Therefore, students with a family history of myopia should pay close attention to their eye health to avoid the occurrence of myopia and the deepening of diopter, which may lead to high myopia and its related complications.
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Plotnikov, D. Yu, S. T. Agliullina, and D. D. Krasilnikova. "Factors Associated with the Myopia Degree in Students." Ophthalmology in Russia 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2024): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2024-1-145-151.
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Purpose: to identify the most significant factors associated with myopic refraction in medical university students, which can be used for early prediction and prevention of myopia.Materials and methods. The survey data of students of 1–6 courses of Kazan State Medical University and the data on refraction of patients’ eyes obtained from the “Medical record of a patient receiving medical care on an outpatient basis” (registration form No. 025/y) were used. The refraction of the eye in each of the participants was calculated as the average value of the spherical equivalent of the right and left eyes.Results. According to the ophthalmologist’s examination, myopia was detected in 219 (69 %) of the surveyed students. 134 (42 %) students had mild myopia, 66 (21 %) had moderate myopia, 19 (6 %) were highly myopic. Among myopes, 73 % of students wear glasses (160/219), contact lenses — 41 % of respondents (90/219). The median age of onset of spectacle wear was 13 years (Q1–Q3 = 10–26). The median refraction of the right eye (D) was -2.50 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.5…-4.0), the left eye -2.75 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.6…-4.0). The early age of onset of spectacle wear is the factor most significantly associated with myopic refraction (+0.23 D/year, p = 1.30×10-11), and an important prognostic sign of the development of high myopia. Factors associated with stronger myopic refraction are high height and low weight, as well as less physical activity.Conclusion. It is necessary to take into account the anthropometric and behavioral features of the patient when developing an individual plan for the prevention and treatment of myopia, in order to avoid the development of complications leading to vision loss.
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Mühlberg, Stephanie. "Die Pathologische Myopie und die Gefahr struktureller Komplikationen mit visuellen Einschränkungen." Optometry & Contact Lenses 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54352/dozv.qgzx4205.
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Purpose. Pathological Myopie (PM) causes structural chan- ges at the posterior segment of the eye that may lead to pathological changes including severe vision loss. The aim of this paper is to describe the pathologies most commonly associated with PM. Material and Methods. The literature review includes the current state of knowledge regarding the structural changes of the posterior segment due to PM, based on theoretical and methodological literature. The selected literature includes nine studies published in 2020 – 2021 as well as reports and assessments of public institutions. Publications by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Council of Optometry (WCO), the International Myopia Institute (IMI) and the Brien Holden Vision Institute (BHVI) as well as cohort studies with children and adults from China, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Japan and Germany were taken into account. Results. Four eye diseases and their relationship to PM are explained and their pathological consequences described. Current therapies to improve the visual acuity in pathologies in the macula are presented. Conclusion. PM often causes structural changes in the macu- lar area. This leads to a significant loss of vision in those affec- ted. Without treatment, PM can lead to blindness. In view of the increase in myopia and the number of myopes worldwide, it is important to sensitize the population to this topic. Keywords myopic retinopathy, lacquer cracks, myopic macular dege- neration (MMD), myopic chorioretinal neovascularization (mCNV), glaucoma
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Neroev, V. V., E. P. Tarutta, N. V. Khodzhabekyan, A. T. Khandzhian, and S. G. Harutyunyan. "Anatomical and optical parameters and aberrations of the optical system of the eye in anisometropic myopia." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-2-47-53.
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Purpose: to compare anatomical and optical parameters and aberrations of both eyes in patients with acquired and congenital anisometropic myopia.Material and methods. 22 patients (44 eyes) aged 18–35 (averagely, 25.2) with acquired and congenital anisometropic myopia were examined using the Galilei G6 optical eye system analyzer (Ziemer, Switzerland). The analysis of total, corneal and internal aberrations of the eye was carried out on an OPD-Scan III (Nidek) aberrometer.Results. In both groups with acquired and congenital anisometropic myopia, the axial length of the higher myopic eye was greater than that of the fellow eye. A greater asphericity and higher astigmatism of the cornea were revealed in higher myopic eyes of patients with congenital myopia as compared to acquired myopia. The total RMS HOA in congenital myopia was significantly greater in the higher myopic eye compared to the fellow eye (1.07 D and 0.68 D, respectively) and greater than in cases of acquired myopia. All HOA were greater in higher myopic eyes as compared to the fellow ones in cases of congenital myopia. In case of acquired myopia only the total coma appeared to be greater in the higher myopic eye. Corneal aberrations in acquired anisometropic myopia did not differ in the paired eyes. In case of congenital myopia, the total tilt was significantly greater in the higher myopic eye, and total coma and spherical aberration have lower values, even with a transition to negative ones (p < 0.05).Conclusion. The revealed differences of the wavefront of the eyes with anisometropic congenital and acquired myopia are rather a consequence of anatomical and optical differences (the axial length of the eyes and the topography of the cornea), than the cause of anisometropia.
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Chiang, Wei-Yu, Yun-Wen Chen, Yu-Peng Liu, Yung-Hsun Liu, and Pei-Chang Wu. "Early Age of the First Myopic Spectacle Prescription, as an Indicator of Early Onset of Myopia, Is a Risk Factor for High Myopia in Adulthood." Journal of Ophthalmology 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612116.
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Purpose. The present study investigated the risk factors for high myopia in adulthood, with a focus on the age at which children wore their first spectacles. Methods. Adults aged between 20 and 45 years were invited to complete a questionnaire about age, sex, current refractive error, high myopia in parents, early onset of myopia presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, refractive power of the first spectacles, and life habits at different educational stages. The associations between these factors and high myopia in adulthood were then evaluated and analyzed. Results. In total, 331 participants were enrolled. Their average refractive error was −4.03 diopters, and high myopia was noted in 27.5% of the study participants. Only 3.3% of participants had fathers with high myopia, while 6.0% had mothers with high myopia. The participants received their first myopic spectacle prescription at a mean age of 13.35 years, with a mean refractive error of −1.63 diopters. The significant risk factors for developing high myopia in adult life were earlier age of the first spectacles prescribed ( p < 0.001 ), higher refractive power of the first spectacles ( p < 0.001 ), mother with high myopia ( p = 0.015 ), and after-school class attendance in senior high school ( p = 0.018 ). Those who wore their first spectacles at <9 years of age were more predisposed to high myopia than those who did so at ≧13 years, with an odds ratio of 24.9. Conclusion. The present study shows that earlier onset of myopia, which is presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, higher myopic refraction of the first spectacles, mothers with high myopia, and after-school class attendance in senior high school are risk factors for high myopia in adulthood. It suggests that delaying the onset of myopia in children is important for the prevention of high myopia in later life.
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Rehmat, Maimoona, Mawra Zahid, Hifza Imtiaz, Ansa Mudassar, Qandeel Zahid, and Misra Anjum. "Stereoacuity in Varying Degrees of Myopia Before and After Correction." Annals of Punjab Medical College 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29054/apmc/2023.1227.
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Background: Stereoacuity is measure of three-dimensional perception due to binocular disparity, helps in recognizing depth while perceiving distance, along supporting in recognition of solid objects. Objective: To compare the stereoacuity among varying degrees of uncorrected myopia and after its correction. Secondly, to compare stereoacuity before and after correcting myopia. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Settings: University Of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore Pakistan. Duration: Study duration was from September 2020 to May 2021. Methods: Sample size was calculated by sample size calculation formula and it was 60. 17 males and 43 were females, aged 18 to 25 years by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Proforma was used to collect relevant data after taking informed consent. Stereoacuity was measured by using Titmus test before and after correcting varying degrees of myopia. Results: Varying degrees of myopia included 34 patients having low myopia, 21 moderate myopia and 5 patients were high myopic. There was significant difference of stereoacuity in low, moderate, high degrees of myopia (p value =0.00). Mean stereoacuity was 579 ± 1050 seconds of arc. More reduction in stereoacuity was noted in high myopes. Comparing stereoacuity before and after correction depicted significant improvement in stereoacuity (p value =0.019) after correction. Conclusion: Varying degrees of myopia have significant difference in their stereoacuities. So, correction of myopia is very important for preserving of the third grade of binocular single vision.
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Ma, Ya, Yan-Ping Li, and Zi-Bing Jin. "Stem cell-based therapy for myopic maculopathy: a new concept." Journal of Translational Genetics and Genomics 6 (2022): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jtgg.2021.48.
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Myopia has reached epidemic proportions in the world, especially in East Asia. Pathologic myopia is an extreme type of high myopia that can cause irreversible blindness. Myopic maculopathy is one of the characteristics of pathologic myopia. Nowadays, limited treatments can preserve the visual outcome of these patients. We review the current treatment in practice for myopic maculopathy. Furthermore, based on the current stem cell-based therapy used in degenerative ocular diseases, we discuss a new concept of stem cell therapy for myopic maculopathy.
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Cheng, Han-Chih, Koyin Chang, Elizabeth Shen, Kai-Shin Luo, and Yung-Hsiang Ying. "Risk Factors and Behaviours of Schoolchildren with Myopia in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061967.
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Importance: Because of the high prevalence of myopia in Taiwan, understanding the risk factors for its development and progression is important to public health. Background: This study investigated the risk factors for myopia and their influence on the progression of myopia in schoolchildren in Taiwan. Design: Patients’ clinical records were obtained retrospectively from ophthalmologists. Questionnaires were given to collect demographic information, family background, hours spent on daily activities, myopia progression, and treatment methods. Participants: From a regional medical hospital in northern Taiwan, 522 schoolchildren with myopia participated in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from participants of legal age or the parents or legal guardians of younger children. Methods: Multivariable regression analyses were performed. Myopia measured in cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) was analysed, controlling for patients’ family and demographic information as well as their daily activity behaviours. Main Outcome Results: Children with high myopic parents were more myopic. Earlier onset age of myopia was associated with a higher level of myopia and greater annual myopic progression. Children reporting longer time usage of electronic devices had greater progression of myopia. Boys tended to be more myopic than girls. Lower levels of myopia were associated with more outdoor activities, and better vision care knowledge in children and parents. Conclusions and Relevance: In addition to genetics, education and environment can influence the development of myopia. Health policies for schoolchildren should promote protective activities and vision care knowledge at a young age, to protect the eyesight of schoolchildren.
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Fernández, Enrique J., José A. Villa-Carpes, Rosa M. Martínez-Ojeda, Francisco J. Ávila, and Juan M. Bueno. "Retinal and Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Young Adults." Photonics 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9050328.
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The retinal and the choroidal thickness were measured at four locations along the horizontal direction (foveola, one nasal to the fovea and two temporal) in a group of 43 young adults (mean age: 27.1 ± 3.9 years), with ocular refraction ranging from emmetropia to high myopia (0 to −10D). Thickness values were obtained from OCT images centered at the foveal depression. The retinal thickness exhibited a correlation with refraction at all eccentricities but not at the fovea. When different subgroups of refraction were considered, the analysis of such correlations indicated that only the retinal thickness in the group of high myopia (refraction ≤ −6D) was statistically different from the other two groups (emmetropes: [−0.5, 0] D, and myopes: (−6, −0.5) D). No significant differences were found between emmetropic and myopic groups. In contrast to the retina, the choroidal thickness exhibited a significant correlation with refraction at the fovea, although such dependency only stood for high myopes (the choroid of myopes and emmetropes exhibited similar thickness). Correlation with refraction was also found at the nasal location, arising between emmetropic and high myopia groups. Other choroidal locations among groups did not exhibit relationship with the refraction. It is concluded that the differences in the choroid and retina thickness along the horizontal meridian as a function of refraction do not characterize the onset and progression of myopia at early stages, since they only manifest in the group of high myopia.
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Bagus Ketut Widya Pramana, I. Dewa. "Myopia." KESANS : International Journal of Health and Science 1, no. 3 (December 20, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54543/kesans.v1i3.25.
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Refractive disorder is the most common cause of visual impairment in the world, and one of them is myopia. Myopia is a condition of the eye failing to focus light from an object causes it to focus in front of the retina. The elongation of the axis of the eyeball and the high refractive power of the cornea and lens might be the cause of myopia. Myopic patients often complain of blurred vision when looking at a far objects. There are several risk factors of myopia, including genetics, gender, age and environment.This article is literature review. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview related to refractive disorders, especially myopia. The management of myopia patients can be divided into 2, including optical therapy and pharmacological therapy. Optical therapy includes the smallest negative spherical glasses that provide maximum visual acuity, contact lenses, and orthokeratology. Management of myopic patients aims to reduce progression and complications by providing optical therapy in the form of spherical glasses, contact lenses, and orthokeratology
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Bushnina, L. V., O. V. Kolenko, N. V. Pomytkina, E. L. Sorokin, and Y. E. Pashentsev. "Corneal morphometric and biomechanical properties in patients with pathological and uncomplicated high myopia." Fyodorov journal of ophthalmic surgery 142, no. 1 (March 18, 2024): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2024-1-36-43.
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Relevance. Pathological myopia leads to development of myopic maculopathy, which results in impaired visual functions. Formation of retinal pathological changes in the posterior pole of the eye in myopia is based on axial elongation of the eye and the formation of myopic staphyloma. Research methods aimed to clinical assessment of the strength properties of the corneoscleral capsule of the eye are interest to predict the risk of developing myopic staphylomas. Purpose. To conduct a comparative analysis of corneal stromal thickness and its biomechanics properties in pathological and uncomplicated high myopia. Material and methods. 42 patients (67 eyes) with high myopia (axial length of the eye (AL) – 26 mm or more) were examined and divided into 2 groups: the main group – 25 patients (40 eyes) with pathological myopia and presence of myopic staphyloma; the comparison group – 17 patients (27 eyes) with uncomplicated myopia and no staphyloma. Results. Statistically significantly lower values were found: max stromal corneal thickness, central stromal corneal thickness (2 mm), in segments S5, ST5, T5, IT5, I5, IN5, N5, SN5, S6, T6, IT6, I6, IN6, N6, HC radius (p=0.016), as well as an increase in indexes A2-Velocity (p=0.011) and DA (p<0.001) in the group of patients with pathological myopia. A direct correlation was established between the DA parameters and AL of the eye (p=0.008). Conclusion. Stromal corneal thickness in patients with pathological myopia in most segments was significantly lower than in patients with uncomplicated high myopia. The presence of significant differences in pathological myopia in indexes: A2-Velocity, DA, HC radius indicates a greater deformability and softness in cornea, and the lengthening of the DA parameter and its direct correlation with the values of the AL indicates to increased risk of axial elongation of the eye. Key words: pathological myopia, myopic maculopathy, corneal biomechanical properties, stromal corneal thickness
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Antonuk, V. D., and T. S. Kuznetsova. "Investigation of corneal biomechanical properties using the CORVIS ST device (Oculus, Germany) in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism." Fyodorov journal of ophthalmic surgery, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2020-4-20-28.
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Purpose. To evaluate the corneal biomechanical properties using the CORVIS ST device (Oculus, Germany) in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism with intact cornea as well as in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism who underwent excimer laser refractive surgery using femtolaser or microkeratome. Material and methods. Totally the study included 65 patients aged 18 years to 56 years with myopia and myopic astigmatism of various degrees were examined. They were scheduled for excimer laser refractive surgery after laser refractive surgery in different periods from 5 days to 5 years. Among the additional methods of examination, all patients were measured the biomechanical properties of the cornea using a CORVIS ST device (Oculus, Germany). Results. After excimer laser refractive surgery performing for myopia and myopic astigmatism correction, indicators of the corneal biomechanical properties, namely indicators describing stiffness and elasticity were changed, as well as IOP indicators. Conclusion. The biomechanical properties of the cornea, such as stiffness and elasticity, can be assessed using the CORVIS ST device (Oculus, Germany). After excimer laser vision correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism, corneal stiffness and elasticity decreases. IOP value in patients after excimer laser correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism decreases. It is associated with a decrease in corneal thickness but is not associated with a true decrease in IOP. Key words: biomechanical properties of the cornea, refractive surgery, excimer laser vision correction, femtolaser vision correction, myopia, myopic astigmatism.
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Zhang, Hanyu, Carly S. Y. Lam, Wing-Chun Tang, Myra Leung, Hua Qi, Paul H. Lee, and Chi-Ho To. "Myopia Control Effect Is Influenced by Baseline Relative Peripheral Refraction in Children Wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) Spectacle Lenses." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 9 (April 20, 2022): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092294.
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The aim of this study is to investigate if baseline relative peripheral refraction (RPR) influences the myopia control effects in Chinese myopic children wearing Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) lenses. Peripheral refraction at 10°, 20°, and 30° nasal (10 N, 20 N, 30 N) and temporal (10 T, 20 T, 30 T) retina were measured at six-month intervals for children who participated in a 2-year randomized controlled trial. The relationship between the baseline peripheral refractions and myopia progression and axial length changes were analysed. A total of 79 children and 81 children in the DIMS and single vision (SV) group were investigated, respectively. In the DIMS group, more baseline myopic RPR spherical equivalent (SE) was associated with more myopic progression (10 N: r = 0.36, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and greater axial elongation (10 N: r = −0.34, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = −0.29, p = 0.006) after adjusting for co-factors. In the SV group, baseline RPR had association with only myopia progression (10 N: r = 0.37, p = 0.001; 20 N: r = 0.36, p = 0.001; 30 N: r = 0.35, p = 0.002) but not with axial elongation after Bonferroni correction (p > 0.008). No statistically significant relationship was found between temporal retina and myopia progression or axial elongation in both groups. Children with baseline myopic RPR had statistically significant more myopia progression (mean difference around −0.40 D) and more axial elongation (mean difference 0.15 mm) when compared with the children having baseline hyperopic RPR in the DIMS group but not in the SV group. In conclusion, the baseline RPR profile may not influence future myopia progression or axial elongation for the SV lens wearers. However, DIMS lenses slowed down myopia progression and was better in myopia control for the children with baseline hyperopic RPR than the children with myopic RPR. This may partially explain why myopia control effects vary among myopic children. Customised myopic defocus for individuals may optimise myopia control effects, and further research to determine the optimal dosage, with consideration of peripheral retinal profile, is warranted.
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Ramin, Shahrokh, Lina Moallemi Rad, Ali Abbasi, Alireza Rafatifard, Yosra Rahimi, Somayeh Ghorbani, Hamideh Sabbaghi, and Abasalt Hosseinzadeh Colagar. "Myopic regression after photorefractive keratectomy: a retrospective cohort study." Medical hypothesis discovery and innovation in ophthalmology 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51329/mehdiophthal1465.
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Background: Myopic regression is a major complication of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The rates and causes vary considerably among different studies. This study aimed to investigate myopic regression at six months after myopic PRK.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we included all eligible patients with myopia ranging from - 0.75 to - 9 D, aged 18 to 50 years, who underwent PRK by a single surgeon with the availability of preoperative and postoperative data at six months after the initial procedure. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations preoperatively and at six months post-PRK. Overcorrection was planned based on the participant’s age range to achieve the desired refractive result after PRK. All patients received the same postoperative antibiotic and steroid eye drops in a similar dosage regimen, and the contact lenses were removed after complete corneal epithelial healing. Based on the spherical equivalent of refraction six months after PRK, eyes without and with myopic regression were allocated into groups 1 and 2, respectively.
Results: We included 254 eyes of 132 patients who underwent myopic PRK with a mean (standard deviation) age of 30.12 (7.48) years; 82 (62.12%) were women and 50 (37.88%) were men. The frequency of myopic regression was significantly lower in patients with younger age, lower preoperative cylindrical refraction, and lower ablation depth (all P < 0.05). Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia (P < 0.05). The highest frequency of myopic regression occurred in eyes with moderate myopia (25.68%), followed by eyes with high myopia (20.0%) and low myopia (6.54%). Among different age groups, patients aged less than or equal to 30 years had a lower frequency of myopic regression. The frequency of myopic regression in the different age groups was 5.0% at 18-20 years, 7.46% at 26-30 years, 12.28% at 21-25 years, 21.31% at 31-35 years, and 26.53% at 36-50 years.
Conclusions: Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia. The success rate was higher in younger patients with lower astigmatism and ablation depths. Myopic regression was most frequent in eyes with moderate myopia, followed by those with high and low myopia. Further studies should replicate our findings over a longer follow-up period with a larger sample size before generalization is warranted.
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Sahu, Kaushal Kishor, Sachitanand Singh, and Renu Thakur. "Visumax Femtosecond Laser Impact on Myopic Residual Refractive Error." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 8, no. 1 (October 16, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2021.81002.
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Background: Compare the residual refractive power following “small incision lenticule extraction” (SMILE) surgical correction in myopic patients with moderate to severe myopia and myopic astigmatism. Aim: To study the pre op with post op residual refractive status comparison in low to high myopia and myopic astigmatism patients under gone ReLEx SMILE operation. Methods: Prospective comparative analysis with 65 eyes of 33 patients classified into three groups19: mild myopia -1.00 to -3.00 D, moderate myopia -3.25 to -6.00 D, and high myopia -6.25 to -10.00 D, comprising spherical and cylindrical using spherical equivalent (SE). Using the SMILE surgery, each patient were corrected for myopic refractive error. Retinoscope was conducted preoperatively and postoperatively one day and one month following surgery, respectively. Results: Pre op 1 day and 1 month are showing a significant and gradual decrease where low and high myopia are compared, which is statistically significant for both one day (0.007) and one month (0.001) post operatively, but low to moderate (0.282) and moderate to high (0.147) post operatively 1 day and 1 month it is not statistically significant. This indicates that high myopia has greater residual power than low and moderate myopia. Conclusion: This research concludes that residual power increases as myopia increases in severity. As the objective residual power after SMILE surgery is less than +/- 0.50D in approximately 75% - 80% of eyes, SMILE surgery is a suitable alternative for refractive surgery correction with less complications than other refractive surgery techniques.
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Joseph, Irene, Reetu Malhotra, and Anupama Prasan Rao. "Importance of Axial Length Measurement in Routine Clinical Practice." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10373ecst.
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When the refractive components of the eye namely cornea and lens do not adapt for axial lengthening during growth, it results in refractive errors like myopia and hyperopia. High myopia associated with axial elongation of the eye results in structural changes, increasing the risk of severe irreversible vision loss. Myopia is becoming more incident in the world, with recent research estimating that 30 percent of the world's population is myopic now and nearly 50 percent by 2050. Risk factors for predicting future myopia was previously found to be family history with one parent being myopic when children had axial length to a certain value at the age of six. It was also researched that longer axial length in the third grade was a risk factor to turn myopic in grade eight. Axial length measurements could be for purpose of predicting future myopia, assessing the pathological risk of current myopic error, and for baseline record to monitor myopia progression and control. This present paper proposes that axial length should be measured during routine eye examination.
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Huang, Juerong, Hongjing Dang, Yan Cai, Juan Liu, and Qihui Chen. "Myopia and Depression among Middle School Students in China—Is There a Mediating Role for Wearing Eyeglasses?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 13031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013031.
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Compared with non-myopic students, myopic students face more barriers to learning (e.g., inability to see the blackboard clearly) and socializing (e.g., being victims of teasing, social exclusion and violence), which may lead to increased stress, anxiety and frustration. The high prevalence of myopia and depression among school-age children naturally raises a question of great policy relevance: are myopic students more vulnerable to mental health problems such as depression? This paper sheds some light on this question by analyzing data from the China Education Panel Survey, a large-scale survey of China’s middle school students. Our analysis first quantifies the association between myopia and sample students’ depression status (measured by the widely adopted CES-D scale) adjusted for potential confounding factors. We then explore whether the myopia–depression relationship is mediated by wearing eyeglasses, a cost-effective means of vision correction. Based on data on 19,299 middle school students, our analysis reveals that myopic students scored 0.12 standard deviations higher on the CES-D scale than their non-myopic counterparts. The adverse effect of myopia is more severe for relatively disadvantaged students: older students (who are more likely to suffer from both myopia and depression), lower-performing students and students from poorer families. Further medication analysis shows that wearing eyeglasses suppresses the myopia–depression relationship but cannot completely offset the adverse effect of myopia.
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Iehisa, Ikko, Kazuno Negishi, Reiko Sakamoto, Hidemasa Torii, Masahiko Ayaki, and Kazuo Tsubota. "Subjective Happiness and Sleep in University Students with High Myopia." Psych 2, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psych2040021.
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Purpose: Recent investigations described a host of disadvantageous myopia comorbidities including decreased QOL, depression, and sleep problems. The present study evaluated mental status and habitual sleep in young subjects with myopia based on the reported association between myopic error and psychiatric profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed 153 university students using a questionnaire containing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), short morningness/eveningness questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Participants were classified as having high myopia (n = 44), mild myopia (n = 86), or no myopia (n = 23). The SHS and HADS scores in this cohort were significantly worse in the high myopia group than in the other two groups (p < 0.05, t-test). PSQI values were not significantly different among the three groups. Regression analysis correlated myopic error with poor SHS (p = 0.003), eveningness chronotype (p = 0.032), late wake-up time (p = 0.024), and late bedtime (p = 0.019). Conclusions: University students with myopia tended to be unhappy, have an eveningness chronotype, wake up late, and go to bed late compared to less myopic subjects. Optimal correction might, therefore, be beneficial to myopic students in addition to preventing progression to high myopia in early childhood to potentially avoid related negative effects on mental health and sleep habits in adolescence.
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Neroev, V. V., O. V. Zaytseva, E. P. Tarutta, E. V. Bobykin, M. A. Kovalevskaya, R. R. Fayzrakhmanov, and P. A. Nechiporenko. "On classification approaches, terminology and modern principles of treatment of pathologies associated with high myopia. Part 3. Approaches to monitoring and treatment of patients." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 16, no. 1 (May 4, 2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2023-16-1-supplement-23-39.
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High myopia is a common ametropia associated with a significant risk of multiple comorbidities. Decreased visual functions of myopic patients may be caused by non-specific diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, which are very likely in myopia. Yet especially important are the specific changes such as atrophic, traction and neovascular manifestations of pathological myopia, the totality of which is defined as myopic macular degeneration or myopic maculopathy. The review highlights current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases associated with high myopia, including original schemes for managing patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization and myopic traction maculopathy, developed by experts from the Expert Council on Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases of the Russian nationwide public body Association of ophthalmologists, and includes an information leaflet for patients.
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Meng, Qing-Yu, Shu-Ting Liang, Xi Wu, Le-Jin Wang, Ming-Wei Zhao, and Li-Li Guo. "Choroidal thickness, myopia, and myopia control interventions in children: a Meta-analysis and systemic review." International Journal of Ophthalmology 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2023.03.17.
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AIM: To investigate changes of choroidal thickness (ChT) in children with myopia and the effect of current myopia control interventions on ChT. METHODS: Major literature databases were searched for studies relevant to myopia in children. All studies used swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) or enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) to measure the ChT value. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled to evaluate ChT in myopia children. RESULTS: A total of 11 eligible articles, including 1693 myopic and 1132 non-myopic eyes, were included in the first Meta-analysis. The sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT; WMD=-40.06, 95%CI, -59.36 to -20.75, P<0.001) and ChT at other sectors were significantly thinner in myopic eyes compared with the non-myopic eyes. The Meta-analysis revealed that the ChT decreased horizontally from the temporal sector toward the nasal sector in the pediatric myopia population. Another 11 studies reporting the effect of myopia control interventions were included in the second Meta-analysis for the relationship between myopia control treatments and ChT. SFCT significantly increased after orthokeratology (OK) treatment and OK combined with 0.01% atropine (OKA) treatment (WMD=19.47, 95%CI, 15.96 to 22.98, P<0.001; WMD=21.81, 95%CI, 12.92 to 29.70, P<0.001, respectively). The forest plots showed that SFCT changed little in myopic children receiving 0.01% atropine (P=0.30). Furthermore, the Meta-analysis showed that OK treatment had a stronger effect on the value of SFCT in myopic children as compared with 0.01% atropine (WMD=9.86; 95%CI, -0.21 to 19.93, P=0.05). There is no difference between the treatment with OK and OKA treatment in ChT in myopic children (P=0.37). CONCLUSION: The ChT in myopic eyes is thinner than that in non-myopic eyes in pediatric population. Myopia control interventions including OK and OKA lead to ChT thickening, but other treatments such as 0.01% atropine did not show an increase in ChT.
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Vinod, Kateki, and Sarwat Salim. "Addressing Glaucoma in Myopic Eyes: Diagnostic and Surgical Challenges." Bioengineering 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2023): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10111260.
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Epidemiological and genetic studies provide strong evidence supporting an association between myopia and glaucoma. The accurate detection of glaucoma in myopic eyes, especially those with high myopia, remains clinically challenging due to characteristic morphologic features of the myopic optic nerve in addition to limitations of current optic nerve imaging modalities. Distinguishing glaucoma from myopia is further complicated by overlapping perimetric findings. Therefore, longitudinal follow-up is essential to differentiate progressive structural and functional abnormalities indicative of glaucoma from defects that may result from myopia alone. Highly myopic eyes are at increased risk of complications from traditional incisional glaucoma surgery and may benefit from newer microinvasive glaucoma surgeries in select cases.
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Nisar, Iram, Salah-u.-Din Arbi, Shoukat Bilal, and Saba Tauqeer. "Relationship of Myopia with Height in age Group of 12-25 Years." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22161267.
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Objective: To determine the relationship of myopia with height in young group of age 12-25 year. Methodology: Descriptive type/ cross sectional study was carried out in Bahawalpur Victoria hospital From15th September 2012 to 15th February 2013. 167 patients were included in this study by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data was collected from self-designed Performa with informed patient consent. Visual acuity was assessed by snellen acuity chart. Objective refraction was carried out by retinoscopy. Subjective refraction was also done by using trial box. After refraction, the height of the patient was measured in feet. Results: In the range of height 4.8-5.4 feet there were 30 myopic and 35 were non myopic while in the range of height 5.4-6 feet 70 were myopic and 32 were non myopic. There is association between myopia and height (P<0.05 ). Conclusion: There is significant association between myopia and height as myopia is more common in heighted individuals. Keywords: Myopia, Axial length, Height.
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Tao, Zheng-Yang, Shui-Qiang Chen, Yu Tang, Jun Zhao, Jiao Wang, Zhi-Hong Lin, and Hong-Wei Deng. "The Influence of Parents’ Background and Their Perception on the Progression of Myopia in Children." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2022 (November 24, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4123470.
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Purpose. To study the influence of parents’ educational backgrounds and understanding on the progress of myopia in their offspring. Methods. Spherical equivalent refraction (SE) of the children (aged 6–14) in China was assessed with cycloplegic autorefraction in a two-year longitudinal study. The parents’ background information and myopia-related cognition were collected by questionnaires. Results. The offspring of parents with lower education and more myopic SE had higher myopic progression (mean = –1.42 ± 1.06) than the children of other groups ( P < 0.05 ). The parents’ understanding of the proper outdoor activity time, sleep duration, reading distance, and indoor illumination for children was not significantly correlated with the progression of myopia in their offspring. The parent’s preference for eye care visit frequency had a significant correlation with the myopia development of their children (r = 0.076, P = 0.001 ∗ ). The mean SE progression was −0.84 ± 1.37 and −0.58 ± 1.29 in the children whose parents considered that extracurricular classes would negatively affect myopia development progression and the children whose parents believed it would not, respectively ( P = 0.026 ∗ ). Conclusions. Most parents misunderstand the influence of insufficient outdoor sports time and extracurricular classes, which require extra near-vision work. Besides, for parents with low educational background and more myopic SE, their offspring had higher myopia progression and may be the key group for myopia control. Finally, parents may obtain life advice and knowledge related to preventing myopia after their children become myopic. It may be of positive significance if this process could take place before myopia onset.
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del Buey, María A., Laura Lavilla, Francisco J. Ascaso, Elena Lanchares, Valentín Huerva, and José A. Cristóbal. "Assessment of Corneal Biomechanical Properties and Intraocular Pressure in Myopic Spanish Healthy Population." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/905129.
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Purpose. To examine biomechanical parameters of the cornea in myopic eyes and their relationship with the degree of myopia in a western healthy population.Methods. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann correlated intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc) were measured using the ocular response analyzer (ORA) in 312 eyes of 177 Spanish subjects aged between 20 and 56 years. Refraction was expressed as spherical equivalent (SE), which ranged from 0 to −16.50 diopters (D) (mean:−3.88±2.90 D). Subjects were divided into four groups according to their refractive status: group 1 or control group: emmetropia (-0.50≤SE<0.50); group 2: low myopia (-0.75≤SE<3.00 D); group 3: moderate myopia (-3.00≤SE≤-6.00 D); and group 3: high myopia (SE greater than −6.00 D). We analyzed the relationship between corneal biomechanics measured with ORA and SE.Results. CH in the emmetropia, low myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia groups was11.13±0.98,11.49±1.25,10.52±1.54, and10.35±1.33 mmHg, respectively. CH in the highly myopic group was significantly lower than that in the emmetropic group (P=0.07) and low myopic group (P=0.035); however, there were no differences with the moderate myopic group (P=0.872). There were no statistically significant differences regarding IOP among the four groups (P>0.05); nevertheless, IOPcc was significantly higher in the moderately myopic (15.47±2.47 mmHg) and highly myopic (16.14±2.59 mmHg) groups than in the emmetropia (15.15±2.06 mmHg) and low myopia groups (14.53±2.37 mmHg). No correlation between age and the measured parameters was found. CH and IOPcc were weakly but significantly correlated with SE (r=0.171,P=0.002andr=-0.131,P=0.021, resp.).Conclusions. Present study showed only a very weak, but significant, correlation between CH and refractive error, with CH being lower in both moderately and highly myopic eyes than that in the emmetropic and low myopic eyes. These changes in biomechanical properties of the cornea may have an impact on IOP measurement, increasing the risk of glaucoma.
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Živković, Maja L. J., Lazar Lazić, Marko Zlatanovic, Nevena Zlatanović, Mladen Brzaković, Mihailo Jovanović, Sava Barišić, and Diana-Maria Darabus. "The Influence of Myopia on the Foveal Avascular Zone and Density of Blood Vessels of the Macula—An OCTA Study." Medicina 59, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030452.
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Background and Objectives: Myopia is the most common refractive eye anomaly with a prevalence that is constantly increasing. High myopia is associated with numerous complications that can lead to permanent vision loss. It is believed that the basis of these complications lies in changes in the microvasculature of the retina caused by an increase in the longitudinal axis of the eye. Materials and Methods: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to analyze differences in macular zone vascular and perfusion density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters in myopic subjects. The following OCTA parameters were analyzed: the vessel and perfusion density of retinal blood vessels in the superficial plexus; the area, perimeter, and index of circularity of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ); and foveal and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness. Results: Subjects with low myopia did not show statistically significant differences compared to the control for any of the analyzed parameters. Groups with moderate and high myopia showed a significant decrease in vessel and perfusion density in the parafoveal and the entire 3 × 3 mm analyzed field. Foveal vessel and perfusion densities in the myopic groups were similar to those of the control regardless of the degree of myopia. The area and perimeter of the FAZ, as well as foveal and mean GCC thickness, did not differ significantly no matter the degree of myopia, while the index of circularity was lower in highly myopic subjects. The minimal thickness of the GCC was also lower in the high myopia group. Conclusions: High and moderate myopia led to a loss of blood vessels in the macular region. Perfusion and vascular densities were preserved in the foveal region and were not affected by different degrees of myopia. The FAZ was not significantly larger in myopic subjects, but its circularity was lower in subjects with high myopia.
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Li, Shi-Ming, Rafael Iribarren, He Li, Meng-Tian Kang, Luoru Liu, Shi-Fei Wei, William K. Stell, Gabriel Martin, and Ningli Wang. "Intraocular pressure and myopia progression in Chinese children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311831.
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PurposeTo explore the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline and myopia progression in Chinese children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study.DesignProspective school-based cohort study.MethodsA total of 1558 grade 7 students completed the entire 2-year study. Ocular biometry, cycloplegic refractions and pneumotonometry were performed. Three years of follow-up have been completed for the children aged 12 years. The refractive groups and the tertiles of IOP were assessed by analysis of variance, to look for differences in mean values of spherical equivalent and IOP, respectively.ResultsThe children’s mean baseline IOP was 15.87±3.42 mm Hg. Mean IOP was significantly higher in girls by 0.57 mm Hg (p=0.024). In the whole sample, there was a mean change in spherical equivalent of −1.05 D over 2 years. The baseline IOP was 15.69 mm Hg in those progressing 1 D or more vs 16.09 mm Hg for those progressing <1 D (p=0.022). In the myopic group, myopes progressing >1 D had mean IOP of 15.94 vs 16.42 mm Hg for those myopes progressing 1 D or less (p=0.024).ConclusionsIn this sample of Chinese children, myopia progression over 2 years was inversely related to IOP, suggesting that IOP had essentially no relationship with myopia progression in school children. The lower IOP in progressing myopic eyes may indicate more compliant sclerae.
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Shahzadi, Arooshia, Maryam Firdous, Fareeha Ayyub, Sadaf Qayyum, Saif Ullah, and Rabeeah Zafar. "Association between Intraocular Pressure and Myopia Among Children Aged 7 to 16 years." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 13, no. 02 (July 16, 2023): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc2023165.
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Objectives: To investigate the association between high intraocular pressure and myopia in children and compare it to emmetropia, and to determine the relationship between elevated intraocular pressure and varying degrees of myopia. Study design and Setting: Comparative cross-sectional study was performed at the tertiary eye care hospital, Rawalpindi for six months from July 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: Patients with myopia of greater than 0.5Ds and emmetropes with visual acuity of 6/6 were included. All patients underwent visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and fundus examination in order to exclude the myopic patientswith other systemic and ocular disorders. Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured using a Tonopen tonometer and Pachymeter respectively.Data was entered on SPSS version 26 for analysis. Independent sample T-test and one-way ANOVA was utilized for inferential statistics. Results: A total of 218 subjects were included with a mean age of 11.38 ± 2.602 ranging from 7 to 16 years. Females 50.9% (n=111) were outnumbered by male participants 49.1% (n=107). The mean IOP in emmetropes was 13.35 ± 2.433 mmHg and in myopes was 15.22 ± 3 mmHg and there is a statistically significant mean difference between these groups (P-value <0.05). There is also a statistically significant mean difference between IOP and varying degrees of myopia, that is; low(13.46 ±2.797), moderate(16.62 ± 2.981), and high(19.215 ± 2.184). Conclusions: The IOP was higher in high and moderate myopic eyes as compared to emmetropes. Moreover, a strong association was found between myopia and elevated IOP in children.
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Usman, Aiyna, Eman Arif, Rubeena Gul, and Aziza Alam. "PROGRESSION OF MYOPIA IN MEDICAL STUDENTS OF KHYBER MEDICAL COLLEGE, PESHAWAR." Journal of Medical Sciences 31, no. 3 (August 23, 2023): 196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52764/jms.23.31.3.6.
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Objectives: To assess the progression of myopia in the medical students of Khyber Medical College (KMC), Peshawar, Pakistan. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Khyber Medical College from May to June 2022. Data was collected after obtaining approval from the Ethical Board. Responses from 203 students were collected. An online questionnaire was designed using Google Forms and was shared through the official WhatsApp groups of all five years of KMC via a simple random sampling technique was used. The progression of myopia was estimated by analyzing the increase in the dioptre number among myopic students. Various factors such as screen time, study hours, and family history were also taken into account. The responses were recorded and analyzed using SPSS version 22 software. Results: Out of the 203 collected samples, 59.61% of the students were myopic, and among those myopic students, 53.39% noticed an increase in their dioptre number after admission to medical college. Additionally, various factors such as screen time, study hours, and family history were also considered. 50.4% of the myopic students reported their screen time to be 4-6 hours. Similarly, 64.4% of the myopic students had 1-3 hours as their reading time. Moreover, 75.2% of the myopic students had a positive family history of myopia. Conclusion: Myopia is highly prevalent among medical students at Khyber Medical College. The study revealed a significant number of myopic students experiencing progression of myopia after admission to medical college. Keywords: Myopia, dioptre, screen time, study hours
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Sun, Jin Tao, Meng An, Xiao Bo Yan, Guo Hua Li, and Da Bo Wang. "Prevalence and Related Factors for Myopia in School-Aged Children in Qingdao." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9781987.
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Purpose. To investigate the prevalence and related factors for myopia in school-aged children in the Economic and Technological Development Zone of Qingdao, Eastern China. Methods. A total of 4890 (aged 10 to 15 years) students were initially enrolled in this study. 3753 (76.75%) students with completed refractive error and questionnaire data were analyzed. The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to assess possible factors associated with myopia. Results. The prevalence of myopia increased as the children’s grade increased (χ2=560.584, P<0.001). Low myopia was the main form of myopia in adolescent students (30.22%). With the growth of age, students spent significantly more time on near work (P=0.03) and less time on outdoor activity (P<0.001). In multivariate models, only the following variables were significantly associated with myopia: age, two myopic parents, outdoor activity time, and continuous near work without 5 min rest. Conclusions. The prevalence of myopia increased as the grade increased. Age, two myopic parents, and continuous near work time without 5 min rest were risk factors for myopia. Outdoor activities had protective effect for myopia.
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Guo, Chengyao, Yuancun Li, Li Luo, Jianwei Lin, Kunliang Qiu, and Mingzhi Zhang. "Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China." BMJ Open 13, no. 8 (August 2023): e074548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074548.
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ObjectivesTo determine the progression and incidence of myopia in Chinese schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in Shantou, China.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingShantou Myopia Study, China.Participants1-year follow-up data were available for 621 881 schoolchildren (301 999 females). Data on spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were collected.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were myopia progression and incidence. Myopia progression is defined as a change of SER towards the negative direction in the follow-up visit. Incidence is defined as the proportion of schoolchildren who were not myopic but developed myopia in the follow-up study. Age, sex and SER at baseline were evaluated as associated factors for myopia burden, which were defined as the secondary outcomes.ResultsMean progression of SER was −0.35±0.97 D for the population (ranging from −0.06 D at 18 years of age to −0.46 D at 11 years of age), with a rapid myopic progression for students at the age of 10–12 years (−0.50 D in girls and −0.44 D in boys). A myopic shift greater than −0.50 D/year occurred in 256 299 eyes (41.21%). Myopic progression in refraction was associated with the 10–12 years age groups (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.39 to 1.45, p<0.001), female sex (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.10, p<0.001) and higher refractive errors at baseline (OR>1.00, p<0.001). The annual incidence of myopia among schoolchildren was 24.85%, with an incidence of 26.69% in girls and 23.02% in boys.ConclusionsOur study revealed an annual myopia progression of −0.35 D and an incidence of 24.85% among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. Myopia progressed rapidly at 10–12 years of age, with −0.50 D in girls and −0.44 D in boys. The incidence was higher for children aged 10–11 years and for girls.
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Vetrugno, M., A. Maino, E. Valenzano, and L. Cardia. "Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements Using Scanning Laser Polarimetry after Photorefractive Keratectomy." European Journal of Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (April 2000): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210001000208.
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Purpose To assess the effects of corneal depth changes on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) postoperative measurements in myopic patients who had undergone photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Methods A total of 120 myopic patients underwent PRK for myopia (range −2 to −10 diopters) and were divided into three groups according to their myopic correction: lower than 3 diopters (low myopia group), between 3 and 6 diopters (medium myopia group), over 6 diopters (high myopia group). RNFL parameters were evaluated preoperatively and 5 days, 3 months and 6 months after surgery, using a GDx NFA II scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Results Significant changes were seen in the symmetry, superior maximum, and average thickness, comparing baseline with six-month measurements (p=0.008, 0.027, 0.015 respectively). Dividing the sample according to attempted myopic correction, it was found that mean postoperative RNFL thickness was significantly lower after PRK only in the high myopia group. Mean RNFL thickness did not change with time (p = 0.884). Ablation depth was correlated with a change in RNFL thickness by the sixth postoperative month for each group. These variables were significantly related only in the high myopia group (p=0.003). Conclusions As polarised light penetrates the ablation area, morphological and functional changes might affect Gdx NFA II measurements. It must always be borne in mind that RNFL thickness can decrease either in cases of glaucoma or after PRK for high myopia, so close attention must be paid to interpreting these measurements in patients who have undergone PRK.
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Thatte, Shreya, Ashima Monga, and Haritima Sharma. "A Clinical Study to Assess Pattern of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Patients with Myopia." BOHR International Journal of Current Research in Optometry and Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcroo.018.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a global threat to public health. In terms of affecting the systemic health, it has also created an impact on the ocular health of people. The scenario of work from home, long hours of online classes for students, has led to increase in incidences of refractive error. From affecting visual acuity, it has also posed increased risk of increasing the degree of myopia. Even in these cases a patient may have a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 but he or she may not be satisfied due to improper contrast sensitivity. This study was done to compare contrast sensitivity functions in myopic patients by assessing and comparing various parameters such as demographic factors, age, sex and profession. We included 500 myopic patients with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6, without any retinal pathology. Contrast sensitivity functions were compared with astigmatism, degree and duration of myopia and with duration of use of spectacles. All three age groups showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity but majority consisted of the under-30 age group with 233 cases (46.6%). Females being in majority (78.1%) had mild decrease in contrast sensitivity. We recorded the profession of each patient and observed that there was mild decline in contrast sensitivity in all professions, and 79.2% of the total students showed mild decrease in contrast sensitivity, which can be attributed to long hours of screen time in lockdown phase. Low myopia of less than 3D had mild decline in contrast sensitivity (88.4%), whereas severe decline in contrast sensitivity was seen in high myopics (11.9%), which was directly co-related with degree of myopia. Astigmatism also showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity, which was 78.5% in compound myopic astigmatism and 88.5% in simple myopic astigmatism. We found severe decline in contrast sensitivity only in 2.4% of myopic patients with a duration of less than 12 months. The rest of the patients had mild decline in contrast sensitivity. This validates that contrast sensitivity has an impact on all parameters of the study such as age, gender, profession, duration, degree of myopia and astigmatism.
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Thatte, Shreya, Ashima Monga, and Haritima Sharma. "A Clinical Study to Assess Pattern of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Patients with Myopia." BOHR International Journal of Current Research in Optometry and Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (2022): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijcroo.2022.18.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has posed a global threat to public health. In terms of affecting the systemic health, it has also created an impact on the ocular health of people. The scenario of work from home, long hours of online classes for students, has led to increase in incidences of refractive error. From affecting visual acuity, it has also posed increased risk of increasing the degree of myopia. Even in these cases a patient may have a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 but he or she may not be satisfied due to improper contrast sensitivity. This study was done to compare contrast sensitivity functions in myopic patients by assessing and comparing various parameters such as demographic factors, age, sex and profession. We included 500 myopic patients with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/6, without any retinal pathology. Contrast sensitivity functions were compared with astigmatism, degree and duration of myopia and with duration of use of spectacles. All three age groups showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity but majority consisted of the under-30 age group with 233 cases (46.6%). Females being in majority (78.1%) had mild decrease in contrast sensitivity. We recorded the profession of each patient and observed that there was mild decline in contrast sensitivity in all professions, and 79.2% of the total students showed mild decrease in contrast sensitivity, which can be attributed to long hours of screen time in lockdown phase. Low myopia of less than 3D had mild decline in contrast sensitivity (88.4%), whereas severe decline in contrast sensitivity was seen in high myopics (11.9%), which was directly co-related with degree of myopia. Astigmatism also showed mild decline in contrast sensitivity, which was 78.5% in compound myopic astigmatism and 88.5% in simple myopic astigmatism. We found severe decline in contrast sensitivity only in 2.4% of myopic patients with a duration of less than 12 months. The rest of the patients had mild decline in contrast sensitivity. This validates that contrast sensitivity has an impact on all parameters of the study such as age, gender, profession, duration, degree of myopia and astigmatism
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Yin, Yao, Cheng Qiu, and Yufei Qi. "Myopia in Chinese Adolescents: Its Influencing Factors and Correlation with Physical Activities." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4700325.
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Purpose. The study is conducted to analyze the risk factors and the protective factors of myopia in Chinese adolescents and its correlation with physical activities and then to provide 2 formulas to predict the probability of becoming myopic and the probability of preventing myopia. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study in which a questionnaire survey was conducted among 650 students aged 14-17 from 5 schools in Beijing in 2021. The students were divided into two groups: nonmyopia group and myopia group. Statistically significant variables were selected after the univariate analysis for a binary logistic regression analysis. Results. In the univariate analysis, 18 risk factors of myopia were found and 14 physical-activity-related protective factors were found. In the multivariate analysis, 5 independent factors were found to be positively related to myopia and could be used for calculating the probability of becoming myopic. The 5 factors are gender, staying up late playing smartphones, parental myopia, daily time spent on digital devices, and regular eye examinations. Five physical-activity-related factors were found to be positively related to the prevention of myopia and can be used for the calculation of the probability of preventing myopia. The 5 factors are regular physical activities, attitude towards physical education, daily time spent on in-school physical activities, daily time spent on after-school physical activities, and eye exercises. Conclusions. The influencing factors of myopia in adolescents mainly include heredity, habits of using eyes, and environment. Physical activities can effectively reduce the probability of becoming myopic in adolescents and promote eye health. Therefore, taking part in physical activities is an effective way to reduce the prevalence of myopia in adolescents.
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Zabala, Camille Elaine, Jubaida Mangondato-Aquino, Jose Ma Martinez, and John Mark De Leon. "Retinal thickness among normal myopic Filipinos using spectral domain optical coherence tomography." Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 17, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 156–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35119/asjoo.v17i2.537.
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Purpose: To determine mean macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of myopic Filipinos using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to evaluate influence of age, gender, and degree of myopia.
Design: Observational clinic-based cohort.
Methods: Participants were divided into two groups: low-moderate myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) -0.50 D to -6.00 D] and high-pathologic myopia (SE < -6.00 D and AL > 26.5 mm). Subgroup analyses between low myopia (refraction < -3.00 D or less) and moderate myopia (> -3.00 D to -6.00 D), and high myopia (> -6.00 D to -8.00 D) and pathologic myopia (more than -8.00 D) were done. Macular and RNFL thickness were measured by a SD-OCT and axial length (AL) with non-contact biometry.
Results: Of 156 eyes, 88/156 (56%) had low-moderate myopia, 68/156 (44%) had high-pathologic myopia. There were 67/156 (43%) male and 89/156 (57%) female subjects. Mean central foveal subfield thickness measurements were 264 ± 24 μm for low myopia, 258 ± 17 μm for moderate myopia, 253 ± 25 μm for high myopia, and 218 ± 48 μm for pathologic myopia. Mean RNFL thickness measurements were 105.62 ± 3.89 μmfor low myopia, 97.6 ± 2.45 μm for moderate myopia, 85.9 ± 3.87 μm for high myopia, and 75.14 ± 3.89 μm for pathologic myopia. Average SE (p < 0.0001) decreased while AL (p < 0.0001) increased with more myopia. Myopia and age significantly affected macular and RNFL thickness parameters except for the following where only the degree of myopia was a significant factor: central foveal, temporal parafoveal, nasal perifoveal, inferior and nasal RNFL thicknesses.
Conclusion: Retinal SD-OCT thickness measurements decreased with increasing level of myopia and age. Central foveal, temporal parafoveal, nasal perifoveal, inferior and nasal RNFL thicknesses may be more appropriate SD-OCT parameters among myopic Filipino patients to monitor for glaucoma since they may be less influenced by age.
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Hoang, Quan V., Kazuyo Ito, Cameron Hoerig, Yee Shan Dan, Sally A. McFadden, and Jonathan Mamou. "Biomechanical properties of the myopic choroid." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023039.
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Retina-derived growth signals relayed from the choroid to the sclera cause remodeling of the extracellular matrix, resulting in myopic ocular elongation. However, no studies have assessed changes in choroidal biomechanical properties during myopia progression. The present study utilized 7-μm-resolution scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) to assess biomechanical properties of choroids in guinea pig eyes with form-deprivation (FD) induced myopia. Specifically, neonatal guinea pigs underwent unilateral FD for 1 week (resulting in moderate to high myopia). 12-μm-thick serial cryosections of eyes were scanned with SAM and two-dimensional maps of bulk modulus (K), mass density (rho) were calculated. We found that the choroid had considerable intrinsic strength arising from its biomechanical properties and these were differentially affected by myopia in central and peripheral regions. Choroidal biomechanical values were also highly correlated with those in adjacent scleral regions, and the choroidal-scleral association was stronger in myopic eyes. In conclusion, biomechanical changes observed in the choroid of myopic eyes were mirrored to those observed in the adjacent sclera. These new findings suggest that the choroid remodeling may accompany myopia and opens the door to the source of the signals that cause scleral remodeling in myopia.